Glossary in Evolutionary Biology Compiled by Prof
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Buzzle – Zoology Terms – Glossary of Biology Terms and Definitions Http
Buzzle – Zoology Terms – Glossary of Biology Terms and Definitions http://www.buzzle.com/articles/biology-terms-glossary-of-biology-terms-and- definitions.html#ZoologyGlossary Biology is the branch of science concerned with the study of life: structure, growth, functioning and evolution of living things. This discipline of science comprises three sub-disciplines that are botany (study of plants), Zoology (study of animals) and Microbiology (study of microorganisms). This vast subject of science involves the usage of myriads of biology terms, which are essential to be comprehended correctly. People involved in the science field encounter innumerable jargons during their study, research or work. Moreover, since science is a part of everybody's life, it is something that is important to all individuals. A Abdomen: Abdomen in mammals is the portion of the body which is located below the rib cage, and in arthropods below the thorax. It is the cavity that contains stomach, intestines, etc. Abscission: Abscission is a process of shedding or separating part of an organism from the rest of it. Common examples are that of, plant parts like leaves, fruits, flowers and bark being separated from the plant. Accidental: Accidental refers to the occurrences or existence of all those species that would not be found in a particular region under normal circumstances. Acclimation: Acclimation refers to the morphological and/or physiological changes experienced by various organisms to adapt or accustom themselves to a new climate or environment. Active Transport: The movement of cellular substances like ions or molecules by traveling across the membrane, towards a higher level of concentration while consuming energy. -
Tie-Up Cycles in Long-Term Mating. Part I: Theory
challenges Article Tie-Up Cycles in Long-Term Mating. Part I: Theory Lorenza Lucchi Basili 1,† and Pier Luigi Sacco 2,3,*,† 1 Independent Researcher, 20 Chestnut Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Romance Languages and Literatures, Harvard University, Boylston Hall, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA 3 Department of Comparative Literature and Language Sciences, IULM University, via Carlo Bo, 1, Milan 20143, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-617-496-0486 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Academic Editor: Palmiro Poltronieri Received: 26 February 2016; Accepted: 26 April 2016; Published: 3 May 2016 Abstract: In this paper, we propose a new approach to couple formation and dynamics that abridges findings from sexual strategies theory and attachment theory to develop a framework where the sexual and emotional aspects of mating are considered in their strategic interaction. Our approach presents several testable implications, some of which find interesting correspondences in the existing literature. Our main result is that, according to our approach, there are six typical dynamic interaction patterns that are more or less conducive to the formation of a stable couple, and that set out an interesting typology for the analysis of real (as well as fictional, as we will see in the second part of the paper) mating behaviors and dynamics. Keywords: sexual strategies; emotional attachment; mating; couple formation and dynamics; Tie-Up; Active vs. Receptive Areas; frustration and reward; Tie-Up Cycle; flow inversion 1. Introduction The process of reproductive mating is a clear example of a complex socio-biological phenomenon, of paramount evolutionary importance. -
Microevolution and the Genetics of Populations Microevolution Refers to Varieties Within a Given Type
Chapter 8: Evolution Lesson 8.3: Microevolution and the Genetics of Populations Microevolution refers to varieties within a given type. Change happens within a group, but the descendant is clearly of the same type as the ancestor. This might better be called variation, or adaptation, but the changes are "horizontal" in effect, not "vertical." Such changes might be accomplished by "natural selection," in which a trait within the present variety is selected as the best for a given set of conditions, or accomplished by "artificial selection," such as when dog breeders produce a new breed of dog. Lesson Objectives ● Distinguish what is microevolution and how it affects changes in populations. ● Define gene pool, and explain how to calculate allele frequencies. ● State the Hardy-Weinberg theorem ● Identify the five forces of evolution. Vocabulary ● adaptive radiation ● gene pool ● migration ● allele frequency ● genetic drift ● mutation ● artificial selection ● Hardy-Weinberg theorem ● natural selection ● directional selection ● macroevolution ● population genetics ● disruptive selection ● microevolution ● stabilizing selection ● gene flow Introduction Darwin knew that heritable variations are needed for evolution to occur. However, he knew nothing about Mendel’s laws of genetics. Mendel’s laws were rediscovered in the early 1900s. Only then could scientists fully understand the process of evolution. Microevolution is how individual traits within a population change over time. In order for a population to change, some things must be assumed to be true. In other words, there must be some sort of process happening that causes microevolution. The five ways alleles within a population change over time are natural selection, migration (gene flow), mating, mutations, or genetic drift. -
Estimation of Breed-Specific Heterosis Effects for Birth, Weaning and Yearling Weight in Cattle…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..…………………32
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Theses and Dissertations in Animal Science Animal Science Department 7-2014 Estimation of Breed-Specific etH erosis Effects for Birth, Weaning and Yearling Weight in Cattle Lauren N. Schiermiester University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/animalscidiss Part of the Animal Sciences Commons Schiermiester, Lauren N., "Estimation of Breed-Specific eH terosis Effects for Birth, Weaning and Yearling Weight in Cattle" (2014). Theses and Dissertations in Animal Science. 94. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/animalscidiss/94 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Animal Science Department at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations in Animal Science by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. ESTIMATION OF BREED-SPECIFIC HETEROSIS EFFECTS FOR BIRTH, WEANING AND YEARLING WEIGHT IN CATTLE. By Lauren N. Schiermiester A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The GraDuate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Major: Animal Science Under the Supervision of Professor Matthew L. Spangler Lincoln, Nebraska July, 2014 ESTIMATION OF BREED-SPECIFIC HETEROSIS EFFECTS FOR BIRTH, WEANING AND YEARLING WEIGHT IN CATTLE. Lauren N. Schiermiester, M.S. University of Nebraska, 2014 ADvisor: Matthew L. SPangler Genetic selection Decisions are imPortant components of improveD beef ProDuction efficiency. ExPloiting heterosis anD breeD comPlementarity can improve economically relevant traits anD system efficiency. The objective of the current stuDy was to estimate breeD-sPecific heterosis for the seven largest beef breeDs (accorDing to registrations) for birth, weaning anD yearling weight. -
Developement of the Heterosis Concept
H. K. HAYES University of Minnesota Chapter 3 Development of the Heterosis Concept Hybrid vigor in artificial plant hybrids was first studied by Koelreuter in 1763 (East and Hayes, 1912). The rediscovery of Mendel's Laws in 1900 focused the attention of the biological world on problems of heredity and led to renewed interest in hybrid vigor as one phase of quantitative inheritance. Today it is accepted that the characters of plants, animals, and human beings are the result of the action, reaction, and interaction of countless numbers of genes. What is inherited, however, is not the character but the manner of reaction under conditions of environment. At this time, when variability is being expressed as genetic plus environmental variance, one may say that genetic variance is the expression of variability due to geno typic causes. It is that part of the total variance that remains after eliminat ing environmental variance, as estimated from studying the variances of homozygous lines and F 1 crosses between them. Early in the present century, East, at the Connecticut Agricultural Ex periment Station, and G. H. Shull at Cold Spring Harbor, started their studies of the effects of cross- and self-fertilization in maize. The writer has first-hand knowledge of East's work in this field as he became East's assist ant in July, 1909, and continued to work with him through 1914. In 1909, East stated that studies of the effects of self- and cross-pollination in maize were started with the view that this type of information was essential to a sound method of maize breeding. -
Applications of Inbreeding and Out-Breeding; Genetic Basis of Heterosis 1St Semester
Applications of inbreeding and out-breeding; Genetic basis of heterosis 1st Semester Applications of inbreeding and out-breeding; Genetic basis of heterosis (hybrid vigour) Reproduction is the most important biological function that is performed by the living species. Many reproductive mechanisms have come into function, such as asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction and vegetative reproduction, etc. The most important of these is the sexual reproduction, probably due to the fact that sexual reproduction involves the genic recombination, and nature selects most suitable recombinations out of these. Thus, sexual reproduction may be of many forms, i.e., hermophroditism, crossing of individuals which are not closely related, inbreeding or self-fertilization etc. Thus systems of matting encountered in natural as well as man controlled populations of organisms can be divided under two headings:- 1. Inbreeding or matting among closely related forms. 2. Outbreeding or matting among Unrelated forms. 1. Inbreeding Definition of inbreeding: The process of mating among closely related individuals is known as inbreeding. There can be different degrees of inbreeding. The self fertilization in plants as in peas and beans is a example of inbreeding. In 1903 Johannsen recognized the uniformity that characterized self fertilizing plants grown in the same environment. He called such fertilizing populations as pure lines which breed true without appreciable genetic variation. The cross fertilization in plants and animals affords different degrees of inbreeding based relationship. For example, marriages between brothers and sisters, between the first cousins and second cousins are example showing different degrees of inbreeding.Artificial selection always accompany close inbreeding for the betterment of plants and animals both. -
NOTES – CH 17 – Evolution of Populations
NOTES – CH 17 – Evolution of Populations ● Vocabulary – Fitness – Genetic Drift – Punctuated Equilibrium – Gene flow – Adaptive radiation – Divergent evolution – Convergent evolution – Gradualism 17.1 – Genes & Variation ● Darwin developed his theory of natural selection without knowing how heredity worked…or how variations arise ● VARIATIONS are the raw materials for natural selection ● All of the discoveries in genetics fit perfectly into evolutionary theory! Genotype & Phenotype ● GENOTYPE : the particular combination of alleles an organism carries ● an organism’s genotype, together with environmental conditions, produces its PHENOTYPE ● PHENOTYPE : all physical, physiological, and behavioral characteristics of an organism (i.e. eye color, height ) Natural Selection ● NATURAL SELECTION acts directly on… …PHENOTYPES ! ● How does that work?...some individuals have phenotypes that are better suited to their environment…they survive & produce more offspring (higher fitness!) ● organisms with higher fitness pass more copies of their genes to the next generation! Do INDIVIDUALS evolve? ● NO! ● Individuals are born with a certain set of genes (and therefore phenotypes) ● If one or more of their phenotypes (i.e. tooth shape, flower color, etc.) are poorly adapted, they may be unable to survive and reproduce ● An individual CANNOT evolve a new phenotype in response to its environment So, EVOLUTION acts on… ● POPULATIONS! ● POPULATION = all members of a species that live in a particular area ● In a population, there exists a RANGE of phenotypes ● NATURAL SELECTION acts on this range of phenotypes the most “fit” are selected for survival and reproduction 17.2: Evolution as Genetic Change in Populations Mechanisms of Evolution (How evolution happens) 1) Natural Selection (from Darwin) 2) Mutations 3) Migration (Gene Flow) 4) Genetic Drift DEFINITIONS: ● SPECIES: group of organisms that breed with one another and produce fertile offspring. -
Lecture 9: Population Genetics
Lecture 9: Population Genetics Plan of the lecture I. Population Genetics: definitions II. Hardy-Weinberg Law. III. Factors affecting gene frequency in a population. Small populations and founder effect. IV. Rare Alleles and Eugenics The goal of this lecture is to make students familiar with basic models of population genetics and to acquaint students with empirical tests of these models. It will discuss the primary forces and processes involved in shaping genetic variation in natural populations (mutation, drift, selection, migration, recombination, mating patterns, population size and population subdivision). I. Population genetics: definitions Population – group of interbreeding individuals of the same species that are occupying a given area at a given time. Population genetics is the study of the allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of the 4 evolutionary forces: natural selection, mutation, migration (gene flow), and genetic drift. Population genetics is concerned with gene and genotype frequencies, the factors that tend to keep them constant, and the factors that tend to change them in populations. All the genes at all loci in every member of an interbreeding population form gene pool. Each gene in the genetic pool is present in two (or more) forms – alleles. Individuals of a population have same number and kinds of genes (except sex genes) and they have different combinations of alleles (phenotypic variation). The applications of Mendelian genetics, chromosomal abnormalities, and multifactorial inheritance to medical practice are quite evident. Physicians work mostly with patients and families. However, as important as they may be, genes affect populations, and in the long run their effects in populations have a far more important impact on medicine than the relatively few families each physician may serve. -
Hemizygous Or Haploid Sex Diploid Sex
9781405132770_4_002.qxd 1/19/09 2:22 PM Page 16 Table 2.1 Punnett square to predict genotype frequencies for loci on sex chromosomes and for all loci in males and females of haplo-diploid species. Notation in this table is based on birds where the sex chromosomes are Z and W (ZZ males and ZW females) with a diallelic locus on the Z chromosome possessing alleles A and a at frequencies p and q, respectively. In general, genotype frequencies in the homogametic or diploid sex are identical to Hardy–Weinberg expectations for autosomes, whereas genotype frequencies are equal to allele frequencies in the heterogametic or haploid sex. Hemizygous or haploid sex Diploid sex Genotype Gamete Frequency Genotype Gamete Frequency ZW Z-A p ZZ Z-A p Z-a q Z-a q W Expected genotype frequencies under random mating Homogametic sex Z-A Z-A p2 Z-A Z-a 2pq Z-a Z-a q2 Heterogametic sex Z-A W p Z-a W q ·· 9781405132770_4_002.qxd 1/19/09 2:22 PM Page 19 Table 2.2 Example DNA profile for three simple tandem repeat (STR) loci commonly used in human forensic cases. Locus names refer to the human chromosome (e.g. D3 means third chromosome) and chromosome region where the SRT locus is found. Locus D3S1358 D21S11 D18S51 Genotype 17, 18 29, 30 18, 18 ·· 9781405132770_4_002.qxd 1/19/092:22PMPage20 Table 2.3 Allele frequencies for nine STR loci commonly used in forensic cases estimated from 196 US Caucasians sampled randomly with respect to geographic location. -
Impacts of Extreme Climatic Events on the Energetics of Long-Lived
© 2014. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | The Journal of Experimental Biology (2014) 217, 3700-3707 doi:10.1242/jeb.106344 RESEARCH ARTICLE Impacts of extreme climatic events on the energetics of long-lived vertebrates: the case of the greater flamingo facing cold spells in the Camargue Anne-Sophie Deville1,2,*, Sophie Labaude1,*, Jean-Patrice Robin3, Arnaud Béchet1, Michel Gauthier-Clerc1,4, Warren Porter5, Megan Fitzpatrick5, Paul Mathewson5 and David Grémillet2,6,‡ ABSTRACT in geographic range (McCarty, 2001), changes in food web structure Most studies analyzing the effects of global warming on wild (Petchey et al., 1999), changes in population life-history features populations focus on gradual temperature changes, yet it is also (Forchhammer et al., 2001) and fluctuations in population patterns important to understand the impact of extreme climatic events. Here (Birkhofer et al., 2012; Duriez et al., 2012). Studies on the effects we studied the effect of two cold spells (January 1985 and February of climate change on species dynamics primarily focus on 2012) on the energetics of greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus) consequences of gradual increase in temperature (Britton et al., in the Camargue (southern France). To understand the cause of 2010; Moses et al., 2012). However, climatologists also predict an observed flamingo mass mortalities, we first assessed the energy increase in the frequency, intensity and duration of extreme climatic stores of flamingos found dead in February 2012, and compared events (IPCC, 2011; Rahmstorf and Coumou, 2011). Extreme them with those found in other bird species exposed to cold spells climatic events are often ignored as potential drivers of population and/or fasting. -
What Is a Recessive Allele?
What Is a Recessive Allele? WernerG. Heim ONE of the commonlymisunderstood and misin- are termedthe dominant[dominirende], and those terpreted concepts in elementary genetics is that which becomelatent in the processrecessive [reces- sive]. The expression"recessive" has been chosen of dominance and recessiveness of alleles. Many becausethe charactersthereby designated withdraw students in introductory courses perceive the idea or entirelydisappear in the hybrids,but nevertheless that the dominant form of a gene is somehow stron- reappear unchanged in their progeny ... (Mendel ger than the recessive form and, when they are 1950,p. 8) together in a heterozygote, the dominant allele sup- Two important concepts are presented here: (1) presses the action of the recessive one. This belief is Statements about dominance and recessiveness are Downloaded from http://online.ucpress.edu/abt/article-pdf/53/2/94/44793/4449229.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 not only incorrectbut it can lead to a whole series of statements about the appearanceof characters,about further errors. Students, for example, often errone- what is seen or can be detected, not about the ously conclude that because the dominant allele is the underlying genetic situation; (2) The relationship stronger, it therefore ought to become more common between two alleles of a gene falls on a continuous in the course of evolution. scale from one of complete dominance and recessive- There are other common misconceptions, among ness to a complete lack thereof. In the latter case, the them that: expression of both alleles is seen in either of two ways 1) Dominance operates at the genotypic level. -
Absorption of Radiant Energy in Redwinged Blackbirds ( Agelazus Zhoenzceus)’
SHORT COMMUNICATIONS ABSORPTION OF RADIANT ENERGY IN REDWINGED BLACKBIRDS ( AGELAZUS ZHOENZCEUS)’ SHELDON LUSTICK, SHARON TALBOT, AND EDWARD L. FOX Academic Faculty of Zoology Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 43210 Previously (Lustick 1969) it was shown that black- Electric infrared lamp (R-40, 250 w clear end), was birds could use insolation to thermoregulate, and that centered over the window 40 cm above the floor of the thermal neutral zone was decreased at least 10” C the chamber. The bird in the chamber received light in those birds receiving artificial insolation. It was of wavelengths 400-1400 nm, the upper limit of hypothesized (confirmed by Heppner 1969, 1970) infrared passing through one cm of water (Ruttner that the downward shift in thermal neutrality was 1963:13). due to an effective increase in insulation; that is, The per cent transmittance of the glass window a decrease in the thermal gradient from the surface was measured with a Beckman spectrophotometer and of the skin to the surface of the feathers, thus de- found to range from 80 to 90 per cent over the creasing conductive heat loss. This suggests that the spectrum of 400-1400 nm, with the highest trans- bird is an endotherm (alI heat being produced by mittance at 500 nm. With the radiation source on, metabolism) and, under these conditions, loses heat the birds received approximately 0.9 cal cm-* mine1 more slowly. Cowles et al. (1967) has stated that at 7 cm above the floor of the submerged radiation “under the usual conditions prevailing in and around chamber. No air was passed through the chamber endotherms, and particularly in birds, the thermal (thus reducing convective heat loss) but the vents gradient usually slopes steeply from the body toward were open to the outside.