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SIT Glossary GLOSSARY Definitions of selected words and phrases in the subject index of Sterile Insect Technique Principles and Practice in Area-Wide Integrated Pest Management Published by Springer in 2005 Term Definition A aberration Any body, form (shape) or structure that deviates from the normal or typical condition (Gordh and Headrick 2001). A form that departs in some striking way from the normal type, occurring either singly, or rarely, at irregular intervals (Torre-Bueno 1978). See ‗chromosomal aberration‘. absolute density Density of a population expressed as an absolute number per ground-surface area or per unit of volume (Pedigo 2002). Density of a population expressed as every individual of a population within a volume of habitat [paraphrased] (Daly et al. 1998). Contrasts with the relative density of a population expressed as a relative number based on the kind of sampling technique used, e.g. number caught in a trap (Pedigo 2002). See ‗apparent density‘, ‗Lincoln Index‘. absorbed dose Quantity of radiating energy (in gray) absorbed per unit of mass of a specified target (FAO 2006). Quantity of ionizing radiation energy imparted per unit mass of a specified material. The SI [International System of Units] unit of absorbed dose is the gray (Gy), where 1 gray is equivalent to the absorption of 1 joule per kilogram of the specified material (1 Gy = 1 J / kg). The mathematical relationship is the quotient (D) of d by dm, where d is the mean incremental energy imparted by ionizing radiation to matter of incremental mass dm. The discontinued unit for absorbed dose is the rad (1 rad = 100 erg / g = 0.01 Gy). Absorbed dose is sometimes referred to as ‗dose‘ or ‗radiation dose‘ (International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU)) http://www.icru.org/ (ISO/ASTM 2004a). The absorbed dose (D) is the quotient of the average energy transferred to the matter in a volume element by ionizing radiation and the mass of the matter in this volume element: D= / dm. The unit of the absorbed dose is joule divided by kilogram, and its special unit name is gray (Gy). The former unit name was rad. 1 Gy = 100 rads (Koelzer 2008). A measure of the energy deposition produced by ionizing radiation in any (specified) medium as a result of ion-pair formation (Oxford 2006). The mean radiation energy imparted by ionizing radiation to a unit mass of the irradiated material. Expressed in rads, grays or joules per kilogram (IAEA 1992). The ‗rad‘ (radiation absorbed dose) is the amount of radiation which will deposit 100 ergs per gram in any material (O‘Brien and Wolfe 1964, IAEA 1992, FAO/IAEA 2009). See ‗dose‘. absorbed-dose A representation of the variation of absorbed dose with position in any region of an irradiated object, e.g. within an insect distribution canister exposed to ionizing radiation (Borders 1991). absorbed-dose Measurement of absorbed dose within process load [an irradiated material/sample, e.g. insect canister] using dosimeters mapping placed at specified locations to produce a one-, two- or three-dimensional distribution of absorbed dose, thus rendering a map of absorbed-dose values (ISO/ASTM 2004a). See ‗dose mapping‘. absorbed-dose rate Quotient of absorbed dose per unit of time, unit: Gy/h (Koelzer 2008, Borders 1991). The absorbed-dose rate is often specified in terms of its average value over longer time intervals, e.g. in units of Gy/min or Gy/h (ICRU). The absorbed dose in a material per incremental time interval, i.e. the absorbed-dose rate is the quotient of dD by dt. SI Unit = Gy·s-1 (ICRU) (ISO/ASTM 2004a). accelerator See ‗electron accelerator‘. accessory gland Any secondary gland of a glandular system (Resh and Cardé 2003, Gordh and Headrick 2001). A secretory organ associated with the reproductive system (Borror et al. 1989, Leak 1999, Wall and Shearer 1997). Glandular structure associated with the spermatheca that produces a material that accompanies the sperm during ejaculation (FAO/IAEA/USDA 2003). Male accessory gland = Secretory gland associated with the male reproductive tract that produces seminal fluid and the structural components of the spermatophore (Resh and Cardé 2003, Gordh and Headrick 2001). See ‗spermatheca‘, ‗spermatophore‘, ‗refractory‘. acclimatization Habituation/adjustment of an organism to different environmental conditions (Gordh and Headrick 2001, Resh and Cardé 2003). A process that gradually shifts the optimal performance of insects from the extreme limits to the preferred range of colonization. Acclimatization occurs within variable time limits, which are very much shorter than the evolutionary time scale (C. Calkins, personal communication). See ‗colonization‘. acentric Designating a chromatid or a chromosome that lacks a centromere (King et al. 2006). This condition may arise in an inversion heterozygote as a result of crossing over between a normal and an inverted segment that does not include the centromere (Schlindwein 2006). A chromosome, or chromosome fragment, that lacks a centromere (Hoy 2003). See ‗centromere‘, ‗dicentric‘, ‗monocentric‘, ‗holokinetic‘, ‗monokinetic‘. achiasmate Referring to meiosis without chiasmata. In those species in which crossing over is limited to one sex, the achiasmate meiosis generally occurs in the heterogametic sex (King et al. 2006). No cross-shaped union of chromosomes during nuclear division (Leak 1999). acoustical signal An insect communicating with another using sound (Sivinski et al. 1989). See ‗chemical communication‘. acrylamide gel Acrylamide or acrylamide monomer is the trivial name for propenamide, a water-soluble solid that is highly toxic and irritant, and readily polymerizes under the action of UV light or chemical catalysts into polyacrylamide (Oxford 2006). Polyacrylamide gel is prepared by mixing a monomer (acrylamide) with a cross-linking agent (N,N′- methylenebisacrylamide) in the presence of a polymerizing agent. An insoluble three-dimensional network of monomer chains is formed. In water, the network becomes hydrated. Depending upon the relative proportions of the ingredients, it is possible to prepare gels with different pore sizes. The gels can then be used to separate biological molecules like proteins of a given range of sizes (King et al. 2006). See ‗gel electrophoresis‘. adenotrophic A method of viviparous reproduction restricted to pupiparous Diptera. The egg hatches inside the mother and the larva feeds viviparity on uterine secretions produced by the mother. Pupation occurs shortly after larviposition (Gordh and Headrick 2001, Leak 1999). Reproduction in which the female gives birth to a larva which developed and has been nourished within the mother‘s 2 uterus (Leak 1999). The production of live offspring, where eggs are retained within the female oviduct until the larvae are mature at which stage they are laid and immediately pupate (Wall and Shearer 1997). A phenomenon in certain insects whereby the larvae are retained in the parent‘s body after hatching, develop by feeding on ‗uterine‘ secretions, moult twice and are finally deposited in a mature state ready for pupation (Leftwich 1976). See ‗gestation‘, ‗larviposition‘, ‗larviparous‘, ‗viviparous‘. adjuvant Any ingredient that improves the properties of a pesticide formulation (Pedigo 2002). Any ingredient that improves the solubility or handling properties of a pesticide formulation. Adjuvants are sometimes called ―stickers‖ or ―spreaders‖ (Gordh and Headrick 2001). An additive used in conjunction with an active substance, e.g. a biopesticide, to enhance its performance (Coombs and Hall 1998). Chemical combined with insecticide to improve its storage, safety, or effectiveness (Daly et al. 1998). A spray additive to improve either physical or chemical properties (Hill 1997). See ‗chemical control‘. adulticide A substance, e.g. pesticide, that kills the adult stage of a pest or parasite (NAL 2008). See ‗larvicide‘, ‗parasiticide‘, ‗trypanocide‘. advanced very- A radiometer is an instrument for detecting or measuring radiation (Oxford 2008). The AVHRR is located on a satellite high-resolution circling the earth (Cox and Vreysen, this volume). radiometer (AVHRR) aerial release Release of insects, e.g. sterile insects, from the air using aircraft. Refer to Dowell et al. (section 5.3.) (this volume). See ‗release‘, ‗ground release‘, ‗static release‘. aerial spray Pesticide spray treatment of land from the air using aircraft. Refer to Mangan (this volume). See ‗ground spray‘, ‗sequential aerosol technique (SAT)‘, ‗chemical control‘. African animal African animal trypanosomiasis [trypanosomosis] (AAT) is a disease complex caused by tsetse-fly-transmitted Trypanosoma trypanosomosis congolense Broden, T. vivax Ziemann, or T. brucei brucei Plimmer and Bradford, or simultaneous infection with one or more (AAT) of these trypanosomes. African animal trypanosomiasis is most important in cattle, but can cause serious losses in pigs, camels, goats, and sheep. Infection of cattle by one or more of the three African animal trypanosomes results in subacute, acute, or chronic disease characterized by intermittent fever, anemia, occasional diarrhea, and rapid loss of condition, and often terminates in death. In southern Africa the disease is widely known as nagana (USAHA 1998). Tsetse-transmitted [Glossina] trypanosomiasis is an infectious disease unique to Africa and caused by various species of blood parasites. The disease affects both people [Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness] (Pentreath and Kennedy 2004) and animals [Animal African Trypanosomiasis
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