DOCSLIB.ORG

Textbook Animal Breeding Animal Breeding and Genetics for Bsc Students

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Textbook animal breeding Animal breeding and genetics for BSc students Author: Kor Oldenbroek en Liesbeth van der Waaij, 2014. Centre for Genetic Resources and Animal Breeding and Genomics Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, the Netherlands. Groen Kennisnet Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction to animal breeding 13 Chapter 1.1 The history of animal breeding: science and application 14 Chapter 1.2 Selection by nature 16 Chapter 1.3 Domestication and animal breeding 17 Chapter 1.4 Domestication continues 20 Chapter 1.5 Origin of animal breeding: a history of science 21 Chapter 1.6 Breeding in the 19-th century 23 Chapter 1.7 Animal breeding in the 20-th century 23 Chapter 1.8 Introduction of DNA in animal breeding 26 Chapter 1.9 Animal breeding: link to societal requirements 27 Chapter 1.10 Organization of breeding activities 29 Chapter 1.11 Relation society and breeding 30 Chapter 1.12 Results of animal breeding 33 Chapter 1.13 Negative effects of animal breeding 36 Chapter 1.14 Key issues in animal breeding 39 Chapter 2: Basics of animal breeding 40 Chapter 2.1 Set up of a breeding program 41 Chapter 2.2 DNA as carrier 43 Chapter 2.3 Structure and composition of chromosomes 45 Chapter 2.4 The transfer from chromosomes and genes from parent to offspring 46 Chapter 2.5 The expression of genes, of their alleles, in the phenotype 46 Chapter 2.6 Meiosis creates differences among offspring of an individual 49 Chapter 2.7 Relatives share similar DNA, they have a relationship 50 Chapter 2.8 Key issues in basics of animal breeding 51 Chapter 3: Reasons to keep animals determine the breeding goal 52 Chapter 3.1 Challenges for animal breeding 54 Chapter 3.2 Breeding goals depend on the production system 54 Chapter 3.3 The choice of the appropriate breed 55 Chapter 3.4 The breeding goal 56 Chapter 3.5 Breeding goals are directed towards the future and require tenacity 56 Chapter 3.6 Breeding goals consists of several traits 57 Chapter 3.7 Measurement of breeding goal traits 58 Chapter 3.8 The breeding goal determines which traits should be recorded. 58 Chapter 3.9 Weighing the different traits of the breeding goal 60 Chapter 3.10 Aspects of sustainability and economics in breeding goals 62 Chapter 3.11 Key issues in reasons to keep animals determine the breeding goal 63 Chapter 3.12 Example: Pig breeding goals 64 Chapter 3.13 Chapter Example: Breeding goals for horses 66 Chapter 3.14 Example: Dutch milk production index 68 Chapter 3.15 Example: Breeding methods of top breeders in dogs 70 Chapter 3.16 Example: Production objectives for village poultry in Ethiopia 71 Chapter 4: Collecting information for breeding decisions 72 Chapter 4.1 The value of a pedigree in animal breeding 73 Chapter 4.2 A unique identification system for animals is essential 76 Chapter 4.3 Collecting phenotypes, monogenic and polygenic traits 76 Chapter 4.4 Mean, variation, standard deviation and coefficient of variation 77 Chapter 4.5 Normal distribution of measurements 78 Chapter 4.6 Covariance and correlation 79 Chapter 4.7 Regression 80 Chapter 4.8 Measurement errors 81 Chapter 4.9 Frequency of measurements 82 Chapter 4.10 Measurements on the animal or on relatives? 82 Chapter 4.11 Value of indicator traits 83 Chapter 4.12 Value of information of relatives 83 Chapter 4.13 The possibilities of DNA analysis 85 Chapter 4.14 DNA markers 86 Chapter 4.14.1 Parentage control 86 Chapter 4.14.2 Marker-assisted and genomic selection 89 Chapter 4.15 Key issues in collecting information for breeding decisions 91 Chapter 5: Genetic models 92 Chapter 5.1 Phenotype and environment during life history 94 Chapter 5.1.1 Events before birth 94 Chapter 5.1.2 Events after birth 95 Chapter 5.1.3 Events after weaning 95 Chapter 5.1.4 Events after maturity 95 Chapter 5.1.5 Events after reproductive phase 96 Chapter 5.2 Phenotype in a model 96 Chapter 5.3 Monogenic genetic variation 97 Chapter 5.4 Polygenic genetic variation 98 Chapter 5.5 Variance components 100 Chapter 5.6 Simplify the genetic model 101 Chapter 5.7 Next generation: transmission model 102 Chapter 5.8 Heritability 104 Chapter 5.9 Simply estimating the heritability: parent-offspring regression 106 Chapter 5.10 Misconceptions about the heritability 107 Chapter 5.11 Non-genetic influences: The variance due to a Common Environment 109 Chapter 5.11.1 Importance of common environment 110 Chapter 5.11.2 Examples of common environmental effects 110 Chapter 5.11.3 Special case of a common environmental effect: the maternal effect 111 112 Chapter 5.11.4 A special common environmental effect: (indirect) social genetic effect 112 Chapter 5.12 Key issues of genetic models 114 Chapter 6: Genetic diversity and inbreeding 114 Chapter 6.1: What is genetic diversity? 116 Chapter 6.2: Forces that influence genetic diversity 117 Chapter 6.2.1: Loss of genetic diversity: genetic drift 118 Chapter 6.2.2: Loss of genetic diversity: selection 120 122 Chapter 6.2.3: Diversity and migration 123 Chapter 6.2.4: Increase in genetic diversity: mutation 125 Chapter 6.3: Change in diversity: inbreeding 125 Chapter 6.4: Causes of inbreeding 126 Chapter 6.5: Inevitable inbreeding 126 Chapter 6.6: Why is genetic diversity important? 127 Chapter 6.7: Toolbox:relationships 128 Chapter 6.7.1: Additive genetic relationship 129 Chapter 6.7.2: Calculation of additive relationships 130 Chapter 6.8: Additive genetic relationship using genomic information 131 Chapter 6.9: Realised additive relationship 133 Chapter 6.10: Inbreeding coefficient and relationship 133 Chapter 6.11: Additive genetic relationship when the common ancestor is inbred 134 Chapter 6.12: Inbreeding at population level: the rate of inbreeding 136 Chapter 6.13: Rate of inbreeding and active population size 138 Chapter 6.14: Predict the rate of inbreeding 140 Chapter 6.15: What rate of inbreeding is acceptable? 142 Chapter 6.16: Key issues on genetic diversity and inbreeding 142 Chapter 7: Inheritance of monogenic traits 143 Chapter 7.1 Calculation of allele frequencies 145 Chapter 7.2 Hardy and Weinberg equilibrium 145 Chapter 7.3 Random effects in matings 147 Chapter 7.4 Breeding aspects of genes with large (positive) effects 148 Chapter 7.4.1 Colour genes in ruminants 149 Chapter 7.4.2 Colour genes in pigs 151 Chapter 7.4.3 Colour genes in horses 151 Chapter 7.4.4 Coat colours in dogs 152 Chapter 7.4.5 Colour genes in poultry 153 Chapter 7.5 Breeding aspects of monogenic traits with negative effects 153 Chapter 7.6 Testing parents for monogenic traits when no genetic markers are available 155 Chapter 7.7 The value of genetic markers in testing parents for genetic defects 155 Chapter 7.8 Elimination of recessive alleles for genetic defects with genetic markers 157 Chapter 7.9 Key issues in inheritance of monogenic traits 158 Chapter 8: Ranking the animals 159 Chapter 8.1: Ranking the animals: an overview of methods 161 Chapter 8.1.1: Mass selection 161 Chapter 8.1.2: Animal Model 162 Chapter 8.1.3: Genomic selection 162 Chapter 8.2: In more detail: breeding value estimation 163 Chapter 8.2.1: The basic statistics 165 Chapter 8.3: Optimising the phenotypic information 166 Chapter 8.4: Accuracy of the breeding value: the basic concept 167 Chapter 8.5: Breeding value estimation: Mass selection 168 Chapter 8.5.1: Special case: repeated observations on a single animal 169 Chapter 8.6: Breeding value estimation: the Animal Model 170 Chapter 8.7: Breeding value estimation: the basic situation 171 Chapter 8.7.1: Breeding value estimation: the rabbit example on mass selection 171 Chapter 8.7.2: Breeding value estimation: a sheep example with information from parents 172 Chapter 8.8: Other types of information sources 172 Chapter 8.9: Examples of estimating breeding values 174 Chapter 8.10: Best Linear Unbiased Prediction 175 Chapter 8.11: Accuracy of estimated breeding values 177 Chapter 8.11.1: Effect of additional information on the accuracy 178 Chapter 8.12: Summary of breeding value estimation 179 Chapter 8.13: Effects of number of offspring on the accuracy 180 Chapter 8.14: Go for highest EBV or highest accuracy? 181 Chapter 8.14.1: Outweighing EBV and accuracy in a dairy cattle example 182 Chapter 8.15: Genomic selection 183 Chapter 8.15.1: Principle of genomic selection 184 Chapter 8.15.2: Composition of the reference population 185 Chapter 8.15.3: Accuracy of genomic selection 186 Chapter 8.15.4: The size of the reference population 187 Chapter 8.16: Key issues on ranking the animals 188 Chapter 9: Predicting response to selection 189 Chapter 9.1: Response to selection: an overview 190 Chapter 9.2: Breeding is about predicting the future 192 Chapter 9.3: Genetic response: the basic principle 193 Chapter 9.4: Response to mass selection 195 Chapter 9.5: Selected proportion and selection intensity 196 Chapter 9.5.1: Appendix: from selected proportion to selection intensity 198 Chapter 9.6: Selection response: the generalized approach 200 Chapter 9.6.1: An example: the Arabian horse 201 Chapter 9.6.2: an example: rabbit breeding 202 Chapter 9.7: Generation interval 203 Chapter 9.8: Optimising genetic gain 204 Chapter 9.9: Selection paths 206 Chapter 9.9.1: an example: beef cattle breeding 207 Chapter 9.10: More detailed selection paths 208 Chapter 9.10.1: An example: dairy cattle breeding 209 Chapter 9.11: Selection intensity and rate of inbreeding 210 Chapter 9.11.1: Special case: indirect selection 211 Chapter 9.12: Practical issues with predicting response to selection 213 Chapter 9.13: Key issues on predicting response to selection 214 Chapter 10: Selection and mating
Recommended publications
  • Buzzle – Zoology Terms – Glossary of Biology Terms and Definitions Http

    Buzzle – Zoology Terms – Glossary of Biology Terms and Definitions Http

    Buzzle – Zoology Terms – Glossary of Biology Terms and Definitions http://www.buzzle.com/articles/biology-terms-glossary-of-biology-terms-and- definitions.html#ZoologyGlossary Biology is the branch of science concerned with the study of life: structure, growth, functioning and evolution of living things. This discipline of science comprises three sub-disciplines that are botany (study of plants), Zoology (study of animals) and Microbiology (study of microorganisms). This vast subject of science involves the usage of myriads of biology terms, which are essential to be comprehended correctly. People involved in the science field encounter innumerable jargons during their study, research or work. Moreover, since science is a part of everybody's life, it is something that is important to all individuals. A Abdomen: Abdomen in mammals is the portion of the body which is located below the rib cage, and in arthropods below the thorax. It is the cavity that contains stomach, intestines, etc. Abscission: Abscission is a process of shedding or separating part of an organism from the rest of it. Common examples are that of, plant parts like leaves, fruits, flowers and bark being separated from the plant. Accidental: Accidental refers to the occurrences or existence of all those species that would not be found in a particular region under normal circumstances. Acclimation: Acclimation refers to the morphological and/or physiological changes experienced by various organisms to adapt or accustom themselves to a new climate or environment. Active Transport: The movement of cellular substances like ions or molecules by traveling across the membrane, towards a higher level of concentration while consuming energy.
  • Tie-Up Cycles in Long-Term Mating. Part I: Theory

    Tie-Up Cycles in Long-Term Mating. Part I: Theory

    challenges Article Tie-Up Cycles in Long-Term Mating. Part I: Theory Lorenza Lucchi Basili 1,† and Pier Luigi Sacco 2,3,*,† 1 Independent Researcher, 20 Chestnut Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Romance Languages and Literatures, Harvard University, Boylston Hall, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA 3 Department of Comparative Literature and Language Sciences, IULM University, via Carlo Bo, 1, Milan 20143, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-617-496-0486 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Academic Editor: Palmiro Poltronieri Received: 26 February 2016; Accepted: 26 April 2016; Published: 3 May 2016 Abstract: In this paper, we propose a new approach to couple formation and dynamics that abridges findings from sexual strategies theory and attachment theory to develop a framework where the sexual and emotional aspects of mating are considered in their strategic interaction. Our approach presents several testable implications, some of which find interesting correspondences in the existing literature. Our main result is that, according to our approach, there are six typical dynamic interaction patterns that are more or less conducive to the formation of a stable couple, and that set out an interesting typology for the analysis of real (as well as fictional, as we will see in the second part of the paper) mating behaviors and dynamics. Keywords: sexual strategies; emotional attachment; mating; couple formation and dynamics; Tie-Up; Active vs. Receptive Areas; frustration and reward; Tie-Up Cycle; flow inversion 1. Introduction The process of reproductive mating is a clear example of a complex socio-biological phenomenon, of paramount evolutionary importance.
  • WILD RATS: Dangerous Strangers -- Or

    WILD RATS: Dangerous Strangers -- Or

    WILD RATS: Dangerous Strangers -- or Peace-seeking Neighbors? by Mil Scott by Mil Scott one of our much larger male (and these very odd humans should be “If you are dirty, insignificant in many cases female) pet cooing at him and stroking his and unloved then rats are the ulti- rats...and perhaps go back to their cheek. At no point, however, did mate role model.” families bearing tales of giant rat he show aggression of any kind, Banksy sightings similar to those spread by and by mid-spring we decided it It only stands to reason that the fearful humans -- except, of course, was time to make another move -- artist who penned the above quote that these poor rats‟ tales would be this time into the cage shared by (profiled on pp. 18-19 of this maga- true. his companion‟s siblings. Here, zine) should identify closely with In any case, until recently, my too, he adjusted quickly -- with the rats. After all, he functions largely impressions of wild rats were help of his now beloved female unseen and creates his art via a based largely on these TV observa- companion, who stayed close be- means widely deemed unaccepta- tions, coupled, of course, with vari- side him on an upper level blanket, ble. He has also earned both the ous facts I‟ve read. In February of continually grooming him and help- rewards of his persistence and var- this year, however, my husband ing him feel safe. And, while still ying degrees of opposition to his and I met our very first wild rat -- not entirely sure what to make of us unorthodox, underground methods.
  • The Kennel Club Breed Health Improvement Strategy: a Step-By-Step Guide Improvement Strategy Improvement

    The Kennel Club Breed Health Improvement Strategy: a Step-By-Step Guide Improvement Strategy Improvement

    BREED HEALTH THE KENNEL CLUB BREED HEALTH IMPROVEMENT STRATEGY: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE IMPROVEMENT STRATEGY WWW.THEKENNELCLUB.ORG.UK/DOGHEALTH BREED HEALTH IMPROVEMENT STRATEGY: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE 2 Welcome WELCOME TO YOUR HEALTH IMPROVEMENT STRATEGY TOOLKIT This collection of toolkits is a resource intended to help Breed Health Coordinators maintain, develop and promote the health of their breed.. The Kennel Club recognise that Breed Health Coordinators are enthusiastic and motivated about canine health, but may not have the specialist knowledge or tools required to carry out some tasks. We hope these toolkits will be a good resource for current Breed Health Coordinators, and help individuals, who are new to the role, make a positive start. By using these toolkits, Breed Health Coordinators can expect to: • Accelerate the pace of improvement and depth of understanding of the health of their breed • Develop a step-by-step approach for creating a health plan • Implement a health survey to collect health information and to monitor progress The initial tool kit is divided into two sections, a Health Strategy Guide and a Breed Health Survey Toolkit. The Health Strategy Guide is a practical approach to developing, assessing, and monitoring a health plan specific to your breed. Every breed can benefit from a Health Improvement Strategy as a way to prevent health issues from developing, tackle a problem if it does arise, and assess the good practices already being undertaken. The Breed Health Survey Toolkit is a step by step guide to developing the right surveys for your breed. By carrying out good health surveys, you will be able to provide the evidence of how healthy your breed is and which areas, if any, require improvement.
  • Dog Breeds of the World

    Dog Breeds of the World

    Dog Breeds of the World Get your own copy of this book Visit: www.plexidors.com Call: 800-283-8045 Written by: Maria Sadowski PlexiDor Performance Pet Doors 4523 30th St West #E502 Bradenton, FL 34207 http://www.plexidors.com Dog Breeds of the World is written by Maria Sadowski Copyright @2015 by PlexiDor Performance Pet Doors Published in the United States of America August 2015 All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including photocopying, recording, or by any information retrieval and storage system without permission from PlexiDor Performance Pet Doors. Stock images from canstockphoto.com, istockphoto.com, and dreamstime.com Dog Breeds of the World It isn’t possible to put an exact number on the Does breed matter? dog breeds of the world, because many varieties can be recognized by one breed registration The breed matters to a certain extent. Many group but not by another. The World Canine people believe that dog breeds mostly have an Organization is the largest internationally impact on the outside of the dog, but through the accepted registry of dog breeds, and they have ages breeds have been created based on wanted more than 340 breeds. behaviors such as hunting and herding. Dog breeds aren’t scientifical classifications; they’re It is important to pick a dog that fits the family’s groupings based on similar characteristics of lifestyle. If you want a dog with a special look but appearance and behavior. Some breeds have the breed characterics seem difficult to handle you existed for thousands of years, and others are fairly might want to look for a mixed breed dog.
  • Snps) Located in Exon 1 of Kappa-Casein Gene (CSN3) in Martina Franca Donkey Breed

    Snps) Located in Exon 1 of Kappa-Casein Gene (CSN3) in Martina Franca Donkey Breed

    African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 10(26), pp. 5118-5120, 13 June, 2011 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB DOI: 10.5897/AJB10.2440 ISSN 1684–5315 © 2011 Academic Journals Short Communication Analysis of two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in exon 1 of kappa-casein gene (CSN3) in Martina Franca donkey breed Maria Selvaggi* and Cataldo Dario Department of Animal Health and Welfare, University of Bari, strada prov. le per Casamassima Km 3 – 70010, Valenzano (Ba), Italy. Accepted 18 January, 2011 The aim of this study is to assess genetic polymorphism at two loci in the exon 1 of the kappa-casein gene (CSN3) in Martina Franca donkey breed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. Martina Franca donkey was derived from the Catalan donkey brought to Apulia at the time of the Spanish rule. This donkey is tall and well built and has good temperament. Both considered loci were found to be monomorphic in the considered population. At CSN3/PstI locus, all the animals were genotyped as AA since no AG and GG animals were found in the population. A similar result was found at CSN3/BseYI locus: all the donkeys were monomorphic and genotyped as AA. As a consequence, only one out of nine possible combined genotype (AAAA) was detected. Key words: Martina Franca donkey, kappa-casein gene (CSN3), gene polymorphism, polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). INTRODUCTION Kappa-casein is the protein that determines the size and (Lenasi et al., 2003). CSN3 is not evolutionarily related to the specific function of milk micelles; its cleavage by the “calcium-sensitive” casein genes, but is physically chymosin is responsible for milk coagulation (Yahyaoui et linked to this gene family, and is functionally important for al., 2003).
  • Response to Selection in Finite Locus Models with Nonadditive Effects

    Response to Selection in Finite Locus Models with Nonadditive Effects

    Journal of Heredity, 2017, 318–327 doi:10.1093/jhered/esw123 Original Article Advance Access publication January 12, 2017 Original Article Response to Selection in Finite Locus Models with Nonadditive Effects Hadi Esfandyari, Mark Henryon, Peer Berg, Jørn Rind Thomasen, Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article/108/3/318/2895120 by guest on 23 September 2021 Piter Bijma, and Anders Christian Sørensen From the Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark (Esfandyari, Berg, Thomasen, and Sørensen); Seges, Danish Pig Research Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark (Henryon); School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia (Henryon); Nordic Genetic Resource Center, Ås, Norway (Berg); VikingGenetics, Assentoft, Denmark (Thomasen); and Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands (Bijma). Address correspondence to H. Esfandyari at the address above, or e-mail: hadi.esfandyari@ mbg.au.dk. Received May 18, 2016; First decision June 7, 2016; Accepted January 2, 2017. Corresponding Editor: C Scott Baker Abstract Under the finite-locus model in the absence of mutation, the additive genetic variation is expected to decrease when directional selection is acting on a population, according to quantitative-genetic theory. However, some theoretical studies of selection suggest that the level of additive variance can be sustained or even increased when nonadditive genetic effects are present. We tested the hypothesis that finite-locus models with both additive and nonadditive genetic effects maintain more additive genetic variance (VA) and realize larger medium- to long-term genetic gains than models with only additive effects when the trait under selection is subject to truncation selection.
  • Cycling Accident Fact Sheet

    Cycling Accident Fact Sheet

    Traffic Safety Basic Facts 2013 - Main Figures Traffic Safety Basic Facts 2018 Cyclists Traffic Safety Basic Facts 2018 – Cyclists General In 2016, about 25.600 people were killed in road accidents throughout the EU, a reduction of 40% from the 2007 total of 43.150. This fact sheet explores the known characteristics of cyclist fatalities. Cyclists, while relatively small in proportion with respect to motorized vehicles, have a high level of vulnerability, creating a significant need to better understand the characteristics specific to this user group. A good insight into the problem provides an opportunity to improve the safety of this cheap, convenient and environmentally safe mode of transport. Fatality refers to any road user who was killed outright or who died In 2016, about 2.000 cyclists within 30 days as a result of the accident. This fact sheet addresses were killed in road accidents cyclists fatalities hereinafter referred to as fatalities. The term “bicycles” in the EU countries, 8% of all refers only to push bikes. The most recent year or period for which data road fatalities. are available has been analysed. Bicycle fatalities make up 8% of the total number of road accident fatalities in 2016 in the EU countries. In these countries, 2.015 people riding bicycles were killed in road accidents in 2016 (excluding Lithuania and Slovakia). Figure 1: Number of cyclist fatalities and all road fatalities, EU, 2007-2016 Source: CARE database, data available in May 2018 Figure 1 shows both the number of cyclist fatalities and the number of all road fatalities in the EU between 2007 and 2016.
  • Pig Breeds and Their Characteristics - a Collection of Articles on Berkshires, the Cheshire, Jersey Reds and Many Other Varieties of Swine by Various

    Pig Breeds and Their Characteristics - a Collection of Articles on Berkshires, the Cheshire, Jersey Reds and Many Other Varieties of Swine by Various

    Pig Breeds And Their Characteristics - A Collection Of Articles On Berkshires, The Cheshire, Jersey Reds And Many Other Varieties Of Swine By Various Storey's Illustrated Breed Guide to Sheep, Goats, Cattle and Pigs: 163 Breeds from Common to Rare Sep 10, 2008. Pig Breeds and Their Characteristics The Different Breeds of Pig. American Landrace American Yorkshire Angeln Saddleback Arapawa Island. Ba Xuyen Pig Diseases; Treatment Options; Stockmanship Standards; pig characteristics are will help you to take care of these intelligent animals. Although traits may vary according to breed, several genetic characteristics We offer chicken feed with the Be sure to thoroughly research the needs of individual poultry breeds before Learnings to Help Your Birds Reach Their Full Dog Breeds and Characteristics. A brief run down on some popular breeds. These are our views on a few breeds and their traits, Hybrids in pig farming Pig breeds Pig Production Compare the different characteristics of common breeds of pigs or diseases of pigs, including their symptoms Jan 23, 2015 List of domestic pig breeds. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Jump to: navigation, search. Deutsch: Liste der Logo Quiz Game Answers Level 8; Cheatcodes,modification & Walkthrough For Games; Logos Quiz Level 13 14 Answers (android) Bubble Games; Issue January 2012 Games Cheat pig: Yorkshire boar Larry Lefever/Grant Although originally a bacon breed, the Yorkshire rose to prominence in the characteristics: comments: Their pigs are advertised as low maintenance, durable, strong and very fertile for reproduction. What are the different breeds of pigs with their characteristics? There are 13 guinea pig breeds from which that details acceptable physical characteristics for each breed.
  • New Prospective on Sentinel Animal Systems: Experiences in Southern Italy Polluted Areas”

    New Prospective on Sentinel Animal Systems: Experiences in Southern Italy Polluted Areas”

    UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI NAPOLI “FEDERICO II” Tesi di Dottorato “New Prospective on Sentinel Animal Systems: Experiences in Southern Italy Polluted Areas” Coordinatore Candidato Tutor Prof. Giuseppe Cringoli Dott. Alessandro Costagliola Prof. Orlando Paciello To My Daughter, Ginevra. Go Forth and Pursue All Your Dreams Table of Contents List of Abbreviations 9 List of Figures 10 List of Tables 13 Abstract 15 General Introduction I Animal biomonitoring and micropollutants in public health 18 II Bioavailability and hazard of heavy metals contamination 20 II.I Lead 22 II.II Mercury 23 II.III Arsenic 25 II.IV Cadmium 27 III Environmental monitoring: bioindicators, bioaccumulators and biomarkers 29 IV Sentinel Animal Systems 32 V Selection criteria of sentinel animals in environmental biomonitoring 37 VI Domestic Animals as Sentinels 41 Bibliography 46 Chapter 1. The Role of Necropsy in Environmental Monitoring: the Regional Reference Center of Urban Veterinary Hygiene (CRIUV) experience 3 Table of Contents 1.1 Introduction 54 1.2 Materials and Methods 67 1.3 Results 74 1.4 Discussion 116 Bibliography 127 Chapter 2. Dairy cattle as a sensitive warning system for nitrate environmental pollution: evaluation of risk for human health 2.1 Introduction 135 2.2 Materials and Methods 138 2.3 Results 141 2.4 Discussion 145 Bibliography 150 Chapter 3. Animal Biomonitoring and Epidemiological Surveillance in polluted areas of Basillicata Region 3.1 Introduction 153 3.2 Materials and Methods 160 3.3 Results 164 3.4 Discussion 169 Bibliography 172 Conclusions
  • Estimation of Breed-Specific Heterosis Effects for Birth, Weaning and Yearling Weight in Cattle…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..…………………32

    Estimation of Breed-Specific Heterosis Effects for Birth, Weaning and Yearling Weight in Cattle…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..…………………32

    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Theses and Dissertations in Animal Science Animal Science Department 7-2014 Estimation of Breed-Specific etH erosis Effects for Birth, Weaning and Yearling Weight in Cattle Lauren N. Schiermiester University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/animalscidiss Part of the Animal Sciences Commons Schiermiester, Lauren N., "Estimation of Breed-Specific eH terosis Effects for Birth, Weaning and Yearling Weight in Cattle" (2014). Theses and Dissertations in Animal Science. 94. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/animalscidiss/94 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Animal Science Department at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations in Animal Science by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. ESTIMATION OF BREED-SPECIFIC HETEROSIS EFFECTS FOR BIRTH, WEANING AND YEARLING WEIGHT IN CATTLE. By Lauren N. Schiermiester A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The GraDuate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Major: Animal Science Under the Supervision of Professor Matthew L. Spangler Lincoln, Nebraska July, 2014 ESTIMATION OF BREED-SPECIFIC HETEROSIS EFFECTS FOR BIRTH, WEANING AND YEARLING WEIGHT IN CATTLE. Lauren N. Schiermiester, M.S. University of Nebraska, 2014 ADvisor: Matthew L. SPangler Genetic selection Decisions are imPortant components of improveD beef ProDuction efficiency. ExPloiting heterosis anD breeD comPlementarity can improve economically relevant traits anD system efficiency. The objective of the current stuDy was to estimate breeD-sPecific heterosis for the seven largest beef breeDs (accorDing to registrations) for birth, weaning anD yearling weight.
  • Abordagem Bayesiana Na Avaliação Genética De Plantas Perenes E Modelos Lineares Generalizados Aplicados Na Seleção De Cultivares E No Mapeamento De Qtls

    Abordagem Bayesiana Na Avaliação Genética De Plantas Perenes E Modelos Lineares Generalizados Aplicados Na Seleção De Cultivares E No Mapeamento De Qtls

    FREDDY LUIS MORA POBLETE Abordagem bayesiana na avaliação genética de plantas perenes e modelos lineares generalizados aplicados na seleção de cultivares e no mapeamento de QTLs MARINGÁ PARANÁ – BRASIL OUTUBRO DE 2008 FREDDY LUIS MORA POBLETE Abordagem bayesiana na avaliação genética de plantas perenes e modelos lineares generalizados aplicados na seleção de cultivares e no mapeamento de QTLs Tese apresentada à Universidade Estadual de Maringá como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Melhoramento, para obtenção do título de Doutor. MARINGÁ PARANÁ – BRASIL OUTUBRO DE 2008 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação-na-Publicação (CIP) (Biblioteca Central - UEM, Maringá – PR., Brasil) Mora Poblete, Freddy Luis M827a Abordagem bayesiana na avaliação genética de plantas perenes e modelos lineares generalizados aplicados na seleção de cultivares e no mapeamento de QTLs / Freddy Luis Mora Poblete. -- Maringá, 2008. 151 f. : il. Orientador : Prof. Dr. Carlos Alberto Scapim. Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Melhoramento, 2008. 1. Bioestatística - Modelos Lineares Generalizados. 2. Bioestatística - Avaliação genética. 3. Plantas - Melhoramento - Mapeamento QTLs. 4. Plantas - Melhoramento - Inferência Bayesiana. 5. Plantas - Melhoramento - Análise longitudinal. 6. Bioestatística - Inferência Bayesiana. I. Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Melhoramento. II. Título. CDD 21.ed. 576.58 Permitida a cópia total ou parcial deste documento, desde que citada a fonte. (O autor) DEDICO Aos meus filhos, Javiera Ignacia e Felipe Andrés, cujas especiais presenças me motivam a tentar ser cada dia melhor. A Juanita Bruneau, pelo fundamental apoio nesta iniciativa. Aos meus pais, José Mora e Silvia Poblete, e ao meu irmão, Carlitos, por fazerem parte de minha vida.