:1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8989 necessary; to the Committee on Ways and which seeks to enact prohibition for the THE JOURNAL Means. period of the war; to the Committee on the 3357. By Mr. ROLPH : Resolution adopted Judiciary. . On request of Mr. HILL, and by· unan by California Commission on Interstate Co 3369. By Mr. ANDREWS: Letter received imous consent, the reading of the Jour operat ion, that the construction of the entire from Sol Lenzer, president of Sol Lenzer Cor nal of the proceedings of the calendar Central Valley project be expedited and com poration of Buffalo, N. Y., protesting against day Monday, November 1, 1943, was dis pleted at the earliest possible date, for the any tax being placed on soft drinks; to the immediate pu rpose o'f pr9viding additional Committee on Ways and Means. pensed with, and the Journal was ap food and electric power for war needs and the 3370. Also, petition signed by 60 persons proved. further purpose of realizing the project's orig belonging to the Niagara County Chapter of CALL OF THE ROLL inal cbjectives of preserving existing agricul the New York State Society of Professional tural production and developments, main Engineers, protesting against passage of the Mr. HILL. I suggest the t:.bsence of a taining municipal and industrial develop Kilgore bill (S. 702); to the Committee on quorum. ments, and providing for improvement of Military Affairs. The VICE PRESIDENT. The. clerk navigation, flood control, and development of 3371. By Mr. VOORHIS of California: Pe will call the roll. hydroelectric power; and urging Congress to tition of Joseph F. Lamp, of La Verne,-Calif., The Chief Clerk called the roll, and the appropriate t h e necessary funds and the War and 23 others, urging the passage of House Production Board to grant priorities for the bill 2082; to the Committee on the Judiciary: following Sepators answered to their required material, equipment, and man 33'72. Also, petition of William Gilson, of names: power to complete the project as expedi Pomona, Calif., and 22 others, urging the Aiken Green Pepper tiously as practicable; to the Committee on passage of House bill 2082; to the Committee Andrews Guffey Radcliffe the Public Lands. on the Judiciary. Austin Gurney Reed 3358. Also, resolution of the Railroad Com 3373. Also, petition of Nannie E. Chandler, Ball Hatch Revercomb mission of the State of California, opposing of Pomona, Calif., and 22 others, urging the Bankhead Hawkes Reynolds House bill 3420; to the Committee on passage of the Bryson bill (H. R. 2082); to the Bilbo Hayden Robertson Brooks Hill Russell Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Committee on the Judiciary. Buck Holman Scrugham 3359. Also, petition of the California State 3374. Also, petition of Bessie L. Angelow, Burton Johnson, Calif. Shipstead Board of Agriculture, Sacramento, Calif., of Pomona, Calif., and 19 others, urging the Bushfield Johnson, Colo. Smith recommending that Shasta, Keswick, and passage of House bill 2082; to the Committee Butler Kilgore Stewart Friant Dams, Friant-Kern, Madero, and ob the Judiciary. Byrd Langer Taft Contra Costa Canals, and other necessary 3375. Also, petition of Ruth B. Fuller, of Capper Lodge Thomas, Okla. works of the Central Valley project, be com Pomona; Calif:, and 19 others, urging the Caraway Lucas Thomas, Utah pleted and placed in oper~tion as rapidly as passage of House bill 2082; to the Committee Chavez -McClellan Truman feasible for the purpose of obtaining in on the Judiciary. Clark, Idaho McFarland Tunnell creased production of critical war crops -to Clark, Mo. McNary Tydings 3376. Also, petition of Margaret E. Me~ Connally Maloney Vandenberg meet the increased food shortage, and that Pherson, of Pomona, Calif., and 16 others, Danaher Maybank Van Nuys the Secretary of Agriculture, the Food Admin urging the passage of the Bryson bill (H. R. Davis Millikin Wallgren istrator, and War Production - Board are 2082); to the Committee on the Judiciary. Downey Moore Wheeler urged to approve the necessary materials re _ 3377. By Mr. BARRY: Petition of sundry Eastland Murdock , Wherry quired, and that the Congress. appropriate residents of New York City, protesting against Ellender Nye White adequate funds _therefqr; to the Committee enactment of. prohibition legislation, espe-. G_eorge O'Daniel Wiley on the Public Lands. cially during the war emergency; to the Com Gerry O'Mahoney Willis 3360. By Mr.' COCHRAN: P~tition of the mittee on the Judiciary. - . Gillette Ovel'ton Wilson Potomac Boat Club, Washington, D. C., and Mr. HILL. I announce that· the Sen signed by 20 other citizens, protesting against the passage of House bill 2082 which seeks to ator from Washington [Mr. BoNE] arid enact prohibition for the period of the war; the Senator from Virginia [Mr. GLAss] to the Committee on the Judiciary. SENATE are absent from the Senate because of - 3361. Also, petition of T. J. Daly, of wash illness. ington, D. c., and 18 other citizens, protest TuESDAY, NOVEMBER 2, 1943 ing against the passage of House bill 2082, The Senator from Nevada [Mr. Mc which seeks to enact prohibition for the pe (Legislative day of Monday, October 25, CARRAN] i~ conducting hearings in West riod of the war; to the Committee on the 1943 ern States for the Committee on Public Judiciary. Lands and Surveys and is therefore nec 3362. Also, petition of the Occidental Hotel, The Senate met at 12 o'clock noon, on essarily absent. Washington, D. c., and signed by 29 others, protesting against the passage of House bill the expiration of the recess. The Senator from North Carolina [Mr. 2082, which seeks to enact prohibition for the The Chaplain, Rev. Frederick Brown BAILEY], the Senator from Tennessee period of the war; to the Committee on the Harris, D. D., offered the following [Mr. McKELLAR], the Senator from Mon Judiciary. prayer: tana [Mr. MURRAY], and the Senator 3363. Also, petition of Mrs. M. Cox, Wash 0 God, Guide of these pilgrim days, from M.assachusetts [Mr. WALSH] are ington, D. C., and 18 other citizens, protest necessarily absent from the city. ing against the passage of House bill 2082, strained and tense with our burdened which seeks to enact prohibition for the lives we seek the shelter and strength The Senators from Kentucky [Mr. period of the war; to the Committee on the that surrounds us in the shadow of Thy BARKLEY and Mr. CHANDLER] and the Sen Judiciary. · wings. At-this our daily altar of prayer ators from New York [Mr. MEAD and Mr. 3364. Also, petition ,of George F. Eccardt we are made vividly aware that victory WAGNER] are detained on important pub and 29 other St. Louis citizens, protesting for the precious things we hold dearest lic business. against the passage of House bill 2082, which seeks to enact prohibition for the period of is not to be won alone on battlefields half Mr. McNARY. The Senator from New the war; to the Committee on the Judiciary. a world away, but in the quality of our Hampshire [Mf. BRIDGES] is absent be 3365. Also, petition of John Rohrback and inner lives. We who have been com cause of illness. 40 other citizens, protesting against the pas missioned to find the truth about this The Senator from New Jersey [Mr. s~ ge of House bill 2082, which seeks to !(nact alling world would face the truth about prohibition for the period of the war; to the BARBOUR], the Senator from Maine [Mr. ourselves. We confess that we dread to BREWSTER), and the Senator from Idaho Committee on the Judiciary. know our own heart with its strange de 3366. Also, petition of Harold E. Quirk and [Mr. THOMAS] are necessarily absent. 19 other St. Louis citizens, protesting against ceptions, its studied selfishness and its The Senator from Wiscons-in [Mr. LA the passage of House bill 2082, which seeks to calculating prudence. 0 God, as for this FOLLETTE] is a)>sent because of illness. enact prohibition for the period of the war; moment we look away from our tasks to to the Committee on the Judiciary. Thee, Thou judge of all men, strip us of The Senator-from New Hampshire [Mr. 3367. Also, petition of H. C. Hartkop and our illusions, chasten us for our willful TOBEY] is absent on public matters. 14 other St. Louis citizens, protesting against blindness, cleanse our hearts, capture our The Senator from Michigan [Mr. FER the passage of House bill 2082 which seeks to wills, clarify our minds. With the duty GUSON] is absent on business of the enact prohibition for the period of t e war; Senate. to t he Committee on the Judiciary. of our daily lives illumined and made 3268. Also, petition of Mr. and Mrs. J . glorious by the light within, lead us in The VICE PRESIDENT. Seventy Hauser and 190 other St. Louis citizens, pro the paths of righteousness for Thy eight Senators have answered to their testing against the passage of House bill 2082 name's sake. Amen. names. A quorum is present.
./ 8990 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE NOVEMBER -2 · PETITIONS AND MEMORIALS FROM MAS · the United States will · be summoned· for involved in promoting what is -a world mon-. SACHUSETT8-PROHIBITION OF THE their verdict by ballot." · archy. LIQUOR TRAFFIC Will you kindly read this letter into the Both resolutions favor peace but propose · rec
/ 1943 ·coNGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8997 I cannot agree that this declaration of as to participation in the great struggles olution is too strong in its terms. I policy is weak or vague. I cannot agree of the world, we have become one of the think after all we have to rely somewhat that the word "power" does not include greatest contributors to the sacrifices to upon the intelligence and the foresight the military. I cannot agree that the maintain world civilization. Let us not, of those who will later have the responsi words, "prevent aggression and preserve as the prospect for victory increases, for bility of determining other momentous the peace of the world" have no clear get the.terrible cost of the present strug questions. The resolution can be too meaning, and do not include the sup gle. Let us not fail to take every possible strong only .for those who favor no reso pression of aggression and the use of step that may accomplish the laudable lution, who favor no authority, who favor power in such suppression. I believe result we all have in mind. Generations no league and no organization, and who that the word "power" includes mental unborn will .sing the praises of those desire us to go back in our beliefs to a power, spiritual power, moral power, with sufficient patriotism and sufficient prewar period, and again deceive the financial power, international power, as foresight to aid in bringing about ~uch a people of our Nation into the belief that well as military power. When I hear it result. we can live separate and apart from all argued that a resolution which author However, we are told that if the reso other civilized nations. This must not izes or approves authority with power lution is agreed to no · ratification of a be. Whether any particular plan which unlimited is weak, I cannot understand treaty will be necessary, as the adoption may be suggested at the peace table or that sort of argument. If this authority of the resolution might be considered to elsewhere may be implemented within has the power, I do not think the criti be the advice and consent of the Se.nate the province of this resolution is to me cism that it is weak in any sense applies. in ad\'ance. not so important as to have a practically However, there are those who fear .the Yesterday we heard that q·uestion unanimous declaration of the Senate of surrender of sovereignty by our Gov raised in the Senate. We saw the ten the United States to a form of interna ernment. This argument was used in pins set up; we saw them knocked down. tional cooperation in accordance with the Constitutional Convention against We heard it said that the President of a policy which can be implemented by the ratification of the Constitution by the United States might be impeached, the provisions of a treaty of peace so the States. Had those who feared any on the presl,Jmption that he might vio worded as to protect 'and preserve not agreement succeeded in preventing the late his oath and do what he should not alone other Allied Nations, but protect ratification of the Constitution by the do, or if he were not impeached the Con and. preserve, Mr. President, your chil various States, there would have been gress could refuse to furnish him the dren and my children, your grandchil no Federal Union, and there would un money requested. Finally we were told dren and my grandchildren, your prop doubtedly have been a lack of develop that we would have to rely somewhat on erty and my property, your flag and ment in North America comparable with the honor of the President of the United my flag, from such a catastrophe as has the lack of development in some other States. As I listened to the discussion falle~ on civilization in this era. sections of the world. It is not neces I thought what a contrast there was be sary or d-esirable that the United States tween the standpoint of the members of ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONS OF THE surrender its sovereignty or any part the Foreign Relations Committee who PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE thereof. The same sort of argument went into a conference and discussed The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the was applied to the far West when the every possible phase of the situation Senate the amendments of the House settlement of that area was taking without any malice or partisan bias so of Representatives to the bill 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8999 in our land in the way in which they ·pending resolution shall be adopted, Nations tried to speak to France, France should function. with amendment or without, we are go was too great to be 'bothered. Senators Mr. President, government by delibera ing to accomplish in a dignified way that know the· cases. When the Mandate tion is not easy. Dictators have one part of our constitutional scheme which Commission tried to speak to Japan, simple device, and it works. Govern every Senator, I am sure, wishes to see Japan would not even allow, for example, ment by coercion is q'\lite simple, and it accomplished, namely, advice to the Ex an inspection of her mandated territo .. works. Government through the use of ecutive, so that he will know that he has ries. She broke her trust and there was man's reasoning power, based upon the the backing of his Government when he no way of compelling her to enforce it. theory of democracy and upon the idea speaks for it in international relations. Mr. President, the conditions to which that first there shall be deliberation with If that is the objective, the advice I have referred can be overcome under freedom of speech, and then action, is surely must be in very general terms or the pending resolution. They can be the hardest kind of government to make else it will become a liability at the time overcome by proper world organiza function, because government by de of negotiation. No one is wise enough tion. The mandate system can be pre· liberation seems to be endless. to foresee the contingencie3 which may served, the trustee idea can be made a But we have made it work in the arise during the making of the peace, part of the world scheme, and backward Uniteq States for 150 years, and as a re but all .men are wise enough to say that peoples of the earth can be developed sult we have exemplified to the wbole we want the peace which may be and not exploited. world that men can be free and yet be achieved to work 1-roperly, and that we Mr. President, I am not·talking about strong; that man can have his beliefs understand the basic and fundamental mere theory when I change the word and his choice between this, that, and responsibilities which face the Govern "exploitation" to "development." It was the other, and yet speak jointly with a ment of the United States in assuring either in the parliamentary conference power which the nations of the earth that it shall work successfully. at Budapest or Paris that the committee must respect. We know the weaknesses of the League brought in the report which referred to Mr. President,· the United States, and of Nations. Selective security was pro the "exploitation of backward peoples." its type of government, are still not out vided for; the sanction idea was em I took the :floor on the part of the United of peril. I remember that in a debate bodied; _but there was no way of letting States, Mr. President, and told the con· in the Senate, when we were dealing the will of the world be known except ference the United States would never with one of the pre-war measures; I by expressing it, and there was no way of consent to any kind of a resolution which made the statement that the United enforcing it. contained the words "the exploitation of States was in peril. I felt it; I knew it. We want to retain all the good which backward peoples"; but, if the resolution I realized the force of aggression in the has come about through world organi were changed in such a way as to read world, and yet I knew that government zation, because by it great things have "development Qf backward peoples," I by aggression could never be successful been accomplished in the last half a thought the United States would adhere so long as government by reason and de century for the good of the world, for the to it. I was surprised; my suggestion liberation existed anywhere. I realized people of the world, and for the good brought applause from every part of the that at some time that type of weak gov of our own country. conference. No one wanted to retain in ernment would be tested because I knew - We are party to much of the world theory, and especially in discussion, the that il~ the beginning of his regime Mus cooperation, in fact, most of it. . We do idea of exploitation; all were ready for soHni had sco:tred at the word "liberty," not want to have violence done to the the idea of development. So the world and that he had said it was time to drag progress which has been made in regard is ready to move forward in world gov the :fiag of liberty in the mud. That was to arbitration. We do not want to have ernment under the leadership of a coun .. a challenge to the Government of the injuriously a:trected the progress which try such as ours, which has made ·Gov· United States and to the American peo has been made in regard to labor aims ernment function without taking a-way ple. We did not accept the challenge, and ideals. We do not want to destroy powers from individual entities. but we know that had we accepted it we the progress which has been made in re Mr. President, the word "sovereign" probably would have been wiser than we gard to the settlement of disputes by appears in the pending resolution. were. peaceful means. We want to preserve When the conference of the Republican Mr. President, there is memory in my all the techniques which have been in Party held at Mackinac Island on the mind, too, of the fact that immediately vented and used for good. Above all, we Great Lakes began writing its resolu· after the last World War-it was during do not want to see violence done to one tion, I happened to be attending another the time of the worst in:fiation in Ger of the finest ideas that came out of Ver •conference which was discussing this many that I myself saw at first hand sailles, namely, the idea ·of a world trus very question. On first thought, I was the attempt was made deliberately to teeship for backward peoples and for sorry that a technical word such as "sov .. make it appear that the Treaty of Ver parts of the earth which cannot be repre ereignty" should enter into the discus sailles was a wicked and a vicious treaty. sented under the definition of a free and sion, because it was an extremely both.. Some Americans aided in the advance sovereign nation. We do not want to ersome word in the making of the last ment of that idea. If we will but ex have repeated the mistakes which were peace; it was a bothersome word and a amine the discussions which took place made in connection· with the mandate bothersome idea in the creation of our in the League of Nations we will find system which came into existence. We Federal Unip~; indeed, it was such a that many persons spent more time dis want to correct those mistakes, and there bothersome word in its tight definition cussing the inequities and injustices of is a way to correct them. that it actually caused a civil war in the the treaty than they spent in challenging It may be worth while to spend a United States. We had made the defini the League or defending it as such. minute or so upon a concrete illustration tion of "sovereignty" so tight, so strong, The first nation to walk out on the Ver of the type of mistake we wish to correct. and so binding that we actually went to sailles agreements had objected to a .The mandate theory was an advanced war over it. There was no di:fference be .. provision contained in the treaty in re notion. The trustee idea was good. It tween Mr. Webster and Mr. Calhoun in gard to itself. It was not to a provision meant the overcoming of actual conquest, their definition of sovereignty. They contained in the League Covenant. It and the ending, in theory, of the exploi both accepted exactly the same defini· was easy for Germany•to blame every tation of backward peoples. So the tion. Webster said sovereignty must be thing on a harsh, improper, and unjust world set up in theory a trustee system. indivisible, and, therefore, it must vest treaty;, and then to turn that psychology But the agency which represented the in the National Government. Calhoun against collective security,· and against world had no power to enforce its will. said, since sovereignty is individual, it cooperation for peace. It was extremely It selected as trustees entities which were must vest in the States; and so we had easy for Mussolini to shout that sanc more powerful than was the agency a civil war. tions meant war. People in our coun granting the authority. When the Man· That is how serious definitions may try accepted and defended his definition. date Commission of the League of Na become, especially when going through Mr. President, I am glad that we have tions tried to speak to Great Britain, the evolutionary. process of bringing moved on to the place where we do not Great Britain did not listen. When the about a great change in governmental accept such contentions. Whether the Mandate Commission of the League of habits and notions. When the Covenant 9000 CON.QRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE NOVEMBER 2 · of the League of Nations was first pre to go forward under American leader police power and the power of adminis sented one of the members of our dele ship, American responsibility, and Amer tration over actual territory and actual gation went to another member of the ican auspices, not because I depreciate people by the United _States of America delegation and said, "I doubt very, much the rest of the world, but because I have functioning under the Federation. Un whether I can accept this Covenant; I faith in our ability after 150 years of til that time there was no way for the think it destroys the sovereignty of the meeting our own problems. They have revolutionary government to assert it individual nations who are parties to the been great problems, but we have solved self directly on any ~ people or on any Covenant.'' them without destroying the mighty land, because there wa:; merely a govern The Senator from Michigan [Mr. fundamentals which were in the minds ment representative of the various VANDENBERG] in discussing sovereignty at of the founding fathers when the Con States, but with the creation of the the Great Lakes conference gave one of stitution was adopted. A reading of the Northwest Territory, the United States the finest definitions of sovereignty or works of Thomas Jefferson will disclose got a police power, the United States got the rights in regard to sovereignty that the finest arguments for the possibilities an army, if you will. we have yet had when he said the basic of a decent world order. If the mandated islands or the man notion of sovereign rests upon the abil That brings me to the great differing · dated territories are given over to an ity of the sovereign to give away some of point in the minds of those who have entity such as the United Nations, and its sovereignty. I have not improved on discussed the Ball-Hill amendment and they are iuvited to administer such ter the Senator's words, but I have done my those. who. have compared that proposal ritories as trustees for the whole world, best to express his idea. with the resolution reported by the For and are given power to use all the rights I am glad, Mr. President, that the word eign Relations Committee of the Senate. of government in those territories, then "sovereign" appears in the pending reso The difference hinges upon the police the police power comes into existence lution, despite the fact that it has been power. When it comes to international without in any way frightening e~en the a troublesome word in the past, because discussions, police power causes just as smallest nation in the world about the it is essential in any world government much trouble as the concept of sover existence of a world police force. that the greatest of all fundamentals in eignty, and yet there is no need for being Mr. MURDOCK. Mr. President-.- international law be preserved, and the troubled by that term if we realize from The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. EL greatest fundamental is absolute inde our own American experience that police LEN:DER in the chair). Does the Senator pendence and sovereignty in the parties power is not absolute at all times, func from Utah yield to his colleague? to a world government. Our Federal tioning everywhere at all times, but is Mr. THOMAS of Utah. I yield. Union could never have functioned with relative and may be highly localized. Mr. MURDOCK. I am -loath to break out some sort of arrangement whereby When it was suggested that there be into my distinguished colleague's dis the last word of the State in regard to adopted the theory of the League to cussion, but if I do not interrupt him too the things which are the State's could be Enforce Peace, to put power into the much, I should like to do so while the maintained. League of Nations, exactly the same an Senator from Michigan [Mr. VANDEN- . Sovereignty, thank goodness, too, has swer was given by the conference in BERG], the Senator from Texas [Mr. developed in another way, which is a Paris which was given by our own Con CoNNALLY], and my colleague the senior helpful way from the American stand stitution, when its makers faced the Senator from Utah [Mr. THOMAS] are point, and, therefore, a helpful way for same problem. all present. the New World. Sovereignty today is in It was Madison who pointed out that I am very much disturbed abcut what variably connect~ with those govern if the Federal Government had power happerled here on October 29 in a pres ments which function through and by to send an army into one of the States, entation by the Senator from Connecti law. The idea of sovereignty does not it would destroy the polke power of the cut [Mr. DANAHER] to the Chair, which worry a man such as Hitler. He does not State. It was thought, therefore, that at that time was occupied by the distin work through law; he does not respect no peace could be established in . the guished senior Sei!ator from Illinois [Mr. the treaties which his state has made world by any enforcing agency. Yet an LucAs]. The question was propounded and which others in his state have agreed enforcing agency does not have to be whether or not the pending resolution, to. There can be no sovereignty where strong, it does not have to do away with Resolution 192, meant anything, wheth there is chaos, where there is coercion, other enforcing agencies; it can remain er it wa~ at all binding on anyone, or where there is disorder. In such circum in its own jurisdictiow,-- it can have its whether all the debate in the Senate for stances sovereignty is the first thing ~ proper place. the past week was merely for amusement lost. The best illustration is probably If, instead of an extremely powerful and entertainment. what happens in any community when police force in the world, there should be - If I understood the ruling at that it is faced with a terrible disaster. If set up a peace force with limited objec time-and probably the ruling was cor the city begins burning the first agency to tives, with limited jurisdiction, and with rect, in view of the way the question was be called upon is the waterworks; next delegated authority, all the fears which put-it was that if we adopted Resolu the fire department, then the police, the have been expressed in the last 20-odd tion 192, or if we amended it by adding soldiers, and on down the line. When the years could be overcome. the amendment of the Senator from chaos resulting from the fire or disaster To illustrate how it can be done, I Florida and then adopted it, we would do is too great for these agencies, which shall return to the mandate idea for .a nothing except express the sentiment or· represent the sovereign will of the State, moment, and use an example from our the conclusion of the Senate. there is no sovereignty. Where chaos is own history to show how quite by acci If I have understood the distinguished too great, there is no sovereignty, and dent our American Federal system senior Senator from Utah, he takes the where coercion is too great there can be turned frQm a league to an actual gov position that the treaty-making power no sovereignty. The word has done ernment because it had something to as provided in the Constitution, so far great damage to political thinking, and administer. as it concerns the Senate, is divisible; yet it has been a constructive ~word in When the Articles of Confederation that is, that there are two functions the evolution of government, · especially were proposed, there was disagreement _which the Senate performs. One func of world government and in the advance among several of the States over that tion is to advise, the other is to consent. , ment of our Federal ideals. Mr. Presi portion of the United States then known Am I correct in that conclusion? dent, we will never go forward in world as the Northwest Territory. Before all Mr. THOMAS of Utah. That is J;he organization and world cooperation in the States would agree to the articles, point I tried to make in the beginning any other way except by using some of they insisted that the rights and claims of my remarK's. the techniques that have been evolved ' of the conflicting States be assumed by Mr. MURDOCK. I think the Senator here in the United States where the Fed the whole United States; then the 13 made the same point a few days ago on eral system was created. States agreed to the articles. the floor of the Senate. As I view the That .brings me to another reason In the establishment of the Northwest proceedings of the Senate on Resolution why I am happy about the pending reso Territory as a territory to be adminis 192, if and when it shall be adopted, we lution and about the willingness of the tered by the United States, there was will have formally, under the treaty Senate to adopt it. I want a new world given a jurisdiction which had within it making power of the Constitution, ad- 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 900f vised the Executive. Am I correct in it should mean something to the Presi so far. as I can, in general terms, my that respect? dent, and it should mean something to advice to the Executive Department of Mr. THOMAS of Utah. That is as I the people. the Government, in broad terms, I admit, understand it. I think it is a very seri If my colleague 'will yield for another but nonetheless solemn. Because it is ous proposition. question, I should like to have an expres a comprehensive resolution, expressed Mr. MURDOCK. I should like to ask sion, if it is appropriate at this time, from only in broad terms, Mr. President, it is the Senator from Texas, if my colleague the distinguished Senator from Michi no less solemn than if it were detailed. will yield to me, whether or not he takes gan [Mr. VANDENBERG], as to whether he The question now arises in my mind, the position that the resolution offered considers that in the consideration of the If we are proceeding under the treaty by him and reported by the Committee various resolutions which have been pre making power under the Constitution as on Foreign Relations of the Senate was sented, and in the adoption of one of it affects and includes the Senate,-and offered and was reported, and is now be them, we are acting under the treaty if and when we agree to the resolution ing discussed, as a matter of advice to making functions of the Senate to ad we are advising the Executive as to the the Executive under the treaty-making vise the Executive as to some future attitude of the Senate on this most im power, and should be considered as ad treaty. portant question, then does it not re vice if it shall be agreed to. Mr. VANDENBERG. Mr. President, quire a two-thirds majority of the Senate Mr. CONNALLY. Will the senior will the Senator from Utah yield? to adopt the resolution? Senator from Utah yield to permit me to Mr. THOMAS of Utah. I yield. Mr. THOMAS of Utah. Mi. President, answer? · Mr. VANDENBERG. I am compli I would answ~r that question with a defi Mr. THOMAS of Utah. I am glad to mented to be included in this battery of nite "No." In the first place we are yield. · experts, but I disclaim possession of any simply in one stage of the treaty-mak Mr. CONNALLY. I thoroughly agree credentials which qualify me in the ing, if we accept it as that. We cannot with the Senator from Utah in his state group. by the adoption of the resolution take ment that the constitutional provision So far as I am personally concerned, I away the powers which are the Presi that the President may make treaties by consider that we are acting under the dent's. We cahnot destroy his discre and with the advice and consent of the advice clause. I consider that, so far as tion. We cannot, of course, destroy the Senate implies that the Senate has two I am concerned, when I cast my vote in powers which still rest in the Senate of varying functions. The advice provided favor of Senate Resolution 1~2. I have the United States to modify a treaty for, according to my view, would be ad indicated to the Executive, a general at which is sent to us by the President. vice prior to the act of making the treaty, titude, for whatever it is worth, for his Mr. MURDOCK. Mr. President, will and it is not possible to have consent very guidance, if he is in the slightest inter my colleague again yield? well as to something until it occurs. ested in my point of view, which would be . Mr. THOMAS of Utah. I yield. Consent follows the doing of the act, in a novelty, and I consider myself morally Mr. MURDOCK. Certainly I do not this case the writing of the treaty. bound by the general attitude which I take the position today that we in any It might be said, of course, that any have asserted; but ·I consider that the way impair the right of the President legislatiVe body, under its inherent Constitution also has given me the right under the Constitution, by the adoption powers, could adopt a resolution ex under the consent clause ultimately to be of Senate Resolution 192, but I agree pressing its views. We could probably the sole judge, on my responsibility, as to thoroughly with my distinguished col adopt such a resolution as the one be whether or not the President has imple league that we can divide the functions fore the Senate if there were not any ad mented my advice the way I think it of the Senate under the treaty-making vice and consent provided for in the Con should be implemented. power of the Constitution, and we can stitution at all, but it i~ certainly my view Mr. MURDOCK. Mr. President, will advise the President at this stage of the that we are acting in ·pursuance of the my colleague indulge me for a moment proceeding, but. later any proposed "advice" portion of the constitutional or two longer? treaty must come back for the Senate's provision when we adopt the resolution Mr. THOMAS of Utah. I yield. consent before it becomes effective. We before us. It is perfectly clear to my Mr. MURDOCK. I think, then, that cannot dissociate the two-thirds major mind that the makers of the Constitu- the three answers I have received from ity, however, from the treaty-making • tion intended that the Senate should three of the distinguished members of power, whether the Senate is exercising exercise two functions, or it would not the Foreign Relations Committee, the the power to ratify or the power to advise. have used two words. It would have distinguished chairman, the Senator Mr. President, if my colleague will in.. simply .said "consent of the Senate," and from Texas [Mr. CoNNALLY], the distin dulge me for a moment or two longer, the left out all reference to advice. But "ad guished Senator from Michigan [Mr. other day when we so lightly threw aside vice" presupposes, I am sure, that dur VANDENBERG], and my distinguished col the efficacy and the solemnity and the -ing proceedings, or in the process or league [Mr. THOMAS of Utah], all agree meaning of the resolution by saying that formation of a treaty, the Senate would now that, in considering Senate Resolu it did not bind anyone, I think we cer .. be at liberty, if it so desired, to advise tion 192, or any amendment to the reso tainly did not give due study, we cer the· President. Then, after the treaty hition the Senate is proceeding under the tainly did not give due weight to that is made, it has no controlling effect, treaty-making power under the Consti- provision of the Constitution which al imposes no binding obligation on the . tution as it affects and includes the Sen lows and, I say, which makes it the duty _ United States, until it is brought to ate in advising the Executive. of the Senate to advise the President on the Senate, then we give our consent or Mr. President, under the treaty-mak treaties. refuse our consent. ing power-if I may have the indulgence If we take the position in the Senate Mr. MURDOCK. If my colleague will of the Senate to read it-section 2, ar that in advising the President under the yield further, I take the position taken ticle ll of the Constitution provides: treaty-making power a two-thirds ma by the Senator from Texas, and I am He shall have the power- jority is not necessary, and adopt the happy to know that" he ·agrees with the resolution by only a majority vote, of two Senators from Utah that the powers Meaning the President- course the President and everyone else are divisible, and that we are now exer by and with the advice and consent of the can very well say that we were not exer cising the power of advising. Senate, to make treaties, provided two-(thirds cising our treaty-making function at all, I do not wish to take up too much of of the Senators present concur. because we did not insist on a two-thirds the time of my colleague, but I should That brings me to this point-and I majority. But, Mr. President, if the res like to have this question made perfectly ·want to make it with all the vigor and olution leaves the Senate of the United clear in my· mind. emphasis I can-that I consider that as States with a two-thirds majority, Mr. THOMAS of Utah. I am glad to a Senator of the United States I am then neither the President nor anyone yield. participating in this debate, that I shall else can say that we have merely con Mr. MURDOCK. If what we are doing finally vote for the resolution which1 I ducted a debating .society here in tho is advising the Executive, certainly, if - hope, will be agreed to, and if Senate Senate for the last 2 weeks. I hope that and when we-adopt a resolution of advice, Resolution 192 shall be adopted, it is my the Senate, when it acts in advising the it should mean something to the Senate, intention as a Senator to have expressed, -Executive on treaties, will do so under 9002 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE NOVEMBER 2 the constitutional procedure, and will provided it is agreed to by a two-thirds tion right here, this afternoon. It would do so by a two-thirds majority, if at all, majority. be desirable to do so. ' and then it is done. Mr. THOMAS of Utah. Mr. Presi Mr. WHEELER. The Constitution I thank the Senator very much for his dent, I missed the argument which has says "advice and consent." If the Sen very patient and generous indulgence. been referred to, and I realize that the ate can advise by a two-thirds majority, Mr. THOMAS of Utah. I thank my statements which have been made are in advance, it can consent by a two colleague for his contribution to the repetitions of what has previously been thirds majority, in advance. discussion. stated on the floor of the Senate. How Mr. THOMAS of Utah. Mr. President, f Mr. WHEELER. Mr. President, will ever, I think we should at least keep in we can advise without any majority. the Senator yield? mind one or two phases of the treaty Advice happens to be a greatly expanded Mr. THOMAS of Utah. I yield to the making power which have not been men matter. The President has other ad Senator from Montana. tioned. In the first place, no foreign visers. Mr. Hackworth has gone to Mos Mr. WHEELER. I partially agree with government has ever had anything to do cow. His advice is valid. Whether it the Senator from Utah in this respect, with the pending resolution. In the sec is accepted is quite another matter. .that if the Senate adopts the resolution ond place, the President of the United I think that in the acceptance of ad by only a majority vote, then, of course, States has not had a:qything to do with vice by the Executive and in entering the resolution is not binding upon the it as yet; and no matter whether it is into the agreement we get closer to the President of the United States or anyone agreed to by unanimous consent or by treaty than by merely giving plain ad else. But if we adopt the resol~tion by two-thirds vote or by a mere majority vice. But, Mr. President, we cannot a two-thirds majority, then in my judg vote, the Presidential discretion cannot carry theories any further than they ment it can be held to be not only advice be destroyed. How in the world could have been carried by my colleague the - to the President, but both advice and the President of the United States ever junior Senator from Utah. [Mr. MuR consent, because there is no question that proclaim a resolution of the Senate as a DOCK]. I can conceive of no way of bind- · we consent in general terms, as Mr. treaty without negotiating with some ing the President even to negotiate a Hackworth has pointed· out. Inciden foreign country, and how could it be treaty against his will. The Senate can tally, Mr. President, Mr. Hackworth ls made binding? not destroy his discretion. The Senate not only the Solicitor for the State De Mr. President, I think sentimentally would destroy the Presidency if it did. partment, but it will be noted that he is the arguments are fine; morally they are When we enter into these theoretical one of the American advisers at the con all right, too, in that they are used to discussions we must pay respect to every ference held in Moscow. I do not think show the important position the Senate step in the process. The proclamation we can lightly disregard what Mr. Hack has in connection with the treaty-mak of the treaty is, of course, a Presidential worth has said, particularly in view' of ing power and the seriousness of the function. the precedents to which he has called present occasion; but if there is joint ac Mr. LUCAS and Mr. McCLELLAN attention. tion between the Executive and the Sen addressed the Ch.air. If I were to say to someone, "I con ate in regard to the making of a treaty, The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does sent that you shall act as my agent to and then if there are other actions in the Senator from Utah yield, .and if so, enter into a contract in general terms," relation to other countries, the whole to whom? and if that person, as my agent, entered treaty-making process must be carried Mr. THOMAS of Utah. I yield first .to into the contract in general terms, the through all its channels before a conclu the Senator from lllinois, who first ad contract would be binding upon me. I, sion can be reached about making it dressed the Chair. as the principal, would be bound by the binding. On whom would the treaty be Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, I was contract entered into by my agent for me binding if the resolution were proclaimed simply wondering on what basis anyone under the consent I gaye him in general by the President of the United States as .could .·conceive that the Connally reso terms. ·I say that if we vote for the reso a treaty? · lution could be a t:r:eaty, in view of the lution by a two-thirds vote of the Sen Mr. MURDOCK. Mr. President, will general terms and language in which it ate of the United States we are advising the Senator yield? is couched at the present time. I should ' the President, and if the President fol Mr. THOMAS of Utah. I yield. like to know under what theory anyone lows the general terms of the resolu Mr. MURDOCK. t agree with every could conceive that it could be a treaty, • tion-and they are extremely broad thing the Senator has said, with one ex and with whom. It strikes me that the terms-as I have previously pointed out, ception. I do not have the same appre argument which has been made here has it may include a military alliance, and hension the Senator !rom Montana has no basis whatsoever, because, under the if he should enter into a military alli about this matter. I have no doubt that Constitution, if it is anything at all, the ance the Senate of the United States• we can advise in advance, under a reso resolution is merely advice to the Presi would have already advised -and con lution such as Senate Resolution 192, and dent as to· how the Senate of the United sented thereto. Then assuming that.the that by merely advising we do not bind States feels. President of the United States does ex the Senate to consent later to a treaty But, Mr. President, more than that, if actly what has been done in previous bum within the general framework of a we· were not in the position before the treaty situathms, and proclaims it as a resolution of advice. But I cannot fol world in which we now are because of treaty, wqat is the Senate of the United low the distinguished senior Senator what happened following the rejection States going to do about .it? If he pro from Utah when he takes the position of the League of Nations in 1920, I dare claims it as a treaty after taking the ad that the treaty-making power is divis say the pending resolution would not be vice of his Cabinet members and the ad ible, with advice on the one hand and before the Senate. vice of the Solicitor of the Department consent on the other, and then takes Mr. THOMAS of Utah. That is true. -of State, and then says to the Senate, the position that the Senate can advise Mr. LI;[CAS. In other words, as I view "You have already advised and con without a two-thirds majority, but can it, what the Senate has been attempting sented to this kind of a treaty," what is not consent without it. If that is pos to do has been more to advise the world the Senate going to do about it? How sible under the Constitution, I am very as td the position of the United States are we going to raise the question as-to much mist~ken. If it is not possible, Senate, rather than to advise the Presi whether we have consented and advised? then •I should say that when the Senate dent of the United States. Why did the · How are we going to question the treaty? advises by a two-thirds majority it has House of Representatives agree to the My judgment is that the treaty will said to the President, "We have acted, Fulbright resolution? The House of never be submitted to the Senate of the under the Constitution, by a two-thirds Representatives has no power relative to United ·states .after a vote in the Senate majority, and have adyised you." Then, treaties. It agreed to the Fulbright on the pending resolution, if the Senate in my opinion, the Senate cart expect resolution as an expression, not to the a-grees to it. I hope I am wrong about action in conformity with its advice. President of the United States, but- to it, and I wish I could agree with the views Mr. WHEELER. Mr. President, will the world, as to h'ow the House of Repre .expressed by my colleagues; but I say the Senator yield to me? sentatives feels regarding world peace in that in my judgment the Senate will be Mr. THOMAS of Utah. I am glad to the future. The House of Representa agreeing to a very dangerous resolution, yield. I wish we could settle this ques- tives is closer to the people th.:m is the 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 900~ Senate. As a result of what the Mem acted and advised as to the sentiment of treaties with the advice and consent of bers of the House of Representatives the people of the United States. It has the Senate, by a two-thirds majority. found out when they returned home last no constitutional function of consenting, Mr. President, I do not depreciate at summer, immediately after the House of but it has advised. Good can come from all.the Ccnnally resolution or the amend Representatives reassembled they agreed resolutions of th.at character. The fact ment of the Senator from Florida [Mr. to the Fulbright resolution, which in my that the Senate Foreign Relations Com PEPPER]. I agree thoroughly with my opinion had much to do with what hap mittee reported this resolution imple colleague [Mr. THoMAs of Utah] in the pened at the conference at Moscow. mented what the House had al.z:eady position which he takes. I think it is Not only that, but, in my opinion, the done, and fortified and reinforced the proper for us to advise the President. Connally resolution also had something Secretary of State in the Moscow con In the Connally resolution we have gone to do with what happened at the Moscow ference. As a result, today the world to particular pains to state that the pro conference. Cordell Hull knew that the knows that the four major allies of the ceedings under the resolution shall be Connally resolution, when the Senate United Nations are ready to. cooperate, according to constitutional procedure. · finally got around to it in one form or not only to win the war, but also to win Mr. President, I. am just as anxious as another, would be agreed to by the Sen the peace. The enemies of this country is any other.Senator to adopt one of these ate. He knew there would be only four know today that there is unity between resolutions. No one has been a stronger or five votes against the Connally resq us and our allies not only in bringing supporter of the President and Secretary lution whenever the Senate acteci upon about military victory· but also in the Hull than have I. In the future no one it. He transmitted that information to consummation of a lasting peace. will be more anxious than I to cooperate those at the conference at Moscow. So Mr. MURDOCK and Mr. LUCAS ad with them in their herculean efforts to the Fulbright resolution and the Con dressed the Chair. bring about a just and :t:ermanent peace. nally resolution, with the full realization The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. The point I make is that if the resolu by the powers represented at the Moscow TYDINGS in the chair> . Does the Sena tion is worth the time and energy we conference that the one resolution had tor from Utah yield; and if so, to whom? are giving it, then certainly, if we expect been agreed to and that the other would Mr. THOMAS of Utah. I yield first to the resolution to be noticed by the I:Tesi be agreed to by such overwhelming ma my colleague. dent, we should pass it by a two-thirds jorities, went far, in my opinion, in aid Mr. MuRDOCK. Mr. President, no majority, in accordance with the Consti ing Cordell Hull to obtain the kind of ·one can be more emphatic in commenda tution. That is my only point. agreement which resulted from the Mos tion of what has happened at Moscow Mr. MURDOCK subsequently said: cow conference. That is the important than am I. I yield to no one in my con Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent thing at this time, and not the question viction that the foreign affairs of this that there be inserted at the proper place with respect to whether we are giving country are in capable hands, in the in the remarks I made during the after advice to the · President of the United hands of our great President and the noon, when the Senator from Utah [Mr. · States by a two-thirds majority. That Secretary of State. In my opinion, they THOMAs] yielded to me, a message to the• argument is fallacious from the are so far out in front of the Senate Senate dated June 10, 1846, from the beginning, that the adoption of a resolution at this President of the United States, who at . Mr. THOMAS of Utah. Mr. President, time might be considered a very tardy that time was James K. Polk. I am sure the Senator from Illinois will thing; but we have the resolution be There being no objection, the message agree in connection with the argument fore us. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, which he puts forth as to how advice It is easy to· condemn the argument as follows: comes about, that not only did the reso of another Senator as fallacious, and To the Senate of the United States: lution give Cordell Hull greater authority throw it out without consideration. I . I lay before the Senate a proposal, in the' to speak for the United States, but it hope I shall never reach the point where ·form of a convention, present~'i to tl:le Secre- also gave the representatives of other I discard, without serious thought, the tary of State on the sixth instant, by the nations information in regard to the statement of one of my colleagues. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipo stand of the United States, which made tentiary of her Britannic Majesty, for the ad I did not arrive at my conclusion as to justment of the Oregon question, together the resolutions adopted at Moscow-if the two-thirds vote haphazardly, I went with a protocol of this proceeding. I submit we may call them resolutions-meaning back into the history of the Senate and this proposal to the consideration of the ful. the history of the country. What do we Senate, and request their advice as to the Mr. LUCAS. Certainly. find? We find that in the early history action which, in their judgment, it may be Mr. THOMAS of Utah. In that respect of the country, when President Polk proper to take in reference to it. alone, the Senate has already expressed asked the Senate for advice on a pro In the early periods of the Government, one of its advisory functions, in speaking posed treaty, he specifically stated in the the opinion an~ advice of the Senate were of.ten taken in advance upon important ques for the people of the United States. message that he expected that the ad tions of our foreign policy. General Wash Mr. LUCAS. I concur wholeheartedly vice would come from the Senate by a ington repeatedly consulted the Senate, and in what the Senator has said. He has two-thirds majority, indicating, as my asked their previous advice upon pending only implemented what I attempted to distinguished colleague has stated, that negotiations with foreign powers; and the say in the remarks which I made. the function of .the Senate with respect Senate in every instance responded to his Mr. McCLELLAN. Mr. President, will to treaties is a divisible function-one to call by giving their advice, to. which he always the Senator yield? conformed his action. This practice, though advise and the other to consent. On the rarely resorted to in latter times, was, in my Mr. THOMAS of Utah. I yield. other hand, President Polk, when he sub judgment, eminently wise, and may, on Mr. McCLELLAN. It occurs to me that mitted that request for advice, specifi occasions of great importance, be properly the House of Representatives has just cally followed the Constitution of the revived. The Senate are a branch of the as much right-though not a legal right 'United States and said that the advice treaty-making power; and, by consulting by reference to the Constitution, by should be given to him by a two-thirds them in advance of his own action upon which the right is reposed in the Senate majority if it was to be considered as important measures of foreign policy which at. all binding upon him as President. may ultimately come before them f'Or their to express its views and reflect the senti consideration, the Pre.sident secures harmony ment of the people of this Nation, as has . Senatoi·s are correct when they say of action between that body and himself. the Senate. The fact that the Fulbright that the House of Representatives had a The Senate are, moreover, a branch of the resolution was adopted by the House of perfect right to adopt the resolution war-making power, and it may be eminently Representatives by such a large majority which it adopted; but under the Consti proper for the Executive to take the opinion evidently has influenced the result of the tution it has no power to advise the and advice of that body in advance upon any conference at Moscow. Instead of being President i'n the making of treaties. great question which may involve in its de That power is specifically granted to the cision the issue of peace or war. On the derided for its action, I think the House present occasion the magnitude of the sub is entitled to the praise and commenda Senate. . The Constitution does not pro ject would induce me, under any circum tion of the people of the Nation. It is vide that we can advise by• a majority · stances, to desire the previous advice of the ahead of the United States Senate. We vote, and later consent or ratify by a Senate; and that desire is increased by the are here today debating and quibbling two-thirds vote. It provides that the recent debates and proceedings in Congress, over words. The House has already . President of the United States may make which render it, in my judgment, not only \ 9004 CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD-SENATE NOVEMBER 2 respectful to the Senate, but necessary and Mr. VANDENBERG. Mr. President, and the highest desire-that all the nations proper, if not indispensable, to insure har will the Senator yield? may cooperate is not limiting, is it? monious action between that body and the Mr. THOMAS of Utah. I doubt very Executive. In conferring on the Executive Mr. THOMAS of Utah. I yield. the authority to give the notice for the Mr. VANDENBERG. Before the Sen much if a prayer ever limits anything, abrogation of. the convention of 1827, the Sen ate leaves his discussion of the relation Mr. VANDENBERG. Will the Sena ate acted publicly so large a part, that a ship between the Moscow conference and tor yield? decision on the proposal now made by tbe the pending resolution, I should like to Mr. THOMAS of Utah. I yield. British Government, without a definite submit this thought to him: Mr. VANDENBERG. If the Senator knowledge of th~ views of that body in refer I was somewhat disturbed yesterday will permit me, everything to which the ence to it, might render the questiqn still afternoon by the trend of the argument, more complicated and difficult of adjustment. Senator is now referring would be under For these reasons I invite the consideration particularly as presented by the able the aegis of "an international organiza of' the Senate to the proposal of the British Senator from Alabama [Mr. HILL], that tion," and I am saying that Moscow has Government for the settlement of the Oregon Senate Resolution 192, as reported from g.one far beyond an international organ- question, and ask their advice on the subject. the committee,. lagged so far behind the . . ization in creating the instrumentalities My opinions and my action on the Oregon Moscow conference that it had ceased upon which it is seeking to rely for the question were fully made known to Congress to have any integrity or validity, and serial effort to preserve the peace of the in my annual message of the 2d of December that it required the addition of the so last; and the opinions therein expressed re world. " main unchanged. called Pepper amendment in order to Mr. HATCH. Mr. President, will the Should the Senate, by the constitutional catch up. · . Senator further yield to me? majority required for the ratification of If the Senator will permit me, it seems Mr. THOMAS of Utah. I yield, treaties, advise the acceptance of thls proposi- to me that if the Pepper amendment Mr. HATCH. The only difference is . tion, or advise it . with such modifications as were added to the committee resolution that the ~epper amendment uses the they may, upon full deliberation, deem delimiting the effect of the Senate's ac words "an international organization." proper, I shall conform my action to their tion exclusively to the creation of an advice. Should the Senate, however, decline The committee resolution expression is by such constitutional majority to give such international authority for specific pur "international authority." advice, or to express an opinion on the sub poses, ~t would actually rule out po~nt 5 Mr. VANDENBERG. Which includes ject, I shall consider it my duty to reject the and point 7 of the Moscow declaratiOns, everything done at Moscow, if we wish offer. because Moscow is not only discussing the to apply it to the Moscow formula: I also communicate herewith an extract international authority which would be Mr. HATCH. The Moscow formula from a dispatch of the Secretary of State to comprehended within the Pepper amend includes our language, a general "inter the Minister of the United States at London, ment, but, pending the establishment of under date of the 28th of April last, directing national organization." It does not in him, in accordance with the joint resolution this international- organization, is also clude the language of the committee res · of Congress "concerning the Oregon Terri considering and recommending consult olution. , . tory," to deliver the notice to-the British Gov- ative pacts on the one hand, and, under Mr.- BALL. Mr. President, will the , . ernment, for the abrogation of the convention paragraph 7, conference and cooperation Senator yield? · of tbe 6th of August, 1827; and also .a copy of in respect to disarmament. In other Mr. THOMAS of Utah. I yield. the notice transmitted to him for that pur words, if the action about to be taken by Mr. BALL . . It seems to me that the pose, together with extracts from a dispatch - the Senate is to be parallel with the of that Minister to the Secretary of State, final paragraph of Senate· Resolution bearing date on the 18th day of May last. action taken at Moscow, at least. for my 192 is not concerned with a number of JAMES K. POLK. self I am driven to the conclusion that the provisions in the agreement reached / WASHINGTON, June 10, 1846, the committee recommendation, being at Moscow which are concerned pri broader than the Pepper proposal, infi marily with the prosecution of the war Mr. THOMAS of Utah. Mr. Presi nitely better comprehends the Moscow· and the maintenance of order imme dent, I thank my colleague. · attitude than would be the case were diately after hostilities ce~;~.se in Europe, t can condude in a · minute or two, we to amend the committee report as and during the transition period before and I should like to do so. I turn now proposed by the very able gentlemen who a permanent set-up for peace can be1 to the resolution itself. I have already are attacking it. Does the Senator agree worked out. As I understand the final · hinted time arid time,-again why I am with me in that interpretation? · paragraph of Senate Resolution 192, glad that the resolution is in general Mr. THOMAS of Utah. I agree with which follows the paragraph providing terms. I ~m particularly glad that it is· the Senator entirely, and I would go one "That the United States. cooperate{with so general in its nature that it .cannot step further and say, that everything its comrades-in-arms in securing a just cause discussion ·with respect to ques which is included within the Pepper and honorable peace," what we are try tions which sl).ouJd not be I . / )._943. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 9005 are present. But the · artiCle ·"an" was rights in China; and we can do a great Mr. THOMAS of Utah. Mr. Presi- deliberately take!l out of the resolution many more such things. What we must . dent, my mind runs back to one of the for the very reason which I have stated. not do is anything which will limit the most interesting stories which came out We cannot tell how· the war will end. It great field and make it ·harder to have of the \ast war when we were so far as may end in Europe very much sooner united action on the part of the United the stage of the war was concerned abqut than in Asia. It may end in Asia very States when we speak to the other na where I hope we are now. A returned much sooner than in Europe. We may tions of the world. soldier came down the gangplank in resort to regional understandings of Mr. HATCH. Mr. President, will the Boston and was asked when the war some kind. Such a term was used by Senator yield? would be over. He said, "In a month and President Wcodrow Wilson in calling the Mr. THOMAS of Utah~ I yield. . a century." He was asked why he ex._ Monroe Doctrine a regional understand Mr. HATCH. I know the Senator is pressed it in that way-"a month and a ing, and the textbook writers objected anxious to leave the floor, and I inter century." "Well," he said, "it will take to its use. But the fact remains th rupt him only because I have such a high a month to lick Germany, and then it will it was a great regional understanding regard for his work on the committee take a century to wind up all that barb anti that it later became recognized by and for his opinion, and I am asking the wire." Mr. President, with the confer the world. q estions I now ask merely to have his ence in Moscow, the denunciation of Mr. President, if we have functioning interpretation put into the RECORD. extraterritorial rights 'n China, and the today an international org'l.nization As I understand the Senator from disc~,_ &sions which are being held here, which can be used in a particular way, Utah, he construes the words "authority" we are beginning to wind up the barb lei: us not install another one. So far as and "power" as used in the Connally wire, so as to bring about a just and our advice is concerned, let us advise in · resolution to be most broad and general peaceful world. That is the way in which the'broadest way. ·We want an interna in their terms; that the word "authority" I think we should accept what we are tional authority· with power to carry would include a general association or doing, in all seriousness, and assume that through and to accomplish. We do not organization of nations. Is that the we are going to do only those things warit to be limited as to time, as to place, Senator's view? which will make it possible for the United or as tc ·any particl'lar organization. I Mr. THOMAS of Utah. The word States when we speak to the rest of the say that as one who has always supported "power," I may say, I think, has always world to speak with the authority of the theories back of the League of Na been construed to be general until Jean unity. What would we think if we tried tiohs. I say it as one who has always Bodin created the word "sovereignty" in to curb in wartime the will of the Com mander in Chief? Let us present the said that we do not want to do anything the l~e sixteenth century. The sover which will bar any institution which has eignty of a nation was expressed by the same united front in the making of the been established under the League, or word "power" in all the theoretical writ peace that we. present now in carrying on under international agreement, which is ings. the war. functioning toward overcoming the ills Mr. HATCH. An authority to be set Mr. BALL. Mr. President, I should of the world in any particular field. That up, whether by the exercise of an exist like to ask the distinguished Senator the commission of the League in regard ing organization such as the League of from Utah, whose knowledge of this t0 disarmament failed does not mean Nations or a new organization, would, problem I respect greatly, whether he be that the Committee for the Repatriation coupled with the word "power," as used, lieves the agreement signed at Moscow of Lost Persons did not succeed. What have full authority to proceed to settle is in the nature of a treaty which under I fear is that when we begin to particu disputes peacefully among nations, which the Consti.tution should be ratified by larize in our advice or resort to a gen the Senate? The question was asked me. erality to bring about the authority and would necessarily include the establish I might say that it seems to me that the power which is necessary to put down ment of the necessary machinery to do obligations assumed by this Government aggression, we may destroy some other tha t. . under the agreement primarpy relate to Mr. THOMAS of Utah. I agree with the conduct of the war, and, therefore, institutions which are not related to ag- that wholeheartedly. grl:!ss!on. . it was well within the p~ovince of the I believe the pending resolution covers Mr. HATCH. The word "power" also Executive to make such an agreement the whole field as it is presented to us includes military and economic sanctions without making it a formal treaty; but today. We are still in war. We are not if pecessary to preserve the peace of the some of it does contemplate action be working toward peace, but we are doing world. . yond the end of the war. I would ap the sane and sensible thing of trying to Mr. THOMAS of Utah. I think so; I preciate the Senator's opinion on that reconcile differences with our own al say "yes" to that. point. lies, and to bring about an understand Mr. HATCH. It would also go further Mr. THOMAS of Utah. Mr. President, ing with our own allies in order that and be sufficient to authorize the author I can only answer offhand. I do not the peace may be a better one. ity to establish, we might say, an inter deem the agreement reached at Moscow I refer to one significant thing which national police force? to be a treaty. I think that it can be we have done and which we might not Mr. THOMAS of Utah. I say "yes" to made into a treaty by negotiation and have done had we followed the advice that. presented as a treaty, if the President of either our Government or the Govern Mr. HATCH. I thank the Senator. I wishes to do so. It is entirely within his ment of Great Britain. We and Great merely wanted to get his interpretation. .discretion to present it to the Senate of Britain renounced our extraterritorial There is no limitation whatever, then, the United States as a treaty, but I doubt rights in China. If the Senate of the under the word "power" as it is used in very much whether any of the three or United States had been willing to say the Senate resolution? four nations parties to the agreement nothing and do nothing when statements Mr. THOMAS of Utah. If power and have thought of the agreement as any came out of the Forei~ Office of Great the sovereign nation idea and interna thing but an agreement for the future Britain, and out of our own State De tional authority were left ·without limi prosecution of the war and the planning partment, so far as extraterritoriality tation, I think we might present ·a gen of peace under a form of treaty which . in China was concerned, we would have eral statement to the people of the United will be presented later. waited until after the end of the war be States and to the world. They are all Mr. REYNOLDS obtained the floor. fore taking up the subject and discuss embracing, as I understand, limited only Mr. O'DANIEL. Mr. President, will ing it. Had we not done what we did, by the remainder of the resolution. the Senator yield? one of the four countries represented in Mr. HATCH. I thank the Senator be The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the the agreement of Moscow could not have cause I think it very important that the Senator from North Carolina yield to been described in any way as a sovereign United States and the world understand the Senator from Texas? and free people, because so long as extra what is meant by the use of those words. Mr. REYNOLDS. May I inquire of the territoriality held China in grip she was That is the reason I asked the Senator Senator for what purpose? not a -sovereign nation, .and we all know for his interpretation, and I thank him Mr. O'DANIEL. I desire to suggest it. We renounce_d our extraterritorial for giving it. the absence of a quorum. 9006 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD_:_SENATE NOVEMBER 2 Mr. REYNOLDS. As a matter of fact, present one, to make known to the Sen sovereign nations in the establishment and maintenance of international authority with I am not requesting a call of the roll. I ate and to the Americ~n people the com power to prevent aggression and to preserve have not done so at any time since this pelling reasons why I must oppose the the peace of the world. body began the serious consider,ation of adoption of Senate Resolution 192, this momentous question. I do not be known as the Connally resolution. Mr. President, I shall later offer a sub lieve, frankly, that I have ever seen a The Connally resolution, in my humble stitute resolution, but I shall first de greater ·number of Senators present on opinion, is fatally defective for three velop in larger outlines the faults and the floor than there are this after,noon, reasons: dangers which I have found in the Con and, in view of the fact that I am anxious First. It contemplates the submer nally resolution. to get on with what I have to say, I am gence of our American sovereignty into As civilization is disappearing before not particularly desirous to have the roll some as yet undiscovered form of super our very eyes in seas of b1ood and debt, called. government in which this Nation most ll.O one except a person directly impli Mr. O'DANIEL. It seems to me that, probably would be a minority of one in ~ted in causing war can be ·indifferent inasmuch as a very important subject is affairs affecting the dearest interest::: of to the horrors of war or lacking in en .being discussed, many of the Senators our people. . thusiasm for practicable steps to prevent who are not here would like to be ad We would find ourselves governed from recurrence of war. vised of what is going on. abroad, _subjected to the pressure or co At the very outset let me say that I . Mr. REYNOLDS. It is very gracious ercion of combined and superior forces. 1 am in hearty agreement with one state ~md flattering of the Senator, and I Under our Federal Constitution, the ment made by the chairman of the Sen shall be glad to have the roll called. American Government has no authority ate Committee on For:ign Relations; Mr. O'DANIEL. I suggest the absence to make any such destructive commit -namely, that "international bandits and of a quorum. ment, either by action of- the Executive robbers" must be curbed. No more cor . The PRESIDING OFFICER. The or by joint action of the two Houses of rect diagnosis of the chief cause of the clerk will call the roll. Congress, or by any action of the Senate, woes and wars of the world is possible. The Chief Clerk called the roll, and which is the final constitutional treaty All peoples instinctively crave peace, and the following Senators answered to their making power-and the Senate cannot no ·peoples want war. International names: bind itself in advance to soine future ac bandits and robbers cause wars and keep Aiken - Green Pepper · tion, the exact nature and certain conse the world in a state of turmoil thropgh Andrews Guffey Radcliffe quences of which are at this time totally Aus tin Gurney Reed fiendishly agitated racial hatreds which Ball Hatch Revercomb unknown. divert attention from themselves. Bankhead Hawkes · Reynold's Second. The Connally resoluti I ' 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 9007 makes deliberate use of the term "asso pending resolution that those who do not A break-down of good faith and mu ciation" rather than "organization'' as want it discussed· should not press for tual trust between nations cannot be the descriptive of the proper course, the adoption of the resolution at this time. way to peace. There have been alarm chairman of the Senate Committee on We cannot be gagged and bound so as ing recent indications that neither the Foreign Relations tells us that the words to avoid consideration of practical real British Empire nor the Soviet Union is "international authority'? used in the ities vitally affecting the future of the disposed to abide by the aforementioned resolution proposed to this body are in American Republic and of the civiliza four pledges. tended to cover and comprehend inter tion in which all of us are vitally inter There should be no secrets from the n:..tional organizations, and further tells ested. American people about such a · vital mat us that the word "power" used in that Mr. President, a so-called Executive ter. resolution "was chosen with the deliber agreement, which has never been sub If the Soviet regime, Great Britain, ate intent to include all forms of power mitted to this body for its advice and and China carry out the aforementioned nec~ssary to prevent aggression and to consent, was signed on January 1, 1942, four pledges accepted by them on Janu preserve the peace of the world." Upon by Franklin D. Roosevelt as supposedly ary 1, 1942, t.hen they will have adopted his own interpretation of the meaning representing the United States of Amer and put into practice standards upon and purpose of that resolution this body ica for the purpose, Winston S. Churchill which world peace can be l'uilt. Other can afford to have nothing whatever to as representing the United Kingdom of wise, there can be no reasonable expecta do with it, except to reject it. Great Britain and Northern Ireland, tion that they will collaborate and coop Toward the close of his explanation of Maxim Litvinoff as representing the erate in good faith in a program for the pending resolutlon the chairman of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Tse world peace, the Moscow conference to the Senate Committee on Foreign Rela Vung Soong as representing the National the contrary notwithstanding. tions disclosed his evident misgivings as Government of the Republic of China, In this connection, Mr. President, I to the constitutionality of what may be and various other signatories, including wish to bring to the attention of Mem attempted under the broad scope of the Girja Shankar Bajpai as representing bers of this. body a par~graph from the resolution by volunteering the observa India. The paper undertook to endorse remarks made yesterday by my distin tion that- "a common program of purposes and guished colleague, the senior Senator The Constitution of. the United States has principles,'' including the following, from Colorado [Mr. JOHNSON]. He said: been amended, and may be amended ag-ain. among others: Today we have heard much about.the dec No aggrandizement, territorial or .Iarations rece.ntly issued at Moscow and · Of course, "an association of free and other. about them being stronger in their terms sovereign nations" for curbing "interna No territorial changes not in accord than the resolutions pending before the Sen tional bandits and robbers" could not with the freely expressed wishes· of the ate at the present time. I should like to possibly be considered·as needing a_con peoples ,concerned. · ' make the suggestion that the terms of the stitutional amendment. On the other Atlantic Charter, which has been approved by Restoration of sovereign rights and so many of the nat~ons of tl1.e world, indud hand, the setting up of a superbody or ·self-government to those who have been .ing Russia, China, the. \Tnited States, and the supergovernment of any sort would not 'forcibly deprived of them. United Kingdom are much stronger than onJy . violate the Constitution of the Universal right to traverse the high those contained in the declarations made at United States, but the Constitut.ion is .Moscow, and are infinitely stronger than those sea;:; ~nd oceans without hindrance. not by any stretch of the imagination • contained in the resolutions which are now susceptible of any such changes as would The paper embodied the introductory pending in the Senate of the United States. recital that the signatories are now en involve our Republic in, or subject it to, gaged in a common struggle against sav Further. in connection with the MOS<4QW any such set~up. The Constitution, as age and brutal forces seeking to subju conference, let me say that to many the we all well know, is a charter of delegated excitement created by the announce .powers. Those not delegated are re gate the world . Mr. President, it is perfectly obvious ment of the Moscow agreement was lu served to the States and the people. Th~ dicrous. Why the announcement of at least to me-that the afore~entioned Presj.dent's powers are enumerated, the such a "momentous accomplishment and powers of the Congress are enume:r;:ated, four purposes and principles specifically enumerated would constitute a magnifi success" when Russia had already, many the Senate's p9wers are set forth, and in months ago, agreed in full to and adopt none of the provisions is any power given .cent basis for world cooperation and un derstanding by free and sovereign na ed the principles of the Atlantic Charter, to the President or the Congress to vote which went much further than anything this Republic into any superbody · or tions; yet what has been submitted to the Senate for adoption avoids reciting embodied in the agreement at Moscow? supergovernment. Are we going to en Let us profit· by experiences of the past. tertain even a suggestion that we abdi anything·, definite and practicable, and uses the vague general language "a just and plan for future world peace in a cate a·s a g·reat, free nati.on, as we are · reanstic arid practical manner through now, to become a component part of, or and honorable peace," with no sugges tion for carrying out the four enumer collaboration and cooperation among subject to, any superbody or super civilized nations only. government? ated pledges or even a guaranty of the independence of Latvia, Lithuania, Es It is perfectly manifest that the adop Not only is it legally impossible for our tion of the Connally resolution would Republic ever to become a component tonia, Poland, Yugoslavia, Greece, and ' other subjugated nations. Collaboration constitute an evasion, rather than per part of, or subject to, any superbody or formance, of solemn duties reposed in the supergovernment, but, in its legal col and cooperation for world peace, con ducted on the basis of the four enumer Senate. The resolution is interpreted as laboration and cooperation with other meaning all things to all men. By many civilized nations to curb international ated already-made pledges, would insure the participation therein of civilized na- . Jt is interpreted as giving the advice and bandits and robbers, it should be ex consent of the Senate now to the mak tremely careful not to consort with tioru:; only, and in my opin-io~ would point the way to the effectual curbing of in ing by the President of a pact of any bandits and robbers as supposedly rep kind coming within the broad scope of resenting civilized nations. The unfor ternational bandits and robbers. If any the resolution, so as to require no later tunate practice of extending recognition one of· what are called the United Na submission of such pact for the Sen to regimes of bandits and robbers seizing tions, of which we are one, contemplates ate's ratification. Frankly, in view of ships of state and subjecting ~hole peo repudiating any "Of the four enumerated the announcement by the White House ples must cease. The late Samuel pledges aforementioned, solemnly made on yesterday of the huge success and gen Gompers, one. of the finest Jewish Amer by each of them on January 1, 1942, the eral agreement reached at Moscow, I ask icans who ever lived, had no hesitancy Members of the Senate should know it why the necessity for the passage now in branding any such recognition as a now. If. they do not so contemplate, of any such resolution as the Connally "needless and base betrayal of civiliza what possible objection could there be to resolution. Let the documents relating tion." This may be deemed a delicate making such pledges the basis of world to the Moscow agreement be submitted subject at the present time, but it is such cooperation now? We would thus have to the Senate now for its advice and con an essential part of what must be given some tangible and practical basis upon sent, on the one hand, or rejection, on consideration in connection with the which to proceed. the other. · LXXXIX--568 9008 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE NOVEMBER 2 Mr. President, having given my rea b. The freedom of the individual and the by me and he was speaking upon his reso sons for my opposition to the Connally guaranty of the rights of individual enter lution when he said, without hesitation: prise. resolution, at this point I wish to read c. The good-neighbor policy in this hem The people of the United States and the into the RECORD a substitute for Senate isphere. world will be bewildered and confused by Resolution 192, which I now o:f!er to the d. The American championship of the the clever and adroit language of the Con Senate: sovereignty and independence of nations and nally resolution. They will not know any peoples throughol,lt the world. more about what it means and what its Whereas the Senate of the United States effect will be than do the 96 Senators as of America desires to clear away any doubts e. The open-door policy in the Pacific. sembled here, and they will interpret it and ambiguities regarding the attitude of f. The American attitude toward minori to suit themselves, as we do now. · the people and Government of the United ties. This is no time to hedge or indulge in States of America toward international re 8. That the Senate of the United States of double talk and platitudes and threadbare lationships now and after this war; and America declares, in making this statement of hopes and policy, that it in no way sets _generalities. This i_s a time to be forth Whereas the Senate of the United States right. This is a time to say what we mea~ of America recognizes that to call for mutual itself up as a judge of the kind of govern and mean what we say. We ought now to action of sovereign powers without first stip ment of any civilized nation. put our cards on the table face up, or remain ulating the standards to govern such action 9. That it is the sense of the Senate of the discreetly silent. My resolution puts the or actions, is premature and possibly pledg United States of America, constituting the ideals of the Atlantic Charter into concrete ing the United States of America to a future final treaty-making authority of this Gov and definite form. It is a standard to which collaboration which might turn out to be a ernment, that lt should stand firmly upon the wise and honest can repair. pact with new world conquerors dividing this solid basis, offering continuously the I realize that many will shrink from its loo"t and therefore be contradictory to the hand of fellowship to any nation or nations blunt provisions respecting the basic prob conscience and the best interests of the peo in accord with these ideals and principles. lems facing the world. Many will say it will ple of the United States: Therefore be it Mr. President, if there ever was a time offend Churchill, it will offend Stalin, and it Resolved: will cause endless and bitter controversy at 1. That it is the intent of the United in American history when "o:f! the rec a time when we need unity to destroy the States of America in concert with her allies ord" vagaries should be channelized in common enemy. If that be so, the United to wage war to a successful conclusion "on toe record" to definite statements States has no business in this war. If that against her enemies. it is now, at the time when American be so, we ought to keep our mouths shut 2. That it is the declared purpose of the thinking is in a fog of bewilderment. forever about freedom, aggression, imperial Senate of the United States of America, as Fine-sounding words, meaningless words, ism, and exploitation and subjugation of the final treaty-making power of the United are the cause of this confusion, bewilder weaker peoples. If that be so, we ought to States Government, to insure, by every con keep our signature off such documents as the stitutional means, against the recurrence of ment, and distrust. Atlantic Charter. international clashes, and particularly the The argument constantly revolves break-down of good faith and mutual trust around the two vague words, "interna Do you wonder, Mr. President, at the between nations. tionalism" · and "isolationism." No bewilderment of the American people 3. That it is the sense of the Senate of the thinking person denies the global theory when certain principles of the Atlantic United States of America that the United States join with other sovereign nations on of post-war collaboration and rehabili Charter, which are supposed to be our a basis of world cooperation and understand tation, but we want a post-war global guide, are applied only to certain· peoples ing on the following principles: scene that is framed in some vestige of and countries in certain parts of the A. No aggrandizement, territor!~ or other .• reality. globe? B. No territorial changes not m accord Whether the principles expounded by How can some of the principles of the with the freely expressed wishes of the peo the old so-called isolationists are right Atlantic Charter be applied to certain ples concerned. or wrong, history alone will tell. But, countries and the same principles not be "'C. Restoration of sovereign rights and self we do know now that many of the old government to those who have been forcibly applied to other countries? deprived of them; and recognition of the so-called isolationists were no more or What can world understanding pos right of all peoples to choose the forms of less than genuine American nationalists. sibly mean if it does not accept the sig government under which they will live. These were men and women who did not nificance of the historical fact that peo -D. Universal right to traverse the high seas want to plunge into world hates and ples, regardless of race, color or creed, and oceans without hindrance. conflicts, old European feuds, and Euro are equal, and that each group has its Provi ded, That the policies and attitudes of pean power politics. inherent right to freedom and self-gov other nations agree with these principles so That is now a thing of the past; it is ern.ment. that cooperation of nations on these funda mental principles would be effective in actual water over the dam. We are in it now The American people fought for that practice. ~ to the tune of billions of dollars and mil principle and should take their stand 4. That it is the sense of the Senate of the lions of wrecked American lives. Is there and record their stand right now-other United States of America that the duly con not still some way to make unity a thing wise, the dying, misery, and sacrifices will stituted authority of each Allied Government that exists because of mutual faith and all be in vain. · shoul1 declare now, clearly and definitely, definite statement of principles? Is All thinking Americans realize that, whether or not it accepts these principles as there not still some way to make· our due to geographical, racial and tradi the governing standards of such post-war American people and the long-su:f!ering tional backgrounds, each group has dif cooperation. - . 5. That it is the sense of the Senate of the people of the world feel that they are ferent problems to face. How different United States of America that the govern dying this time for something very tangi racial groups work out their participa ment of each ex-enemy enjoying de facto ble, real, and noble? tion in the world scene is up to them; recognition by the United States and its al Mr. President, I think that a clean-cut but it is up to us that we, still the lies should be invited to declare on a date incision into the cancerous body of power strongest member of the United Nations, after the armistice with such ex-enemy politics at this time can do the trick. assure them that right. Otherwise, this whether it accepts these principles as a pre I have been in this Senate for 11 years. war becomes a farce. It is up to us to liminary to future col,Iaboration. A strange and strangling type of hood take a stand and demand the same stand 6. That it is the sense of the Senate of the seems to have fallen over Capitol Hill frorri our allies-that people all over the United States of America that when these a hood of fear to speak and act like real declarations have been made by the afore world, under all conditions, and under mentioned nations and they have given evi Americans. Why? ·Is it treasonable to all colors of skin, are insured the human dence of their desire for sincere collaboration, speak out for America, or is it heresy to dignity of the four freedoms: Freedom then the United States of America, through make suggestions that one believes to be from fear, freedom from want, freedom its constitutional processes, shall collaborate in the interest of Americans? of speech, freedom of religious worship. and cooperate with other free and sovereign Yesterday that hood was lifted in the How each works out its national prob nations to preserve world peace. body of the Senate by the able senior lems is its business, just so long as each - 7. That the Senate of the United States of Senator from Colorado [Mr. JOHNSON] national group adheres to the principles America believes in the dignity of American of the larger world order. We, as Amer moral leadership, based on the continuance when he made bold to utter in the Sen of humanitarian policies, in a large sense il ate the words I shall quote. Before do icans, by the same token reserve and lustrated by: ing so, let me state that the Senator demand the right to work out our na a. The American principle of the federa from Colorado submitted a resolution in tional destiny and solve our own Amer tion of the 4,8 States. this body similar to the one submitted ican problems under the American form 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 9009 · of government-the government· that We cannot fight for one thing and Mr. WHEELER. · Mr. President, will has offered the greatest good to the mean another in our hearts. A real · the Senator yield? greatest number of people for the longest definition of America's position should Mr. REYNOLDS. I yield. time. give us the right to withdraw from any Mr. WHEELER. The Senator from We legislators today in the functioning collaboration in the post-war world when North Carolina made some remarks con heart of America have within our hands it would be to our moral and material cerning the independence of Poland, with· the sacred privilege of carrying out the interest to do so. which I heartily concur. I hope that any wisnes of the American people-and We should refuse to form any associa peace treaty which may be made will guiding its ship of state into the harbor tion unless it be a world association with recognize the independence of Poland. of its highest destiny. ·We are still func- · all civilized nations, for the good of all. In that connection I desire to call ' atten tioning, thank God, in the democratic Otherwise, we shall have fought on a tion to an article appearing in the Weekly way-which means that all officials in false premise. Dispatch, of London, under date of Feb Washington are the servants of the : We assume now that after the war all ruary 4, 1939, wherein Lord ·Halifax, then American people. nations will be sovereign nations, with Secretary of · State for Foreign Affairs; We have the greatest crisis in world self-determining powers, because the was quoted as follows: history facing us right now. America, in principles of· the Atlantic Charter ex spite of mistakes, has a noble heritage. pres.sly demand and guarantee this· posi Pola:q.d could rest assured, if she felt her· tion of free choice for all groups. Our independence threatened, Britain would ac We have proven our spiritual integrity. cept her word 'that this was the case and It is because we are who we are,·it is be reservation to withdraw from a post-war would immediately declare war on any coun cause our -record is what it is, that I hope collaboration or association if principles try whom Poland named her aggressor. through my substitute resolution to keep are not adhered to is the only way to · our American direction straight, our maintain the dignity of America's moral This is one of the most remarkable J;ecord clean, permitting never again an standards. Our only concern is that commitments in history becatise the deci opportunity for the world to ridicule. our the Nation itself comply with the stand sion as to whether or not British blood efforts; and that is why we should first ards and law set for the family of na should be poured out was taken out of ascertain what is definitely and com tions. the hands of the British Government and plet~ly in the minds of our allies respect Each national grou.P has its own prob left to a foreign power. ing the post-war period, not only as re lems within its geographical boundaries. Great Britain honored her pledge when lates to Italy and Austria, but also the The cure for its ills .must come from Poland named Germany as an aggressor. other subjugated countries of the world. within itself, and will, as long as it is It remains to be seen if she will do so if My substitute resolution outlines clear demanded that nations adhere to basic Poland invokes the guaranty- as against ly and definitely our attitude, aims, and rules. Russia, assuming that Russia acts in ac objectives; so why not ascertain of our . America's attitude toward Asia is· the cord-ance with her statement that she will allies their true attitude, aims, and ob key to a promising future. Asia offers demand a large part of Poland.- jectives. In other words, before we adopt the trade and commerce. Europe will Mr.l:\.EYNOLDS. Mr. President, I atn a resolution reflecting our aims and ob be in ruins. How can we help anybody, · inclined to believe that now is the oppor jectives, we should be informed and have let alone ourselves, if there is no two tune time for me to ask that there be the benefit of the aims and objectives of way trade? The day of Asia's awakening published in the RECORD at this point a our allies; and that is the sole intention is here. Half the world's population is number of telegrams addressed to me. of my resolution. to. be found there, in the Orient. ·Four The first two relate to Latvia, Lithuania, The European scene has been such a hundred. million of these people are in and Estonia. I shall not take time to hotbed of power politics, feuds, hates, China, our glorious ally. May her per read them. One telegram is from Chi balancing of power, for so long, that his severance result in the destruction of her cago, signed by the chairman of the tory alone sifts the chaff from the wheat. invaders, and may she emerge a ·free and American Friends of Lithuania. Another History proves each time that .the peoples strong China. is .from Ann Arbor, Mich., signed by an of the world are the same throughout, The American Republic has crusaded individual, and deals with· the Baltic that the political machines are the insti for principles, and has lived them in states. The remaining . telegrams deal gators of chaos and misery. · more .cases than she. has succumbed to with the independence and territorial in . Of course, it should be demanded now the rottenness of imperial procedures . tegrity of Poland. One is from New that each government take its,stand now Because · of this heritage,· -we assume York,- signed by the chairman of Central· and record· that stand and ·record its moral leadership. -There have been mis of Polish-Amev-ican Sccieties of New intentions. ·We have the right to de takes · in national policies, but we must York. Another· telegram is from New mand and receive an answer. This right never destroy the structure of the Ameri- York signed by the president of the has nothing to do with being pro or anti . can ~epublic in order -to bring about Polish National Council of New York . toward any individual, ally, or enemy, changes. We must not be hood-winked Another telegram is also from the Cen This is purely a presentation of prin~ by false prophets under the cloak of tral of Polish-American Societies of New ciples. If the principles as set out in my internationalism. York. Still another telegram is from substitute resolution, which are embodied We have all we can do to keep the the Polish-American Council, District 5, in the Atlantic Charter; are not adhered American Republic operatirig.in an oiled of New Jersey, Another is from the to afte.r the ~ggressors, Hitler and Tojo, fashion, devoid of political intrigues and League of Polish Women of New York. have been defeated, then What are we power-mad individuals, without judging Another telegram from the Polish Work fighting for? It may not be possible for the structure of government of other na men's AiQ FunQ, Inc., New York. An our allies, enemies, or ourselves to rec tions. What ·kind of government -each other is from the Polish Socialist Alliance · tify glaring errors immediately, but we chooses is immaterial to us, as long as of. New York. Another telegram is from can demand, and ·have a right to de it offers its· peoples complete opportunity the National committee of Americans of mand, that nations definitely declare to attain and express the "four free- _ Polish Descent, Detroit, Mich. Still an themselves and take steps to rectify doms." other telegram is from the president of faults. Mr. President, may I express, there .the National Committee of Americans -of . Therefore, the best way in the long fore, the hope that the Senate will adopt .Polish Descent. Finally a telegram from run, no matter how it may hurt, is to · my substitute resolution, which, as I the Ce11tral of Polish-American Societies make incision clear and definite right have stated heretofore, is merely a dec of New York. All the telegrams are now. This position should have been laration of principles, in order that we dated either the 1st or 2d of November. taken before, but we were lost in a wave may ascertain what is in the minds and Mr. President, I have already had of strongest reaction to propaganda that the hearts of our allies and ascertain printed and shall submit in a few days has ever hit the thinking of our people. their attitude relating to post-war mat an amendment to the Connally resolu However, it is not too late to take a stand ters before committing ourselves in any tion, \vhich calls for the independence now, but if we do not take it now this war manner · or in any form by any reso and the guarantee of political territorial .may be in vain. -lution. integrity. of Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, '' 9010 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE NOVEMBER 2 Poland, Yugoslavia, Greece, and all the NEw YoRK, N.Y., November 1, 1943. cally defined at -this time expressed the Hon. ROBERT R. REYNOLDS, ideology for which hundreds of thousands of subjugated nations of the world. Senate of the United States, our valiant men are giving their lives. May I ask unanimous consent that the tele Washington, D. C.: this sacrifice not result in a different form grams to which I have referred be printed You have our sincere admiration and ap of slavery to the living. in the RECORD at this point. · preciation for your fight to inject a real CENTRAL OF POLISH AMERICAN SOCIETIES There being no objection, the tele meaning into the bill now under discussion. OF NEW YORK, grams were ordered to be printed in POLISH-AMERICAN COUNCIL, FRA~cis X . WAZETER, President. the RECORD, as follows: JosEPH ONKA, President, District 5 of New Jersey. Mr. DOWNEY. Mr. President, since CHICAGO, ILL., November 1, 1943. I was one of the joint introducers of the Senator ROBERT R. REYNOLDS, so-called Pepper amendment to the Con.;. Senate Office, Washington, D. C.: NEW YoRK, N.Y., November 1, 1943. nally resolution, it had, of course, been Your amendment plan to provide for in Hon. ROBERT R. REYNOLDS, my intention to speak in its behalf and tegrity of Baltica and other subjugated United States Senate, Washington, D. C.: nations voices the opinion of all America. The League of Polish Women in New York to vote for it and then if that amend Rest assured you have the support of all votes sincere thanks to you for your noble ment did not prevail, to support . the freedom-loving people. defense of Poland's right to her land and her committee resolution, but now we are STANLEY PIEZA, people. confronted with an accomplished fft,ct Chairman, American Friends of M. FuTUYMA, President. and nc longer restricted to theoretical Lithuania. concepts. NEw YoRK, N. Y., November 2, 1943. , The Moscow conference has developed ANN ARBOR, MICH., November 1, 1943. Hon. RoBERT R. REYNOLDS, the four-power compact and since its United States Senate, Washington, D. C.: terms looking to harmonious interna Han. ROBERT REYNOLDS, It is with deep appreGiation that we learned United States Senate: about your defense of Poland's inalienable tional relations and to the prevention of The Americans of Baltic, Scandinavian, and rights to sovereignty and independence. war seem to be most wise and agreeable other origins are rejoicing for the first time POLISH. WORKMEN'S AID FUND, INC., to the American people-as well as to since the peace discussion started in our (a national Polish-American fra the Members of this body-it would ap Cengress by your peace plan suggested in ternal organ). pear but one natural course lies before your resolution. FELIX POPLAWSKI, President, us and that is the adoption of a simple J. KRIPAS. FELIX SIEKIERSKI, Secretary. resolution endorsing and approving the Moscow program. At least, it is my in NEw YoRK., N.Y., November 1, 1943. NEW YoRK, N. Y., November 2, 1943. tention and desire to support such a reso Hon. ROBERT R. REYNOLDS, Han. ROBERT R. REYNOLDS, lution in lieu of either of the pending Senate of the United States, United States senate, Washington, D. C.: Washington, D. C.: It. is with appreciation that we learned proposals. American friends of Poland commend your about your defense of Poland's inalienable Mr. President, while everyone may decision to inject into congressional discus rights to integrity, sovereignty, and independ- now properly hope the world will soon sion proposal to guarantee independence ence. emerge from this global war into an era and· territorial integrity of invaded and POLISH SOCIALIST ALLIANCE, of peace and friendly relations among occupied countries. The Atlantic Charter JoHN TRzASKA, Secretary. all people, we should from the very be unequivocally defined at this time expressed ginning soberly and candidly realize that the ideology for which hundreds of thou . DETROIT, MicH., November 2, 1943. no international agreement, however sands of our valiant men are giving their UNITED STATES SENATOR ROBERT R. REYNOLDS, wise and provident, will prevent wars or lives. May this sacrifice not result in a differ Senate Chamber: promote international welfare unless ent form of slavery to the living. We noticed your amendment to Senator such a compact is implemented by jus CENTRAL OF POLI~H-AMERICAN CoNNALLY's resolution. Integrity of all coun SOCIETIES OF NEW YORK, tries attacked by aggressor countries should tice and good will. The era that now FRANCIS X. WAZETER, President. be guaranteed. We wholeheartedly support lies ahead will witness the continued de your point of view. velopment of a civilization dynamic and NEw YoRK, N.Y., November 1, 1943. NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF AMERICANS OF complicated beyond anything that we POLISH DESCENT, (Circuit No. 1). have ever known. Only by vision, wis Hon. RoBERT REYNOLDS, HENRY KOGOT, President. Senate of the Unit ed States, dom, and the sympathetic understand ARTHUR F. RECLAW, Secretary. Washington, D. C.: ing of the difficulties of other nations We commend your outright decision to and other individuals can we hope to forcefully bring into open ·senate discussion NEw YoRK, N. Y., November 1, 1943. solve the myriad problems, both foreign proposal to guarantee independence and Hon. RoBERT R. REYNOLDS, and domestic, that will press upon us for territorial integrity of Poland and the in Senate of the United States, solution. . vaded and occupied countries. The ideology Washington, D. C.: Your decision to inject into the so far aca Upon the surrender of Germany and for which a host of brave sons of Poland have Japan, one of the immediate questions fought and died are exemplified in the demic discussions a concrete proposal that Atlantic Charter. Fair play and justice are the independence and territorial integrity of that must be answered by Congress is an attribute of an American. Let us not those countries that sacrificed their all in de what disposition our Goyernment should lose the victory by receding from enunciated fense of our and their security be guaranteed make of our lend-lease claims against is a courageous step in the direction of a principles. our allies. It is my own hope and desire POLISH NATIONAL COUNCIL OF NEW YoRK, clear and inequivocal definition of the At that these obligations will be canceled at lantic Charter. If we permit other powers to FRANCIS X. WAZETER, President. distort the very ideology for which hundreds once, without quibble and procrastina of thousands of our soldiers and sailors are tion. I think any other decision on our NEw YoRK, N.Y., November 1, 1943. dying we shall win the war but lose the victory part would be lacking in natural justice Hon. ROBERT R. REYNOLDS, or at best have the repetition of our failure and common sense. The lend-lease obli Senate of the United States, to answer the call of destiny after the First gations have been incurred by our allies Washington, D. C.: world War. to permit the more effective waging of · American friends of Poland commend your NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF AM~ICANS OF the war against the Axis Powers. For decision to inject into congressional discus POLISH DESCENT. us to press an obligation against our as- sion proposal to guarantee independence and M . F. WEGRZYNEK, President. . sociates for munitions furnished them to territorial integrity of invaded and occupied help defeat the common enemy would countries. The Atlantic Charter unequiv NEW YoRK, N. Y., November 1, 1943. seem not only absurd but also violative ocally defined at this time expressed the Han. ROBERT R. REYNOLDS, of all principles of natural justice. We ideology for which hun dreds of thousands of Washington, D. C.: our valiant men are giving their lives. May American friends of Poland commend your have suffered as a result of this war only this sacrifice not result in a different form of decision to inject into congressional discus very slightly in comparison with Rus slavery to the living. sion proposal to guarantee indepe~dence and sia, China, and Britain. Our abundant CENTRAL OF POLISH-AMERICAN territorial integrity of invaded and occupied and increasing wealth not only makes it SOCIETIES OF NEW YoRK. countries. The Atlantic Charter unequivo- easy for us to be just and fair concern- 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 9011 ing these lend-lease obligations, it like three children in the armed forces. He, Of having their clean, healthy, young bodies wise makes it impossible for us ever to tuo, has long been a crusader for the Blown to bloo1Iy bits collect them. We now possess most of League of Nation's principles and I be- In fierce conflict with savage foes lieve his letter is of importance and In nearly every corner of the inhabited world. the gold of the world and almost every Think of it, if you can. nation is heavily .indebted to us. To at worthy of a place in the CONGRESSiONAL Nationalist and isolationist Senators, of intel- tempt to collect our lend-lease debts RECORD. It should be noted that both ligence and mature years, would be wrong; measured by economic .these communications-the one from Of experience with life and high station, laws, it would prove impossible and de Mr. Elliott and the one from Mr. Arguing in elegant phrases and graceful ges- structive because of the existing world Downey-were written some time before · ticulations, wide economy in which we are the only the Moscow Conference. Mr. Elliott, Offering their personal animadversions more than 30 years ago, was a member On world disagreements and complications great creditor nation. · and such; Nor do I believe that we should seek of the Press Gallery of this Capitol, in While ~hese earnest youths from the homes to advance our own interests by any at charge of the floor of the House for the of all America, tempt to acquire through their cancela A. P., and was then considered one of Who had never yet had a chance to live, · tion the territories or sovereign rights the principal political writers for the And who, now, never will have, of any of the lend-lease debtors. It may Associated Press of that period. He is Are being violently hurled to tragic, terrible be that our own safety might ·be ad still a member of the National Press deaths on every continent. Club in Washington. I ask unanimous Think of it, if you can; think of itl vanced by the possession of additional Men, of dignified maturity and apparent eru- areas and bases in the Atlantic or the consent that the· letters be printed in dition, consume hours, Pacific, but in my opinion a tolerant and the RECORD at this point. With poise alld deliberation coining agile, fair attitude toward their present owners There being no objection, the letters virile phrases and sentences, would necessitate new and satisfactory were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Composite of noups, pronouns, verbs, ad considerations beyond the surrender of as follows: verbs, prepositions, and punctuations, In selected and sonorous order and sequence. lend-lease claims. Hon. SHERIDAN DOWNEY, Meanwhile, Yes. Mr. President; the people o! the United States Senate, Washington, D. C. These ardent young Americans, _ Unitecl States and of every nation ex- MY DEAR SENATOR: Who were just beginning to know life and cept the Axis may rest easjer as a result "The shadow of another war already looms love it, of the Four Power Compact, and we may before us. Ruthlessly plunged to their. swift, unwanted more optimistically look forward to a We have to think straight and think fast." destruction world of peace and prosperity as a re -Lin Yutang. _ In th~ st~am:ing, fetid jungle W,ilds of the sult of what already has been accom ·Straight and fast. · Yes, straight and fast, thousands of South Pacific'-: islands; indeed. Or on the parched desert sands or" barren hiils· plished. But let us not blithely assume When there arises the factual apparition of a of Africa; · that world-wide trials and tribulations quarter of a century; Or in the unt 1lievably frigid, penetrating will soon be a thing of the past. During Where only one lnore than 'a mere one-third mists .and fogs the coming decades an infinitude of dif of the total membership Of the heartless Arctic wastes; ficulties will continuously present them Of the greatest deliberative body of a single Or dy~ng, amid the snow and ice of northern selves. Ju,stice, vision, tolerance, and nation oceans; Can, and, in fact, has already actually, on a Or in shark-itif~st'ed waters of 'the deadly sympathy will find the way successfully certain notable occasion, Tropics; to meet these difficulties, but if these Completely nullified and struck down the Or, if e<;pecially singled out by ill fortune, qualities be lacking, no international concerted judgment Cremated in towering waves of flaming oil on compact, however admirable and intelli Of the combined statesmen of the rest of the the surface of violent seas, gent it may be , conceived, will prevail world: Their oil-soaked clothes afire, over the brutality and selfishness of-hu Ensuing to date, without the slightest ex- Searing flame leaping t9 ~heir faces and mankind. So, Mr. President, while all aggeration, · down open throats; The most disastrous results to mankind in all Where a mere drowning death is most mer- of us should with enthusiasm and re recorded history. ciful; newed courage applaud and endorse the So again, now, behold- Or else, in shattered planes, roasted, in flames Moscow plan, let us, by its accomplish In the handsome, · brightly lighted, soft- . , of high octane, ment, find new strength, courage, and carpeted, historically furnished Cham- Miles above the earth, insPiration by which we may bring to the ber Their torn, bleeding bodies, still conscious, world of the future those qualities of Of the august Senate of the United States, falling down, character and intellect that will be so 'Mid an air of pervading calm and dignity, Down; vitally needed if-we are to move forward Certain well-groomed, well-nurtured, and Finally crushed in charred, shapeless mass, confident-appearing Senators, Not ever to be recognized or even seen again, into a new world of peace, prosperity, Truly representative of obliquity and the On unknown terrain, of which they, ·in their and progress. one-third, immaturity had, perhaps, never heard; Mr. President, it is my desire that there Quietly, comfortably exchanging the politest Or slowly suffocating to a despetate, miser- shall be carried as a part of my address of speech, able death · two letters which I have received . upon As though newly· exploring, earnestly, cau- With a .small group of fellows, already the issue now pending before the Senate. tiously, · coffined alive Some delicate, dubious, opaque subject, In the close, dark chamber of a fiat, stricken, I refer to a communication from Mr. At most, not a familiar subject, doomed submarine, John B. Elliott, of Los Angeles, Calif., Freighted, as · this one certainly was, and Helpless and forever lost on the very bottom and to one from my brother, Mr. Stephen stlll is, of a distant ocean, W. Downey, of Sacramento, Calif. Mr. With calamitous consequences, sudden and Under weight of hundreds of fathoms of Elliott's letter comes from one who, premature death water, · \ throughout his life, has been committed To millions of human beings. Vainly gasping for a last, weak, hiccoughing to a firm conviction in the necessity and Meanwhile, intake And at the identical instant, Of chlorine-charged oxygen for exhausted possibility of establishing some sort of Hundreds of young, eager, bright, typical lungs. an international authority such as the American boys, . Think of it, i-f you can; think of it! League of Nations for the preservation Who have, as yet, hardly begun to' breathe American boys from homes they loved of peace and the determination of inter the real breath of life And where they were, in turn, treasured and national controversies. Mr. Elliott is a For which their mothers bore them, loved- man of high reputation in California, of And who have just b~en suddenly torn from Homes, great and humble, in Ohio, N'ew York, outstanding ability, and his statement to their homes, Virginia, Rhode Island, · Texas, Colo- And with it, all that is dear to them, rado, Dakotas, Iowa, Hawaii, California, me is of such extraordinary quality that By force governmental (exemplified also by Minnesota, Florida, Alaska, Illinois, I believe it should be made a part of the urbane Senators), _ Michigan, the Philippines, Arizona, the Senate debates and records. And with deadly weapons of war thrust into District of Columbia, My brother, Stephen W. Downey, who their untried hands, Every State, every community in this Union is a lawyer in California, was an officer And under stern military direction, of American commonwealths; in the First World War, and now has Are undergoing the unique experience Violently wrenched away, 9012 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE NOVEMBER 2 And thrown into these sometimes boiling, And all such like I battle will, in large measure, determine sometimes freezing maelstroms A distinguished senior Senator, whether we are to have world order or world Of blood, fragments of burning or freezing Isolationist, in extremis, anarchy. On such a theme I cannot write human flesh, Thundering, in high peroration: without emotion. Exploding TNT; and rending, tearing metal, "I will die all right; but I will die fighting You and I a.re not old men, at least we scalding steam,, searing flames-- Joe Stalin!" don't think so. Yet already in our short The whole hellish gamut of human suffering Pitiful! Pitiful! It all is. span we have seen three wars-each more and destruction. To such lofty heights--shall we say- terrible and comprenensive than the last. Think of these, Flower of America, Has our great and incomparable civilization, Unless something is done about it we may Not only those who thus die, near or far So tediously, laboriously, and tragically still see other wars and the destruction not from home, mounted! only of armies but of nations. I remember But also those who, finally, do partially sur The Chair recognizes a Sena tor: father, who fought in the Civil War, telling vive; "Mr. Preside-nt, I suggest the apparent us jokingly at the outbreak of the Spanish Crippled, maimed, disfigured, legs gone., arms Absence of a quorum of Senators on the American War that in 1865 the only war that gone, ' floor." imagination could discern was a pitc.hed Who1~ face obliterated, Meanwhile: battle between the Army of the Potomac and Eyes put out, forever sightless, Official communique from the War Depart- the Army of the Tennessee. Well, in the year With only dogs to lead them through stum- ment: · of grace 1943 the dark and threatening bling years; · ' "The next of kin of personnel have been shadows of future wars move ominously like Or helplessly paralyzed, never able to move notified." storm clouds everywhere along the skyline. the slightest, My dear Senator, a great and solemn re · When what Alexander Woolleott calls Without aid of other human;. sponsibility, perhaps unprecedented since our hopefully (or perhaps ironically) the "next Or min~s gone, hopelessly, violently insane; constitutional adoption, is put upon -the to last W'ar" came to the United States you shackled; present individual Members of the Senate of generously took over some of my respon Incoherent, alternately mumbling and the United States. The welfare of the world sibilities so I could go and, as I thought, screaming in mental void against re will rest upon what you and your colleagues fight for a peaceful world in which to raise morseless fate ultimately do. It is frightening when so my two boys. But in little more than 20 Through a long blacked-out, meaningless much depends upon so few. Will the Sen years-just long enough to grow to man night; ate be equal to it? Will the Senators realize hood-these same boys, put on the uniform Thousands of these American boys I that America cannot stand these devastating that I had put off. Even my daughter is Horrible! Yes; horrible! shocks of isolation, but perforce, must join now in the armed service. My oldest boy, Or-stricken with strange, slowly fatal, physi with other civilized countries in a practical as you know, just about to hang up his cal maladies and pestilence, and permanent solution· of the international sbJngle with me, enlisted 3 years ago. He is Spread by all the tropical, miasmic germs problems attendant upon the progress of now a professional soldier. Years of prep And vermin, and deadly flying or crawling mankind? Dare we indulge the hope that aration for community service, as in the creatures; feeble human nature will prove strong, brave, case of millions of other young Americans, Or frozen stiff in unspeakable Arctic cold; and wise enough to take and maintain so have been replaced by intensive training for Or starved of sustenance to the verge of vita! and vitalizing a step in the onward, up slaughter. , • dissolution before belated rescue, ward course of civilization? Or, shall the In his first letter to me in 1940 my son Never to know, again, a single hour of health record show that we have failed again? Un says, 1 countless other boys have said: or happiness. thinkable! Failure is such a flat word! So "It ts not so hard to look ·orward to years These, and endless pages more ·much depends. You must not fail! Else the in the Army when I know it is .part of an Of only mere lis-ted categories of tragedies; whole world may fail, too. This is your effort to make a world that will be worth The wild, ruthless wasting of substance and task, your opportunity, your responsibility, coming back to when it's over." - I well-being; your duty! Do not let us down! A few days ago, October 1, 1943, he wrote The abrupt and final ending Or, there may come upon us, Chaos and me what so many others, both in and out of Of all future, education, spiritual solace, Old Night! the service are saying in substance: hope, happiness, ambi ·an, life, itself It may be, and probably is, much later "than "No fooling, Dad, the more people talk Everything, for these who are thus sacrificed; you think! about the post-war world and the closer we The utter wasting of years of devoted, unsel Sincerely yours, get to it, the more worried I get. People are . fish effort JOHN B. ELLIOTT . already beginning to talk in a completely Of tens of thousands of American fathers resigned way about the next war and they and mothers for their sons, and daugh (Letter from Mr. Stephen W. Downey, of Sacramento, Calif.:) even talk lightly of a scrap with Russia as a ters, too. part of this one." The letter closes. in due The loss of love, faith, charity; OcTOBER 22, 1943. military style as follows: "We are going to The embelUshment and enthronement of DEAR BROTHER: You rememper the story of win this war, make no mistake about that; cynicism and hate; the Greek philosopher who fell into a muddy but what· are those who run the country go Crushing economic burdens upon all future ditch head first. One of his disciples came existence; ing to do to really give us peace. Reply by along presently and-mindful of the teaching endorsement of action taken." The maximum of penalty, heaped upon the of his master-couldn't make up his mind, backs of coming generations whether or not, considering the matter in a My "action" is this letter. The men who Of those who are in no way to blame- detached way, it were worth while to pull are fighting this very second high in the The terrible, endless total of woe, suffering, him out. He finally decided it was not and sky over Europe and the Pacific, the sailors destruction, devastation, went his way. As Tweedledum might put it: fighting on the sullen sea or under it, the Death to participants and helpless innocents, "If it wasn't so, it wouldn't be and if it soldiers marching on Rome, servicemen alike. weren't, it hadn't been but as it Is, it is and everywhere who await with a smile the zero An endless litany of needless, useless, fright no contrariwise no:.how." hour and the bloody rendezvous want to ful consequences, Today millions of Americans are wonder know about the world they hope to return Fr r which there must certainly be, some- ing whether, after this war is over, the United to---,so do their mothers, sweethearts, and where-responsibility. States is to be left in status quo--meaning as wives. Is this war to be just a mere episode, Meanwhile: we lawyers say, in a hell of a fix-or whether a prelude to a greater cataclysm a few years Solemn, questioning, able Senators; alooftsts; a genuine effort is to be made by wise states hence? . Surely unless we are to have chaos Who, too, are, of course, highly patriotic men to create a new status that does not lead there must be some semblance of interna Americans, inevitably to new and better wars. tional law enforced by the United Nations Argue eloquently, notably; What I am thinking about of course is an or a world organization that will accept With strong and stirring words and phrases, international agreement or organization to responsibility for world law and peace. Illumined by graceful gestures, maintain peace and prevent aggression. Ob I have heard many men meet the problem Energizing themselves into slight degrees of viously cooperation must start with an agree this way: "Wars," they say, "always have Fahrenheit, ment between the United States, Great Brit- been and .always will be. Three in your own And perhaps unpleasant perspiration and - ain, Russia and China: Eventually all na lifetime proves my point." These men have such kindred discomforts, tions, in my opinion, should be permitted to no faith that men can live together in a In the calm, quiet, scientifically-conditioned participate; however at the moment I am world so-little that all men are neighbors atmosphere concerned only with the first step. whether they want to be neighbors or not. Of the august Senate Chamber of the United But there can obviously be no agreement "Even families fight," they say. "Nothing States of America I and no collaboration unless the Senate lends can be done about war any more than any Oratorical pyrotechnics; to what end? aid and comfort. That is why, as one of thing can be done about birth and death." This, to wit: your humble constituents I am writing this So nothing is to be done except next time to The threats, "dire dangers" to our revered letter. It is literally no exaggeration to say, be prepared and ready. - democratic form of government, as I believe, that one of the decisive battles• Next time! A continuance of conscription, Possibly involved in suggested or subtly im of history will soon be fought on the floor of billions for defense annually, an ~rmed alert, plied "Foreign Entanglements" the Senate and that the outcome of that more and bigger planes and guns and battle- 1943 CON_GRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 9013 ships and gas masks. A mllitary autocracy. enforcement of world law that we're talking Senate approves of what has been done The best of our youth manning outposts of about. ' the seven seas-waiting, waiting. They will The thing that really scares me, brother, is at Moscow, the logical and simple thing not be disappointed. the ease with which some Americans in these to do is to say so just as briefly and "I!ll put a girdle around about the earth critical days voice hatred of friendly countries simply as possible, so that the other great in 40 minutes," says Puck in Midsummer and people. It's so easy to create suspicion. nations who were represented at Moscow Night's Dream. With what Mark Twain (or It's s