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Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 USA 8OO-52l-06OO MOHAMAD ROEM'S POLITICAL ACTIVITIES AND ISLAMIC <[email protected] .$ . POLITICAL VISION (1908-1983) 1 by Hamdan Juhannis A thesis submitted to the Institute of klamic Studies Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research, McGU University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts Institute of Islamic Studies McGU University May 1999 O Harndan Juhannis National Library Bibliotheque nationale of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa ON Kt A ON4 Ottawa ON Kt A ON4 Canada Canad The author has granted a non- L7auteura accorde une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliotheque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, preter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette these sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format electronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriete du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protege cette these. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othemise de celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ABSTRACT Author : Hamdan Juhannis Title of thesis : Mohamad Roem's Political Activities and Islamic Political Vision (1908-1983) Department : Institute of lslamic Studies, McGU University Degree :Master of Arts (MA.) This thesis deals with the political activities and Islamic political vision of Mohamad Roem (19084983), a prominent Masyurni leader and Indonesian diplomat in the first half of the twentieth century. His life and earIy education as well as his works are discussed in order to trace the sources which inspired his vision. In his political activities, Roem expressed his Islamic nationalism by joining and founding Islamic movements from the late Dutch colonial period through the beginning of the New Order. He had much political success, especially in the Republican period. However, he was one of many Muslim leaders who also suffered for his political involvement in the Soekarno era, he was jailed for about four years, while in the Soeharto era, he was banned born participating in political activities. He was a moderate Muslim leader who aspired to cooperate with "secular" leaders in his time for the sake of a larger cause. His Islamic political vision had a significant impact and was a major contribution to both the Indonesian state and the Islamic community. His moderation is reflected in his political correspondence with Nurcholish Madjid in which he argued for the need of an Islamic political party without demanding the creation of an Islamic state. Finally, Roem's political activities and Islamic political vision point to a model of activism in a religiously pluralistic country and could possibly serve as an inspiration to Muslim politicians, especially after Soeharto's fall when Islamic political parties found fertile ground for growth. Auteur: Hamdan Juhannis Titre: Les Activitgs politiques et la vision islamique de Mohamad Roem (1908-1983). Departement: hstitut des ~tudesIslamiques, Universit6 McGill. DiplGme: M&trise b Arts (M.A.) Ce mhoire aborde les activit6s et la vision politique islamique de Mohamad Roem (1908-1983)' leader important du Masyumi et diplomate indonksien pendant la premi5re moiti6 du vingtisme si2cle. Sa vie privke, son education ainsi que son oeuvre seront analysees afin de remonter aux sources qui ont inspire sa vision. A Eavers ses activites politiques, Roem a pu exprimer son nationalisme islamique en se joignant et en fondant divers mouvements islamiques depuis la £inde la p6riode coloniale derlandaise jusqu'au d&ut du rkgime de l'Ordre Nouveau. Il obtint beaucoup de succ~s,particuli2rement durant la pgriode r6publicaine. Cependant, iI fut un parmi tant d'autres leaders musuhans qui ont eu it souffrir de leur implication politique: pendant la pdriode Soekamo, il fut emprisom6 pendant pr5s de quatre ans et durant le regime Soeharto, il fut exclu de toute activite politique. Roem fut un leader musulman modM qui esperait collaborer avec les dirigents "s6culiers" de son epoque pour le bbnkfice d'une cause plus importante. Sa vision politique islamique eut un impact significatif et ktune contribution majeure ti la fois pour 1'Ctat indoobien et la comrnunaute islamique. Sa modCration se reflgte dam sa correspondance politique avec Nurcholish Madjid, par laquelle il plaide pour la nkessite d'un parti politique islamique sans pour autant exiger la creation d'un Btat islamique. Enfin, les activites et la vision politique islamique de Roem indique un modele de militantisme dans un pays de pluralisme religieux pouvant servir d'inspiration aux poIiticiens musulmans, tout particulii5rement suite la chute de Soeharto alors que les partis politiques islamiques ont trouvk un terrain fertile pour se developper. NOTE ON TRANSLATERATION For Arabic names and Islamic terms, the system of Arabic transliteration employed by the institute of Islamic Studies McGill University will be employed. Indonesian t ems are written according to the &am B&sa hdonesia ymg Disempmakm (EyD) 1972, but the titles of books and articles will remain as quoted. The following is the t ransliterat ion table for Arabic alphabet : To indicate long vowels of i j x, these are typed by placing a macron above characters: Z, G, r. The ta' marbutah (E) is translated as "ah" rather than "a", e.g., dacwa6rather than da 'wa or madrasah rather than rnahwa.. My thanks go to a number of people without whom this thesis would never have been completed. I would Iike to express my foremost thanks to Prof. Howard M. Federspiel, my supervisor, for his continuous guidance, and for the time he spent reading and correcting my rough drafts until this thesis took shape. Special thanks also to Prof. A. ~nerTurgay, my thesis co-supervisor, academic advisor, and Institute director, for being available any time I needed his assistance and fcr helping me form my critical faculties. I wish to thank all the staff of the Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill University for their warm welcome; the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) for its financial support during my two years of study; the Indonesian Ministry of Religious Affairs for initiating my overseas study; the staff of McGill-Indonesia Project for their untiring service; and the staff of the Islamic Studies Library of McGiU University, especially Salwa Ferahian and Wayne St. Thomas for their assistance in locating libarary materials. I am grateful to Steve Miller, Reem Meshal and Alan Guenther, for their editorial assistance; to kakak Dr. Andi Faisal Bakti for his spiritual motivation and scholarly advice; to pak Haji Fauzan Shaleh, Ph.D. cand., for being a friendly and an academically helpful roommate, and teman kelas Sukiati Sugiono for our daily academic discussions. I want to thank many other individuals whose names are impossible to list here. All sustained me intellectually during difficult times in Montreal. No amount of thanks can properly express my special gratitude to my mother, Sitti Madinah, who is closest to my heart -- far away in the Southern part of Sulawesi. She wove the traditional sarong so that my brother, two sisters and I could go to school, our father having passed away during our childhood. My older sister Faridah, older brother Ilham, and younger sister Fatma all deserve my thanks for being models of patience. Finally, completing this thesis brings to mind my grandmother's last words, "You will not see me anymore," just prior to my departure to Montreal; she had taken care of - me while my mother was working to provide for the family- She died shortly after my departure. I dedicate this work to my mother and to the memory of my father and grandmother. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS . Abstract,.......................................................................................................................... ..u. Note on Transliteration...................................................................................................