KOINWNOUNTES Communicantes taiV creiaiV twn agiwn koinwnounteV Rom. XII 13

Protector: Zijne Emin. Adrianus Kard. Simonis

Be t w e e n Od e s s a a n d Lv i v The Catholic Church in Ukraine Country Report 2007 Frans Hoppenbrouwers

Foundation Communicantes Nijmegen 2007 Ta bl e o f Co n t e n t

In t r o d u c t i o n 3 Uk r a i n i a n So c i e t y 4

Politics 5 Economic climate 7 Health Care and Social Life 7

Ch u r c h a n d Wo r l d 10

Church in Statistics 11 ...in Society 13 ...and State 14 Ecumenism 16

Th e Uk r a i n i a n Ro m a n a n d Gr e e k Ca t h ol i c Ch u r c h e s 19

Socially Active Churches 23 Lay Churches 26

Po s t s c r i p t 29 We b Li n k s a n d Li t e r a t u r e 31

Web Links 31 Literature 31

Li s t o f Ill u s t r a t i o n s 32 atmosphere in society. However, problems event of the new era, creating a more open autumn in Revolution Orange the Next, impact. enormous an had which events dramatic in Empire Soviet the of mise Roman Catholic Church. the for Kiev, including Ukraine, central and Church Catholic Greek Ukrainian mainregions are: western Ukraine for the Communicantes’ Consequently, cation. edu - lay of domain the in especially also, funding Churchserious enjoyedter some sisCatholic - Roman its beneficiary,while Catholic Church has always been the main Ukrainian GreekThe important partners. broaden its view and at the end of the the of 1990 end the at and view its broaden countries were needs which attended to. post-communist first the among not was Ukraine therefore, and, region European Central the in Church Catholic Roman the to attention its directed municantes - Com Initially, funding. project in itself engage to decided Communicantes tion communismthe Founda of - fall the After h fl o cmuim n thede- and of communism fall The In s Ukraine had become one of its more omncne satd to started Communicantes 1993 2004 became the most significant were 1991 der Dobroyer for (Odessa) help. their Nagornyak ed to Mrs Natalya Karpova (Kiev), Sr Julia indebt- greatly HoppenbrouwersFransis came to a conclusion in Lviv (22/29 June). itinerary (16/21 June). His trip to Ukraine his on stop Odessa next a was Kiev June). (10/16 of port Sea Black merry rather was very happy to set off forthe unknown, report this of author the Therefore, ther. fur bit a Communicantes of work the of boundaries geographical the push to was objective Another respect. this in sights in- some presents report following The well. as Church Catholic Roman the to Church,olicbut muchattention paid was Cath- Greek Ukrainian the within pation - partici lay the and action social in ment involve the assess - to was goals itsof One June in Ukraine to visit a of result remains as before. as necessary Churches Catholic Ukrainian the to aid changes, remarkable underwent Ukraine if Even nation. Ukrainian the of poverty ingly, religious life shares in the riches and privatesphere.Accord the in - as much as domainpublic the supremereignsin erty its reach yet not did uct ever increasing real Gross Domestic Prod- the Union,European the behind far ging some and greatly orated deteri - health society. Public selfish often themselves in quite a grim, unfriendly and forfend citizens to Ukrainian the left and welfarecollapsedstate Soviet shaky ready still abound. Theall-encompassing andal- December 2007. December Frans Hoppenbrouwers, The following country report is the is report country following The - Lag population. the of percent 1.4 (Lviv) and Mr Alexan - Mr and (Lviv) Osbm now affects now Aids/Hiv I r t n level. Pov- level. 1990 o i t c u d 2007. o - n Be t w e e n Od e s s a a n d Lv i v 3 U Be t w e e n Od e s s a a n d Lv i v 4 division is clearly illustrated by the adher the by illustrated clearly is division the eastern part of Ukraine. Next, religious in located mainly are activities industrial and agricultural Important problems. cial - so of occurrence greater a and abortion, numbersdivorceofrates, higher and birth lower in e.g., resulted,It Ukraine. western outlook on life is differentfrom central and their (1920-1991), rule communistlasting long- to due Probably Russia. towards ed orient- thoroughly is framework cultural areRussian mentalandand their speaking provincessouthernand eastern ants the of inhabit- Most Europe. towards oriented more are who Timoshenko, Julia current the and Yushchenko PresidentVictorincumbent the fer pre- large and by and regions western central the Yanukovich, tor Vic- Minister Prime pro-Russian former the favourto tends country the of parts southern and eastern the of population the Where cally. politi- ecclesiasti- and socially,economicallycally, culturally, way: one than more in country divided women, old the and poor. the and men children, workers, ordinary of life daily the affects negatively eralisation lib- economical andfuture; the of thing a still is society civil viable a as well as racy - democ true and more occur; frequently rights religious and human of Violations ambiguous. stay will and stayed domains ever, developments in the aforementioned HowUkraine. in foothold- a gotalisation liber economical and society civil dom, humanandreligious - free political rights, deficiently, rather and Gradually worse. years, some for the better and some for the last the over place Majorchangestook n a i n i a r k kan rmie a strongly a remained Ukraine S o y t e i c PM 17 - - three central inthe and western regions. latter the Ukraine, southern and eastern gration. The former is a majority church in doxChurch returned which from emi- the War pre-World the and Patriarchate Kiev the of Church Orthodox Ukrainian new the Church, Catholic Greek Ukrainian talised the Perestroika years (1986-1991): the revi- triarchate – or to one of the ‘newcomers’ of Pa- Moscow the of Church Orthodox ian the since in independence country’s – Church Orthodox Russian former the to either populace the of ence hand western cars begin replacing the the more which of Zhigulis, and Ladas replacingmany begin cars western hand Second park. car Ukrainian the of haul over present the and byways, and ways - high Ukrainian the flooded have which cars innumerable the provide dications indigenous khataor ’sPuzata many the of one but at McDonalds equally ubiquitous the at just not meal happy a enjoy will which tion, indeed na- prosperous more a indicate restaurantsto seems fast-food cheap so not of quantity enormous The increased. n h matm, cnmc wealth economic meantime, the In - Ortho Autocephalous Ukrainian ii Shaurma Ukrain- 1991: ’s. Further in- Further ’s. - of human the development Saudi index, inbetween Arabia and Lebanon. non-governmentalorganisations (N of situation financial precarious the and state welfare absent less or more a by flanked low amount of government spending ingeneral. demonstrated the poor state of the public transport system in particular and the extreme clearly accidents supply. railwaycannot Recently, serious state the that money – euros some require will This Lviv,Odessa. andcities host Kiev the between and in upgrading the of over the aged national road, andtrain,sporting tourist infrastructures economy.entailsUkrainianPreparationinconspicuous somewhat the of resilience the the of tion organisa- The all. at transport of privatemeans a own not do families Ukrainian the of the of eye the catch to remainplenty than of them hold a bank account. Subsidies for spend on average a staggering from starvation. Minimum wages are now at or vnas America America and at about the same height as East-Asia. The country findsSouth itselfbelow on well forth) so and water drinking fresh to access freedom, media and cal equality,politi - gender opportunities, development’ (schooling‘human of scale the on the to ing aid patients who were unable to bribe doctors into action were simply left to die. Accord- pay the mediocre salaries of doctors, nurses and other personal. It is being said that first to enough high just is example, for health, public for budget state money.The of sums work ingpatients,will unless students orfamily their members contribute considerable manipulation. Health care and schooling ought to be free of costs, but, in practice, noth- Furthermore, economic growth and slightly increasing private wealth are being out- euros) and other monthly social benefits merely suffice to keep the people the to keep suffice merely benefits social monthly other and euros) 61 report of the UnitedNationsranks the DevelopmentProgramme,Ukraine of report 2006 2012 European Football Championship will be a serious test case for case test serious a be Championship will UefaFootball European to 60 percent50 to of their income on food. Only go s) – churches– s) - included.State hry pensions(411 – engulfed the Ukrainian capital. This nation- This capital.Ukrainian the engulfed – demonstrators the ofmark trade orange– our col- the and square) (Independence ezhnosti Nezal- Maidan the toKiev, of centre very the to brought was Dissent street. the to took ers Subsequently,rest.protest the of millions- did Yanukovich Victor successor ma’s designated Kuch - by victory ensuing the and deceit with came his opponent. The elections werefraught - be later butKuchma Leonid President under Minister Prime been had who Yushchenko, Victorcandidatepresidential of poisoning the tion took hold of the country. It all started with of autumn the in when case, the especially was This years. few last the over interest international amountoflarge a enjoyedUkraine N nostalgic observer. Still, almost Still,observer. nostalgic go hryvnas or 66 or euros, while Ukrainians 460 hryvnas s are more often symbolic, or attempts at a soft Orange Revolu - Orange soft a 2004 percent 75 45 percent billion 20 77 th Politics place

Be t w e e n Od e s s a a n d Lv i v 5 Be t w e e n Od e s s a a n d Lv i v 6 Yushchenko’s the majorityin its lost orangecoalition landscape. On political the to changedramatic no brought elections parliamentary recent why plains chenkorefrainedfromantagonistic ofunauthorised use andmeansfrompolitics ofthe struck a chord among lovingdemocracy citizens, because unlike his predecessors Yush- concealment out of fear of possible repercussions. Furthermore, the presidential policies promises. Apparently,darkness. his in shroudedonremains broking Yushchenkodeliver not did the Gongadzereturnand the ofdubious businessmen andabroadpoliticians fled who after demonstrated clearly by the half-hearted prosecution of the murdererswas of journalist as Yurichanges radical make to impossible proved Itmarginally. only improved tions condi living whole and - favourable a as economicdevelopmentssociety notbenefit did the all, After Ukrainian. a manyof mood the apathycharacterise and confusion belief, parliament between powerA PM. and struggle president evolved. Disappointment, un- Yanukovich,ofRegions oppositional the Partyof ofthe to post – the to succeeded who hadwho gotten away withmurder political and corruption. state coffers,well-filled punishmentand notso already plunderingfor the of the to end votersrewarded Yushchenko for pro-Westernhis stance,anpledgecleanpolitics,to his Ukraine central and western in Especially success. great a be to out turned lawlessness revolt wide legislators, against greedy too entrepreneurs, self-serving all corruption and reform coalition to form government. the toaforementioned the division lines, allowing an apparently pro-Western frail and pro- elections. Large scale corruption persists, and economic and political power- political and economic and persists, corruption scale Large elections. 2004 Nevertheless, a climate of openness replaced the old habits of keeping silent and ofand habitskeepingsilent ofold the replacedclimateopenness of a Nevertheless, in infighting party to Due since. considerably down cooled have Sentiments 30 September 2007 65 percent of the electorate cast their votes according eastern and western Ukraine further ex- further Ukraine western and eastern wholly imaginary. The not watershed between is break-up nationwide a of danger the country, divided strongly a remains from falling apart. And as long as Ukraine country the prevented politics to proach ap- Yushchenko’s fainthearted seemingly of the Ukrainian democratisation process, stage present the Atdo. mortals ordinary than spheresheavenly the to closer stand ofsupposedtoandishe people his leader ‘a be tochenko God’.ofman Aspresident Yushconsider even may- some faith, dox his political rivals. Inspired by their - withOrtho deal a strike to sought he occasions various contrary,on the on power.Quite Rada

– the Ukrainian parliamentUkrainian the – 2006

the post-communistthe establishment. Former President Kuchma’s son-in-law and billion - the real the But regions. eastern the benefits mostly it second, and, economy world the of growth the on depends greatly it First, imbalances. two displayseconomypresently Ukrainian one-sided rather the market. world Thus, the on prices steel and coal the fluctuation of the with coincides neatly economy which national the of growth the in part important anplays country, sector the this of part economy.easternUkrainian the the in Located of stay main the remained steel and coal of production The Union)level. (Soviet 1990 labour migrants in 2006, these and other direct foreigndirectinvestments otherand since these ever 2006, migrantslabourin tunes during the economic sectors) receivewill to work in the grey circuit (building, real estate, insurances are among the most affected the moment, the Forexpenditures. and taxes income declare will they then only and nies, a employersrule, firstwill securethe economic conditions for existence oftheir compa- 2006 it at stood 9.1percent and may to 10percent increase further in2007. countries. In post-Soviet among highest the comparativelyInflationmained is modest. As a result, the real Gross Domestic Product ( Product Domestic Gross real the result, a As consistently produced yearly growth figures of up to economyUkrainian the chaos, long-lastingpolitical spiteofIn all economicall transactions remains collector hiddento tax the and statistics the office. centre – should do about munalna so-called A high. time all an reachedestate real for prices while Ukraine,over all spree building current the explain could money grey of amounts vast ofreinvestment income is about is averageincome As a result of quite extravagant income taxes a grey economyrapidly.grey expanded quitea extravagantresultof taxes incomea AsAs Interestingly, the economic power resides with big magnates who gathered large for Gdp – a one room apartment with collective kitchen, bath and toilet in Odessa’s city (or 1990 billion euros) by the estimated three to seven million Ukrainian million seven to three estimated the by euros) billion 5. s . They are well connectedpeople who became household names of 20,000 euros. According to estimates, some hryvnas or hryvnas 1,300 on average an additional euros. Those who are lucky enough lucky are who Those euros. 185 Gdp ) reached in reached ) 10 percent. hryvnas or 2,700 hryvnas to the input of input the to However,compared Ukraine. invested some companies Polish to year Last Ukraine.andRussia east, further businesses their move to not or deliberating whether now are neurs some Consequently, labour. skilled for struggle to employers ing leav- west, headed workers over ment 2004 European Union enlarge- the After well. as future near development economicthe in western Ukraine may see some oih entrepre- Polish 2,000 ilo ers in euros million 100 2006 Economic climate to 65 percent25 to of ilo Polish million 2 percent of its of percent 75 385 euros. The percent into percent 8 1991 kom re - - -

Be t w e e n Od e s s a a n d Lv i v 7 Health Life Care and Social Be t w e e n Od e s s a a n d Lv i v 8 seven seven million emigrant workers live abroad, the officialstatistics reveal that the resident morethanby Ukrainiansdecreased with a natural population increase. in ofrate birth Withareas.a rural the in especially trol, the much shorterof period communist (1944-1991), partly rule by con a - stricter social and western provinces adhere to more traditional values. Thiscan partly be explained by marriages are dissolved, and the population decreases more rapidly. As a rule the central morepresentdemographiccrisis: the by struck areUkraine of south provinces the and as the number of divorces and abortions decreased. Especially the industrialised eastern 2001 the birth rate started to climb up again. The number of marriagesalso rose,where - in point low its However,reaching too.after striking are rates birth low and abortion, managerial, specific political andvery problems.budgetary by hampered being is development its and precarious remains situation health public at now is birth at expectancy life problems.Male health public serious very and existing aggravate the Heavy culosis. smoking,or heavyplaindrinking alcohol abuse, often from early an age, tuber multi-resistant is disease serious more and commonmore of summer the Ukrainian in region Zhitomir central the in ance appear its made mosquito laria ma - the change, climate to due from some From sick. of amount highest the reveal gions re - eastern the and province, sa country,of the notably- Odes the their patients. Thesouthern parts utterly unprepared to take care of are doctors many and expensive extremely for,provided scarcely is but available, become to starting is care Adequate health issue and Ukraine is now leading country in Europe, followed by Russia and Spain. in politics. out of them. Some of these entrepreneurs, e.g. PM Julia Timoshenko, actively participate money big made latter the and nothing practically for assets state over handed former businessmen.politiciansandThe aire Victor between ties Pinchuk close epitomises the 2006, the bucolic Transcarpathian region in south-western Ukraine is the only region Aohr unfortunately Another, 2007. Due Due to the low rate of births, a high death rate and emigration, the actual number of and divorce of incidence high rather the indicators, social other some at Looking Aids kanas il die will Ukrainians 140 ah a. Probably day. each and onwards and 2014 , while that of women is just a fraction above age above fraction a just is women of that while 62, - - percent between percentbetween 10 million inhabitants, some Affecting ecn o te es than less the of percent 1.4 and a death rate ofrate death a and 16,530 and and 1993 Aids/Hiv has become a major . While three to three While 2007. . The Ukrainian The 74. 15,899 46.2 stability nor conveys social democratic values. guarantees neither It missing. still is in June concluded EconomY) (My ЭкономикА review the Therefore, low. extremely is est in society, participation politics and social Inter off. well less those of exclusion to lead welfare material about Worries class. lower culturally or economically an to belong they if especially disadvantagedpeople, materially physicallyandof needs the aboutconcern tle lit- just and society; on outlook xenophobic a terestspeech; democraticfree values,e.g.in es in western countries. They are: alack of in- quite differentfrom those ofthe middle class- middle class has distinctive features which are Yet,life. in value central Ukrainian the isthis health development, personal and job esting prise that next to a happy family life, an inter differentfrom what one would expect, and do not inspiregreat hopes. It comes as no sur prerequisite for the creation of a important modern democratic society.an scientists,However, social its traitsto are accordingquite but, recently until absent notoriously was isthis less than 1percent. Netherlands the in – premature childbirth after or defects inherited of because mostly some example, For problem. the to contribute greatly mentioningill-equipmentthatcare the institutions health overall qualityof the and the than Ukraine Europeanbe will leader in fact, In inhabitants. its of ageing the by affected severely be will country the populationdropped from bold a A new and interesting phenomenon is the emergence of a kind of middle class. It class. middle of kind a of emergence the is phenomenoninteresting and new A that a true Ukrainian middle class middle Ukrainian true a that 2007 years of age,ofyears 24 percent older than percentolder 25 2050. In million tomeremillion a 52.2 2007, almost Моя Моя and and 44 - - 30 percent of the population was older percent older than percentolder 16 percent of all newborns die, newborns all of percent 10 million. Asmillion. 46.2 consequence,a . It is worth Itis 64. -

Be t w e e n Od e s s a a n d Lv i v 9 C Be t w e e n Od e s s a a n d Lv i v 10 h c r u h adherence to a specific denominational specific a to adherence other interesting Anfeature- is the rather weak preferences. religious and political ethnic, to according favours exchange ers lawmak- and leaders church confession; will look for support from one or the other office seeking or elected are they whether fairs and interchurch relations; politicians af- church internal direct to try and vey sur- authorities levels, local and regional nist Orthodox countries. On the national, post-commu- in state and church tween be - relationship intricate the exemplifies landscape religious Ukrainian the Next, Moscow. to subjugation any from free all above is, that Ukrainian, truly be to want Churches Orthodox indigenous Moskali, believers its and church’ ‘Muscovite ter lat- the Labelling Patriarchate. Moscow the of Church Orthodox Ukrainian now: – Church Orthodox Russian former the emerged and subsequently departed from Patriarchate Kiev the of Church thodox Or- Ukrainian new large a Moldova, and Latvia Estonia, like countries post-Soviet in Orthodoxy are similar to those in other men- be tioned. Second, even if should ethnic division lines Churches established fully and groups splinter religious tions, denomina- and confessions of diversity more interesting countries. First, the great continuing well into the new millennium. has been persistent all through the the through persistentall been has and Ukraine in phenomenonremarkable a remains organisations based church of vitality The ahead. moving keep domain things religious the in and affairs cial - so in that showing growing, keeps tions - associa religious and groups faith tions, organisa- non-governmental of the number pace, slower slightly a in Although In religiosis

d n a Ukraine is one of Europe’s W o r l d 1990 s , today thousands flock to the Carpathian the to flock thousands today even and country the over all from terest in- popular massive raised it hierarchy, tions voiced by the Greek Catholic church - reserva many the Despite Dzhublyk. in apparition the in very of shape the in often too all albeit faith, many believers an opportunity to live their pen, right up to this very day. They provide hap- Pochayev.tocontinue wonders and And Zarvanitsya Chernobyl), after year (one Hrushiv like places in communism Motherthe warned ofagainst God atheist ter of miracles and apparitions, before and af- absence of asingle majority church. the explains and pluralism religious ing exist- phenomenontocontributes greatly This believers. Ukrainian among group 1990 Fascinating is the sheer endless chain endless sheer the Fascinatingis popularexampleis recentreligion A . . Showing that she was stronger, was she that Showing . of the Virginof the 2002 Mary uoen Values European in Center Razumkov the by conducted was population the of survey comprehensive A May parade’s and Pioneers weremuch very invogue. when bizarrely,quitedays recalls, the and region whole the in voiced been has unity forlonging this discourse, public in occurrence frequentits of because Ukrainian cally important issue of dealing with plurality remains as troublesome as before. Thoughtypi more- the while do, should rather or does, other’‘the what with interferencemuch too churches the encompassingand all beyond, Afterall, criticised. it has been unity entails to stir up emotions, it has become clear that its potency is weak. In intellectual circles, in post-communist the removeconfusion inUkrainian society. Although could politicians and magic this formula clericsuse that word magic the as proposed been has forth, so and regions parties, political people, nation, unite to desire the by accompanied is be heard throughout Ukrainian society. The Ukrainians.the pluralistreligiousidentity weak, ofIt itself. the in underlinesMuslimsmiracle even a is forone and same the wonder among Roman Catholics, Greek Catholics, and Orthodox of all Orthodoxy in her messages, the inter-confessional and even inter-religious interest controversialunification the heraldsDzhublyk of Virgin Mary the while And Ukraine. as poor as country a in at,especially marvelled be suitablealso attractiveandcanthing some- into place a holy transform to effort The Ukrainians.among miraculous the for appetite enormous the is all of miracle biggest the perhaps false, or TrueMountains. Table 1. Denominational ties 1. Denominational Table Table 2. Church membership Church 2. Table 10 20 30 40 20 40 60 0 0 Finally, the supernatural call for unity of Dzhublyk echoes yet another, which can another, which yet echoes Dzhublyk of unity for call supernatural Finally, the

( i rvae ta about that revealed it 2005)

believers Non- Ties ties No Others UAOC UGCC UOC-MP UOC-KP

. In line with the the with line In 2007. thodox Church (Uaoc Church thodox Or AutocephalousUkrainian the to percent 2.5 (Ugcc Church Catholic Greek Ukrainian Moscow Patriarchate (Uoc-mp ), percent to the Ukrainian (Uoc-kp ), Orthodox Church of the Patriarchate Kiev the of Church Orthodox Ukrainian the to adheres percent 33 church,other the or one to belong who believers religiousparticular organisation. groupOf this of denominational just while ties, without believers themselves times times a month; months;few once every year; times two or one only services cific religiousgroup, - feelthemselvesspe a towho connected those Of low. particularly than attendirregular - more seems ance church denomination, another or this some Whereas Jews. or Muslims,Protestants, Catholics, Roman jedinstvo (oneness) of all Orthodoxy, which ecn o al kanas consider Ukrainians all of percent 40 Atlas of Atlas percent feel as a member of a of member a as feelpercent 36.5 8. percent once a week; ilo Uriin bln to belong Ukrainians million 17 33.5 percent attend religious ). Less than Less ). percent14.4 one tothree Church in Statistics in Church 18 percent to the percent are percent 5 percent 23 2 percent , and ), 31 1 -

Be t w e e n Od e s s a a n d Lv i v 11 Be t w e e n Od e s s a a n d Lv i v 12 inces). The and and western regions. With regions. western and central the inhabitmainly Polishancestry, who of citizens with linked usually is ) (Rcc is the largest Eastern Catholic Church in union with Rome. TheRoman Catholic Church ern Ukraine. With a large diaspora in the communities,and The regions). western the number of parishes slightly increased. The increased. slightly parishes of number the schism, Ukrainian another yet Creating place. took Russia of Outside Church thodox the needs of aboutof needs the censusinclude Mormons, the Adventists.Pentecostals,ofists, Seventh-dayPresbyterians,Data and omnte icue nlcn, avnss Jhvhs inse, Luther Jehovah’s Witnesses, Calvinists, Anglicans, include communities Growing members. clergy 3,160 bers, than more edly of - alleg with largest the is Ukraine Union Baptist Evangelical The Protestant.are communities the of Uoc-mp territory, more than traditionally region, Donetsk the In years. the over rapidly grown sons. 1 January 2007,35Krishna and 53Buddhist communities were registered. seems more trustworthy. More than Muslimscountry, the in but,majority the Tatars,Crimean being anestimate of and Progressive Jewish communities. Some Muslim leaders guess that there are 2004 corroborated a number three times larger. There are Orthodox,Chabad-Lubavitch Table 3. Church attendance 3. Church Table 10 20 30 40 0 Several times a week Several times a month times three Oneto a year Once ortwice Practically never rtsat hrhs have churches Protestant communities (with communities 3,882 places ofplacesworship 2,800 and eitrd religious registered 1,371 Uaoc ethnic Jews, though the All-Ukrainian Sociological Service poll of poll Service Sociological All-Ukrainian the though Jews, ethnic 103,600 has mem- 300,000 priests. Itspriests. 2,191 million per million 1 12 eparchies, Ugcc

Each Each week months few Every year odd Every

dioceses, dioceses, 7 has has 600 percent of its believers mostly in the western prov- western the in mostly believers its of percent 60 - eparchies, 9 671 priests and to to 4 15 non-traditional religious movements exist. As of communities, and communities, 890 Russian Orthodox Church and the RussianOr Churchthe and Russian Orthodox controversiala 2007, church the union between and Ternopil regions in western Lviv Ukraine. Ivano-Frankivsk,In May the for except Ukraine, over evenly less or more spread are munities with (31percent inGod believe in1992). Nearly although less in the western part of the country. number of visits to church is slowly falling now, and year; odd week; per times several million believers predominantly live in westpredominantly- in believers livemillion 5 Usa, Canada, South America and Australia, it Government statistics credit the the credit statistics Government prhe (ihpis. Its (bishoprics). eparchies 38 exarchates (apostolic vicariates), (apostolic exarchates 2 ecn o al epnet de not does respondents all of percent 21 has has Uoc-kp 1,155 communities (70 percent in the percent practically never.percent practically 9.3 The eparchies 30 priests it attends to attends it priests 527 percent once every every once percent 6.4 n, Method- ans, priests 2,867 com 1,085 2 million Uoc-mp 500,000 3,480 2001 - - regrettable aspect of the religious landscape is antisemitism, which becomes mildly noreligious- regrettable of mildly antisemitism,the landscapeisbecomes which aspect MayUntil ern parts of Ukraine, cemetery vandalism is extremely common throughout the country. areoffwell either. dead notso the morefrequentlysouthernOccurring east the - and in a phenomenon should definitelybe improved. ing still has to come in place and knowledge of theology, religious groups and religion as or ‘destructive cults’. A frame of mind that departs from ideologised and partisan report- Ukrainian religious scene are frequently and too quickly denounced as ‘totalitarian sects’ the on newcomers the Especially,misunderstanding. and judgement easy typecasting, profound prejudice, of proof give often journalists individual as well as channels news religious and secular Nonetheless, life. religious the of image varied a give whole a as come their part. Between deliberate - be silence and maysubmissive eulogy, mockery the Ukrainian andmedia criticism respect, of amounts huge of spite in But, population. and men women, and lawyers, but are military considered to trustworthy be persons by workers,almost half of the construction to lead the cede to have ‘professionals’ they consistently excites levels high of among trust population. the religious institutions do not differ much.All in all,the church isthesole institutionthat to given confidence ofpercentages the that reveals countries, monocultural almost ing scale they score they scale institution among adult citizens, then the army and the mass media. On a trust-mistrust sequently, mid-Julytrusted mostchurchin showed the thatthe poll is all-Ukrainianan light that February of beginning the in survey sociological A in the armed forcesarmed by rosethe in In Ukraine, respect for the living surely needs to be brushed up,brushed sometimeslivingbe surelyInforto Ukraine,though the respect needs As cloth. the of men and religious for goes same the concerned, is trust Whereas 23 percent of respondentsall fully rely on the churches. Sub- some 2007 44, and and 17 memorials and cemeteries were damaged. Another, equally damaged. were cemeteries and memorials 873 percent and in the church percentthe and9 in by percent of trust. Compared to two years ago, confidence ago, years two to Compared trust. of percent 6 brought to brought 2007 - speak religiously are themselves which Slovakia, and Poland ing neighbour with comparison A refinement. more needs thiness trustwor their harms Churches (Orthodox) among unity of lack a that hypothesis church.’ the However, the in confidence strength - ens ‘only September elections the 2007 during sions’ - discus political from away ing ‘keep- that claim Yushchenko’s tics lends tics - poli of that the and realm religious between discrepancy This distrusted. much very are parties political Ukrainian contrast, In some lost hand other percent. The media on the on percent. media The 6 cre dibility to President to dibility ...in Society percent. 10 - -

Be t w e e n Od e s s a a n d Lv i v 13 ...and State Be t w e e n Od e s s a a n d Lv i v 14 selves to be aware of their ancestry as well. In his days as Donetsk Region Governor Region Donetsk as days his In well. as ancestry their of aware be to selves show them- convictions,ownfrequently they churchthough their jorityof irrespective officials of various receivestill ranks such visits at regular intervals. church Allegedly life. societal assessorder to in employeespriests contactedparish had formerPresidentofUkrainereignwestern appear Kuchma,thatin to started news service secret Here,tion. ofthe activities the superfluousic, even instrumentas an or control,of ratherthan a platform for consulta- circles and beyond, these establishments are not always but often considered as symbol- partake and, as rumour has it, it is an offerwhich they find difficult to decline. In church to invited are organisations religious and churches Different levels. local and regional ture is the resurgence of State ‘ecumenical run councils’ or ‘committees’ fea- An interesting on the national, group. or religious church specific a with affiliating from profit to wantpoliticians individual and parties political most hand, other the thority,on while, today.onehand,State the the On monitors ofpillaritsauchurches a as - them anduses cated, or somehow to greater the made useful benefit the communistof utopia. suffo- slowly punished, shadowed, persecuted, were they therefore and themselves, by disappear not did believers However,and prevail.religionchurch, would communism religion when nist(1920-1991), itera heavily hadtobecame vanish that ideologised: so ligion served as an instrument of state policy. This was most obvious duringthe commu - Like Like businessmen all over Ukraine, local and regional politicians will favour the ma- alive much ‘hiccup’, very a is be to proved Revolution Orange the mentality, This Polish Russ’ Kiev under linked, closely alwayswere state andChurch rzeczpospolita, Russian Tsar, Austrian Kaiser and thereafter.Re- Sbu arementioning worth also.Under the the Maup the in articles per - newspa antisemitic Ukrainian all of about research Acto - cording antisemitism. and xenophobia Maup (Maup ManagementPersonnel East funded Interregional Academy of Middle the with association its is ny uncan- Quite past. the in certain reputation a up build has particular in responsibility,torical butthe his- a carry too Churches Christian the respect this In abuse. physical or verbal to victim fallen have citizens Jewish years, few last the once than Moreproperty. and synagogues sites, memorial Jewish of destruction the in manifest particularly and otypes stere- historical common in ticeable schools are renowned for their their forrenowned are schools environment. mntd from emanated 2005 percent 80 Uoc-mp Knyaz, ). The ). Sbu

Ukraine and apparently implies, among others things, the Ukrainisation of the the of Ukrainisation the things, others among implies, apparently and Ukraine national and moral resurrection. Thiscall for unityseems loudest in central and western Ukraine’sprerequisiteof a as Orthodoxy all of union the presentpoliticians meantime regional age of S.V. Kunitsyn, deputy of parliament of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea’. This Crimean capital Simferopol (see comes together is the present renovation of the . Rcc In public life, however, he posed as the average Orthodox. A nice example where all former than three, rather coloured articles: the September A material.fers Minority churches also receive bad press, to which the majority again.church, the over and over around fooled been have representativeschurch Catholic Greek Dnipropetrovsk,orreceivingInlikeonescities oldback. andYalta, Odessa Romanand difficulties in the eastern and southern pro-Russian regions with buildingnew churches see picture(see p.shed downon run their place Union.Things are the not dissimilarpro-Western in regions of Ukraine. Wanting to re- the andcollaborators fascist gious group. For example, minority churches like the the like churches minority example, For group. gious reli- orchurch a for harmful oradvantageous be can thereof lack or program party or party political specific a of praise performed), traditionally Church Orthodox the that Yevpatoria on (Crimea) 1August 2007. rather aggressive crackdown of the ‘Elite’ riot police Сияние Северное internationalthe of top on plot a allotted They conceded. councillorshowever, city the ago years Some authorities. civil the with vain in pleaded HusarLubomirArchbishop the visit of Pope John Paul for yearsSykhiv tried toobtain suitable building landfromcity government. the Before Yanukovich, who is said to have Polish-Belorussian roots, supported the the supported roots, Polish-Belorussian have to said is Yanukovich, who PM good tsar Sergei Kunitsyn is also mayor of Sevastopol and a businessman. In the (Northern Light) gas pipeline! Quite remarkable was the recent and recent the was remarkableQuite pipeline! gas Light) (Northern ii to Ukraine in issue of a Crimean church newspaper featured no less featuredchurchno newspaper Crimean a of issue 2007 as a driving force behind the expansionist Europeanexpansionist the behind force driving a as Rcc picture below). It is being advertised as ‘under the patron- Ugcc 2001, the Greek Catholic church leader Great- ), a 16), attacking eastern Ukraine, Greek Catholic Uoc-mp Alexander Nevsky Sobor in the Uoc-mp Berkut or or Rcc on an Evangelical Church in divine authority (a function function (a authority divine of aura an with legislators provides affiliation church Whereas too. establishment rub political the with to shoulders want may leaders religious but lawmakers to about spiritual unity.’ in society, to talk it is necessary unity about talking are we ‘If that and for’ waiting is nation the what ‘is it that saying recorded was chenko mp parish in the Lviv the suburbofin parish . In . eiin s important is Religion Ugcc , PresidentYush2006, - experience great experience Uoc-mp of Uoc- -

Be t w e e n Od e s s a a n d Lv i v 15 Ecumenism Be t w e e n Od e s s a a n d Lv i v 16 aracae On Patriarchate. Moscow the to rights property grant would it believed party Ukraine Yushchenko’s Our President of deputies because parliament, in off voted was latter The pending. still are propertyimmovable of usufruct the allowing law a institutesandeducational religious making future restitution virtually impossible. A framework law, legislation recognising ing Soviet times remains the most debated issue, but the privatisation thereof continues, dur confiscated was which church property of return The parliament.through passed in election time. Illustratively, in ties hand out favours or impose sanctions based on personal likes and dislikes, especially par and individuals positions, agreed democratically on church-stateaffairs founding forbade its priests on 16January for2006 to run public office. party.samefor council citythe Odessa The the on is monastery year the of nalist in ticket Regions the of Party a on council regional the to elected was instance, for Izmayil, and Odessa of Savvin MetropolitanAgafangel like the likethe however,Moscow Patriarchate. huge: differences rather are speaking, the Theologically the of Church Orthodox Ukrainian the of abnegation and stance Ukrainian national the Kiev Patriarchate, the strongly divided Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church and for such a unity are slim, to say the least. Indeed, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the allegiance in powerof Pope the of Rome (to whom Ukrainian the Greek Catholic Church had sworn ChurchtoSheptytsky unite tried Ukrainian twice Orthodoxy, supremeunder albeitthe at unity date back to the famous Metropolitan Andrei Sheptytsky (†1944). As head of his attemptscircles Catholic Greek Ukrainian In separated. strictly be to religion and state prefer they ly - Seeming conviction. personal of matter a as Ukrainiansconsider percentreligionall of 63 legal status. A recent survey showed that some appropriateobtain shouldorganisation gious reli- each that insisted Hammarberg well. as situation rights human the improve to ment govern- Ukrainian incoming the couraged en- and judiciary the within corruption scale large the criticised Europe of Council the of commissioner rights human Hammarberg, Ugcc Clearly, the Ukrainian democratisation process is not yet completed. Rather than Rather completed. yet not is process democratisation Ukrainian the Clearly, Sometimes clerics may even actively participate in the political life. The life. political the in participate actively even may clerics Sometimes Uoc-mp are fairly close to each other, but this closeness results mainly from a common 1596) and in difficult circumstances (World War , the the , instvo is not completely new. Thetheme of Orthodox Abbess Serafima Shevchyk of the Saint Michael the Archangel the Michael Saint the of Shevchyk Serafima Abbess 2006 October October 3 and and Uoc-kp Thomas 2007, 2006-2007 not a single law regulating mutual relations Uaoc consider the jed- . His co-religionist and jour and co-religionist His 2006. Ugcc – an Orthodox Churchan – Orthodox un- and and i Ugcc ii). Presently, hopes , on the contrary, the on , Uoc-mp - - - n h itrcnesoa rela- inter-confessional the in changes significant to lead not have initiatives ecumenical cal lo- and council aforementioned with one voice. groups makes it difficult tospeak religious different many of ing gather this Meanwhile, themes. returning are thereof, absence the or proposals, law and action Morality and family issues, social property.church of privatisation the halt parliamentto of speaker the to request a and own, their than rather interests voters’ the riage, a national ThanksgivingDay, an appeal tothe new members ofparliament to serve interest. fields of main initiativesRecent its protest a were became against gay marties - activi charitable church-staterelationshipand interchurch dialogue, Ukraine, of vival re- spiritual representatives.andNational Jewish and Muslimincluding participate, to Organizations.TraditionalReligious Churchesand invitedcommunitiesreligiouswere Protestant various and Church in Catholiccommunities, Roman the with relationship uneasy their were tortured by Christians. pagans performed a so-called mid-August in clash a was extraordinary Yanukovich’sQuitefor Regions. the of Partypro-Russian the while pro-Westerna made (or rather anti-Russian) forces the standwith and sided of change, for a good century now. During the Orange Revolution of haveandpersisted well as commonofbelievers experiences the clergy,in root butthey language and recurring scuffles are regularly attributed to the doings of intellectuals and portant role in the bad relationship the bad between the in roleportant who returned to Crimea after scent(Greek Catholics included), Roman Catholics of Polish andorigin, Muslim Tatars relations as well. The maingroups in question are Orthodox of Ukrainian or Russian de- highlighted, only Uoc-kp, the Uaoc among ecumenism’and Ukrainetheme of Ukrainians. Therefore, in ‘Orthodox the if is competing Orthodox Churches as an infringement on its way,By the the so. do authoritiesUkrainianforcetowould it the course of unless in, join will Uoc-mp the that question the of out iswaster. itFurthermore, ecclesiological an as – Rome der All things considered, the the considered, things All and themselves, Churches Orthodox the between differences Notwithstanding the Tensionsandinter-religious groups ecumenical variousburdenethnic the between leader Metropolitan Vladimir Sabodan advised his followers to votefollowerstohis advised Metropolitan Sabodan leader Vladimir Uoc-mp between believers of the the of believers between 2007 Uoc-mpconsiders existence the andof the activities former President Kuchma set up an All-Ukrainian Council of Council All-Ukrainian an up set Kuchma President former 1996 Tryzna 1990. The strained Ukrainian-Polish relations play an im- - and Ugcc ritual on behalf of pagan Ukrainians who allegedly and neo-pagans in Kiev. The neo- Kiev.The in neo-pagans and Uoc-mp are concerned. Ugcc and the the and natural right 2004 most Christian Churches . Here,antagonistic. Rcc Ugcc to spread the faith and of other -

Be t w e e n Od e s s a a n d Lv i v 17 Be t w e e n Od e s s a a n d Lv i v 18 between all main all confessions.between occur They disagreement. religious inter- of cause common most the are issues Property concessions. make to prepared be to need hand, leaders other church the On all. for equally laws these apply to and laws existing respect to legislation, new create to authoritiesvariousof will the on run, on the situationlocal and, on the long depend will and atmosphere depends amicable more a of creation The too. Chernivtsi and Kiev Poltava, Priluki, Uoc-kp adherents the ofkeep to May in example,for region) (Ternopil Ukrainian western Holy Trinity Church in Rokhmaniv in the site of violent. the At turned flicts con - of number a and case the make Some- a times hunger was strike launched to again. increase the on be to seem issues property however, years, few last the Over since. slightly only ning of the the - begin of ning the at taken were Positions negatively. or positively either tions, separated. Conflict erupted in 1990 s n hv altered have and , police had police 2007, Uoc-mp and and chapter the attempt is made to give some give to made attemptis the chapter Faculty of State Odessa the University. local the between established was which nership Remarkable, therefore, is the - fruitful part the Ukrainian Catholic University in Lviv. ther ther Volodymyr Dzhan of needs the to attend priests There, church. aspora di - a truly is (2002) diocese Odessa-Simferopol Catholic its with instance, For veloped. de- communities flourishing eastern and the southern regions in there and Here ties. adversi- various experience which minorities significant in- sometimes are Churches in Ukraine,aforementioned the Elsewhere regions. Transcarpathian and Ternopil Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, the Catholic Church western Ukraine, notably Ukraine,tral and for the Ukrainian Greek cen- and western are distinctively more felt be can Church Catholic Roman the of presence the where regions main The generalisations. easy allow Churches not does these and in reflected is features al, socioeconomic and religious landscape versity of Ukrainian the historical, cultur di- great the all, Churches.After Catholic Greek and Roman Ukrainian the within overview of the most recent developments It is hardly possible to give a comprehensive attm personnel, part-time with predicament.worksIt similar a in is (2003) exarchate Catholic Greek Crimea Odessa- The Netherlands. the of size the half than more territory a over scattered T to to 15 aihs h Roman the parishes 62 Despite untameable diversity, in this this in diversity,untameable Despite e h U huad eivr wo live who believers thousand 20 Ugcc n a i n i a r k parish and the Historical the and parish ie hnelr Fa- Chancellor like who who also teaches at R 37 o n a m

d n a - general introduction. Ugcc ety. Most attention, however, is - paid soci to the Ukrainian to contribute Churches Catholic both which in way the and life way in which the lay participate in church generalinsights. mainlyThey relatethe to ns rlgos raiain and organisations religious ings, build - church of number the Nowadays, reshaped. thoroughly was scene religious hie n zulk n te ey recent very the and Dzhublyk in shrine The examples scale. smaller theof Marian Thesame goes forthe in than higher marginally just was in And total. some were there to risen ties, whereas ten years later this figure had bly. In consideraquite off - dropped pace increasing,the but still is students and schools years of the the of years how, in the beginning of the the of beginning the in how, forth was quite impressive. Statistics show of churches, monasteries, renovation pilgrim sites and so and rebuilding building, the and sacraments, the of use the tion, - participa Church life. religious of heaval G n h isiuinl ee, h first the level, institutional the On k e e r . First, the reader is provideda iswith reader the First, . 1990, the . At the beginning of beginning the At 3,240. C 1990 the number of priests of number the 2006 h t a Ugcc s saw a remarkable up- remarkable a saw omnte in communities 3,480 L O , Rcc yet on its own, had c i 132 communi- C s e h c r u h 1990 N s 1999. 2007 , the the , go s,

Be t w e e n Od e s s a a n d Lv i v 19 Be t w e e n Od e s s a a n d Lv i v 20 tinuous protests of the buildings remain and closed works art the inside are left witherto away. in build since churchyear. each wooden Lviv the Inprovince some alone age parish could not affordtwo buildings. As a consequence, Transcarpathia one looses constructionthe the of demolition led to edifice anew the of old one,becausethe aver simplyor thrownout.dealer Time againanda toon sold is use Whatnotinsel.of is in been substituted for many-coloured assembly line production; haveiconostases wereicons coveredcenturies-old destroyed; were murals colours, vivid with them Repainting unorthodox. too Catholic, Roman too – contaminated ideologically be to considered are which facts not Amongof liking. their Greek are objects Catholics these sometimes true value, parishioners and priests alike just see antiquated, worthless or damaged their arte - of knowledge out gious art heritage. With- reli- irreplaceable the of destruction the side effect: serious a ducing pro - is churches parish of building and reno - vation the that calling old.and very the young very mediate the between and sibilities who can take on respon- religious well-educated of group middle-aged a of lack a congregationsfrom many ordersandimprovements. suffer in life Communal of deprivation. Third, especiallythe formation of religious remains susceptible for many longer functions as a study or career opportunity, or an escape from a life of poverty and ness. Second, because of the slowly improving economic situation religious vocation no leadership of their order, well-educated sisters are frequently condemned to a life of - idle the among place a such find disinterestto church, the and without the or within place, personal development becomes less likely. Because of the absence of a challenging work- complishment, the choice for a strictly regulated existence with limited opportunities to at workbe here.its with emphasis First, modernisationdue of tothe society on- self-ac to seem causes temporalvows.Several take vows,only religious usually solemn take to Postponingdecliningincrease. even the oron orders is the womenleaving and men of sensation may driven they illustrate be, more the or less constant of faithful. zeal the Lviv,lastto close Gai in cross a in Christ of head the of appearance underline its national, truly Ukrainian, supra-regional character and in spitesupra-regionalin Ukrainian,and character national, truly its underline Especially the the Especially re- worth also is It number the time, same the in and, falling is vocations of number the Meanwhile, .The oldest, the Assumption of Mary in the rural village of Nysmychi, was Nysmychi, of village rural the in Mary of Assumption the oldest, 2000.The . A propos, the conflict over church ownership also adds to this problem:this to adds churchover conflict also ownership propos,the A 1712. Ugcc Uoc-mp experienced some remarkable changes in its structures. its remarkablechangesin some experienced , the see of the head of the church moved churchesdown150 burned October October 24 in August of con of As to As 2007, 2005 - - Ukraine in the Polish-UkrainianPolish overthe memoriesofwestern the of and rule (1918-1920) war The hostile. remained ancestry Polish of Ukrainians Catholic Roman and Ukrainians unable to attract believers outside new of its specific religious-ethnic sphere. thereforeand practices and devotions its in Polish too is Church the that criticism ing born and trained in Poland. In the past the appointment of Polish bishops ongofuelled - ArchbishopLvivin of becomingbefore career academic an pursued Poland. he There in education his ceived Popes the JohnPaul archdioceseLvivof the in bishop. Born in Ukraine in Maidan Lukavetsky in resolvedon now of succession environment. The social and religious challenging often an in function to ableare who clergymen well-educated and experienced of shortage the of because unravel, to knot Ukrainian Greek Catholic Bishops outside of Europe was held inPhiladelphia (Usa tion in the the in tion the authorities. Subsequently, Ukrainianby nationalists engagedagainst themselves in terroristdiscriminated ac- was and majority oppressed an constituted Galicia of lation Ukrainian government. From the with dialogue the andchurches, other of structures leadership the institutionsand churches. More earthly reasons for the move to Kiev were: an easy access to central state aremerelyChurches,nationalamong absentwhich Orthodox usually dimensionis ing character and as an emphasis on its universal character as a Church. Thisall-encompass - the of expression an as Kiev to move the to Kiev and erected various new ones. Apostolic Nuncio Archbishop Ivan Jurkovich sees the Furthermore, proselytising. Polesand Ukrainians fought war. partisan bloody a An open wound remains ethnic the s a mnind bv, h rltos ewe Otoo ad re Catholic Greek and Orthodox between relations the above, mentioned was As difficult a is hierarchs new of choice the countries post-communist many in Like 1930 July July 16 1920 s . World. War year old Roman Catholic Cardinal Marian Jaworski was finally was Jaworski Marian Cardinal Catholic Roman old year 81 , when Mieczyslaw when 2007, Mokrzycki appointedwas Coadjutor-Arch - s -1930 and Benedict Benedict and ii . His auxiliary Bishops Marian Buczek and Leon Maly wereMaly Leon and BuczekMarianBishops auxiliary His 1991. . Later on he studied in Rome and served as secretary to secretary as Romeandstudiedserved Laterin onhe 1987. s are still vivid. In the further increased the pain. Exploitedpain. the byincreased Nazi Germany,further ii 27 September to Ugcc . JaworskiUkraine,xvibut. rein - born was himself moved its national, co-ordinating commissions co-ordinating national, its moved Ugcc 6 October 1 ’s desire to escape its regional Galician regional its escape to ’sdesire st 1961 Mokrzycki was ordained a priest Polish Republic, the Ukrainian popu- 2007, the first Holy Synod of all act. act. symbolic a important highly was Ukraine of capital this Kiev, in Dionysius Bishop auxiliary Catholic Greek the to ing AccordKiev.- to Lviv from and accused the the accused and death!’ or ‘Orthodox cried protesters Liturgy, open-air triarch is as to referred habitually who – Husar Lubomir gust While on Sunday Great-Archbishop2005 – celebrated a festive a celebrated – return of Rcc to the the to Au 21 ). Pa - -

Be t w e e n Od e s s a a n d Lv i v 21 Be t w e e n Od e s s a a n d Lv i v 22 non-Orthodox religious minorities. among fear up stirs nation unified a of basis Patriarchate the andChurchas Orthodox one creating of aspiration the a Finally, leaders. church as commemorated are Husar in in Church his by excommunicated was Kovpak,Vasyl Father leader, between different Orthodox confessions are blurred, and also between the between also and blurred, are confessions Orthodox different between boundaries the that added be should It effort. continuous a demands groups two the between reconciliation lasting past, recent the in leaders church Catholic Roman and Greek and politiciansPolish and Ukrainian between impressivegesturesDespite died. than less no retaliation, in and, Poles perished 100,000 Volhynia the ofcleansingPolish its inhabitants ofregion in undergo the Byzantinisation process that started within the the within started that process Byzantinisation the undergo to refuse Catholics Greek These market. religious regional the of slice large a grabbed the of practices rite Latin the to stick who Ukraine, ern ( Lefebvre Marcel‘schismatic’Bishop the ‘followers’ of Catholic Greek delude confessional borders. A rather striking borderline phenomenon are the so-called the to the dialogue among Christians. In spite of everything, a narrower collaboration seems co-operate in the pastoral field, togive the good example tothe faithful, and to contribute rites at Castelgandolfo on Castelgandolfo at rites have mass there too. Meeting a delegation of Ukrainian bishops of the Latin and Eastern the Vinnichenka Street. The building originallybelonged tothe churchLviv’sa on use to CatholicsRomanhindered Jaworski, believers nal his because 2007, the forthcoming Greek Catholic Great-Archbishop offered his apologies toCardi - On improvingrelations.Ukrainian-Polishchurchhelp to Pope the asked gress ago. Recent events highlight this state of affairs. In May while short a sayingrecorded Lviv was of Buczek MarianBishop Lviv auxiliary former ‘Manageable’, suspicion. mutual with fraught and superficial remains collaboration – Rome of Pope the – head supreme same the with Churches Catholic are both if Even after appealing to Rome, yet at Liturgy, Pope Benedict and Great-Archbishop and Benedict Liturgy, Pope at yet Rome, to appealing after 2007 Ugcc . Therefore, the fear exists that rapprochement between churches could further rapprochementfurther that churches could exists between Therefore,fear the . Rcc Therefore, the co-operation between the Therefore,between co-operation the in and after a after and 1991 September 24 year fight the Roman Catholics were finally allowed to CatholicsRoman finally were the fight year 10 , Pope Benedict urged them to brotherly to them urged Benedict Pope 2007, Ugcc and the the and 2007, the Ukrainian World - Con Ukrainians supposedlyUkrainians 200,000 Ugcc participated. representatives and officials Catholics Greek and Roman both which in themes other volvementchurch the andin held on the family, the lay in- conferenceswere past recent the in instance, For feasible. Rcc but was handed back to is not straightforward.not is Rcc . Probably,1943/1944. some Ugcc of old. By doing so, they they so,doing By old. of in the the in † and again and 2004 ) in west- in 1991) 1990 Ugcc s July July 17 . Their . and and brand new Kiev Council ofthe Churches on of session first the at Chernovetsky Leonid mayor Kiev provided example nice A and teachings their in issues social address regularly should figures responsible other and leaders church Furthermore, high. remains formation and educationappropriate for need the whereas action, pastoral and practical through living of quality the prove issues in a responsible way. Indeed, the social on take to experience and knowledge denominationslimited justhave Christian However,confinement the strict to ‘religious the sphere’todue communism, during all Ugcc Churches, for example, traditionally lack the ideological framework that, in the nally, practical and theoretical knowledge in Ukrainian society is limited. The Orthodox Fi- hand. helping a give to time lack volunteers Moreover, motivated often structures. the initiative to third parties and idea of a comprehensive welfare the state remained strong, officials all, arestill reluctant to give of First do. to thing straightforward a not is post-communistUkrainein active socially Becoming ing barely any measures to repair the breakdown of the Soviet welfarestate Soviet themselves,breakdown barely the ingany ofthe repair measuresto providFurthermore,- projects. run state in even or work, charitable in involved get to churches the want they why reason a be couldlawmakers, authorityonconferring ing, issues aretime social being exploited for specific reasons. Theneed for a religious bless- gathered to aunited discuss church and city government effortpoverty.with to deal Churches had of Council Kiev The children. school of behalf on action his aboutsilent Chernovetskycomplained churchesthat the remainedhadpassive farandkepttoo had inhabitants’,Besides, itswarned. mayorand the Kiev help not do who those for thing churches, that is, if indeed church leaders would return the favour. ‘Inew notwill do a single constructing with out help to and work charitable church support to willingness Politiciansundoubtedly have genuinea butright thing, desire the todo at same the , was put into practice in any number of ways as far back as the the as back far as waysof anynumber in practice intoput was , Ngo s are unenthusiastic about collaborating with state and Ugcc and Rcc 17 September edm hy o hs re rm self-interest. from free this do they seldom the combat against although variousevils, in social churches with co-operate to desire the Politiciansambiguous.expressroutinely remains area this in state and church tween his or her faith and views.’ wards a human being. It notdoes depend on cupations:because isservice ‘This of love to- preoc- ideological regardlessof practiced be andoutworks.’merciful good They ought to carry to God’sspread also tobutword, only plained that ‘the mission of the Church is not rokoradyuk of the Kiev-Zhitomir diocese ex- Shi- StanislavBishop auxiliary Caritas-Spes, ber Septem- in interview an During preaching. - be co-operation the moment the For te ed f h Rmn Catholic Roman the of head the 2007, must make a contribution to im- 2007. Chernovetsky spoke of his Socially ActiveSocially Churches 1910 s and and and and Rcc 1920 s .

Be t w e e n Od e s s a a n d Lv i v 23 Be t w e e n Od e s s a a n d Lv i v 24 forexample Catechetical,Youth the programs, andFamily Commissions. At the practical or educational their in work social integrated have commissions of spread the to related much very is heroin of intravenous use The thing. city big a more aregenerations, younger the among drugs, prevention. Alcohol abuse is a serious all-Ukrainian health and problem,social whereas drug and alcohol and ill, terminally and chronically the for support palliative prison), army,chaplainciesvariouscare,(e.g. health andhospitaldeveloped: be to were activity work.Commission’ ‘Social A was put together to encourageFour action. social fields of tives which had gathered from all over the world gave their official blessing to this line of representalay- and priests religious,Hierarchs, Ukraine. ofsituation social the cussed in ago, years five how functions as an advisory organ for state institutions, churches and facilitates work the of charitable organisations is inplace. remained reluctant, Kosiv explained in June circles. The municipality wants to co-finance charitableactivities, but thelocal churches church in partners LvivVasilfind mayorofproblems deputyto why hasKosiv explain also could Church.’ observation This the from taking with occupied more is ernment gov- Ukrainian ‘Today, the follows: as it put Shirokoradyuk of Bishop property, privatisationchurch ongoing the at Hinting parents. their by mistreated or neglected are charities like his to do work.the Chumakov’s House of Light caretakes of children who help than quality, appalling their for renowned are which institutions, state in orphans’ ‘social so-called put rather would authorities local the ( charity Chumakov Oleksandr Father Catholic Greek example, For reduce by forcing to try authorities civil the which problems, cial - so of visibility the is aspect Another treatment. preferential receive will churches or church ity major the churches,while minority of activities the curtail politicians Local role.negative a play to push Uoc-mpthe tried Uoc-kp the out. in. By the time this kind of pastoral action proved to be well appreciated and successful, thing of the thing careArguingforandoutcastthat sinnersthe not patients the Odessa. Aids/Hiv was in the by refusal initial the was Interesting field. this Ukrainians, the put who churches,much in their active tobecome in them trust expect that shows research social indeed, Andsociety. modern in religion of importance and table activities might also relate to a post-communist need to demonstrate the relevance involvement The so.churcheschari- the in do failuretoownof their jobs’ disguise and politicians might want to take the credits for letting or making the churches do the ‘dirty In Kiev, Father Andriy Nagirnyak heads the CommissionSocial of the clearly authorities the however, Sometimes, ), explained how explained right), the on picture see Sdb Uoc-mp , director of the ‘House of Light’ of ‘House the of director , Ngo , the Ukrainian Orthodox ChurchPatriarchateUkrainian Kiev Orthodox the of the , stepped s out of their area of work. , a Patriarchal Sobor or Church Council of the the of Council Church or Sobor Patriarchal a 2002, 2007. Moreover, no legal framework which - Aids/Hiv to provide pastoral care to care pastoral provide to Uoc-mp throughout Ukraine. Other Other Ukraine. throughout Ngo Ugcc s. Nagirnyak told Ugcc seminaries seminaries Ugcc , which dis - tion, and preparation agood of young people and of clergy. communica- external and planning coordination, better ministry, social of forms ing ac- become church offer adequateyouth addition, toInthe the to failsopportunities to finding a religious or a priestwho will take their group or activity under his or herwings. to chaplaincy the youthof groups which have ministry. become active in a social Youngthat was people have trouble Council Patriarchal the of meeting plenary a to sented moreurgentproblems the Nagirnyakofthat preOne - section. social the debatewithin devoted apastoral letter to Hiv/Aids the issue on World Aids Day, 24November 2006. bishopLubomir Husar, Health the and Justice the and Peace Commissions of the Great-Arch- of blessing the With issued. been have leadership church Catholic Greek forcedyears the countless togoOver out statementsbegging. and pastoral letters of the ablefatewas the of threea year-old and a These are pressing problems, andthe number ofvictims isgrowing bythe year.Remark - too. agenda the on high is slavery sex or trafficking human of victims rehabilitationof of counterpart people. disabled for orphans’;and ‘social and phans or for families; dysfunctional and poor forestablished was programAnother persons. to aid and family; their and addicts drug and alcoholfor help elderly; the sustenance,home council care,andcare andof free medical costs;social medical for all life receive who people vulnerable socially forcare health at directed is Oneprograms. work as well. In 2006Ucu social in themselves engage will and studies their during issues social with acquainted UniversityCatholicUkrainian the at(Ucu and which did not receive any serious attention by the Ukrainian authorities until present: until authoritiesUkrainian the attentionby serious anyreceive not did which areproblematic these of questionsAll evil. social extent this of the highlights abusehol and care palliative like issues, health long-neglected specific, address better to order in formed been have sation of the health care by training volunteers and medical staff.Several subcommittees The Greek Catholic Greek The Since At the recent Patriarchal Sobor, onSobor, Patriarchalrecent the At 2005 the Inter-eparchial Health Commission of the , is engaged in various, similar projects. Presently, the the Presently,projects. similar various, in engaged is Ukraine , Caritas - alco to devoted subcommittee a of creation recent The Hiv/Aids . is a registered a UkraineCaritasis started aprogram started pedagogy. of social August 16 76-year-oldwoman were who kidnapped and ) the topic is discussed. Seminarians areSeminarians discussed. topicis the ) , Father Nagirnyak chaired the the chairedNagirnyak Father 2007, volunteers, collecting data on exist - on volunteers,data collecting potential reach to publicity more suggestions: several made Andriy Father Therefore, institutions. and persons responsible of absence the andministry, social the into search re- of financing the state), the and (like churches, the Ukrainian public institutions other with munication com- bad the too. are problems Other planning and coordination Ugcc the of ministry social the And,tive. , the Roman Catholic Roman the Caritas-Spes, N go seems to lack a clear outline, clear a lack to seems with two important social social important two with Ugcc aims at the humani- Hiv infected infected Ugcc -

Be t w e e n Od e s s a a n d Lv i v 25 Lay Churches Be t w e e n Od e s s a a n d Lv i v 26 1990 annual Assembly General of Conference the inSeptember 2007. since ConferenceJustice and PeaceEuropean the Institute Church the Society andof the torof arelevel justpoints few a of its recent attention. President appointed newly the is direc - parish a on CatholicsRoman and Greek Orthodox, between andUkrainians Polesand Ugcc unteers did an impressive job. The Justice and PeaceCommission is no newcomer tothe ture on p. impediment to any concerted action. explain it any the further: lack of finances is a massive here to armychaplains. need trained well no There is the right) explained that the churches themselves lack Ugcc the of deacon and Lieutenant-colonel well. as ment the quality of the care provided needs much improve- However, relationship. church-state this of with issue thorny deal to not pretext a as churches among competition the uses government the that argued be could It spot. the on authorities the by discernment biased therefore and individual of matter a barracks topublic institutions likehospitals, schoolsand army access makes which legislation, of absence the by hamperedmuch very is work this of effectiveness the Still, prisoners. and personnel military students, like groupsfor vided pro- now is assistance pastoral and associations, Catholic or Christian worldwide and exampleforchurches.other andarmyPrison chaplains haveEuropeanupwith hooked far less favourable conditions and, therefore, at a lower level. Third, church resources are of the clergy and religious. Oftenthe latter havebeentrained or arebeing still trained in acceptance of well-educated lay requires a sacrifice of authority and presence onthe part hasn’teven entirelyyet, in sunk atbe the core. First, the thatidea lay people are an integral and active ofpart church life it into a real challenge. Here, the reasons as vary well, but church conservatism seems to and practically theologically. other the handOn there are many constraints, turn which requirement, both necessary a as advocated being is participationlay hand one the On problematic. very complicated,not if highly remainedissue the also hereNevertheless, people and clergy alike, are open to a greater presence of the lay in the life of the church. ferent in mainstream Greek and Roman Catholic circles. In various degrees, believers, lay such a great impact. There afterall, theneed for change is barely felt. Things are quite dif- again in by accident the government declared tuberculosis a state priority twice, in Furthermore, various forms of specialised pastoral care have taken shape during the s and 2000 and . Better knowledge Better . justiceof Catholicteachings andsocial reconciliation between Ruslan Kokhanchuk for example (see picture on 2006! The HealthCommission isbeing lead by Sister Nadia Kotur 25). Starting from scratch and with little means she, her collaborators and vol- s . Much has donebeen in this domain, where the Of course, in the ultra-traditional, schismatic Kovpak in Lviv the question of lay participation would not make not would participation lay of question the Lviv in Kovpak years after the end of the Soviet Union. Second, the Second, Soviet Union. the of end the after years 16 Ucu , Mrs Lesia Kovalenko. ofLesia Mrsmember , A , the commission co-hosted the the co-hosted commission the 2004, Ugcc Ugcc has set a modest of Father Vasyl 2001 and then Ssmi ( see pic see - quarterly news bulletin could become a means to inform other church members aboutchurchmembers other inform to means a become could bulletin news quarterly sity of the lay involvement in the Catholic Church. Eventually, the organisers estimate, a aimsarecoordination the ofvarious initiatives andanddiscussingexploring - neces the was established, which is preparing a national a national Roman Catholic lay council. Its Poland. Therefore, BishopBernacki’s prioritieslay elsewhere.Recently, or aGermany working group from support without survive not could that minority miniscule a just is the Furthermore,society. Ukrainian modern of hardships and changes manysurviving the busy mostly are they nowadays because that, go through to difficult it find lay‘Many preparation. methodical and thorough a of need the out points conference, nacki of Odessa-Simferopol, who is in charge of the laity in the Roman Catholic bishops’ BishopBronislavBer diocese. Odessa the pregnantforofwithoutanyhelpwomen tre so, a Kirovograd member of the Ukrainian Lay Forum (see below ‘And the lay people want to become active, but usually missthey knowledge.’good Even ance: the priests are hyperactive and the lay extremely passive’,- bal of outcompletely Father is Anatolylay confesses. the and priests relationshipbetween the fact, ‘In forth. so core their building business:work, surveying financial administration, work, social and relatenotdirectly do to are which priests burdenedvarious tasks andthe with territory vast a over out spread are parishes The catechesis. or faith aboutconversations work, ing to someone send away. thereis no money to pay tuition the fee and, finally, parish thepriest - local will be must ever, this specific construction has drawbacks: students musttravel great distances, often ish priest, students are serious believers who are generally about par their by Odessa in School Lay Pallottine the to ter.’ Sent mat- subject third our become hopefully will versity.“Family” Uni- State Mikolayev the from the graduates receive a diploma and Education of Ministry the by accredited Workwas Social Work. Social and Bible time: part- studied be can that jects sures. ‘Today, there are two sub- faith’, the as- Anatolyof Father understanding and tradition ates since. Ideally, students will engage themselves in both the church and social work. social churchand the both in themselvesengageIdeally, since. ateswill students ‘They are ‘They investmentthis only will pay off ifinterestingtasks jobsand come available. that lacking be to seems notion Furthermore, the Catholics. developmentlay of logical isisconsidered– far more important than investing spiritual practical, the in and - theo itambiguous – examplefor buildingschurch new Constructing distributed. unequally Catholic lay people. layCatholic The diaspora situation leaves ample room forlay workers, for example in charitable The Director of the of Director The agt re Catholic true taught The school was founded in founded was school The altie a Sho i Oes, ahr Anatoly Father Odessa, in School Lay Pallottine - and has delivered qualified gradu - deliveredqualified has and 2003 ) organised a crisis cen- 30 years or older. How - Sac prepares , Rcc -

Be t w e e n Od e s s a a n d Lv i v 27 Be t w e e n Od e s s a a n d Lv i v 28 than in the what is more, lay participation in the church government is more extensively elaborated good example itself. Teaching staff andpersonnel is for alarge part made up bylay. And in church life on an intellectual, spiritual and practical level. Moreover, the ple an opportunity to get prepared for future tasks within the Church and to get involved Ukrainian Catholic University. As the Ukraine and with support of a large, worldwide diaspora, it became possible to create the the over superiority numeric Lay Council, Cardinal Stanislav Rilko, was read out. participants encountered the Apostolic Nuncio. A message of the President of the Papal Novemberin gatheredForum Lay ApostolicUkrainianNuncio the the ofsupport Church. With the the to people lay initiatives and best practices, and to increase interest and concern for the contribution of responsible for laity the yet. figure appointa not did eparchies tion until now. Meanwhile, various commonofac- absence plains the ex- which lacking, manpowerwas Patriarchal Synod. For a long time subsequentlyapprovedwas the by which statute new a write to sion commis- the asked Husar bishop wake of a PontificalCouncil forthe Laity meeting in Kiev in October On participation. lay to consistency more add to meant are Issues Lay on Commission the of initiatives workers.Recentlay capabilities of developing the ataims Zarachinska Olha directorof yearsanback, interesting initiative LeadershipLayCentre the is at administration, from parish the council up to Patriarchal the Sobor. church the in participate also members church Lay Dzyurakh. Bogdan Bishop Synod, in their suggestions for the Patriarchal Sobor, as did last congress will take place Novemberplace take will congress first GreekCatholic Lay Congress. This ‘My Part in the Life of Parish, Church and Nation’ riences and of concrete projects. Also, it was decided to organise a follow-up to the Furthermore, the participants felt the need of more coordination and exchange of - expe and ‘Business Society’ ing Civil and StereotypesMorals: andChurch’s the Social Vision’. - build in Churches Christian of Role ‘The seminars: two preparationof the and parish the in life lay of organisation the on handbook a were agenda the On topics. different convened in the pilgrimage village of Zarvanitsya. There,the participants dealtwith three Ternopil-Zborivand Kolomyia-Chernivtsi,Lviv,Butsats, Sokal of eparchies Ukrainian In the Still, a lot remains to be desired, improved or reorganised. Dating already a few a already Dating reorganised. or improved desired, be to remains lot a Still, Ugcc . Rcc For example, the the lay people are better situated and an important reason for that is its April 14 the commission and representatives from five western representativesfive fromandcommission the 2007 . Furthermore, with some with Furthermore, . Rcc and in Aprilin and 2006 Ugcc . The commission exists since exists commission The 2008. Ugcc leadership customarily asks the faithful to hand ’s intellectual centre, the . At the most recent meeting, the the recentmeeting, most At the 2007. May 2007 the secretary 10 May of the to to 4 million believers in believers million 5 Ucu Ucu 2003, Great-Arch- , but in the the in but 1996, , wherestaff, the gives lay peo gives Ucu gives the 2006 - veal thatnumber veal the ofroseby believers elaborately.Compared toa theoretical than practical. more often state, embryonic an in is in need of some fine tuning.Democracy is still churchbetween and state which, to say the least, relationship the facilitate could that traditions indigenous no are there Presentlyanother. one with preoccupied much very are they reasons various for but interest, conflicting pursue state society well into the the into well society burden will issues health public and mographic de- Furthermore, decade. next the in radically change will situation socioeconomic precarious ning of the the of ning economy the - begin atitsdeclinesteepsince the of recovery slow the Given believers. their from Greek and Roman Catholic Churches can count on just little support from the state and abroad. economystatethe the Ukrainian all, of After the leavesdesired and be much to efforts example.and good educationalcitizenship their contributemore through profound good a of will to sense and can Catholics Ukrainian hopefully Still, people. with than mortar and bricks with that Ukrainian Catholics sometimes wonder Churchestheir whether are more involved could or should be the carrier of such a culture is more or less absent. And lets not forget are seemingly not in vogue right now. It was pointed out above that ideals a middle political class which high and culture brow high poor,or Rich Ukraine. post-communist in fate their sorry tomuch be very preoccupied with findingwhatever is needed to survive moralisticorsimplistic. poor,The Ukrainian for example, are not less materialistic. is It judgemental, too be notshould one and degrees, matterof a much very is materialistic ‘AllHowever, object: desires?’ being humanto want might one materialism, shameless the people: groupwell-off limitedof very a to restricted is materially. Having said this, it must be clear that the possibility to fulfilall human desires andless like they what or more say to freedom their enjoy they travel, to free are People independence. last the improvedoverhas Ukraine situationof socioeconomic the Indeed, churchchurchmonthin onceata active least remarkably andbecome is low. faithStill, about Atpercent. The same. the the cent. However, compared to the data collected by AtlasEuropeanof Values percentagechurch ofthe , remainedmembersmore lessor Recent church statistics were presented quite Money-wise the Roman and Greek Catholic Churches greatly ondepend help from 1990 gives between between Atlasgives s , it is not very likely that the the that likely very not is it , percent of the population, the number of core members who visit who members core of number the population, the of percent 5 all their heart’s desires can be fulfilled, if not spiritually than at least than at spiritually not if heart’s their fulfilled, be can desires 21 st etr. hrh and Church century. survey,1992 re - they and and 41 per 10 percent; the Razumkov survey almost survey Razumkov the percent; 50 - NewUkrainians Given their . P o years of years 16 i r c s t s 37 p t Be t w e e n Od e s s a a n d Lv i v 29 Be t w e e n Od e s s a a n d Lv i v 30 of the Church of the and an active concern for the well-being of Ukrainian society and its citizens is beyond an aspect and circles church in participation Lay Churches. Catholic Roman and Greek society. Indeed, the care for the in flaws many the condemningutterances verbal than further and society of wellbeing the for concern heartfelt a than further politicians, elected of desires the to sponding the for responsibility practical The people. among parasites as lived churches the which to according concepts Marxist-Leninist tionship between churches and state, but also a way of refusing to be framed in outdated about worries However, exist. does field humanitarian the in action common and es root level contacts are kept, the national idea rallies grass various‘ecumenicallaboratory’. the anon Ukrainiansure, become For could Orthodox country Church the - that 2004 lacks refinement the that religiouseducation could bring. cerned, faith usually comes with popular beliefs and superstitions, it is unpolished and it state, foratexample,considerable Whereasdiscussed averagewaslength. con the is and - believer church between relationship intricate The society. in present manifestly is become an exemplary and attractive role model, more effortsbe made. to need and their Churches remains essential. However, in order to activate this potential and to so greatly suffered and problems still abound,the good example ofthe Catholic believers Former Apostolic Nuncio Nicola Eterovich told the the told Eterovich Nicola Nuncio Apostolic Former 21 st century. Especially in post-communist society, where humanity bonum commune is an integral part of the doctrine of the tion of tion no- romantic highly and vague rather the classical, religion, Orthodox and culture Ukrainian post-communist plurality and linking traditional Substituting absent. painfully remains dialogue intra-Catholic the time same the in – Catholic Churches the inside developed more definitely is awareness Ecumenical churches. the separate years. In addition, age-old theological differences last the over towards working been have es ecclesiastical clear profiles. Andthat of is exactlywhat various church- out carving the impede could it because effort, ecumenical any hamper believers often vague religious identity the the of ter of wanting to create a more transparentrelamore- a create to wantingof ter existence to matnotjustisa - this And action. social through right their prove to not certainly is goal main Their society? Ukrainian new the again but has borne no fruits. ht ih b te oe f h cuce in churches the of role the be might What reaches further than re - than further reaches communebonum has been voiced over and over and over voiced been has jedinstvo in March in ParafiyalnaGazeta 16 2007, Internet: The Bureau Democracy,of HumanRights, Labor,and здоровье’, ценитсвое на свете больше всего ‘Средний класс inМоя ЭкономикА 20(June 2007)p. 3 Sarah Johnstone, Ukraine. Lonely Planet Travel Guide, 2005 Frans Hoppenbrouwers Friedrich Heyer, Kirchengeschichte der Ukraine im 20.Jahrhundert, Göttingen 2003 European Values 2005 , Leiden (eds.), Zundert van M. and Luijkx R. Halman, L. Religious freedom: Religious background news, information and web links: News resources: News: Ukraine, see: For abroad of international overview organisations, databases or government relating links to www.oekraine.org/links/algemeen.html Foundation Platform Co-operation Netherlands-Ukraine: Center for Studies on New Religions: www.brama.com www.forum18.org http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu Pokrof ‘Minderheid inOekraïne. Oekraïens-orthodoxe De kerk van het Moskouse patriarchaat’, in: (2007) 3,p. 18-19 ‘Cultuur inbrand. Monnik redt religieuze kunst van vernietiging’, in:Oekraïne Magazine 10 (Foundation Communicantes) 2004 Van catacombe naar bovengrondse. 15jaar grieks-katholieke kerk in Oekraïne, Nijmegen www.library.northwestern.edu/govinfo/resource/internat/webresource.html 54(2007)5,p. 3-5 www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf www.kidon.com/media-link/ua.php www.cesnur.org Atlas of Atlas Ukraine. International Religious Freedom Report www.risu.org.ua/eng W e b L s k n i Berlin 2006,p.Berlin 241-268 and East-Central Europe, and Power in Central Asia ist Religious Question. Faith Ukraine’, in:The Post-social- of Orthodoxy ined Western Pluralism and Imag the - Vlad Naumescu, ‘Religious

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Be t w e e n Od e s s a a n d Lv i v 31 L e t w e e n d e s s a a n d v i v 32

B O L t s i * All picturesAll from archives the of Frans Hoppenbrouwers, except pages 6,10and 15. The picture pageon 10 was copied from now the inoperative website p. 3:

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f Lviv. Interior of Armenian the Catholic church of Ascension the of (14 Mary inaUoc-mp churcha video shop. Map of Ukraine. TheRoman Odessa. Catholic Blessed Cathedral.Virgin Mary Lviv. The GreekCatholic SaintGeorge Cathedral. Lviv. Lay and religious students infront of main the entrance of Ucu the . Roman Catholic layman Alexander Dobroyer. FromOdessa. leftright:to Father Anatoly Sac armythe and his Church. Kiev. Deaconof Ugcc the , lieutenant-colonel Ruslan Kokhanchuk, informal between link (right), and commission member Stefan Dmitrishin (left). Lviv. Sister Nadia Kotur Ssmi of, head Inter-eparchial the Health Commission of Ugcc the GreekOdessa. Catholic Father Oleksandr Chumakov Sdb Street tramOdessa. 28. taking kid 24 June 2005. Ukrainian and Polish Presidents Victor Yushchenko and Alexander Kwasniewski, Ukrainian (1918-1920)and Wwiiacommemorative plaque remembers meeting the of Lviv, Polish the Lychakivskiy inbetween and Ukrainian Cemetery: cemeteries of Polish- the self-appointed Dmitrikh, Sebastian ombudsman for religious inwestern art Ukraine. Lviv. Saving irreplaceable works art and enlightening public: the Greek Catholic Father Murovane, Lviv region. Sister Julia Nagornyak teaches Osbm youth. village the Kiev. Under construction: administrative new the centre and of Sobor Ugcc the . Odessa. ‘OrthodoxyOdessa. and ecumenism’ in his cardboard church. Lviv. Waiting for suitable building land: Father Volodymyr Kuzo (Uoc-mp) under patronage the of Crimean MPSergei V. Kunitsyn. Simferopol. Playing religious the card: renovation of Uoc-mp the Alexander Nevsky Sobor Europe, religion, woman, and lifestyle. modern Lviv. Publicity for sunglasses of Evrooptika-shop, the combining various approved themes: build Anewly BaptistOdessa. church. Assumption church. Lviv. Passengers-by at visiting Ukrainian the midweek Autocephalous service Orthodox Dzhublyk. The natural fountainwhere the allegedly Virgin appeared.Mary Kiev. Publicity for parents to adopt children: ‘Children afamily’. need drawing attention to Aids the crisisinUkraine. Kiev. On16June 2007,Sir Elton John gave concert afree at Maidan the Nezalezhnosti and steel on Coal Odessa. its way shipped to be from of port the Odessa. Victor Yanukovich’s Party of Regions. the ‘Stability foundation –the of prosperity’: bagwith election publicity for Lviv. Bistro Shaurma. Under converted in988Kiev his rule to Christianity. Kiev. Saint Volodymyr looking out on river the Dnipro. Bishop Bronislav of Roman the Bernacki Catholic Odessa-Simferopol (right). diocese FransOdessa. Hoppenbrouwers of Communicantes (left) and an Art Deco refurbishmentan Deco Art 1910 inthe I L L i t a r t s u o www.dzhublyk.org.ua s n * : ecumenism writtenecumenism on cover inblood the of s . . The map of Ukraine (p. 31)was copied from Internet the also. , Frans Hoppenbrouwers of Communicantes, ,director of ‘Light the House’ charity. th c.)after