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Christianity, Society and History to 20Th Century in Slavonic Territory (Slovakia)

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Christianity, Society and History to 20Th Century in Slavonic Territory (Slovakia) E-Theologos, Vol. 4, No. 1 DOI 10.2478/etheo-2013-0003 Christianity, Society and History to 20th Century in Slavonic Territory (Slovakia) doc. PhDr. ThDr. Daniel Slivka, PhD. University of Prešov in Prešov, Greek Catholic Theological Faculty ul. biskupa Gojdi ča 2, 080 01 Prešov Ancient History in Slavonic Territory Since the early history, Slovakia situated in the central Europe is con- sidered to be a Christian country. Her foundations are built by Christian values originating in the Jewish-Christian tradition. The ancestors of the Slavs were pagans who worshiped many gods and goddesses. These pe- ople worshiped predominately gods derived from their faith in natural elements and seasons, as for example the god of thunder and lightning known as Perun and the goddess of winter called Morena. Even nowadays people using slang tend to say “Perun struck” meaning that there was a strike of lightning or thunder. Moreover, in spring TV news often offer reportages dealing with folklore traditions which are connected with the farewell to winter. Based on this custom, lads and girls carry an effigy of Morena through a whole village. At the end of the village they set the effi- gy on fire and drown it in river. This custom closes the winter season and opens the spring one. The origin of Christianity in the area of today’s Slovakia goes back to the period of 2 nd and 3 rd century CE. 1 At first, Christianity was brought by Roman soldiers who served in this area. There is even a story about these soldiers that connects them with the victory column of Marcus Aurelius placed in Rome. According to this story, the Roman emperor conducted a military expedition against the Germanic tribes. When his soldiers were thirsty during the stay and preparation for fight, they kneeled down and asked God for help. The enemies were firstly puzzled, but after a while 1 ŠKVARNA, D. a kol..: Lexikón slovenských dejín. Bratislava : SPN, 1999. p. 12-15. 29 E-Theologos, Vol. 4, No. 1 DOI 10.2478/etheo-2013-0003 when it started to rain and storm followed, they scattered. This story dem- onstrates that Romans living in our territory were Christians. 2 It is presumed that the oldest settlement of Christians in Slovakia was in the village Iža near Komárno. Archaeologists confirmed that Christians lived in several areas of Southern Slovakia as early as in the 4 th century. In the 6 th century, when the Roman population was gradually dying out, people started to migrate which resulted in exchange of several different multi-ethnic groups in the area of today’s Slovakia. When these tribes left the region of the Middle Danube and the Germanic inhabitants gradually disappeared, the Slavic people took their place. It was the period of pre- dominately Slavic migration and settlement. In the period of 568-670 AD, tribes of The Avars spread across the Europe and got to the neighbour- hood of the Slavs. Consequently, the long coexistence of these tribes led to significant mutual, mostly non-violent, influence. The Avars were of nomadic origin, so they did not lived in permanent settlements and rather travelled with their herds across the country. They were mostly interested in rich Byzantium and Kingdom of the Franks. The reasons for their spo- radic raids on the Northern bank of Danube included material gain, war booty as well as keeping their control over Slavs via collection of taxes. However, the first half of the 7 th century is marked by changes connected with life in the Carpathian Basin. The Slavic people started to rise up against the oppressing Avars and sought the ways how to defeat them. 3 At these times, a merchant caravan lead by the Frankish merchant Samo came to the region of the Middle Danube. He offered mostly a mili- tary help to the Slavic people and thus helped them to succeed in their uprising. Therefore, in 623 the Slavs asked Samo to become their king. Under his leadership, the Slavs were able to defeat the Avars in several battles in the period of 623-624 and regain their freedom. However, Samo’s Empire or also called kingdom cannot be regarded as a state. It was a free tribal union based on a voluntary union of highly independent tribal territories. Which was led by the Frankish merchant Samo from the Senonian country. Despite the prohibition, the union traded weapons. According to chronicler Fredegara. Samo’s Empire was a protective tribal union at times when the Slavs were threatened by the Avars and later also by the Franks. In 658 AD the empire collapsed due to its territory, internal conflicts and the death of the authoritative king Samo. Then, the Slavs fell once again under the rule of the Avars, but this time not as vassals. 4 2 ČAMBAL, R. KOVÁR, B.: Kelti, Germáni a Rimania. In: Historická revue . Bratislava : SAHI, 12/2011. p. 28-33. 3 ŠKVARNA, D. a kol..: Lexikón slovenských dejín. Bratislava : SPN, 1999. p. 12-15. 4 MAŤOVČÍK, A. a kol.: Reprezentačný biografický lexikón Slovenska. Martin : Matica Slovenská, 1999. p. 291. 30 E-Theologos, Vol. 4, No. 1 DOI 10.2478/etheo-2013-0003 Middle Ages in Slavonic Territory The collapse of the Avars Empire created favourable conditions for missionary work. When the Avars were defeated, the Kingdom of the Franks expanded to the largest state in the Middle Ages and thus at the fall of the 8 th century Christian missionaries started to come to the area of to- day’s Slovakia. Even before 795 the Slavic tribes took the advantage of the weakened power of Avars and started to form the Upper Danubian prin- cipalities. In the region of today’s Nitra, a local Slavic dynasty established its rule and helped to establish a new state organization. The power of this dynasty was secured by a system of new hillforts and military groups. The overall situation of this period was favourable for the formation of the first Slavic principality which was at the same time a bishopric known under the name of Principality of Nitra. The territory of this principality situated above the river Danube was prosperous and the Slavs were for several generations the greatest ethnic group of its inhabitants. These social as well as economic changes reflected in formation of local and military cen- tres known as hillforts among which Nitra town was the most important. 5 The Principality of Nitra was not ruled by a king, but by a leader who was brave, wise, and courageous. The most significant prince of Nitra was the prince Pribina (861 AD). The court of principality followed ceremonies of Byzantine and Frankish customs. Due to its strategic geographical posi- tion, Nitra was an attractive trading centre and meeting place of merchants from Orient and Northern states as well as the Franks. It is known that Pribina refused to accept Christianity from the neighbouring Franks, even if they tried to persuade him and claimed that Christianity is a way to ad- vancement for him and his principality. According to historical sources, Pribina married a Frankish Christian woman who was a relative of the Salzburg archbishop Adalram. When in 828 Pribina built the first Christian church, which was consecrated by Adalram, he was still a pagan. This church was built in Nitra and is the oldest Christian church in Slovakia. Following the construction of the church, the missionary work based on the newly formed Church institution spread through the Principality of Nitra thanks to Frankish priests – Roman Catholicism rite. However, this period is also known for the foundation of Principality of Moravia in the area of today’s Czech Republic. This principality was ruled by Mojmír I. Pribina and Mojmír I. (833 – 846) had a significant mili- tary group which was formed through decades. The expansion of the both principalities resulted in mutual military clashes. As the Moravian prince Mojmír I. won, the prince Pribina together with his family and armed co- hort had to leave the country. The defeat of Pribina ended the sovereignty 5 ŠKVARNA, D. a kol..: Lexikón slovenských dejín. Bratislava : SPN, 1999. p. 18. 31 E-Theologos, Vol. 4, No. 1 DOI 10.2478/etheo-2013-0003 of the Principality of Nitra. As Mojmír I. did not want to destroy inhabited prosperous and organized political organization of the Principality of Nitra, the process of unification of Moravia and Nitra followed. The unification was completed in 833 with the foundation of a new territorial unit known as Great Moravia (833 – 10. century) – Magna Moravia in Latin, ἡ µεγάλη Μοραβία in Greek. It was the first Slavic state and the Principality of Nitra was in the role of an associated principality. The central territory of Great Moravia corresponds with the region of today’s Moravia – Czech Republic, Slovakia and the Northern part of Hungary. 6 The rule of the second prince Rastislav (846 – 870) meant stabilisation of the state, because it was time of Frankish Attacks which were once again stopped. The Frankish sources mention strong forts such as Devín Castle or the fortified town Mikulčice that have been already found by archaeologists. Even if in about 800 AD the territory of today’s Slovakia was already Christianised, Rastislav asked the pope to set a bishopric and send teachers who would teach local priests. Rastislav sought to weaken and stop the influence of the Kingdom of Fanks which constantly sent missionaries whom based on the language barrier the Slavs did not under- stand at all. However, due to good relations with the Kingdom of Franks the pope did not respond to Rastislav’s request.
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