Ministerul Educańiei, Cercetării, Tineretului Şi Sportului Universitatea

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Ministerul Educańiei, Cercetării, Tineretului Şi Sportului Universitatea Ministerul Educa Ńiei, Cercet ării, Tineretului şi Sportului Universitatea „1 Decembrie 1918” Alba Iulia Specializarea Istorie MOBILIT Ăł I CULTURALE ŞI OP łIUNI POLITICE LA ROMÂNII ARDELENI ŞI LA SLOVACI ÎN AUFKLÄRUNG ŞI VORMÄRZ. O ISTORIE COMPARAT Ă - REZUMAT - Coordonator: Prof. univ. dr. Iacob Mârza Doctorand Oana Bodea Alba Iulia 2010 1 CUPRINS Introducere 1. Motiva Ńia cercet ării 2. Istoriografia subiectului I. Un timp al schimb ărilor I.1. Ra Ńiune, progres şi optimism – noua evanghelie propus ă de Iluminism I.2. Iluminismul în context na Ńional I.2.1. Occident – „Republica european ă a literelor” I.2.2. Iluminism şi reform ă în Europa Central ă I.2.3. Manifest ări ale Iluminismului central european: Şcoala Ardelean ă şi Slovenské Učené Tovaryšstvo II. Câmpul intelectual în prima jum ătate a secolului al XIX-lea II.1. Epoca revolu Ńiilor (1789-1848) II.2. Coordonate ale mi şcării na Ńionale în Slovacia şi Transilvania pân ă la Revolu Ńia de la 1848 II.3. Curente politice şi culturale adiacente: panslavism şi latinism. Cehoslovacia III. Artizanii schimb ării: intelectuali ardeleni şi slovaci III.1. Originea social ă a intelectualilor ardeleni şi slovaci III.2. Cultura formativ ă: şcoli na Ńionale şi studii în str ăin ătate. Formarea elitelor moderne III.3. Expansiunea categoriilor intelectuale: laicizarea şi noua profesionalizare III.4. Asem ănări şi deosebiri la nivelul elitelor: Ioan Bob şi Alexander Rudnay III.4.1. Preotul – un nou model ? III.4.2. Ioan Bob şi Alexander Rudnay: origine, educa Ńie, ascensiune ecleziastic ă III.4.3. Ioan Bob şi Alexander Rudnay – dou ă personalit ăŃ i complexe 2 IV. Revolu Ńie lingvistic ă / revolu Ńie na Ńional ă. Problema limbii na Ńionale la popoarele din Imperiul Habsburgic în prima jum ătate a secolului al XIX-lea V. Concluzii VI. Anexe Anexa 1 Cererea slovacilor din Ungaria la Maiestatea Sa Regalo- Imperial ă Apostolic ă Ferdinand al V-lea Anexa 2 Cererile poporului slovac (Liptovský Mikuláš VII. Bibliografie 3 Introducere Istoria popoarelor central europene se întrep ătrunde adânc. Cehii, slovacii, polonezii, ungurii, românii, croa Ńii, slovenii au tr ăit sute de ani o istorie comun ă, care s-a confundat în mare parte cu istoria Imperiului Habsburgic. Rela Ńiile politice şi dinastice dintre aceste popoare, schimburile lor economice şi culturale au creat desigur o cultur ă şi un destin aparte. Criza feudalismului, la începutul secolului al XVI-lea, a marcat o separare de drumuri: în Vest, obliga Ńiile feudale ale Ńă ranilor sunt diminuate, se dezvolt ă civiliza Ńia şi economia urban ă, apar primele elemente precapitaliste; dimpotriv ă, în Europa Central ă structurile feudale sunt înt ărite. Iluminismul şi Epoca Revolu Ńiilor schimb ă esen Ńial coordonatele politice şi culturale ale zonei, preg ătind prefacerile din secolul al XX-lea. Prin Teza de doctorat „Mobilit ăŃ i culturale şi op Ńiuni politice la românii ardeleni şi la slovaci în Aufklärung şi Vormärz . O istorie comparat ă” ne-am propus în primul rând o repozi Ńionare fa Ńă de ceea ce înseamn ă Europa Central ă din perspectiv ă româneasc ă. De prea multe ori istoricii uit ă Transilvania, atunci când vorbesc de Europa Central ă. Uneori uit ă chiar şi Slovacia, incluzându-i atât pe slovaci cât şi pe românii ardeleni, pur şi simplu în istoria Ungariei, f ără prea multe detalii asupra diferitelor popoare care tr ăiau în cadrul regatului maghiar şi care au devenit apoi succesoarele acestuia. De prea multe ori, ne rezum ăm s ă ne includem în Balcani şi în Estul Europei, vorbind de mo şteniri şi tradi Ńii orientale din teama – fireasc ă – de a nu crea un clivaj mai mare decât cel oricum existent între diferitele „Ńă ri” ale României contemporane. Dar România, a şa cum este ea ast ăzi, este o sum ă de tradi Ńii istorice care vorbesc despre Orient prin filiera turc ă şi rus ă, dar şi despre Occident prin cea german ă şi francez ă. O istorie comparat ă a Europei Centrale din perspectiv ă româneasc ă nu s-a scris înc ă, de şi ea ar fi foarte necesar ă. O asemenea lucrare ar trebui s ă trateze cel pu Ńin istoria României, a Ungariei, a Poloniei, a Slovaciei şi a Cehiei. Cercetarea de fa Ńă reprezint ă doar un mic pas în aceast ă direc Ńie prin prezentarea comparat ă a istoriei politice şi culturale a românilor ardeleni şi a slovacilor, între Aufklärung şi Vormärz, în rela Ńie cu cadrul general european dar şi cu cel central european. Dezvoltarea istoric ă a românilor ardeleni şi a slovacilor a fost modelat ă de acela şi eveniment: venirea ungurilor în Câmpia Panonic ă şi st ăpânirea acestora. Eveniment care, de altfel, marcheaz ă profund şi istoria a ceea ce, mult mai târziu, peste 10 secole, va primi numele generic de Europa Central ă. Exist ă multe paralelisme între istoria slovacilor şi cea a românilor ardeleni, fenomene care, din p ăcate, înc ă nu sunt suficient cunoscute şi exploatate la adev ărata lor valoare. Cercetarea de fa Ńă este o încercare de a surprinde doar câteva dintre ele, într-o perioad ă de importante schimb ări şi prefaceri pentru ambele popoare. Chiar şi o examinare sumar ă scoate în eviden Ńă punctul de plecare al cercet ării: slovacii şi românii ardeleni tr ăiau în prima jum ătate a secolului al XIX-lea în cadrul Imperiului Habsburgic sub st ăpânire maghiar ă, dou ă popoare considerate na Ńiuni „neistorice”, f ără niciun drept. Între germani şi maghiari, în secolul rena şterii na Ńionale şi al Revolu Ńiei de la 1848, românii ardeleni şi slovacii au ales de multe ori acelea şi forme de lupt ă cultural ă şi politic ă şi, în func Ńie de particularit ăŃ ile fiec ărui popor, le-au adaptat 4 sau chiar au g ăsit forme noi. Scopul nostru a fost în primul rând acela de a prezenta aceste convergen Ńe şi divergen Ńe într-un cadru mai larg, european, dar şi central european. Pentru c ă este imposil s ă vorbe şti despre slovaci şi românii ardeleni, f ără s ă nu integrezi un asemenea demers istoric cel pu Ńin în cadrul mai larg al Imperiului Habsburgic şi al rela Ńiilor cu maghiarii, germanii sau celelalte popoare slave. În acela şi timp, am încercat - acolo unde s-a putut - s ă subliniem punctele de convergen Ńă cu Europa Occidental ă, demonstrând înc ă o dat ă c ă Europa Central ă nu este un spa Ńiu izolat, ci unul care rezoneaz ă permanent cu Vestul continentului. Pentru epoca Iluminismului, dar şi pentru perioada cuprins ă între 1789 şi 1848, precum şi pentru momentele revolu Ńionare din aceast ă epoc ă am avut la dispozi Ńie o bibliografie bogat ă, atât universal ă, cât şi româneasc ă sau slovac ă. Fiind vorba de o perioad ă a unor schimb ări profunde şi esen Ńiale, care au marcat întreaga Europ ă şi care au declan şat resorturile cre ării unui alt tip de societate, epoca dintre Marea Revolu Ńie Francez ă şi Revolu Ńia de la 1848-1849 a suscitat aten Ńia istoricilor, de la cei contemporani evenimentelor pân ă la studii din ultimii ani. Pentru popoarele din Europa Central ă, aceast ă perioad ă dintre 1780-1848, numit ă de istoriografie generic „rena şterea na Ńional ă”, a devenit una esen Ńial ă şi definitorie pentru fiecare na Ńiune în parte. De aceea, evenimentele epocii au fost abordate în viziuni proprii, nu numai de c ătre istoriografia româneasc ă, ci şi de cea maghiar ă, german ă şi european ă în general, f ără s ă uit ăm şi contribu Ńiile importante ale cercet ătorilor americani. Avem de a face deci cu o istoriografie variat ă şi complex ă, care abordeaz ă probleme şi subiecte diferite, de la cele de ordin general pân ă la studii dedicate special revolu Ńiilor de la 1789 sau 1848, lucr ări care studiaz ă Iluminismul sau Romantismul, pân ă la lucr ări biografice, studii privind istoria mentalit ăŃ ilor sau istoria ideilor, a Bisericii, a elitelor. În consecin Ńă , pentru cercetarea de fa Ńă am avut în vedere mai multe colec Ńii documentare, lucr ări generale şi speciale, monografii, studii şi articole, ap ărute în perioade diferite, încercând s ă extragem o viziune de ansamblu asupra subiectului în sine, dar şi una care s ă con Ńin ă elementele definitorii cu privire la subiectul abordat. Capitolul I Un timp al schimb ărilor Primul capitol al Tezei de doctorat este dedicat Iluminismului. Am prezentat pe larg caracteristicile Iluminismului european dar şi pe ale celui central-european, precum şi modalit ăŃ ile de manifestare în Transilvania, Slovacia, Polonia, Cehia şi Ungaria. Am stabilit, astfel, c ă exist ă diferen Ńe şi asem ănări, c ă se manifest ă mi şcări duble de atrac Ńie şi respingere: Fran Ńa a adus în Europa Iluminismul englez şi l-a r ăspândit în întregul continent ca pe un Iluminism francez, pentru ca apoi s ă se manifeste respingerea german ă fa Ńă de perspectiva unei Europe franceze. Trebuie subliniat un lucru foarte important: nu am negat unitatea fundamental ă a Iluminismului cu privire la modul total diferit de abordare a filosofiei, religiei, educa Ńiei, ci manifest ările sale de exprimare. Aceste manifest ări le-am analizat în termeni geografici (distan Ńa fa Ńă de noile centre ideologice), sociologici (structuri sociale dispuse s ă recep Ńioneze noua ideologie) şi cronologici (decalaje temporale de manifestare). Ne-am concentrat argumenta Ńia asupra variantei germane a Iluminismului, Aufklärung-ul, curent care aduce în Europa Central ă noile idei cu privire la emanciparea 5 omului prin cultur ă, o atitudine critic ă fa Ńă de supersti Ńii, dar şi fa Ńă de Biseric ă, încrederea în Ra Ńiune ca instan Ńă universal ă.
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