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Globalization and the Rise of Militant Islamic Social Movement Organizations: the Ac Se of UAMSHO (Awakening) Group in Zanzibar

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Globalization and the Rise of Militant Islamic Social Movement Organizations: the Ac Se of UAMSHO (Awakening) Group in Zanzibar UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones 12-1-2016 Globalization and the Rise of Militant Islamic Social Movement Organizations: The aC se of UAMSHO (Awakening) Group in Zanzibar. Deogratius Mshigeni University of Nevada, Las Vegas, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations Part of the Sociology Commons Repository Citation Mshigeni, Deogratius, "Globalization and the Rise of Militant Islamic Social Movement Organizations: The asC e of UAMSHO (Awakening) Group in Zanzibar." (2016). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. 2884. https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations/2884 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Scholarship@UNLV. It has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GLOBALIZATION AND THE RISE OF MILITANT ISLAMIC SOCIAL MOVEMENT ORGANIZATIONS: THE CASE OF UAMSHO (AWAKENING) GROUP IN ZANZIBAR. By Deogratius S. Mshigeni Bachelor of Arts University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 1998 Master of Arts in Political Science University of Nevada, Las Vegas 2003 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy - Sociology Department of Sociology College of Liberal Arts The Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas December 2016 Dissertation Approval The Graduate College The University of Nevada, Las Vegas November 18, 2016 This dissertation prepared by Deogratius S. Mshigeni entitled Globalization and the Rise of Militant Islamic Social Movement Organizations: The Case of Uamsho (Awakening) Group in Zanzibar is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy – Sociology Department of Sociology Barbara Brents, Ph.D. Kathryn Hausbeck Korgan, Ph.D. Examination Committee Co- Chair Graduate College Interim Dean David Dickens, Ph.D. Examination Committee Co-Chair Robert Futrell, Ph.D. Examination Committee Member John Tuman, Ph.D. Graduate College Faculty Representative ii ABSTRACT Globalization and the Rise of Militant Islamic Social Movement Organizations: The Case of UAMSHO (awakening) group in Zanzibar. By Deogratius S. Mshigeni Dr. Barbara G. Brents and Dr. David R. Dickens, Examination Committee Chair(s) Professor(s) of Sociology University of Nevada, Las Vegas This dissertation set out to explore how specific aspects of globalization affect the growth and development of particular militant neo-fundamentalist social movements and in what ways globalization affect the resources and collective identity of these movements. To examine this, I conducted ethnographic and archival research and in-depth interviews with 40 activists in the UAMSHO (AWAKENING) group in Zanzibar, which is associated with the rise of violent activities since the first multiparty elections, held in 1995. Most of these activities have been associated with the UAMSHO (AWAKENING) group, that adheres to strict neo- fundamentalist views of Islam, and which calls for Zanzibar to secede from Tanzania, the union with the mainland. In this research, I found that in the context of political turmoil and economic challenges, resource flows from both public and private financiers from the Middle-Eastern States, has deeply shaped UAMSHO's collective identity and mobilization patterns that has increasingly emphasized on revolutionary Islamic neo-fundamentalism ideals. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I would like to give thanks and praise to God, for He is good. Dissertation project is a product of work involving many people; I’m humbled and thankful for many individuals who have helped me along the way. I’m grateful to my family, friends, and colleagues who made this possible. Importantly, I would like to sincerely thank my examination committee co-chairs, Dr. Barbara G. Brents and Dr. David R. Dickens, for their guidance, care and mentorship throughout my time at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas -I can’t thank you enough for the hard work of pushing and guiding me to complete this work in so many ways, I’m forever grateful that you accepted the challenge of mentoring me in the program. Also, would like to extend my sincere appreciation to my other examination committee members- Dr. Robert Futrell and Dr. John Tuman for their invaluable contributions and encouragements throughout the process of completing this study. This has been a long journey and I’m grateful for each of you for your commitment, intellectual encouragements, guidance and comments to enhance this research. Also, my sincere thanks and appreciation to my wife, Dr. S. Mshigeni, your love and spiritual nurturing have motivated me to achieve things beyond my expectations. I would also like to thank my ‘boys’ Brian, Brandon and Braiden, your understanding that dad needs peace and quiet to work and not being loud and raucous, is much appreciated now. I wouldn’t be able to complete this project without your help. Importantly, thank you for constantly praying for me and asking when am I going to finish writing, well it’s done now. Special thanks to my parents - Mr. and Mrs. Mganga and Mr. and Mrs. Kapella for your continuous encouragement, support, love and constant prayers. I would like to thank Dr. M. Kaseko and Mrs. M. Kaseko, for your hospitality, encouragement and support from day one I arrived in Las Vegas. You two are the iv best people in the whole World; I have no words that adequate to express my sincere appreciation for you, than a heartfelt “thank you”. To Juanita Lytel -mom #3 for your love, care and support throughout the years. Also, my siblings, A. Mganga, C. Mganga, F. Mganga, my brothers and sisters’ in-laws –M. Kapella (I couldn’t accomplish this without you!!), V. Agere, F. Msuya, P. Kapella, S. Ndaula, Dr. G. Msuya, D. Agere, G. Mchaki and A. Katemi. My colleagues at UNLV and Riverside –J. Reed, S. Becker, E. Lopez, L. Meyer, T. Dillard, R. Leonard and L. Miller for your support and always offering a word or two of encouragement. Big thank you to Connie Dye and Pam Weiss in the Department office for your immeasurable support and ensuring that I have everything I need to complete my research, words are not enough to express my gratitude for all that you have done. Mark and Barbara Frasier, thank you for your friendship and fellowship. Special thanks and gratitude to all my nieces and nephews that are scattered around the World, remember you are the future, thank you for your prayers. To my late friend, James Rutahindurwa, thank you for all the great sociological discussions that will live with me forever. Furthermore, I would like to thank many individuals, who helped me accomplish this in one way or the other, I can’t mention all in here, just know that I’m thankful for each one of you. Last but not least, my friends and activists I met in Zanzibar, thank you for giving so much of yourselves and enriching me with your lives and experiences, without your willingness to share your stories with me, I wouldn’t be able to accomplish this research, I’m forever grateful. “Trust in the Lord with all your heart, and lean not on your own understanding, in all your ways acknowledge Him, and He shall direct your paths.” Proverbs 3:5-6 v To: Brian, Brandon, and Braiden –You are the FUTURE. Thank you for keeping me grounded. You are a blessing to me and I’m forever grateful for enriching my life. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................................. iv LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................ x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 Militant neo-fundamentalism in Zanzibar ................................................................................ 2 Statement of the Problem and Research Question(s) ............................................................. 4 The Zanzibar setting ................................................................................................................. 7 Zanzibar’s Political Environment .............................................................................................. 8 Outline of Dissertation ........................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ................................................................................... 11 Resources, Collective Identity and Social Movements .......................................................... 11 Globalization ........................................................................................................................... 13 Integrative Consequences of Globalization ........................................................................... 14 Disintegrative Consequences of Globalization ....................................................................... 16 Globalization in East Africa ..................................................................................................... 18 Foreign Aid and Investment (Western and Mid-East
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