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A case study of revolution: Zanzibar and Tanganyika compared Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Devine, Jack Duane Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 06/10/2021 07:06:40 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/554536 A CASE STUDY OF REVOLUTION: ZANZIBAR AND TANGANYIKA COMPARED by Jack Duane Devine A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF GOVERNMENT In partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS . In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 7 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfill­ ment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library, Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author, SIGNED, J9 (P APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: C 7 / 6 / 7 3 Henry C. Kenski Assistant Professor of Government Date PREFACE Interest in this study began with a revolution» In 1964 Zanzibar experienced a revolution which complete­ ly changed her social, economic, and political systems0 My personal interest in that revolution began late in 1964, It was at that time that I was fortunate enough to become a part of an experiment. Ever since President John F, Kennedy established the Peace Corps in 1961, I was attract­ ed to the idea and quickly resolved to join that organiza­ tion as soon as possible. This resolution became a reality in the Fall of 1964 when I was offered and accepted an assignment to Tanganyika, By the time I entered training at Syracuse University, Tanganyika federated with the island state of Zanzibar and became Tanzania, From the day Dr, Fred Burke first lectured us on the politics of Tanzania, I was determined to pursue the study of that area further. The debts incurred in writing this paper are many. One of the largest debts I owe is to Dr, Henry C, Kenski„ This thesis became a reality through the inspiration, encouragement, and innumerable suggestions offered by Dr, Kenski, Many thanks are also due to Dr, Michael P. Sullivan and Dr, Edward J , Williams whose suggestions and insights iv were invaluable to the final form of this paper0 I wish, as well9 to acknowledge the many grammatical suggestions Mr0 Go Leroy Mobley made on this essay0 Last, but by no means least, I owe a debt any married man invariably incurs0 Without the patient understanding and cheerful encouragement of my wife, Karen, the completion of this essay is doubt­ ful 0 Additionally, she spent many hours translating my indecipherable handwriting into type. However, while much of this paper's strengths are directly connected to the contributions of these outstanding friends, the weaknesses are mine and mine alone0 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES @ <, © » o » o © © % © © © © * © © vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS © ©©©©©©©©.©©© vii ABSTRA CT ©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©o©©© v m 1 © INTRODUCTIONS o©©©©©©©©©©©©©©© 1 2 c ZANZIBAR©O OOO 000 0 0 0 00 ©COO 0 0 S Violence in Zanzibar © © © © © © © © © © © © 14 Historical Conclusion© © © © © © © © © © © 16 3 © TANGANYIKA©©©©©©©©©©©©©©o©©© 20 Violence in Tanganyika© © © © © © © © © © © 30 Historical Conclusion© © © © © © © © © © © 35 4 © A HYPOTHESIS©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©o© 39 5c PRECONDITIONS TO REVOLUTION© ©©©©©©©©© 45 The Economy o©©©©©©©©©©©©©©© 45 Landownership © ©o©©©©©©©©©©©© 57 Racial Tension© © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 99 6© AN INTRANSIGENT ELITE© © © © © © © © © © © ©© 115 7© THE ACCELERATOR© © © ©. © © © © © © © © © © © © 129 The Communists o©©©©©©©©©©©.©©© 129 ”The. Prophet Gideon” and Africanized Africa 0 0000000000000© 133 Tanganyika6 ©©ooooooooooooo© 13^ 5 o CONCLUSION ©o ©ooooooooooooo©© 141 APPENDIX As MAPS© © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 14? APPENDIX Bs THE, "OFFICIAL” VERSION OF THE ZANZIBAR REVOLUTION© © © © © © © ©© 154 APPENDIX Cs ORIGINAL MEMBERS OF THE REVOLUTIONARY COUNCIL© © © © © © ©© 163 LIST OF REFERENCES © © © © © © © © © © © © © © I65 V LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1„ Total Export and School Enrollment Figures for Zanzibar, 1957-63 0 O O O <5 O < - 52 2„ Total Exportt G 0 Do P 0 and School Enrollment Figures for Tanganyika, 1952-6] .. 54 3<> Glove Plantations in the Protectorate „ 192300000000000000 00000 0. 59 4„ Land Ownership by Size of Clove Plantation, 19^6 oooooooooooot © 60 5. 1957 Election Results, Zanzibar o o o 0 o 0 o < © 66 60 January, 1961 Election Results, Zanzibar e 000 00 0000 0000 e-o< © 69 7o June, 1961 Election Results, Zanzibar 000000 00 ooeooooo* .71 80 1963 Election Results, Zanzibar 0 o 0 0 o « 0 , © 73 9o Violence in Zanzibar,.1920-64 © 74 10. Alienated-African Cultivated Land Distribution by Province, i960, Tanganyika ooe ooooeooooi. 78 11e African and Non-African Population by Province, 1957, Tanganyika 1000000000000000» 78 120 Violence in Tanganyika, 00 © o 01920 -06 0 0 o 00 o 0 © ©o 96 o 0 o ^ 13= Distribution of Population by Ethnic Community in 1948, Zanzibar . © . © © © ©- □ © © © © © © 101 14© Urban-Rural Population Distribution, Zanzibar ,.©„,©, ©©. © 102 vi . LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1 o Ethnic Groups, Zanzibar „ <,00000 2 0 Land Arability, Zanzibar, o , , , , » 3o Principal Towns, Zanzibar, o 0000 4c Tanganyika Provinces at Independence, 5, Tanganyika Tribes and Their Location, 6, Major Tanganyikan Towns, ,,,.,, ABSTRACT The following essay is a study of revolution0 The Zanzibar Revolution is studied within the framework of Chalmers Johnson's paradigm, multiple dysfunctions plus an intransigent elite plus an accelerator equals a revolutiono Economical failure, inequitable landownership, . and racial animosity are three of the most commonly cited causes of the revolution0 These three factors are examined as possible dysfunctional elements within the Zanzibar society0 In addition, once a probable dysfunction is identified in Zanzibar, that same factor is examined * in a parallel study of a healthy society, Tanganyika is used for this comparative analysis because of its many similarities and close proximity to Zanzibar0 Johnson’s thesis also requires an intransigent elite for the culmination of a revolution0 The leadership of both Zanzibar and Tanganyika are examined for their sensitivity, approachability, and respectability within their respective countries 0 The final ingredient for a revolution is an acceler­ ator, something which ignites the revolutionThree viii ix possible accelerators are identified and examined in Zanzibar5 these are a communist-lead conspiracy, the emmergence of a great leader, and the influence of the Africanization of the African continent. Again, these same factors are examined in Tanganyika, CHAPTER i INTRODUCTION Both democracy and oligarchy are based on a sort of justices but they both fall short of absolute justice„ This is the reason why either side turns to sedition if it does not enjoy the share of constitutional rights which accords-with the conception of justice it happens to entertain<r Students have puzzled the causes of revolution since at least Aristotle0 In the pastc however, these studies have been philosophical judgments - on the causes of revolutionso It has only been in relatively recent times that attempts have been made to develop analytical models within which revolutions can be studied® The following study is an attempt to close that much neglected gap which exists between theory and reality® Only too often are theories found which have never been applied to the concrete world of facts; just as histories are often found with no real purpose beyond the recording of man's past® Certainly the value of both of these scholarly endeavors are not questioned® The suggestion 1 Aristotle 6 Politics <, trans ® Ernest Barker (New York; Oxford University Press, 1962), p„ 204® 1 is merely that these two.:lines of scholarship might tie made more meaningful through an application of history to theoryo The success with which the following study bridges this gap can only tie answered by the reader and how well it encourages further research along this same line of investigation0 Chalmers Johnson provides us with our model0 It is within this analytical scheme of revolution that we propose to study a revolution0 Flexibility, adaptability, and universality within a definite structural guideline are features seemingly offered by Johnson9s paradigma While he identifies a distinct pattern through which revolutions can be studied, he offers no sine qua non* His dysfunctional political system is any political system which experiences basic disruptive activity. In theory, the nature of the political system is irrelevant. For these reasons, Johnson9s model seems ideal for a study on revolution in Africa, It might be prudent, however, at this point to define revolution. Revolution, suggests Johnson, is > change effected by the
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