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The Angolan Revolution, Vol.2, Exile Politics and Guerrilla Warfare (1962-1976)

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The Angolan revolution, Vol.2, Exile Politics and Guerrilla Warfare (1962-1976) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.crp2b20034 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org The Angolan revolution, Vol.2, Exile Politics and Guerrilla Warfare (1962-1976) Author/Creator Marcum, John Publisher Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press (Cambridge) Date 1978 Resource type Books Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Angola, Portugal, Congo, Zambia, Congo, the Democratic Republic of the, North Africa (region), Cuba, South Africa, United States, U.S.S.R. Coverage (temporal) 1962 - 1976 Source Northwestern University Libraries, Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies, 967.3 M322a, v. 2 Rights By kind permission of M.I.T. Press and with thanks to John A. Marcum. Description This is the second volume of John Marcum's classic study of Angolan Nationalism, focused on the period 1962-1976. The chapters include the following: Part I The Pan-African Phase, 1962-1965 Chapter One: The Pattern and Problems of Two-Party Insurgency Chapter Two: Pan-African Takeoff Chapter Three: Pan-African Trajectory Chapter Four: Pan-African Crash: the End of an Illusion Part II: The Tnpartite Phase, 1966-1976 Chapter Five: The Pattern and Problems of Three-Party Insurgency, 1966-1974 Chapter Six: Coup to Civil War to People's Republic Appendix One: Portuguese Colonial Mindset Appendix Two: The Role of Contiguous States Appendix Three: The Liberation Struggle in a World Context Appendix Four: A Partial List of Angolan Nationalist Movements?1962-1976 Format extent 504 pages (length/size) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.crp2b20034 http://www.aluka.org N."Mr. " ", !';l';:f N."Mr. " ", !';l';:f j!'4 114 Z4; te" 5y W.1 - EL'n"I fv; . ..... qw Northwestern University LIBRARY Evanston, Illinois J ~..\v THE ANGOLAN REVOLUTION: EXILE POLITICS AND GUERRILLA WARFARE (1962-1976) pons(Kinshasa) ZAIRE Cabida *ThyrilleKASAI Santa KILU Antdnio Noquj LUo6 9.nela . matioels KasongO do Zaire Sie Sainodore Jbulbooto Lundi Wcp Tomb6co. Mad.*bh .Dambo UE 'A ZAIRE Bob, Lucunga U Ami~e Bessa - Songo P ot A1 ~ ~ ~ C'm~ rdgRe, oneryo (*Kahembe Olundo Arnbriz L0E ,.Negage. z Nanmbuauigonge' Kiiexl n.-b)a Rive, otqmba lorabts Marimba * urem Luanda .0' u *Piri NRTE q ne.di -tung B) * rallania LUANA \"aJiI M-angl -XandaI erqediCrah O.condo MALANGE erqed avlo KT1G CUNASUN on Gale Vila Teixeira CUNA-U do Sousa ODiolo Puorto Amboimn * *uibaia)ls j ~ ' NovaoRedondo Gbl 1-.Andulo I.J HUAMO&Machado. uoCzm. Loio Lats - Luimbale % Norton Bela V~i.. Si 0o0t/ Ben usla Mao . Nova Cisboa DIE Lubl BENGUELA Mariano: / uab.Chiumbn SGago Blvl Vila Attu, do Paivo Coutinho. Sad.Muji. Sudir ria Pinto Nnd Porto Moilmedes.ZABI Sai'a~ MOJAMEOES CAO UAG (NAMIBIANO Map of Angola Studies in Communism, Revisionism, and Revolution (formerly Studies in International Communism), William E. Griffith, general editor 1. Albania and the Sino-Soviet Rift, William E. Griffith (1963) 2. Communism in North Vietnam, P. J. Honey (1964) 3. The Sino-Soviet Rift, William E. Griffith (1964) 4. Communism in Europe, Vol. 1, William E. Griffith, ed. (1964) 5. Nationalism and Communism in Chile, Ernst Halperin (1965) 6. Communism in Europe, Vol. 2, William E. Griffith, ed. (1966) 7. Viet Cong: The Organization and Techniques of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam, Douglas Pike (1966) 8. Sino-Soviet Relations, 1964-1965, William E. Griffith (1967) 9. The French Communist Party and the Crisis of International Communism, Franzois Fejt6 (1967) 10. The New Rumania: From People's Democracy to Socialist Republic, Stephen Fischer-Galati (1967) 11. Economic Development in Communist Rumania, John Michael Montias (1967) 12. Cuba: Castroism and Communism, 1959-1966, Andr~s Suirez (1967) 13. Unity in Diversity: Italian Communism and the Communist World, Donald L. M. Blackmer ( 1967) 14. Winter in Prague: Documents on Czechoslovak Communism in Crisis, Robin Alison Remington, ed. (1969) 15. The Angolan Revolution, Vol. 1: The Anatomy of an Explosion (1950-1962), John A. Marcum (1969) 16. Radical Politics in West Bengal, Marcus F. Franda (1971) 17. The Warsaw Pact: Case Studies in Communist Conflict Resolution, Robin Alison Remington (1971) 18. The Transformation of Communist Ideology: The Yugoslav Case, 1945-1953, A. Ross Johnson (1972) 19. Radical Politics in South Asia, Paul R. Brass and Marcus F. Franda, eds. (1973) 20. The Canal War: Four-Power Conflict in the Middle East, Lawrence L. Whetten (1974) 21. The World and the Great-Power Triangles, William E. Griffith, ed. (1975) 22. The Angolan Revolution, Vol. 2: Exile Politics and Guerrilla Warfare (19621976), John A. Marcum (1978) THE ANGOLAN REVOLUTION VOLUME H EXILE POLITICS AND GUERRILLA WARFARE (1962 -1976) John A. Marcum THE MIT PRESS Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England - ''k C',1 Copyright © 1978 by The Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Marcum, John A The Angolan revolution. Bibliographical footnotes. CONTENTS:-v. 1. The anatomy of an explosion (1950-1962).-v. 2. Exile politics and guerrilla warfare (1962-1976) 1. Angola-History-Revolution, 1961-1975--Collected works. I. Title. II. Series. DT611.75.M37 967'.303 69- 11310 ISBN 0-262-13136-6 (v. 2) FOR EDMUND CONTENTS PREFACE Xiii PROLOGUE I PART I The Pan-African Phase, 1962-1965 CHAPTER ONE THE PATTERN AND PROBLEMS OF TWO-PARTY INSURGENCY 9 External Relations 9 Political Functions 27 Military Functions 39 Two-Party Insurgency 46 CHAPTER TWO PAN-AFRICAN TAKEOFF 62 North African Intrusion 62 Host State Stakes: Congo-Lbopoldville 66 Pan-African Context 70 The Congo Alliance 73 A Congolese Coup 76 Youlou's Response and a Second Front 80 Schism in the MPLA 85 The OAU as Arbiter 93 CHAPTER THREE PAN-AFRICAN TRAJECTORY 100 Response to Recognition: GRAE Organization 100 Response to Recognition: GRAE Geoethnic Outreach 105 X CONTENTS Response to Recognition: GRAE Military Action 113 Rejection but Survival: MPLAIFDLA 121 Brazzaville's Response to Recognition: Operation Cabinda 123 Portugal Holds Fast 125 CHAPTER FOUR PAN-AFRICAN CRASH: THE END OF AN ILLUSION 130 External Dependency 130 Malaise to Schism: GRAE 133 The Cairo Conference 136 The Tshombe Squeeze 141 The Mobutu Reprieve 149 Demise of the Third Party: MPLAIViriato 156 Splintering on the Margins: Labor 157 Rise of a Third Force: UNITA 160 Resurgence and Reverses: The MPLA 169 PART II The Tripartite Phase, 1966-1976 Introduction to Part 11 179 CHAPTER FIVE THE PATTERN AND PROBLEMS OF THREE-PARTY INSURGENCY, 1966- 1974 185 Political Leadership, Doctrine, and Structure 185 Tripolarity and the Quest for Unity 206 The Guerrillas: Mines and Helicopters 210 The External Variable: Alliances, Assistance, and the Adversary 221 CHAPTER SIX COUP TO CIVIL WAR TO PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC 241 Post-Coup Politics 243 Coalition and Transition: The Road to Civil War 255 The Second War of National Liberation: MPLA to PRA 263 Continuities and Verities 275 CONTENTS Xi APPENDIX ONE PORTUGAL'S COLONIAL MINDSET APPENDIX TWO THE ROLE OF CONTIGUOUS STATES APPENDIX THREE THE LIBERATION STRUGGLE IN A WORLD CONTEXT APPENDIX FOUR A PARTIAL LIST OF ANGOLAN NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS-1962-1976 NOTES INDEX 283 303 309 318 447 PREFACE In 1975, Angola exploded upon American consciousness. Superpower collision in a distant and unfamiliar part of southwest Africa threatened to entangle Americans in a new misadventure soon after the time that they had extricated themselves from Vietnam. Uncorked by the Angolan upheaval, the fermenting racial and political issues of all of Southern Africa poured onto the desks of unprepared Washington crisis managers and African affairs became a high priority concern of previously disinterested policymakers. The hows, whos, and whys of the little-known African insurgency that culminated in civil war, international crisis, and a new phase in American-African relations form the substance of this book. It is based on the study of (fully footnoted) data and interviews collected over many years. The author is responsible for translations, including attributed quotations. Often, different words and spellings can be used for names of persons, ethnic groups, or places in Angola. In every case, one form, chosen because it is the most common, distinguishable, or simple, is used in this book. References to the Ovimbundu people of central Angola illustrate the point. The singular form, Ochimbundu, is used for individuals. The collective noun, Ovimbundu, is used in place of the adjectival form, Umbundu (which is also the language spoken by the Ovimbundu), so as to avoid confusion with the Kimbundu-speaking Mbundu people to the north. Predominantly Ovimbundu political groups are referred to as southern rather than central because they so perceive themselves relative to more northerly Bakongo and Mbundu groups.
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  • Independence, Intervention, and Internationalism Angola and the International System, 1974–1975

    Independence, Intervention, and Internationalism Angola and the International System, 1974–1975

    Independence, Intervention, and Internationalism Angola and the International System, 1974–1975 ✣ Candace Sobers Mention the Cold War and thoughts instinctively turn to Moscow, Washing- ton, DC, and Beijing. Fewer scholars examine the significant Cold War strug- gles that took place in the African cities of Luanda, Kinshasa, and Pretoria. Yet in 1975 a protracted war of national liberation on the African continent escalated sharply into a major international crisis. Swept up in the momen- tum of the Cold War, the fate of the former Portuguese colony of Angola captured the attention of policymakers from the United States to Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo), Colombia to Luxembourg. The struggle over Angolan independence from Portugal was many things: the culmination of sixteen years of intense anti-colonial struggle and the launch of 28 years of civil war, a threat to white minority rule in southern Africa, and another battle on the long road to ending empire and colonialism. It was also a strug- gle to define and create a viable postcolonial state and to carry out a radical transformation of the sociopolitical structure of Angolan society. Recent scholarship on Angolan independence has provided an impres- sive chronology of the complicated saga yet has less to say about the wider consequences and ramifications of a crisis that, though located in southern Africa, was international in scope. During the anti-colonial struggle, U.S. sup- port reinforced the Portuguese metropole, contiguous African states harbored competing revolutionaries, and great and medium powers—including Cuba, China, and South Africa—provided weapons, combat troops, and mercenar- ies to the three main national liberation movements.