Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87906-4 - The Kaiser Wilhelm Society under National Socialism Susanne Heim, Carola Sachse and Mark Walker Frontmatter More information

The Kaiser Wilhelm Society under National Socialism

During the first part of the twentieth century, German science led the world. The most important scientific institution in Germany was the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, including institutes devoted to different fields of scientific research. Because these institutions were not connected to universities, researchers in them were not burdened by teaching obliga- tions and enjoyed excellent financial and material support. When the National Socialists came to power in Germany, all of German society, including science, was affected. The picture that previ- ously dominated our understanding of science under National Socialism from the end of the Second World War to the recent past – a picture of leading Nazis ignorant and unappreciative of modern science and of scientists struggling to resist the Nazis – needs to be revised. This book surveys the history of Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes under Hitler, illustrat- ing definitively the cooperation, if not collaboration, between scientists and National Socialists to further the goals of autarky, racial hygiene, war, and genocide.

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87906-4 - The Kaiser Wilhelm Society under National Socialism Susanne Heim, Carola Sachse and Mark Walker Frontmatter More information

The Kaiser Wilhelm Society under National Socialism

SUSANNE HEIM Institute for Contemporary History, Munich/Berlin

CAROLA SACHSE University of Vienna

MARK WALKER Union College

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87906-4 - The Kaiser Wilhelm Society under National Socialism Susanne Heim, Carola Sachse and Mark Walker Frontmatter More information

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi

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© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87906-4 - The Kaiser Wilhelm Society under National Socialism Susanne Heim, Carola Sachse and Mark Walker Frontmatter More information

Heim, Susanne, 1955– The Kaiser Wilhelm society under national socialism / Susanne Heim. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-521-87906-4 (hardback) 1. Kaiser Wilhelm-Gesellschaft zur fvrderung der Wissenschaften. 2. Science and state – Germany – History. 3. National socialism and science – Germany. I. Title. q49.k14174h45 2009 509.43Ł0904–dc22 2008054455

ISBN 978-0-521-87906-4 hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables, and other factual information given in this work are correct at the time of first printing, but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter.

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87906-4 - The Kaiser Wilhelm Society under National Socialism Susanne Heim, Carola Sachse and Mark Walker Frontmatter More information

Thanks and Dedication We would like to thank the Max Planck Society, which has generously supported both the original research program and the publication of this book; Reinhard Rürup and Wolfgang Schieder, who oversaw the research program; Birgit Kolboske, who helped organize this book and, together with Susan Richter and Charlotte Hughes-Kreutzmüller, translated the chapters; and of course the contributors themselves. This book is dedicated to all the victims of National Socialism who suffered and sometimes died in the name of science, or through the actions of scientists, or both.

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87906-4 - The Kaiser Wilhelm Society under National Socialism Susanne Heim, Carola Sachse and Mark Walker Frontmatter More information

Contents

Tables page ix Illustrations xi Editors xiii Contributors xv Abbreviations xvii Archives xxi

1. The Kaiser Wilhelm Society under National Socialism 1 Susanne Heim, Carola Sachse, and Mark Walker

Section I: Research and Personnel Policies 2. A Success Story? Highlighting the History of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society’s General Administration in the Third Reich 19 Rüdiger Hachtmann 3. “No Time to Debate and Ask Questions” – Forced Labor for Science in the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, 1939–1945 47 Bernhard Strebel and Jens-Christian Wagner 4. Adolf Butenandt between Science and Politics: From the Weimar Republic to the Federal Republic of Germany 74 Wolfgang Schieder

Section II: Racial Research 5. Brain Research and the Murder of the Sick: The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Brain Research, 1937–1945 99 Hans-Walter Schmuhl 6. Two Hundred Blood Samples from Auschwitz: A Nobel Laureate and the Link to Auschwitz 120 Achim Trunk

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viii Contents

7. Racial Purity, Stable Genes, and Sex Difference: Gender in the Making of Genetic Concepts by Richard Goldschmidt and Fritz Lenz, 1916 to 1936 145 Helga Satzinger Section III: Eastern Research, Living Space, Breeding Research 8. Kog-Sagyz – A Vital War Reserve 173 Susanne Heim 9. Raw and Advanced Materials for an Autarkic Germany: Textile Research in the Kaiser Wilhelm Society 200 Günther Luxbacher 10. Political Networking and Scientific Modernization: Botanical Research at the KWI for Biology and Its Place in National Socialist Science Policy 227 Bernd Gausemeier Section IV: Military Research 11. Ideology Armaments, and Resources: The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Metal Research and the “German Metals,” 1933–1945 253 Helmut Maier 12. Calculation, Measurement, and Leadership: War Research at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Fluid Dynamics, 1937–1945 283 Moritz Epple 13. Chemical Weapons Research in National Socialism: The Collaboration of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes with the Military and Industry 312 Florian Schmaltz 14. Nuclear Weapons and Reactor Research at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics 339 Mark Walker Section V: The Postwar “Politics of the Past” 15. “Whitewash Culture”: How the Kaiser Wilhelm/Max Planck Society Dealt with the Nazi Past 373 Carola Sachse 16. The Predecessor: The Uneasy Rapprochement between Carl Neuberg and Adolf Butenandt after 1945 400 Michael Schüring

Bibliography 419 Index 469

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Tables

2.1 Revenues of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, the Prussian Academy of Sciences, and the German Research Foundation from 1924 to 1944 page 23 11.1 Board of Trustees of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Metal Research in 1939 267 11.2 Members of the Al-Zn-Mg-Alloys Consortium and the Composition of the Proposed Alloys (remainder aluminum) 277 13.1 Research on Gas Defense and Chemical Weapons at Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes during National Socialism 314 13.2 Reich Research Council – Specialized Section for Organic Chemistry (Head Richard Kuhn) Research Contracts on Chemical Weapons in the Years 1943/1944 330 13.3 Scientific Staff of the Chemical Weapons Department at the KWI for Medical Research (status: around March 1943) 334

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© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87906-4 - The Kaiser Wilhelm Society under National Socialism Susanne Heim, Carola Sachse and Mark Walker Frontmatter More information

Illustrations

11.1 The great line in the movement of raw materials page 260 11.2 Aluminum consumption per capita in various countries in 1939 264 11.3 Aluminum corner of the Aluminum-Zinc- Magnesium ternary system 275 14.1 Chain reactions in uranium 355

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© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87906-4 - The Kaiser Wilhelm Society under National Socialism Susanne Heim, Carola Sachse and Mark Walker Frontmatter More information

Editors

Susanne Heim is project coordinator of the documentation project “The Persecution and Extermination of the European Jews by Nazi Germany 1933–1945” at the Institute for Contemporary History in Munich and Berlin, and she has previously been the Charles Revson Fellow at the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C., and research director of the Max Planck Society’s Research Program on the History of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society in the National Socialist Era. She is the author of Plant Breeding and Agrarian Research in Kaiser- Wilhelm-Institutes 1933–1945: Calories, Caoutchouc, Careers (2008) and (with Götz Aly) Architects of Annihilation: Auschwitz and the Logic of Destruction (2003) and editor of Autarkie und Ostexpansion: Pflanzenzucht und Agrarforschung in Nationalsozialismus (2002).

Carola Sachse is full professor of contemporary history at the University of Vienna and from 2000 to 2003 served as research director of the Max Planck Society’s Research Program on the History of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society in the National Socialist Era. She is the editor (with Mark Walker) of Politics and Science in Wartime: Comparative Perspectives on the Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes (2005) and Die Verbindung nach Auschwitz: Biowissenschaften und Menschenversuche an Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instituten (2003) as well as author of Der Hausarbeitstag: Gerechtigkeit und Gleichberechtigung in Ost und West 1939–1994 (2002), Siemens, der Nationalsozialismus und die moderne Familie: Eine Untersuchung zur sozialen Rationalisierung in Deutschland im 20. Jahrhundert (1990), and Industrial Housewives: Women’s Social Work in the Factories in Nazi Germany (1987).

Mark Walker is John Bigelow Professor of History, Department of History, Union College, Schenectady, in New York and has received grants from the German Academic Exchange Service, the Social Science

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xiv Editors

Research Council, and the Humboldt Foundation. He is the author of German National Socialism, and the Quest for Nuclear Power, 1939–1949 (1989) and Nazi Science: Myth, Truth, and the German Atom Bomb (1995); he has edited (with Monika Renneberg) Science, Technology, and National Socialism (1993), Science and Ideology: A Comparative History (2003), and (with Dieter Hoffmann) Physiker zwischen Autonomie und Anpassung – Die DPG im Dritten Reich (2007).

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Contributors

Moritz Epple Historical Seminar, University of Frankfurt, Germany Bernd Gausemeier Max Planck Institute for History of Science, Berlin, Germany Rüdiger Hachtmann Center for Contemporary Historical Research (ZZF) in Potsdam and Institute for Philosophy and History of Science and Technology, Technical University of Berlin, Germany Susanne Heim Documentation Project “Persecution of Jews 1933–1945,” Institute for Contemporary History, Munich and Berlin, Germany Günther Luxbacher Institute for Philosophy and History of Science and Technology, Technical University of Berlin, Germany Helmut Maier Institute for History of Technology and the Environment, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Germany Carola Sachse Institute for Contemporary History, University of Vienna, Austria Helga Satzinger Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine, University College London, United Kingdom Wolfgang Schieder (Emeritus) Historical Seminar, University of Cologne, Germany Florian Schmaltz Historical Seminar, University of Frankfurt, Germany Hans-Walter Schmuhl Faculty for History, Philosophy, and Theology, University of Bielefeld, Germany Michael Schüring Department of History, University of California at Berkeley, United States Bernhard Strebel Foundation for Memorials in Lower Saxony, Germany

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xvi Contributors

Achim Trunk Historisches Seminar, University of Cologne, Germany Jens-Christian Wagner Concentration Camp Memorial Mittelbau-Dora, Nordhausen, Germany Mark Walker Department of History, Union College, Schenectady, New York, United States

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Abbreviations

ADM Archives of the German Museum, Munich (Archiv des Deutschen Museums) AEL Labor Education Camps (Arbeitserziehungslager) APS American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia AVA Aerodynamics Testing Institute (Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt) BArch Federal German Archives (Bundesarchiv) BIOS British Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee BLA Main Brandenburg State Archives (Brandenburgisches Landeshauptarchiv) CIOS Combined Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee DAF German Labor Front (Deutsche Arbeitsfront) DA-FB Dean’s Archive of the Department of Medicine, Frankfurt University (Frankfurt am Main), Human Genetics, Institute for Heredity (Dekanatsarchiv des Fachbereichs Medizin der Universität Frankfurt am Main, Humangenetik, Institut für Vererbungswissenschaften) DFG German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) DGM German Society for Metal Science (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Metallkunde) DMV German Association of Mathematicians (Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung) DVA SS German Experimental Institute for Nutrition and Alimentation (Deutsche Versuchsanstalt für Ernährung und Verpflegung) DVL German Experimental Station for Aviation (Deutsche Versuchsanstalt für Luftfahrt) HAKrupp Krupp Historical Archive, Essen (Historisches Archiv Krupp) HWA German Army Ordnance (Heereswaffenamt)

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xviii Abbreviations

IDO Institute for German Work in the East (Institut für deutsche Ostarbeit) IWZ Institute for Applied Army Research (Institut für wehrwis- senschaftliche Zweckforschung) KRA Department for Raw Materials of War in the Armed Forces Ministry (Kriegsrohstoff-Abteilung im Reichswehrministerium) KWI Kaiser Wilhelm Institute KWIA KWI for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics (KWI für Anthropologie, menschliche Erblehre und Eugenik) KWIB KWI for Biology (KWI für Biologie) KWIBC KWI for Biochemistry (KWI für Biochemie) KWIBF KWI for Bast Fiber Research (KWI für Bastfaserforschung) KWIBR KWI for Breeding Research (KWI für Züchtungsforschung) KWIC KWI for Chemistry (KWI für Chemie) KWIFD KWI for Fluid Dynamics (KWI für Strömungsforschung) KWIHF KWI for Brain Research (KWI für Hirnforschung) KWIMR KWI for Medical Research (KWI für medizinische Forschung) KWIMT KWI for Metal Research (KWI für Metallforschung) KWIP KWI for Physics (KWI für Physik) KWIPC KWI for Physical Chemistry (KWI für physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie) KWS Kaiser Wilhelm Society (Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft) MPG- Archives of the Max Planck Society, Berlin (Archiv zur Archiv Geschichte der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft) MPS Max Planck Society (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft) NA National Archives, Washington, D.C. NDW Emergency Foundation for German Science (Notgemeinschaft der deutschen Wissenschaften) NS National Socialist (nationalsozialistisch) NSBDT National Socialist League of German Engineers (NS-Bund Deutscher Technik) NSDAP National Socialist German Workers Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei) OKH German Army’s High Command (Oberkommando des Heeres) OKL Supreme Command of the Air Force (Oberkommando der Luftwaffe) OKM Supreme Command of the Navy (Oberkommando der Marine) OKW Supreme Command of the Armed Forces (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht) PAW Prussian Academy of Sciences (Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften)

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Abbreviations xix

PRO Public Records Office, London RDI Reich Association of German Manufacturers (Reichsverband Deutscher Industrieller) REM Reich Ministry for Education and Science (Reichserziehungsministerium) RFR Reich Research Council (Reichsforschungsrat) RLM Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium) RMEL Reich Ministry for Food and Agriculture (Reichsministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft) RNS Reich Food Estate (Reichsnährstand) RSHA SS Reich Security Main Office (Reichssicherheitshauptamt) RuSHA SS Main Race and Settlement Department (Rasse- und Siedlungshauptamt) RVB Reich Association of Bast Fibers (Reichsvereinigung Bastfaser) RWA Reich Office for Economic Expansion (Reichsamt für Wirtschaftsausbau) RWM Reich Ministry of Economics (Reichswirtschaftsministerium) SGP Samuel Goudsmit Papers, Niels Bohr Library, Center for the History of Physics, American Institute of Physics, College Park, Maryland SN Nuremberg State Archives (Staatsarchiv Nürnberg) SS Schutzstaffel USHMM United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C. VDI Association of German Engineers (Verein Deutscher Ingenieur) VOMI Ethnic German agency (Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle) WTF Faculty of Defense Technology (Wehrtechnische Fakultät) at the Technical University of Berlin WVHA SS Office of Economic Administration (Wirtschafts- Verwaltungshauptamt) ZFO Head Office for Research into the East (Zentrale für Ostforschung) ZSL Central Office of the Justice Administration for Investigation of NS Crimes in Ludwigsburg (Zentrale Stelle der Landesjustizverwaltungen zur Aufklärung von NS-Verbrechen in Ludwigsburg)

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Archives

American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia [http://www.amphilsoc.org/ library/manuscri.htm] Archives of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences (Archiv der Berlin- Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften) [http://o2f.fh-potsdam. de/fotoarchive/Archive/Archiv_der_BB_Akademie_der_Wissenschaften/ Archiv_der_BB_Akademie_der_Wissenschaften.htm] Archives of the German Museum, Munich (Archiv des Deutschen Museums) [http://www.deutsches-museum.de/archiv] Archives of the Humboldt University of Berlin (Archiv der Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin) Archives of the Institute for History of Medicine of Heidelberg University, Kuhn Papers (Archiv des Instituts für Geschichte der Medizin der Universität Heidelberg, NL Kühn) [http://www.medgesch.uni-hd.de] Archives of the Leopoldina, Halle (Archiv der Leopoldina) [http://www. leopoldina-halle.de/cms/de/akademie/archiv.html] Archives of the Max Planck Society, Berlin (Archiv zur Geschichte der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft) [http://www.archiv-berlin.mpg.de/wiki/deutsch.php] Archives of the Occupation of France by Germany and Austria (Archives de l’occupation française en Allemagne et en Autriche) [http://www. diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/ministere_817/archives-patrimoine_3512/archives- diplomatiques_5142/lieux-conservation_12634/colmar_12637/bureau- archives-occupation-francaise-allemagne-autriche_26467.html] Archives of the University of Arizona [http://www.library.arizona.edu] Archives of the University of Göttingen (Universitätsarchiv Göttingen) [http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~uniarch]

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xxii Archives

Archives of the University of Heidelberg (Universitätsarchiv Heidelberg) [http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~n31/index.htm] Archives of the University of Münster (Universitätsarchiv Münster) [http:// www.uni-muenster.de/Archiv] Berlin State Archives (Landesarchiv Berlin) [http://www.landesarchiv- berlin.de/lab-neu/start.html] Bodleian Library Oxford [http://www.ouls.ox.ac.uk/bodley] Center for Research on Anti-Semitism, Berlin (Zentrum für Antisemitismusforschung) [http://zfa.kgw.tu-berlin.de/archiv.htm] Central Office of the Justice Administration for Investigation of NS Crimes in Ludwigsburg (Zentrale Stelle der Landesjustizverwaltungen zur Aufklärung von NS-Verbrechen in Ludwigsburg) [http://www.zentrale-stelle.de] Dean’s Archive of the Department of Medicine, Frankfurt University (Frankfurt am Main), Human Genetics, Institute for Heredity (Dekanatsarchiv des Fachbereichs Medizin der Universität Frankfurt am Main, Humangenetik, Institut für Vererbungswissenschaften) [http://www.ub.uni-frankfurt.de] Degussa Company Archives, Frankfurt am Main (Unternehmensarchiv der Degussa) [http://www.archive.nrw.de/Wirtschaftsarchive/DegussaAG_ StandortMarl/index.html] Federal German Archives, in Koblenz, Berlin, and Dahlwitz-Hoppegarten (Bundesarchiv) [http://www.bundesarchiv.de] Heisenberg Papers, Max Planck Institut für Physik und Astrophysik, Munich Imperial War Museum, London [http://collections.iwm.org.uk/?PHPSESSID= 1e62144fc0b046d726c40cef3136e123] Institute for Contemporary History, Munich (Institut für Zeitgeschichte) [http://www.ifz-muenchen.de/archiv.html] Krupp Historical Archive, Essen (Historisches Archiv Krupp) [http://www. thyssenkrupp.de/de/konzern/geschichte_archive.html] Leo Baeck Institute, New York [http://www.lbi.org/archives.html] Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. [http://www.loc.gov/index.html] Main Brandenburg State Archives (Brandenburgisches Landeshauptarchiv) [http://www.landeshauptarchiv-brandenburg.de] National Archives, Washington, D.C. [http://www.archives.gov]

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Archives xxiii

Nuremberg State Archives (Staatsarchiv Nürnberg) [http://www.gda.bayern.de/ archive/nuernberg/index.php] Political Archives of the Foreign Office Politisches( Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes) [http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/de/AAmt/PolitischesArchiv/ Uebersicht.html] Prussian State Archives (Geheimes Staatsarchiv preußischer Kulturbesitz) [http://www.gsta.spk-berlin.de] Public Records Office, London http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/default.[ htm] Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, N.Y. [http://archive.rockefeller. edu] Samuel Goudsmit Papers, Niels Bohr Library, Center for the History of Physics, American Institute of Physics, College Park, Maryland [http://www. aip.org/history/nbl] United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C. [http://www. ushmm.org/research/collections]

Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes Mentioned in this Book German Entomological Institute (Deutsches Entomologisches Institut) German Research Institute for Psychiatry (Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Psychiatrie) KWI for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics (KWI für Anthropologie, menschliche Erblehre und Eugenik) KWI for Bast Fiber Research (KWI für Bastfaserforschung) KWI for Biochemistry (KWI für Biochemie) KWI for Biology (KWI für Biologie) KWI for Biophysics (KWI für Biophysik) KWI for Brain Research (KWI für Hirnforschung) KWI for Breeding Research (KWI für Züchtungsforschung) KWI for Cell Physiology (KWI für Zellphysiologie) KWI for Cellulose Fiber Research (KWI für Zellwollforschung) KWI for Chemistry (KWI für Chemie) KWI for Coal Research (KWI für Kohlenforschung)

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xxiv Archives

KWI for Comparative Public Law and International Law (KWI für auslän- disches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht) KWI for Cultivated Plants Research (KWI für Kulturpflanzenforschung) KWI for Fluid Dynamics (KWI für Strömungsforschung) KWI for Iron Research (KWI für Eisenforschung) KWI for Labor Physiology (KWI für Arbeitsphysiologie) KWI for Leather Research (KWI für Lederforschung) KWI for Medical Research (KWI für medizinische Forschung) KWI for Metal Research (KWI für Metallforschung) KWI for Physical Chemistry (KWI für physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie) KWI for Physics (KWI für Physik) KWI for Silicate Research (KWI für Silikatforschung) KWI for Stockbreeding Research (KWI für Tierzuchtforschung) KWI for Textile Fiber Research (KWI für Faserstoffchemie) Research Unit for Virus Research (Arbeitsstätte für Virusforschung)

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