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ABSTRACT NIX, ANISHA MAHESH. Investigating ABSTRACT NIX, ANISHA MAHESH. Investigating the Links Among Stereotypes, Self-Image, and Career Commitment to the Sciences. (Under the direction of Mary B. Wyer). Women have historically been underrepresented in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. One reason for this continued underrepresentation might be existing stereotypes of STEM fields, as well as the lack of historical role models within these fields. A longitudinal analysis conducted over a one- semester period in an introductory Chemistry course was conducted to explore the effects of a curriculum intervention that introduced the contributions of women to chemistry on students’ stereotypes about STEM fields, self perceptions, and their commitment to STEM fields. Results indicate that stereotypes about scientists in this sample include masculine, feminine, and neutral characteristics and that there was some change in stereotypes after the intervention. Furthermore, women in the sample had higher career commitment to the sciences than men and women who were STEM majors had a better fit between stereotypes and self perceptions than did women who were not STEM majors. Investigating the Links Among Stereotypes, Self-Image, and Career Commitment to the Sciences by Anisha Mahesh Nix A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Psychology Raleigh, North Carolina 2009 APPROVED BY: _______________________________ ______________________________ Dennis O. Gray Shevaun Neupert ________________________________ Mary B. Wyer Chair of Advisory Committee DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my family. To my mother, whose support and guidance have been invaluable in my education and my life. To my father, who has always believed in my ability to achieve any goal. To my husband, whose love and support have made it possible for me to achieve this particular goal. And to Luke—your existence in my life has pushed me to higher aspirations. ii BIOGRAPHY Anisha Nix was born in India, where she spent the first nine years of her life. Upon relocating with her family to the U.S., she spent most of the remainder of her childhood and adolescence in Grayslake, IL. She attended Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and graduated in December, 2005 with a Bachelor of Science in Psychology and a Bachelor of Arts in Spanish. She went on to attend graduate school at North Carolina State University, where her primary research interest was the underrepresentation of women in the sciences. Anisha lives in North Carolina with her husband, their son, and a small zoo of animal companions. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledge the many people who have been instrumental in the completion of this project. First, I would like to thank my advisor, Mary Wyer, who has unwaveringly supported me through numerous changes and edits and whose guidance has helped me navigate the maze of graduate school for the past three years. I would also like to thank my other committee members, Dennis Gray and Shevaun Neupert, who have provided me with insightful questions, thoughtful answers, and a push in the right direction. I am indebted to my peers in the Stereotypes lab, both past and present, who have shown me the ropes and have been there through the setbacks and celebrations of this process. This project could not have been carried out without Maria Oliver-Hoyo and Ana Ison, of the Chemistry department, who were invaluable in the creation of the intervention and in the data collection process. Finally, I would like to thank my friends and family members, who have supported me and believed in me during this process. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................vii LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................viii INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................1 LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................2 Career Development............................................................................................2 Attrition and Persistence in STEM Majors .........................................................10 Self Concept...................................................................................................... 13 Gender and Occupational Stereotypes................................................................14 Stereotype Threat............................................................................................... 20 Difference in Interests........................................................................................ 22 Past Interventions .............................................................................................. 24 PURPOSE OF STUDY................................................................................................. 26 METHOD ..................................................................................................................... 28 Research Design................................................................................................ 28 Setting and Population....................................................................................... 28 Procedures......................................................................................................... 29 Survey Instrument.............................................................................................. 31 RESULTS..................................................................................................................... 33 Exclusion of Data .............................................................................................. 33 Power................................................................................................................ 33 v Stereotypes of Scientists .................................................................................... 34 Fit Score............................................................................................................ 42 Group Differences in Fit .................................................................................... 43 Fit and Career Commitment............................................................................... 43 Effects of Gender............................................................................................... 45 Exploratory Analyses......................................................................................... 50 Major .....................................................................................................51 Self Image ..............................................................................................57 Individual Level Beliefs about Scientists .................................................58 DISCUSSION............................................................................................................... 61 Major Results .................................................................................................... 63 Limitations ........................................................................................................ 66 Conclusions and Implications ............................................................................ 67 Future Directions............................................................................................... 69 REFERENCES.............................................................................................................. 71 APPENDICES .............................................................................................................. 83 Appendix A: In-Class Modules..........................................................................84 Appendix B: Online Modules.............................................................................90 Appendix C: Careers in Science Survey.............................................................98 Appendix D: Intervention Timeline.................................................................. 118 Appendix E: Participants ................................................................................. 119 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Items on Stereotypes of Scientists Scale ............................................................ 35 Table 2. Exploratory Factor Analysis Results for Observations of Scientists Scale, Time 1 .....................................................................................................40 Table 3. Exploratory Factor Analysis Results for Career Commitment Scale, Time 1 ....................................................................................................44 Table 4. Analysis of Variance Results, Gender ............................................................... 48 Table 5. Hierarchical Regression Results ...................................................................... 50 Table 6. Analysis of Variance Results, Major ................................................................ 56 Table 7. Analysis of Variance Results, Total Fit Score ...................................................60 Table 8. Hierarchical Regression Results, Total Fit Score .............................................61 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Fit Scores by Time and Gender ......................................................................
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