VOLUME X NUMBER 7 * Destroying World Poverty: SOUTHERN President Nyerere Speaks * Sanctions Breakers A[RICA Selling Oil to Rhodesia SEPTEMBER 1977 * Artists Against Apartheid 11,-10 $1 eoog

SEYCHELLESIS. .?

COMOROIS.

Tananarive 0

MALAGASY CORRECTION PUBLIC In the article What Arms Em bargo?by Sean Gervasi, the Ford Motor Company was incorrectly listed as licensing Oto Melara to produce equipment. The sen tence should have read: For ex Maseru ample, the FMC Corporation has licensed Oto Melara, a major Italian arms manufacturer, to produce a version of the M-113A1 armored personnel carrier. We apologize for any inconvenience casued by this error. Contents SOUTHERN A RICA SEPTEMBER 1977 VOLUME X NUMBER 7

2 DESTROYING WORLD POVERTY: Our Collective: PRESIDENT NYERERE SPEAKS Barbara Barnes Carole Benglesdorf Wes Cohen Paddy Colligan Jennifer Davis Michael Davis Charlie Ebel Mimi Edmunds Carolyn Fleuhr-Lobban Nancy Gear Peggy Halsey Janet Hooper Paul Irish Tami Hultman Allen Isaacman Bill Johnston Marci Kerr Richard Knight Reed Kramer Richard Leonard Richard Lobban Edgar Lockwood Bill Minter Ruth Minter Susan Rogers Christine Root Karen Rothmeyer Mike Shuster Janet Siskind Pat Smith Jinni Stroman John Stroman Stephanie Urdang Roberta Washington Jim Weikart 8 SANCTION BREAKERS SELLING OIL TO RHODESIA 12 ARTISTS AGAINST APARTHEID 4 A FINE FACE FOR APARTHEID 15 JUSTICE DEPARTMENT SUES SOUTH AFRICAN LOBBYISTS

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SEPTEMBER 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 1 Destroying World Poverty: President Nyerere Speaks

During his state visit to the United ment. The call for human equality and assessment of the arrangements under States, President Julius Nyerere of justice was-and is-incompatible which nations deal with each other on Tanzania was awarded an honorary with racism; it therefore backs up our economic matters; that is, about the degree by Howard University on Au natural opposition to apartheid and ra results of institutions and arrange gust 5. He took the opportunity to de cial discrimination of which we have ments which dominate international fi iver to the large and very supportive been victims for so long. Also, the de nance, trade, investment, and so on. audience, a major address, analyzing mand for a welfare state, and the aboli Nations which are rich and poor, so some of the forces involved in the con tion of poverty, reverberated from the cialist and capitalist, have an equal in tinuing impoverishment of the poor developed nations to the poor ones. A terest in these matters,although the nationsof the world and calledfor pro life of poverty and inequality was being quantity of our involvement in interna found changes in the system of distrib rejected everywhere in the world. tional exchange is so very unequal. In ution of the world's resources. Presi The political demand for freedom ternational trade across the economic dent Nyerere's forceful and critical leads to a separation of the colonized divide is important to America; this comments received almost no coverage and the colonizer. But economically country imports over 30 per cent of its in the American Press;to make it avail the situation is very different; our na oil, as well as many other raw mater able to our readers we have thus de tions are locked together. It is not pos ials, from underdeveloped nations, cided to print the speech in full. sible, much less desirable, for a newly and about one third of America's ex independent nation to cut all economic ports are sold to poor nations. Tanzania links with its metropolitan trading could probably survive at subsistence Mr. President; Your Excellencies; partner or other developed nations. level without trade with the developed Ladies and Gentlemen: economies; but it could not do much more. Trade and investment relations I am going to speak to you about between rich and poor nations are im Poverty or more specifically, the rela A man who needs to sell his la portant to both rich and poor; both tions etween the Haves and the should participate in their regulation. Have-nots of the World. Your country bor in order to buy bread and At present this is not so. is the richest in the world. With some 6 the man who controls both his per cent of the world's population I am employment and the price of The complaint of the poor nations against the present system is not only told that you use over 30 per cent of the bread are not equal. Their rela non-renewable resources available in a that we are poor both in absolute terms year. tionship is one of dependence and in comparison with the rich na and dominance. tions. It is also that within the existing My own country, Tanzania, has the structure of economic interaction we doubtful distinction of being included must remain poor, and get relatively among the United Nations list of the 25 poorer, whatever we do. E oorest countries of the world. Per aps it is not surprising, therefore, that But a re-examination by the new state I am one of those people who com of the economic relationships which Getting Poorer grew up during the colonial period is What poverty means for the poor plain bitterly about the present world inevitable. Experience, combined economic system and loudly demand countries is not understood in a coun that it should be changed. I would like with analysis, then quickly teaches the try like this. It has been estimated that young and poor nations that the pres the poor nations have more than 70 per to try to explain what, as we see it, the ent international economic system problem IS, and why the poor nations and inevitably to cent of the world's population and only are demanding fundamental changes. works automatically about 17 per cent of the Gross National their disadvantage. There is an auto matic transfer of wealth from the Poor Product. More important, this imbal We Are All Involved countries, where it is needed to pro ance is getting progressively worse; It is through contact with what are vide the necessities of life, to the Rich the average per capitia incomes in the called the Developed Market Econo countries where it is spent on creating oorest nations of all-with 1,200 mil mies that we in the Third World have ion people- increased by roughly $2 and meeting new wants. per annum (in constant money terms) become conscious of the twentieth From the Poor To the Rich between 1965 and 1975. The per cap century world. During the Second in World War our soldiers in Burma and This is not an ideological judge ita incomes in the rich nations North Africa were told they were fight ment. Capitalist and socialist Third creased by about $130 per annum in ing for Freedom; in the colonial World countries recognize the same the same period. schools we heard of the demand "No truth. Nor is it a comment, for exam Tanzania's per capita national in taxation without representation. " ple, on capitalism within the U.S.A., come is now $140, that of the United These teachings made the anti-colonial or socialism withn Tanzania; each na States is $7,100. And although there is struggle intellectuallv logical and rein tion has the right to choose its own no such thing as an "average" Tanzan forced our own instinct for self-govern social and economic system. It is an ian or American, figures expressed in

2 SOUTHERN AFRICA/SEPTEMBER 1977 Such contrasting living standards bargaining between equals, with are connected; they result from the prices being the combined actions and distribution of the wealth produced by wishes of sellers and buyers. In prac the combined efforts of farmer, ship tice international exchange does not per and distributor. And that distribu operate in such a free manner. Yet the tion is arranged by men, i.e. by the theory continues to be taught and ad systems of production and interna vocated, and the young countries are tional exchange which men have cre lectured on its virtues, and admon ated. ished not to try to interfere with it. What Free Market? The Present International Unfortunately the theory bears little Economic Structure relation to fact. Equality between na The present international economic tions of the modern world is only a and legal structure has developed legal equality. It is not an economic gradually out of the interaction be reality. Tanzania and America are not tween the different nations of Europe, equal. A man who needs to sell his and then the United States and the labor in order to buy bread and the British Dominions. Their cultures man who controls both his employ were basically similar, their know ment and the price of bread are not ledge--or their access to it-was never equal. Their relationship is one of de greatly different from one another. pendence and dominance. Even so, there were great economic Nor is it true that prices are deter conflicts, and even wars, before the mined by the operations of a free mar evolution of those conventions, insti ket, that is, by discussion and compro tutions, and practices which are now mise between sellers and buyers. The regarded as normal, and even natural, price of manufactured goods is fixed by Informationszentrum Dritte Welt rules and mechanisms of international the producers; if any competition en exchange. President Julius Nyerere ters into the situation at all, it is be In this process the countries which tween giant firms like Ford, General are now known as the Third World Motors, and Volkswagen. It is cer these terms do illustrate the wealth were not involved. They were either tainly no use the Tanzanian Motor which is available for use and distribu colonies of one or the other major pow Corporation trying to argue with any tion. On that basis it would take the ers, or were so weak or so far away from one of these firms about their prices; if average Tanzanian more than 50 years the mainstream of economic inter it is not willing to pay what is asked, to earn what that average American course that they could be-and were the vehicles will wait in stock and Tan earns in one year. The Tanzanian's ex ignored. zania will continue without transport. pectation of life at birth is about 45 The dominant philosophy of inter Conversely, the price of primary years! national exchange which we met at in products is fixed by the purchasers. What really matters, however, is not dependence-and which still prevails The producers put on the market the statistics, it is what these contrasts -is that of a "free market." In theory whatever they have managed to grow mean for people's lives and the ser this means unfettered competition and or mine in that year; the goods are vices which are available to them. In Tanzania the infant mortality rate is about 152 per 1,000; in America it is about 18 per 1,000. \y country, which is bigger in area and population than Texas and Oklahoma together, has a total of 1,400 miles of tarred roads as against 31,000 in those two states; our per capita consum ption of sugar is less than a quarter of that in U.S.A.; mal nutrition is still widespread; education and health care are, in world terms, an aspiration not a fact, and so on and so forth. This poverty does not arise exclu sively from Tanzanian actions--or lack of them. A hard-working Tanzanian peasant family, if the weather is kind, can by their combined efforts earn from their farm just a little more than is needed for subsistence; it takes them years of saving to buy a bicycle. A school-leaver in this country, who may work in the store-room of a firm dis tributing the sisal our peasants grow, will receive an income sufficient to run Informationzentrum Dritte Welt a car.

SEPTEMBER 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 3 often perishable, and in any case the meet tariff barriers, quota regulations, suffering from endemic diseases fa poor nations are desperate for foreign or other devices intended to keep mous for their hard work and initiative exchange and have no facilities for stor them out of the markets of the rich. -- or their resistance to spurious prom age-known facts which further The "'free market" becomes less free! ises of quick salvation! weaken their bargaining position! A For these goods are said to be the pro The poor nations of the world re small number of purchasers then de ducts of sweated labor, although the main poor because they are poor, and cide how much they will buy, at what employees in such factories have because they operate as if they were price. Only if natural disaster has made higher incomes than workers who pro equals in a world dominated by the the year's supply unusually low will duce the quite acceptable raw com rich. The tendency is not different their competition push the price up. modities. The President of the World within nations; the farming communi The Poor Are Price-takers Bank has estimated that the undevel ties and the urban poor remain poor, oped nations could sell an extra $33 and become progressively worse off The primary producing countries billion worth of goods to the developed relative to the rich, because they oper which need to import manufactured world if existing trade barriers were ate within an economic structure dom goods are thus price-takers, not price lifted. Even allowing for the inevitable inated by the latter. But within nations makers, both as seller and as buyer. inaccuracy of such figures, it does ap -even within capitalist America We sell cheap and we buy dear, pear that such actions could enable us counteracting steps are taken by the whether we like it or not. This is the to reduce our beggary to some extent! state. Progressive income tax, welfare position of most Third World countries Further, the poor nations have to payments, Medicaid, farm support -with the recent exception of the oil programs, as well as anti-trust legisla producers, who do now fix their own ship both their imports and their ex ports tion, etc., may still be politically con prices for the oil they sell. It is perhaps in ships owned and managed in tentious issues; they may or may not be not surprising therefore, that the the developed countries. The freight rates are mostly fixed by a shipper's very efficient in fulfilling their pur terms of trade between the developing poses. But hardly anyone denies the and developed countries have moved cartel-OPEC did not invent the idea so steadily and consistently against the of combining to fix the price of a vital commodity! This cartel has an appar ently ineradicable bias against carrying processed goods away from East Af The primary producing coun rica: for a ton, it costs $41 to ship raw tries which need to import man sisal and $73 to ship twine from and to ufactured goods are thus price the same port, with similar differen tials between cotton lint and textiles, takers, not price-makers, both hides and leather, and so on. as seller and buyer. We sell cheap and we buy dear, wheth Poverty Breeds Poverty er we like it or not. Success breeds success and riches breed riches. Poverty also breeds pov erty. It is easier and cheaper to start an former; taking 1963 as a base the industry or expand the saleable output World Bank gives the Commodity of a crop when electricity and good Terms ofTrade index as 87 for 1972-it roads exist; but infrastructure needs was 122 in 1953! We in the poor coun money before it can be created. The tries don't think in such statistical rich can supply security for loans and terms-or even understand them. are a good credit risk; the poor are less need for some organized counter What we know is that we have to sell educated, less experienced,-and vailing power, some method for coun more and more sisal, cotton, or cop therefore more likely to fail in new teracting the built-in tendencies for per, to get the foreign exchange ente rrises; also they have little or no the rich to get richer because they are needed to import identical machines wealth to offer as collateral. rich and the poor to get poorer because in successive years. they are poor. Further, it has to be acknowledged There is no organized international To break out of this foreign exchange that poverty breeds inefficiency, cor mechanism designed to correct-or trap and at same time to benefit from ruption, and social unrest, all of which even ameliorate-the workings of the the multiplier effect of expanded eco are inimical to economic develop free market. On the contrary, such in nomic activity, the poor countries en ment. For example, if a poor country stitutions and practices as do exist give deavor to build up their industrial sec gets desperately short of foreign ex tor,-to become price-makers, even in further impetus to the growth of in change-no unusual occurrence!-it equalities between nations-and to a small way. Naturally we start with cannot buy and stock spare parts which the misuse of the world's resources for the processing of our own primary pro may never be needed, and it does not high living by a few rather than their ducts. It seems logical to export cloth have a spare transport capacity in case rather than cotton lint, and use for the basic needs for the masses. twine or a crop is larger than normal. Also such Let me give just a few examples. rope rather than sisal; and such simple a country will usually be short of tech manufacturing processes can provide a nicians to deal with mechanical break Bankers Help the Rich little platform for further industrializa downs when they occur. Trying to hus The international financial system is tion. Having established these facto band scarce resources and allocate regulated by the I. M. F. and the World ries at enormous expense, we discover them in accordance with human need, Bank, helped or hindered by unilateral that processed commodities, and sim means that licenses and permits a actions of major powers like U.S.A., ple manufactured goods, are not so bound-with all the temptations for E.E.C., Japan and a few other devel easy to export as raw products. They corruption they bring. Nor are people oped nations. Given that voting power

4 SOUTHERN AFRICA/SEPTEMBER 1977 in the governing bodies of the I.M.F. using 0.7 per cent of their national in of the poor to overcome their own pov and the World Bank is determined by come for Official Development Assis erty. The demand for a New Interna the proportion of the capital contrib tance to the Third World. Up to now tional Economic Order is a way of uted by different nations, the results only three have done this-the Neth saying that the poor nations must be are perhaps inevitable. The richer you erlands, Sweden and Norway. The enabled to develop themselves ac are, and the more you trade in the United States (which has not even ac cording to their own interests, and to world, the greater the support you can cepted the target) comes 13th on the benefit from the efforts which they get in times of crises, and the greater list of O.E.C.D. countries in order of make. The poor should not find them will be your allocation of international their percentage contribution, with a selves trying to run up the down-esca credit when Special Drawing Rights flow of 0.26 per cent! And in any case lator while the rich sail upwards on are created. Prof. Triffin has estimated the whole idea of aid is wrong because their up-escalator, as now. They that the Third World, containing over it is both ineffective in dealing with the should at least be moving in the same 70% of the world's population, re problem of poverty, and humiliating to direction-it is to be hoped with the ceived less than 4% of the $126 billion the receiver. Within nations we no poor moving faster! of international liquidity created dur longer think it is proper to deal with The traditional remedies for poverty ing the last two decades. And certainly the problem of poverty through the will certainly not, on their own, bring up to the end of 1974, 74.7% of the personal charity of the rich. Yet volun progress. Hard work by the poor is S.D.R.s created had been allocated to tar, charity by the rich nations is what necessary. No one denies it. But an the rich countries, and 25.3% to the is being advocated as the method for undernourished person cannot work =oor ones. For the Rich Countries dealing with the poverty of nations! hard for very long; with only a hoe as ave rejected the demand by the Poor, Like the workers of the industrial his tool the peasant cannot cultivate a that the creation and distribution of ized countries,what we poor nations very large area; nor does it help very S.D.R.s should be linked to the need need is the right to work, and a fair much if he sweats to produce more cot for development. return for our labor. We want equity ton and there is then no truck to carry Yet the low international purchasing it to the railhead, or no passable road power of the poor is a factor in keeping between his village and the factory. poor nations locked in their poverty. To expand our output we need plant, The poor should not find them Population Control equipment and machines of many The poor nations are told to reduce types, as well as the technology and selves trying to run up the down their high birthrate. But it is develop know-how embodied in the production -escalator while the rich sail up ment which brings down the birthrate, and use of such goods. The developed wards on their up-escalator, as not the other way round. The best con countries have ihose goods and ser now. They should at least be traceptives are a standard of living high vices to sell. But we cannot buy them enough for confidence that your child because we are not entitled to more moving in the same direction ren will not die before maturity, a rea than our poverty-based "Quota" of it is to be hoped with the poor sonable level of education,-and elec S.D.R.s! Thus, although there is avery moving faster! tricity! I was reminded last month that good case for increasing the quantity of nine months to the day after New York S.D.R.s, the greater problem is the had its first major power failure, the distribution of those which are cre number of children born took a phe ated. Instead of facilitating growth in nomenal jump! the world by enabling the poor to buy not charity. For we want to depend We are told to remove the beam in upon our own efforts and to plan on the our own eye before we complain about more-mostly capital goods from the basis of those efforts. At present we rich- the created international credit inequalities between nations. For it is cannot do so. Thus, world commodity true that within the nations of the has been used to promote trade be prices fluctuate violently; sensible de tween the rich themselves. Third World the contrasts beteen velopment decisions are almost impos wealth and poverty are frequently dis It is very difficult for Third World sible for countries dependent for their gusting. Tanzania is one of the poor countries to obtain by more orthodox export earnings on one or two prod countries-and there are an increasing means the foreign exchange we need ucts. All we know for certain is that the number-which endorses this de for development. International aid is prices of what we sell will keep falling mand for international economic jus certainly not the answer especially as it in relation to those we buy. Between tice, and tries to implement it. We is offered by most countries as ifit were January 1974 and now, the price of carry out land reform, or we end the charity for which we should be "de copper has danced about within a price exploitation of our workers and our na serving poor" in the best traditions of range of £600 and £1,300 a ton, but tion by nationalizing the mines or ma feudalism, and also very grateful! mostly at the lower end of the scale. The jor industries and financial institu current absurdly high prices of tions; we impose heavy taxes on the Aid Is Not Enough coffee arise partly because the average rich and concentrate our public spend coffee price before the boom discour All the poor countries-including ing on services needed by the poor, aged new tree planting-and it takes and so on. my own--welcome capital and techni four years for a tree to come into pro cal aid when it is given without politi duction. Coffee consumers need not Costs of Change cal strings. But aid is unreliable and worry very much. Coffee prices are insufficient in quantity, it is frequently bound to fall and the price of tractors is But such actions do not always re counter-balanced by the adverse ef bound to rise! ceive the applause of the developed fects of movements in the terms of world. For the individuals adversely trade between our imports and ex The Responsiblity of the Poor affected by these measures are the ed ports. In the 1960s most developed None of these things-indeed noth ucated citizens, the ones with interna countries committed themselves to ing at all-changes the responsibility tional contacts, the ones whom Ameri SEPTEMBER 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 5 can businessmen know to be pleasant, $30 for development. An American The inequities of the international eco intelligent and hard-working people sets aside $1,200 out of $7,100. Yet nomic arrangements do not excuse ec or else they are foreigners who owned that $30 means a very much greater onomic and social injustices within our land or our businesses according to sacrifice for the Tanzanian than $1,200 poor nations; and continuing exploita past law and against whom no legal means to the American. tion of the poor within the Third World offense can be proved. The result of states is no justification for the auto our reforming action, when it is not the Why Not Foreign Investment? matic depredation suffered by those kind of intervention we saw in Chile, is And finally, the poor countries are poor countries through the present mechanisms of international ex a hostile world environment for the to encourage private invest advised change. poor nation. Sometimes World Bank ment as a means of promoting econo oans, or Western aid, are refused on mic growth. For a poor country like The Need For International Action the grounds that we have nationalized Tanzania that means foreign invest Very many economic experts and without adequate and prompt com ment-we never had any indigenous expert commissions have analyzed the pensation-a long history of exploita capitalists. Yet it is not only young and international situation I have been tion is regarded as irrelevant. weak countries like Tanzania that find talking about today, and there is wide Nor is that all; change of organiza worrying the prospect of external con spread intellectual agreement in prin- tion or ownership---however benefi trol of their economies. I understand cial in the long run-always has short that in 1975 a Committee on Foreign term costs. For example, if a country Investment in the United States was like mine reorganizes its medical ser established by the president of this vices and sends doctors to the rural country to "guard against the potential areas, some may emigrate; when we problem of foreign investments!" Quite apart from nationalist consid erations, however, private capitalists are not generally very interested in The current absurdly high development investment in poor prices of coffee arise partly be countries which do not have oil. For cause the average coffee price poor countries do not have the econo before the boom discouraged mic and social infrastructure private investors require-and which is neces new tree planting-and it takes ary for maximum efficiency and high 4 years for a tree to come into company profitability. To attract for production. Coffee consumers eign investors we would therefore need not worry very much. Cof have to spend money, offer tax and personal privileges, and promise that fee prices are bound to fall and even if our people starve because of a the price of tractors bound to drought the investors will still be able rise! to export their profits! In any case, contrary to theory, for eign investors are not major exporters of capital to the developing nations if hold down the top salaries so as to re they can avoid it-which they can if duce appalling wage differentials, Informationzentrum Dritte Welt left untrammelled. In Latin America Tanzanian peasant producers face some experienced managers and pro between 1965 and 1968, about 78% of fessional people will be tempted by the obstacles when trying to export the manufacturing operations of U.S. rope rather than wool sisal. much higher incomes they can get in based transnational corporations were developed countries. The 'brain financed out of locally-raised capital drain" is another transfer of needed but 52% of the profits made from these ciple-as well as agreement among the resources from the Have-nots to the activities were exported! And finally, poor-about what needs doing. Haves! private investors are rarely interested First, and in some ways the most Again, the poor nations are told to in projects designed to meet the needs fundamental, is that the poor nations invest more-to sacrifice present con of the poorest people or the rural ar should have a greater voice in the sumption for the sake of future devel eas, for these do not generate much world's economic decision making. opment. Speaking for my own coun profit to the firm. The economic policy of the United try, we try to do that. By deliberate States, (including the creation of credit Overnment action, including strict Thus, there are two aspects to the and matters relating to trade, transport foreign exchange control and high tax fight against poverty in the Third patterns and costs, the powers of pri ation on non-essential goods, we dis World. The first is the responsibility of vate firms, the environment, and so courage unnecessary consumption so the undeveloped countries to work on) is dominated by the federal gov as to extract from current output the and organize for their own develop ernment of this country, in which all maximum for investment. The result is ment and to build up self-reliant econ citizens and all states are representd. that 20% of our Gross Domestic Prod omies. The second is the world respon There is no comparable government of uct is devoted to Gross Fixed Capital sibility to re-structure the interna the world. But it is imperative that in formation. The United States spends tional economic order so that it facili stitutions like the I.M.F. and the 18% of its G.D.P. on Fixed Capital for tates rather than hinders the efforts World Bank should cease to be under mation... From his average annual in made by the poor. Both these tasks the almost exclusive control of the rich come of $140 a Tanzanian sets aside need to be carried on at the same time. and powerful states. It is absurd, if not

6 SOUTHERN AFRICA/SEPTEMBER 1977 immoral, that the representation of the advance along the road to the indexa sides of the poverty divide is needed if poor on the governing bodies of these tion of primary commodity prices in unnecessary conflict and suffering is to institutions should continue to be in relation to the prices of manufactured be avoided in rich states as well as poor proportion to their poverty! goods. I do not believe that this admit ones. Changes in the representation on tedly difficult technical exercise is be major international economic institu yond the wit of man. Nor do I under A Trade Union of the Poor? tions are not wanted for prestige pur stand the argument that indexation is it only trade between the rich poses! The establishment of a link be would be inflationary. It does not have Nor tween development and the creation and the poor nations which has to be to have such an effect, for it is a mea stepped up. Greater cooperation, both and distribution of international cred sure to prevent the redistribution of it, and other actions to counteract the in trade and in production, is vital be the world's wealth in favor of the rich the underdeveloped nations economic power of the wealthy, could nations when inflation does exist. Its tween be expected to follow. For the purpose themselves. They can help each other purpose is to stabilize the purchasing to develop. Let me add that to what of this demand for change is that the power of pimary commodities in real requirements of the war against pov terms. Inflation starts in the developed extent this cooperation among the erty in the world, as well as the inter countries; the poor should not be poor becomes a Trade Union of the poor, acting in combination against the ests of all sovereign nations, should be asked to bear the brunt of it, as now rich, depends to a great extent on the considered in international councils as happens. actions of the rich world. Confronta a right, and not simply out of charity or It is also necessary for the commu tion is not a desired strategy of the compassion, nity of nations to agree on deliberate actions to hasten industrialization in weak; but if reason, justice, and dia the developing nations. The objective, logue all fail to bring international Distributing the World's Resources changes needed to win the war against It must be frankly admitted that this world poverty, then economic conflict will require a deliberate transfer of re is bound to follow. The roots of OPEC sources from the rich countries to the We carry out land reform, or were nourished by decades of gross poor on reasonable terms. But this we end the exploitation of our exploitation and price-fixing by the need not be the only method. The major oil companies; its fruit jolted the Conference on the Law of the Sea pro workers and our nations by na whole world! vides an opportunity for the world to tionalizing the mines or major direct the use of new wealth towards industries and financial institu Conclusion meeting the basic needs of the poor. tions... But such actions do not Friends, economics is only a part of For we are talking about who should always receive the applause of life. Political freedom, social equality own and benefit from untapped world and respect, freedom of worship, free resources which exist outside anyone's the developed world . . . The dom to live in peace and harmony with national jurisdiction. If we were really result of our reforming action, your fellows,-all these things are very serious about the war on world pov when it is not the kind of inter important to man. People have been and its re erty, therefore, the sea-bed vention we saw in Chile, is a willing to kill for them. But economics sources would become world prop is about the means of life; it is basic. In erty. However the extraction of re hostile world environment for poor countries, if there is a clash be sources is organized, they will be used the poor nation. tween individual freedom and econo to benefit the 2,000 million people in mic development it is generally not the world who are living in conditions possible to give priority to the former. of great poverty. The continued failure For people are dying unnecessarily be to reach agreement on this simple that the share ofThird World countries cause they do not have clean water, principle is not very encouraging. should be raised from its present 7 per enough good food, or basic medical On international trade there is need cent to 25 per cent of world industrial care-which is not what economic de for measures to stabilize prices of pri production, will not happen through velopment means to us. The most ba mary commodities, in the short term what are called the natural forces of the sic human right of all is the right to life by buffer stocks and in the longer term market! Bilaterally, by region, and itself, and a life which is not made mis by assisting the poor to make long multilaterally, the nations of the world erable by hunger, ignorance, or pre term adjustments to changes in de have to sit together to work out the ventable disease. mand or supply. There is also need to steps forward, and the adjustments make compensatory payments to poor which have to be made. The poor na For life is a whole, economic growth nations which are affected by sudden tions cannot overcome their poverty and economic exchange have a pur changes in world demand or by natural without industrialization and without pose. That purpose ought to be the ser disasters which decimate their export trade in manufactured goods-some of vice of man-all men-with priority capability. The Common Commodity them cannot survive without it. for the basic needs of food, shelter, Fund is the most effective way of fi The rich also have an interest in the health, and education. The present ec nancing such stabilization efforts; com poor having a greater share of the pro onomic order governing international pensatory payments such as those op uction and trade in manufactured production, development, and ex erated under the Lome Agreement goods, even though this will require change does not in practice ensure (and to a restricted extent by I.M.F.) ing the barriers against the indus progress towards meeting those basic must be extended and improved. trial exports of the Third World. For needs for all people, all over the world. poor nations cannot forever buy goods without being able to sell their own Theplea of the poor is a New Inter Linking Prices sroducts. On matters of industrial pro national Economic Order "which em It is important, however, that thes e uction and trade, cooperation andco braces for its objective the happiness of measures should be linked with some ordinated action between the two mankind.k"i SEPTEMBER 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 7 Sanction Breakers Selling Oil to Rhodesia11

Mobil I, I-M o1 17,

The entrance to the Mobil Refinery near Durban, South Africa.

The following article has been incapable of survival. Rhodesia has no the five oil companies also has sub adaptedfrom testimony presented by oil of its own, and neither has South sidiaries in South Africa and Mozam Bernard Rivers to the Sanctions Africa. Before sanctions were im bique. Mobil Oil and Caltex Petro Committee of the United Nations posed, Rhodesia imported nearly all of leum Cororation (jointly owned by Security Council. Rivers, a British its requirements in the form of crude the Standrd Oil Company of Cali economist and researcher on Third oil, which it refined at its only refinery, fornia and Texaco) are both US-owned World issues has, since 1974, been near Umtali. The crude oil was corporations. Total is wholly owned by investigating the continuingfueling of pumped to the refinery through a the Compagie Francaise des Pe the Smith regime by British, US and pipe line from Beira, on the Mozam troles, in which the French govern other Western controlled oil corpora bican coast. The pipeline was built and ment has a controlling shareholding. tions. He has worked with the Hasle owned by a subsidiary of the British The Shell group is 40 per cent British, mere group on this issue and has most based multinational company Lonrho. and 60 per cent Dutch; BP is a British recently acted as consultant to the company, in which the British govern Commonwealth Sanctions Committee Five Foreign Oil Companies ment has a 51 per cent holding. for whom he helped preparea lengthy The Western oil companies which report on sanctions-busting oil com owned subsidiaries in Rhodesia in Once Britain imposed sanctions panics. 1965, at the time of the illegal declara against Rhodesia, British boats pa tion of independence, were Shell, trolled the coast, and no crude oil was Eleven years ago, then British British Petroleum (BP), Mobil, Caltex, able to reach Beira. The Lonrho Mo Prime Minister Harold Wilson de and Total. All five Rhodesian subsidi zambique-Rhodesia pipeline ceased clared that the Rhodesian rebellion aries were wholly owned by parent operating at the end of 1965 and would be over "within weeks, rather companies based in Europe or the Rhodesia's Umtali refinery was shut than months." This confident predic United States. After UDI, these down. (The British initially imposed tion was made on the assumption that Rhodesian subsidiaries became 'dir sanctions on their own, were finally oil sanctions would be effectively ected' companies under Rhodesian forced to bring the matter to the implemented. But they were not. The legislation, and the parent companies Security Council, and the first United oil is still flowing, and the Smith overseas now claim to have no control Nations sanctions were imposed on regime is still in power. Without oil, over their operations, although they December 16, 1966. Ed.) Rhodesia's economy and its military remain subsidiary companies, and Thus, for the last eleven and a half machine would, of course, be totally have not been nationalized. Each of years, Rhodesia has had to import not

8 SOUTHERN AFRICA/SEPTEMBER 1977 crude oil, but the entire range of oil reach Rhodesia. But documents repro against it, namely that its South African products, including both fuels (such as duced in The Oil Conspiracy revealed subsidiary has deliberately sold oil to petrol, aviation fuels), and non-fuel oil that the companies did indeed have Rhodesia via intermediaries. Instead, products (such as lubricants). this intention. Mobil has in effect claimed two things. This much has long been public Firstly, it says that it cannot find out knowledge, but it was not clear, until The Paper Chase from its South African subsidiary recently, exactly who was sending the Thus, an internal Mobil-Rhodesia whether the allegations against the oil products into Rhodesia and how it memorandum, quoted in the report subsidiary are true because of the was being done. says the paper chase South African and Rhodesian Official is necessary in order to make sure Secrets Acts. Secondly, Mobil claims Oil Conspiracy Revelations that there is no link between MOSA that if somehow it were proven that the [Mobil-South Africa] and MOSR's allegations were true, it could do Considerable light was thrown on ... the mechanism involved in 1976, when [Mobil-Rhodesia's] supplies nothing to stop the sales taking place This paper chase, which costs very because the SA government prohibits a number of secret documents, ob little to administer, is done pri "conditional selling." If these tained from the South African and argu marily to hide the fact that MOSA is ments are accepted, one would be Rhodesian subsidiaries of Mobil were in fact supplying MOSR with prod sent to the Center for Social Action of forced to conclude that the oil com uct[s] in contravention of US sanc panies had lost control over their the United Church of Christ by tions regulations... OKHELA, an underground group of South African subsidiaries-which white South Africans dedicated to The Oil Conspiracy traced the route would provide a powerful argument in combating apartheid. In June 1976, taken by most of the oil: from South favor of them pulling out of South Africa to Mozambique by sea, and then Africa! the Center for Social Action published by rail to Rhodesia. Based on detailed The Oil Conspiracy, a report based on Finally, George Birrell, Mobil's the documents. General Counsel, claimed in testi The report explained how Rhodesia mony before the US Senate Subcom has obtained its oil since sanctions mittee on September 17, 1976, that were imposed. Most or all of the oil has ...even before UDI, when the US sanctions regulations do not come from the South African subsidi Rhodesian subsidiaries of the prevent the South African subsidi aries of the five oil companies-Mobil, aries of American companies from Caltex, Total, Shell and BP. These five oil companies were still control of trading with Rhodesia, so long as US South African subsidiaries did not sell clearly under the personnel and products originating directly to Rhodesia, but worked via their parent companies over in the United States are not in intermediary companies in South seas, they acted in such a way as volved. Ipaper-chase.'Africa. Mobil called this scheme a Its purpose was to to help make it possible for Ian Unfortunately it may be true that, as minimize the chance that the role of Smith to declare independence. currently written, the sanctions legis the oil companies would be detected. lation in Britain, France, the Nether Under the scheme, the South African lands and the United States does not subsidiaries of the five oil companies apply to South African subsidiaries. would sell oil products to a South and technically complex secret docu This represents a crucial loophole in African company (often a shipping and ments, it concluded that: the various national laws. It has been forwarding company called Freight (a) the South African subsidiaries of suggested by those concerned with the Services Limited), knowing that the oil the five oil companies have pro struggle for justice in Zimbabwe that would then be passed on to other vided virtually all of Rhodesia's UN sanctions orders could be modified intermediary companies, which would requirements since UDI; so as to render the parent oil com eventually sell it to the required (b) the sales took place via South panies legally liable for any sanctions recipient in Rhodesia. The Rhodesian African intermediaries, so that the ustingactivities by their South Afri recipient was usually GENTA, an oil companies could truthfully can subsidiaries. There are indirect agency set up by the Smith regime to claim that they made no sales direct precedents for such legislation. Under coordinate the importation of oil to Rhodesia; and the Trading With the Enemy Act of the products. (c) the involvement of the South Afri United States, it is illegal for American After receiving the oil, GENTA can subsidiaries of the five oil corporations and their overseas sub would sell it to the Rhodesian subsidi companies was deliberate and sidiaries to trade with North Korea and aries of the.five oil companies, for final conscious; in no sense were they certain other countries. sale to the public. Thus the South 'unwittingly' selling to South Afri under a strict interpreta African subsidiaries of the five oil can companies without realizing Secondly, companies could claim that they made tion of sanctions legislation, the export that these companies were resell a no sales to Rhodesia-although in ing to Rhodesia. of oil to South Africa might represent directly they were in fact providing contravention of the legislation. The most of Rhodesia's needs. The Company Response U.K. sanctions order, for instance, Even if it were discovered that Not surprisingly, the oil companies forbids any person to "supply or certain oil products had found their themselves responded to the allega deliver . . . any . . . goods to any way to Rhodesia from the South tions in The Oil Conspiracy by con person, knowing or having reasonable African refineries owned by the five oil tinuing to attempt to obscure their role cause to believe that they will be companies, the scheme was still safe in the whole process. supplied or delivered to ... a person in so long as nobody could prove that At no time has Mobil (or any of the Southern Rhodesia." (emphasis added) there was intention on the part of the other accused oil companies) ever As it is known that Rhodesia now oil companies for their products to denied the central allegations made obtains all of its oil requirements via SEPTEMBER 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 9 some powerful evidence, including copies of secret letters from the then governor of Mozambique to the Salazar government in Lisbon. r Oil Companies Aided UDI Even before the commencement of court hearings, Lonrho's Chief Execu tive Officer, R. W. Rowland, outlined his case in correspondence with Brit ish government officials. The Hasle mere Group in England obtained a copy of this correspondence, in which Rowland -alleged that even before UDI, when the Rhodesian subsidiaries of the five oil companies were still clearly under the control of their parent companies overseas, they acted in such a way as to help make it possible for Ian Smith to declare independence. In mid-October 1965, Rhodesia had only a 24-day reserve of petrol (gas), which was considered insufficient, given the possibility of international sanctions, so UDI was The tanker 'Mobil Durban' unloading fuel at Lourenco Marques, Mozam apparently postponed for nearly a bique, in the fall of 1974. (Note the 'Mobil' sign on the ship's funnel.) Most month, until November 11. During fuel unloaded here came from South Africa and was destined for this period the oil companies built up Rhodesia. stocks inside Rhodesia. By early December 1965, when the.first moves to impose sanctions were taking place, South Africa, it might be possible for a line from Beira to Rhodesia, and in reserves had been increased to a 90 state to prosecute oil companies in 1962, this subsidiary signed a contract day level. volved in supplying South Africa with with the five oil companies, in which crude and refined oil, on the grounds they guaranteed that they owould use Squeezing Zambia that some of this oil can reasonably be this pipeline and no other route to Zambia, on the other hand, was expected to reach Rhodesia. supply Rhodesia. When sanctions deprived of oil. At the time of UDI, It seems clear that nations urgently forced the pipeline to close, and the oil Zambia had no refinery, and its need to tighten their sanctions legisla companies decided to send oil prod supplies came from the Rhodesian tion to close the loopholes that now ucts to Rhodesia from South Africa, refinerv. In mid-October, Zambia, exist, and to use that legislation more they were thus acting in breach of the like Rhodesia, had only a 25-day energetically than has been true in the contract which they had signed with reserve of petrol. But it appears that past. the Lonrho subsidiary. the oil companies, in their efforts to Recent Developments As a result, Lonrho has made a build Rhodesia's stocks, cut supplies to Despite the oil companies' intransi consistent loss on the pipeline. The Zambia. By early December, Zambia's gence, a number of extremely impor company has now undertaken an stockpile was at a critically low 13 day tant revelations and political develop extensive investigation to obtain evi level. ments have taken place in the year dence for a lawsuit against the oil The oil companies also apparently since publication of The Oil Con companies for breach of contract. If supplied the Rhodesian government spiracy. The principal allegations Lonrho can prove breach of contract it with on oing data on the level of stocks made have been widely discussed, will thereby also be proving that the oil in Zambia, which assisted what Mr. accepted, and even, in some cases, companies have consistently evaded Rowland refers to as Rhodesia's at acted on. Among the most important UN sanctions. tempts "to hold Zambia as a hostage." moves have been: the commencement It would be naive to assume that Undercutting Zambia's stockpile was by Lonrho, the British multinational, Lonrho's major reason for bringing the intended to forestal the imposition of of legal proceedings against the five suit at this time is the direct loss of sanctions, but the tactic failed. companies; the initiation of investiga revenue involved. In addition to any Howvever, the maneuver bought Ian tions into The Oil Conspiracy allega damages it may collect, Lonrho is Smith's regime critically needed time, tions by the US Treasury and the probably looking to this action to enabling it to spend three months British government; and the an restore its credibility in independent establishin new procedures for im nouncement by President Kaunda that Africa-a credibility which siffered porting oil from South Africa once Zambia intended to sue the oil com considerably in recent years when it sanctions were imposed. Oil was first panies involved in supplying Rhodesia. was itselfaccused of sanctions-busting. brought in by road, then by rail from It may also be hoping that this action South Africa to Rhodesia via Mozam Lonrho's Lawsuit will pave the way for profitable opera bique. Finally, from mid-1966 until Lonrho has extensive operations tions in the future in an independent newly independent Mozambique throughout 'white' and 'black' Africa. A Zimbabwe. But whatever its motives, closed its border with Rhodesia in Lonrho subsidiary built the oil pipe to date the company has collected March 1976, most of the oil went by

10 SOUTHERN AFRICA/SEPTEMBER 1977 ship from Durban to Lourenco issue. In April 1977, as a result of breakers, but restrict themselves to Marques, and then by rail to Rhodesia. revelations and pressures by the enquiries on points of law! According to the Rowland letters, Haslemere Group and anti-apartheid the chairman of the Rhodesian govern movement, the British Foreign and Current Oil Suppliers to Rhodesia ment agency GENTA flew to South Commonwealth Secretary, Dr. Owen, As a result of Mozambique's border Africa approximately every six weeks announced that he was setting up an closure with Rhodesia in March 1976, in the early days of sanctions, to official inquiry "to establish the facts there are now only three routes by. negotiate with Shell, BP, Mobil and concerning the operations whereby which oil can get to Rhodesia. The first Caltex on the quantities and prices of supplies of petroleum and petroleum and most important is by the rail link fuel to be provided Rhodesia. He also products have reached Rhodesia since from South Africa to Rhodesia which made all necessary arrangements with December 1965." However, by sum was opened in September 1974. The the South African firm, Freight Ser mer the in uiry had still not formally second is by road from South Africa to vices, so that neither GENTA nor started wor. In addition, Dr. Owen Rhodesia. The third is by rail link from Rhodesia featured in the oil company informed the House of Commons that South Africa via Botswana to Rhodesia. records. the inquiry will be held in camera, will Circumstantial evidence makes it be mostly "on a narrow point of law" likely that of SA's five refineries, the Zambian Government Sues and will not be what was originally three controlled by Western inter The five oil companies face a further intended, namely "an overall inquiry ests-namely Mobil, Caltex, and legal challenge in the Zambian courts, into oil sanctions and their breaking." Shell/BP continue to provide a signifi where they are accused by the govern As late as September 2, 1976, the cant proportion of Rhodesia's oil ment, among other things, of depriv British government was still assuring needs. the UN Sanctions Committee that it The fourth oil refinery (NATREF) ing Zambia of oil in the mid-sixties so "accepted the assurances as to build up stocks in Rhodesia, thus given by controlled by the South African state damaging Zambia's economy. Shell and BP that neither they nor any corporation SASOL was only com company in which they have an inter pleted in 1971, so clearly could not est have engaged either directly or have provided any of Rhodesia's needs Weak US Government Probe with others in supplying crude oil or oil Shortly after publication of The Oil before that time. There is no available products to Rhodesia." Only when evidence that it has done so since. Conspiracy, the US Treasury carried public evidence became overwhelm The fifth oil refinery (SATMAR) has out an investigation into the allega ing was Dr. Owen driven to admit, in a minimal output, which could meet tions against Mobil. The investigation June 1977, that only a fraction of Rhodesia's needs. lasted eleven months, and concen We all know that oil sanctions South Africa also has an oil-from-coal trated on the narrow question of breaking goes on. The question is, plant owned by SASOL. However, the whether American personnel or prod does it go on with the connivance of output of this plant is also insufficient ucts of American origin were involved, international oil companies based in in quantity for Rhodesia's needs. rather than on the wider question of this country and the United States, There are thus strong grounds for whether The Oil Conspiracy was or is it going on purely because their believing that much if not all of correct in its central allegation that subsidiaries in South Africa break Rhodesia's oil, currently estimated at Mobil's South African subsidiary had the system? between 14,000 and 18,000 barrels a been supplying Rhodesia via inter Yet, in spite of such an admission, day, is still provided by Western mediaries. the British authorities still hesitate to owned marketing companies in South Treasury investigators reported that take firm action against the sanction Africa. ] they were unable to obtain any infor mation from South Africa, and so were unable to prove or disprove the authenticity of all but one of the documents in The Oil Conspiracy. KU It seems incredible that the United States government, with its enormous resources, has been unable to verify facts which are common knowledge to people with well-placed contacts in southern Africa. As long ago as 1967 the London Sunday Times, in two major articles, revealed the results of its own investigations into how oil reached Rhodesia after UDI. These articles showed how the South African subsidiaries of Shell, BP, Mobil, Caltex and Total were supplying Rhodesia both directly and via Mozam bique. The articles revealed the role of GENTA, the quantities of oil being sent, and the use of South African intermediary companies. ~41 British Footdragging Equally strong criticism can be made of the British government on this A 'Freight Services' storage depot in Salisbury, Rhodesia. SEPTEMBER 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 1 Artists Against Apartheid

One powerful picture can do the work of hun dreds of words. Yet, until recently, there was almost no graphic art in the US which expressed the pain and the power of the struggle for freedom in South Africa. There were plenty of pamphlets and leaflets, some good slide shows and films-hut nothing people could take home, or pin on the factory wall to use as a mobilizing reminder of South African repression and resistance-of the role the $ plays in holding the horror in place, of the need for Americans to work in support of the freedom struggle. >, Worrying about that gap last year, Ray Gould of w the American Committee on Africa and Herb Yavel, a graphic art expert, came up with the idea of organizing a nationwide poster contest to encourage artists to think about South Africa.

ii

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12 N S / B 02SUHR FIASPEBR17 The response was extraordinary. Posters came from all over the US, from big towns and tiny villages, from inside prison, from workers, college students, school children, from unions and church groups--375 posters, some professional, some com plex, some very simple, but all vibrating with concern for the men and women and children struggling to break the chains of Apartheid, exploi tation and oppression in South Africa. The posters were judged on April 27, and awards, 4f made possible by a $1,300 grant from the Africa Office of the National Council of Churches, were made in five categories: college, high school, grade school, open category, and best-in-show. Subsequently, a showing of all 375 posters was held at the Church Center for the UN and a smaller number of posters was exhibited in the main lobby of the UN visitors' center. ACOA hopes the posters will be widely shown around the US in the coming year, in exhibitions arranged by local groups. The Committee has also produced a twelve poster anti-apartheid 1978 calendar, in co-operation with the United Nations Center Against Apartheid. The calendar will be sold M to raise funds for people struggling against apart heid. ED

02 0 Will!"

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SEPTEMBER 1977USOUTHERN AFRICA 13 A Fine Face for Apartheid

by Shelly Pitterman been sent on subsidized trips to South In 1974, DeKeiffer circulated to The first anniversary of the Soweto Africa, though only if the Department Members of Congress a pamphlet on uprising had just been commemorated of Information is certain that upon re the security of the Cape Sea route. by renewed violence in South Africa turning to America the guest will pro More recently he wrote and presented when some 350 American business of vide positive publicity for the South to Representative Philip Crane (R-Ill) ficials gathered in Rye, New York on African government. In 1976, at least and John Dent (D-Pa) a "fact sheet" June 20 and 21 for an exclusive and 12 American journalists visited South opposing a House resolution against secluded conference hosted by the Africa at government expense. The US recognition of Transkei, the South South African government. The pur ISSA also publishes magazines such as African homeland which became 'in pose of the meeting, which featured an the South African Digest, which in dependent' in October 1976. The "fact address by former US Treasury Secre 1975 had a total circulation, within sheet" was inserted into the Congres tary William Simon, was to spur Amer South Africa and abroad, of 108,000. sional Record without being labelled ican investment in South Africa. [See In 1974, the Department of Infor as having originated from a foreign Southern Africa, August, 1977] mation hired the Washington law firm agent as required by FARA. The resol Collier, Shannon, Rill and Edwards. ution, which needed a two-thirds vote The Rye conference is a recent ex This firm has intimate connections for approval, only failed by 23 votes. ample of how South Africa, through its with the Republican Party and has rep Plans for the Rye Conference were increasingly sophisticated lobbying resented the Tool and Stainless Steel initiated by the South African Foreign and public relations campaigns, hopes Industry, a most active supporter of Trade Organization and the Central to foster more support in the US. The the Byrd Amendment, the law which Reserve Bank of South Africa. The propaganda effort concentrates upon made the US an ongoing violator of UN Conference itself was organized by South Africa's perspectives on Com imposed sanctions against the illegal Sydney D. Baron, Inc., a New York munism in Africa, US investment op Rhodesian regime. The firm received public relations firm with close ties to ortunities, discrimination and apart $57,246.34 from South Africa in 1974. the Democratic Party. The South Afri eid, the homelands policy, Tran By 1976, this figure had increased to can Department of Information hired skeian 'independence', and interna approximately $70,000 judging by the Baron, Inc. in February 1976 for tional sports competition. $35,077 paid for the six months ending $365,000 annually. The revised, 1977 Although active for many years September 12, 1976. contract provides for $650,000 annu South African connections were sub ally, an almost 100% increase which jects for investigation during the 1963 Buying Friends, Influencing People reflects South Africa's expanding con Congressional hearings on the Foreign cern for winning the support, or at Agents Registration Act-the South Donald DeKeiffer, an associate at Collier, et. al., also attended the Rye least the ambivalence, of American Acan campaigns have rapidly ex public opinion. panded since Conference to act as mediator for Sec 1974. retary de That year marked the beginning of Villier's seminar on invest Seeking Black Support South Africa's detente policy with se ment. DeKeiffer is paid $50 an hour to improve South Africa's stature in In 1976, ten employees of Sydney S. lect Black African states and the end of Baron, Inc. were registered as working Portugal's colonial presence in Angola Washington and to sway Congres sional votes on issues of key interest to on the accounts of the Republic of and Mozambique. South Africa's South Africa, the Ministry of Econo growing isolation forced a rise in the South Africa. Behind the scenes, De Keiffer organized Congressional sup mic Affairs of the Republic of China, 1974 Department of Information bud and the Electronics Industries of get to almost that of the Department of port for the reversal of limitations on Export-Import Bank operations in Japan. Of these, Andrew Hatcher, an Foreign Affairs. This, as well as a 33% advisor to President Kennedy and cur increase in the number of foreign In South Africa and workedsuccessfully for the sugar industry towards a Con rently Vice President International of formation representatives, are indica Baron, Inc., has assumed the promi tive of the mounting concern with gressional ban on cyclamates. for During the six months ending Sep nent role in South Africa's public rela eign opinion and the determination to tions operations in the US. influence it. tember 12, 1976, DeKeiffer spent at least $8,877.00 on "entertainment" for Andrew Hatcher is Black. He has "Washington representatives of vari thus been of particular importance to Information Service Grows ous American corporations and Con South Africa in its efforts to influence At the Rye Conference, L.E.S. de gressional staff members," according Black American perspectives on south Villiers, Deputy Secretary of the De to his report to the Justice Depart ern Africa. Hatcher has visited with partment of Information, hosted a ment. Public relations personnel and the influential 100 Black Men business seminar on "Strategies for Enduring lobbyists for foreign governments are organization and told the Daily World Investment." The Department of In required under the Foreign Agents (6/23/77) that the Rye Conference em formation, under the direction of Dr. Registration Act of 1938 (FARA) to bi phasized attracting investment from Eschel Rhoodie since 1974, has coor annually report their activities and ex Black American businessmen. Baron, dinated the overseas public relations penses to the Justice Department, al Inc. also distributes public relations and lobbying operations. Its American though recent US Justice Department materials to libraries, newspapers and branch, the Information Service of action against another un-official arm interested individuals. South African South Africa (ISSA), has an annual of the SA image apparatus-the SA Scope, a two page glossy tabloid with budget of about $700,000. Under its Foundation, makes it clear that such articles sympathetic to South Africa, is auspices influential Americans have reports frequently mask the truth. continued on page 19 14 SOUTHERN AFRICA/SEPTEMBER 1977 Oveurview

. . freedom in southern Africa will not On the other hand it is useful to remem mean the birth of ideal democracies, where ber that much of the most pious criticism of all citizens enjoy human rights, civil lib countries like Angola and Mozambique erty, and a consumer society to boot. comes from sources whose major interest is Popular governments in Rhodesia, Nami to prevent the establishment of successful bia, and later in South Africa will face socialist states. It is not human rights they immense problems of poverty, disruption are really concerned with, but corporate and unrealizable expectations. They will rights; the right to "free trade," to "open also inherita legacy of mutual hostility and investment," and to unlimited profit. bitterness. The racial prejudice which has been inculcated by years of deliberate in As is clear from the long Maputo com doctrination,and by bitter experience, will munique reported on in our Mozambique not disappearwhen majority rule begins. section, the young states emerging in But it is only afterfreedom has been won Africa are burdened with a terrible legacy in the states of southern Africa that the of poverty, racism and surviving reaction positive struggle to build human equality ary forms of economic and social organiza and dignity can begin... tion, whose influence lingers on even after PresidentJulius Nyerere the formal structures are destroyed. As July 1977 President Nyerere points out in his review of the situation in the poor nations, the Mozambique has been under fire from young countries also face an international several quarters lately. Literally, of course, economic system heavily weighted against from the Rhodesian army, but also from a their growth and progress. hostile western press, and from several US congressmen, who recently opposed the granting of any US aid, on the grounds that But there is another side to the Maputo human rights were being grossly violated communique. It reflects both a high level in Mozambique. of honesty, the ability to criticize oneself, as well as a clear grasp of the relationship Angola too has re-emerged in the US between the different forces involved in press-with a seven-part series in the the struggle to build (or destroy) a new Washington Post that deals most sympa society in Mozambique. It is the ability to thetically with UNITA's war against the involve the people at the grass roots, the government of Angola, and carefully avoids ability to speak honestly to the people, that looking too closely at South Africa's role in has always been FRELIMO's strength. that operation. The analysis of current problems made by Rose-colored spectacles are not useful the recent Council of Ministers meeting for people seriously concerned with under indicates the survival and strengthening of standing society in order to change it. In that tradition. And it is not altogether the long run, apologists, who defend any irrelevant to point out that the US press, so action of their "utopia," whether it be the quick to reveal secret re-education camps, establishment of labor camps, the physical and to search out hidden resistance to elimination of all opposition, or the making FRELIMO or MPLA, totally avoided com of totally unprincipled alliances, serve only menting on the serious, detailed and public to weaken the international struggle for critical analysis made by the government of human justice and freedom. Mozambique of its own functioning.

SEPTEMBER 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 15 Sales of gem and industrial dia According to official South African monds by the South African Central sources, Armscor, South Africa's arms Selling Organization, which is respon supervisory agency, will spend about sible for marketing the majority of the R1 billion this year on military equip West's diamonds, totalled $1.09 billion ment. About 60% will be spent locally, for the first six months of 1977. This with about 20-25% going to subsidi represented a 38% increase over the aries and the rest to private enterprise. year-prior period. Last year, Armscor concluded about 25,000 contracts with South African suppliers. While South Africa continues to emp hasize its "critical strategic posi tion" along the sea route linking the Atlanta and Indian Oceans, the fact is that Far East-European cargo ships As reported last month, white emi number of political detainees went back to using the Suez Canal gration is on the rise in South Africa. knownIN SOUTH to have diedAFRICA in the lastthe when it reopened two years ago. That, Additional figures show there was a net 16 months while in police custody has plus a collapse of world tanker trade, loss of 746 whites in March, the first risen to 15. The latest death was that of are the major reasons why the number time in over a decade this has oc Phakomile Mabija, 27, who was said by of ships rounding the Cape yearly has curred. April showed a small net gain police to have fallen from the sixth dropped from nearly 27,000 in 1970 to of 50. floor of a police station. about 20,000 last year. Recently in The Financial Mail reports that a creased taxes and charges have dis study at Witwatersrand University last 0 couraged many ships from berthing in year found that 82% of medical stu South Africa but offshore services still dents about to get their degrees said In a move suggesting that the impor bring in about R10 million a year. they planned to leave. The figures tance of South Africa's minerals is were 72% for architects and 75% for already well-understood in some quar 0 law students. Among those ters, the French Atomic Energy Com A $28.75 monthly raise in July who are actually leav mission has agreed to provide a R90 brought wages of the country's 21,000 ing, professionals rank first, followed million interest-free loan to South white miners to an average of $563. by production workers and clerical Africa's Randfontein Estates to de The country's 440,000 black miners velop a major gold and uranium pro got a 6% hike, which raised average ject in the Republic. wages to $124. In return, the French are being During the first three months of granted a 10-year exclusive right to 1977, 186,000 black workers accepted A Johannesburg magistrate ruled in Randfontein's uranium oxide produc employment in the mines, compared June that a banned person contra tion amounting to about 900 tons a with 164,000 during the same period a vened her banning order when she had year. year prior. Kwa Zulu mine recruits for lunch with one other person. The judg The contract comes at a time when the first three months totaled 10,000. ment involved Sheila Weinberg, who Britain is rejecting South African ap Last year, the number ofmine workers was banned and placed under house proaches to negotiate fresh uranium from that bantustan totaled 27,500, arrest without explanation last Novem supply contracts. showing an almost 100% rise from 1975 ber after being active in the organiza The French are already supplying figures. tion of black trade unions. Ms. Wein South Africa with its first nuclear The considerable increase in black berg was given a suspended nine power station, located near Cape South African workers is probably month prison sentence for her ban Town. primarily attributable to current job violation. scarcity in other, traditionally more In the past, South African police attractive fields. have not prosecuted banned people for meeting with one other person. The The strong performance of South new ruling could be interpreted to Africa's minera exports so far this year mean that even family members has led to estimates that total exports The University of Port Elizabeth couldn't meet with a banned person. excluding gold could climb by 50% calculated that it cost an African family According to the South African Insti over last year's RI.67 billion. at least R135 a month to maintain a tute of Race Relations, 138 persons Thanks mainly to new facilities at minimum standard of living in Soweto currently are banned. Saldanha Bay and Richards Bay, iron in April, and about R200 a month to ore exports for the first four months of live at a reasonably decent level. The the year rose to R52.2 million com Johannesburg Chamber of Commerce, pared with R7.4 million in 1976. Ex which also calculates a poverty level Steve Biko, honorary president of ports of bituminous coal rose to R58 figure, came up with an estimate of R152. This included only R2 the Black People's Convention, was million from about R3.2 million. Fur for medi acquitted in July on charges of ob ther development of that area can be cal expenses and R1.60 for education. structing justice and persuading others expected with the report that BP Most African families don't even make that much, however: manufacturing to commit perjury. Southern Africa is planning to spend The banned black consciousness R6.25 million on coal-mining projects wages for Africans currently average R141 a month, while leader still faced a charge of communi located near the new Richards Bay rail in the retail trade cating with two other banned persons. line. the average is R82. 0 0

16 SOUTHERN AFRICA/SEPTEMBER 1977 Government statistics show that the US visitors to South Africa still keep nationalization of rented buildings in average lifespan of a white South Afri turning up. Latest are Governor of February 1976. can male is now 64, compared with 59 South Carolina James Edwards, who Julio Carrilho, Minister of Housing for Asians and 48 for coloureds. No recently spent two weeks there look and Public Works, said in an interview official statistics are kept for blacks. ing for a South African firm to invest in in Noticias, a Maputo daily, that White females now have a life ex his state, and Donald McAlvany, mar 31,000 families have moved into better pectancy of 72, compared with 63 for keting vice-president of International housing in the last 17 months. Of Asians and 55 for coloureds. Investors Incorporated, and co-direc these, 19,000 are in Maputo. The figures also show that whites are tor of ACSA-Americans Concerned Mr. Carrilho said, however, that the more prone to suicide. In 1975, 518 About South Africa. McAlvany country is very short of decent hous white men and 131 white women com planned to address the national con ing. There are less than 100,000 ce mitted suicide. This compared with 69 vention of the American Legion in ment homes in the country equipped Asian men and 19 Asian women, and Colorado, August 19 on his return with water and electricity. 112 coloured men and 32 coloured home; felt sure his concerns would be women. met with sympathy. 0

0 ZIMBABWE'S PATRIOTIC A World Wilderness Congress is to In order to facilitate US-South Afri j can trade, the US Consulate General FRONT has denied responsi be held in Johannesburg Oct. 23-28 bility for the Aug. 6 bombing under the joint auspices of the US in Johannesburg is now offering a free service providing up-to-date details on of a Salisbury department based International Wilderness Lead store that killed 11 persons, eight of ership School. Both are the creation of over 20,000 US companies. The sys tem one of only eight being tested them black. Ian Player, a South African who will Joshua Nkomo, speaking in Guyana, chair the meetings. Patrons include world-wide, uses equipment manufac tured by the said ZAPU had nothing to gain from several South African Foundation 3M Company. attacks which harmed its own people. trustees. He added that Patriotic Front fighters 0 would soon hit Rhodesian military in stallations in reprisal. Apparently South Africa is still a s MOZAMBIQUE will receive Two days after the Salisbury bomb good place for conferences in some a British loan of five million ing, two white missionaries were slain peoples' eyes. The 3000-member In pounds to be used for the pur in an attack also blamed on liberation ternational Advertizing Association, chase of British goods and forces by the Rhodesian authorities. As based in New York, is planning to hold services under agreements signed in previously reported in Southern Africa its twenty-seventh world conference July. Details were also worked out for there are now well-documented cases there in 1980. the use of an additional 10-million where such claims have been used to pound loan approved last year for cover the activities of Smith's troops. energy supply projects and road con struction. S jUS-SOUTH AFRICA two Britain plans to give Mozambique way trade increased by 29% 5,000 tons of wheat in addition to the Rhodesian authorities' ability to last year, making the US financial aid. maintain low and stable interest rates South Africa's second biggest Sweden agreed to give the country is beginning to break down under the trading partner. The US passed both more than $1 million to aid victims of related pressures of higher inflation, Britain and West Germany to become last February's floods, which caused waning investor confidence, and in South Africa's top source of imports, crop losses estimated at over $3.5 creased government borrowing, which according to the Sunday Times of million. in the current year is expected to top London. the previous figure of R165 million. Imports from Britain decreased by The city of Salisbury recently agreed about 6% during 1976, while exports More than 3.5 million people have to an 8.75% interest rate on a public rose by about the same amount. The been vaccinated in a campaign which borrowing, compared with 7% in 1976. report also said South Africa's balance began just over a year ago. All children Prime Minister Smith predicted last of trade with West Germany is be between 6 and 15 are being vaccinated February that revenues would be ginning to shift in South Africa's favor. against tuberculosis, all children be R530 million in the current fiscal year. France, another major South Afri tween six months and three years are At present levels, military costs are can trading partner, is looking to ex g etting anti-measles vaccinations, and absorbing close to R200 million of this pand its interests in South Africa. Be the whole population is being vacci amount. tween 1972 and 1975 trade between nated against smallpox. the two countries more than doubled, The campaign, expected to take with exports to France rising to R115 three years, is reported ahead of million and imports from France schedule. Anglo-American Cor. of South climbing to R245 million. The Rand In another health development, Africa has decided to pull its prospect Daily Mail reports that French direct public meetings are now being held to ing staff out of hodesia because of the investment in South Africa now totals discuss a bill under which most aspects deteriorating security situation. about R139 million, and indirect in of medical care will be free. The bill is Anglo-American intends to maintain vestment (stocks and expected to become law in September its current operations, which include shares) now totals or early October. about R597 million. coal, nickel and chrome mines and a More than 120,000 people have ma or interest in the iron and steel 0 moved into cement houses since the industry.

SEPTEMBER 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 17 the Namibian independence move ter Owen Horwood characterized de ment. Both Angola and SWAPO main Guiringaud in the wake of the incident tain that UNITA guerrillas are trained, as "this new little foreign minister who supplied, and sometimes accompanied fled when he was confronted with a on their operations by South African demonstration." troops stationed in Namibia. France swiftl rebuffed South Africa IIIT I I I for the remark, which it said was US A.I.D. Studies "contrary to the most elementary Southern Africa (Again) customs." The US Agency for International Tanzanian officials, meanwhile, More Obstacles Development (A.I.D.) is gearing up have been flooded with congratula In Namibia Talks for a new $1 million study of potential tions from African statesmen and economic assistance programs in Tanzanian citizens for their stand on The South African-controlled terri the issue. tor of Namibia is lurching towards southern Africa. The project is part of the $100 million special aid program independence, but many problems Politician Shake-Up remain unresolved in te ongoing for southern Africa which is expected negotiations. to receive final Congressional approval Continues in Zambia Under pressure from Western allies this month. In the latest of a series of govern in the UN, South Africa has agreed to UN to Review ment shake-ups, Zambian President allow elections in Namibia in which Rhodesia Peace Plan Kenneth Kaunda has dismissed the the SWAPO liberation movement influential Minister for Home Affairs, could participate, but there has been Britain and the US are hoping to get Aaron Milner. no agreement on a timetable for the UN approval this month on their new Kaunda said serious accusations had withdrawal of South African troops. settlement plan for Rhodesia. been made against the Minister and SWAPO is expected to win a Nami The Anglo-American proposals were that a full investigation would be bian election if given time to organize. presented late last month to the made. Milner, who is a long-time South Africa, meanwhile, is moving African front-line presidents and after friend of the President, has reportedly ahead with its own plans for the wards to Rhodesian Prime Minister been implicated in illegal financial territory, and both sides are jockeying Ian Smith. They involve the disband dealings. for position. ing of the Rhodesian army in favor of a In April, Axon Soko, the Minister of South Africa's new Administrator UN peacekeeping force, followed by Mines and Industry, and Zogani General for Namibia took office last the creation of a Zimbabwean army Banda, Minister of Power, Transport month, assuming administrative pow based largely on the guerrilla forces. A and Communications were sacked. ers previously held by Pretoria. His British resident commissioner, mean They were accused of collaboration appointment has never been approved while, would oversee an electoral with the banned United Progressive by SWAPO. process terminating in black majority Party led by Simon Kapwepwe. The Another controversial development rule. Minister of Land, Natural Resources is South Africa's recent announcement Prime Minister Smith has indicated and Tourism was removed at the same that it will hold on to Namibia's only he will reject the proposals, at least time for "abuse of office." deep-water port, Walvis Bay. initially. Both the front-line presidents In July a further Cabinet reshuffle The important fishing center be and the leaders of the Patriotic Front reinstated Mainza Chona as Prime came a British Crown Territory nearly have raised objections to the proposals Minister, removing Elijah Mudenda, a century ago, and was administered as well. who had held the post since 1975, from South Africa during German rule France Snubbed for when Chona requested other duties. of Namibia. When South Africa began The recurrent changes in the Zam to administer the enclave after World South Africa Ties bian Cabinet, plus others in the mili War Two, control was transfered to French foreign minister Louis de tary and the party Central Committee, Windhoek, Namibia's capital. Guiringaud's abrupt departure from are all seen by political observers as As its only viable port, Walvis Bay is Tanzania late last month has caused his part of the move to strengthen the Namibia's window to the world. government more troubles than he umanist and socialist leadership of SWAPO has said it would oppose a bargained for. the ruling UNIP party before the settlement that handed the port to De Guiringaud cut short a planned December 1978 general elections. South Africa. three-day visit to Tanzania when Tanzania refused to apologize for the Malawi Releases Angola Rebels Claim student protest against French-South Political Prisoners Capture of Border Towns African ties that greeted him at the airport. To add insult to injury, Over 1,000 political prisoners have The Angolan opposition group however, South African finance minis been released from Malawi's jails' in UNITA is claiming military successes the last four months, including Richard in the southern part of the country. Banda, a former Justice Minister and In communiques from Paris, Johan Attorney General, and Alec Nyasulu, a nesburg and Windhoek, UNITA UPDATE is written by Africa long-time speaker of the National claims the campture of several towns News Service, which also pub Assembly. Eight Malawian journalists along Angola's border with Namibia in lishes a weekly digest available to detained four years ago were also Cuando-Cubango province. individuals for $28 per year. released. Continued fighting in the area has Address correspondence to P.O. Reports from former detainees say been confirmed by Angolan govern Box 3851, Durham, NC 27702. that over 200 political prisoners remain ment sources as well as by SWAPO, in Malawi jails.

18 SOUTHERN AFRICA/SEPTEMBER 1977 continuedfrom page 14 distributed to approximately 4,500 weekly publications located primarily in suburban and rural areas. Justice Department Sues In August 1976, Baron also agreed to encourage "the presentation in the American media of a balanced and fair South African Lobbyists treatment of the Republic of Tran skei." The contract with the Transkei The furor in Washington over im The South African Foundation and government stipulated that Baron, proprieties by foreign lobbyists that its director, John Chettle, were also Inc. would receive $50,000 annually as was touched off by the South Korea named in the Justice Department suit, payment for operating the Transkei scandal has left South Africa largely with the allegation that the Founda Development and Information Bu untouched. At least that was the case tion was used as a front by the SASA to reau. In addition, Transkei hired an until July 20, when the Justice Depart disguise the source of funds for Con other Black American, J. A. Parker of ment filed a suit in the US District gressional trips to South Africa in 1972 the Washington-based J. A. Parker As Court in Washington, against former and 1973. sociates, to act as "exclusive agent in lobbyists for the South African Sugar The Justice suit says that in 1970 the US for the planning and conduct of Association (SASA) and the South Afri Poage and other congressmen were on all (Transkei's) public relations activi can Foundation, seeking to acquire all a trip through Africa when the South ties." In return, Parker, as director of details of the lobbying activities since Africans offered a private executive jet Friends of Transkei, monthly receives 1970. to transport him and two unnamed fees of $10,000 and expense allowances The Justice Department charges congressmen roundtrip between of $5,000. that the Sugar Association made secret South Africa and Rhodesia. South Africa's public relations and cash campaign contributions, pro "Knowing that the SASA hospitality vided private jet transportation and fi so proferred would create a conflict-of lobbying activities in the US have also interest situation," the suit says, the been carried out by second-generation nanced trips to South Africa for mem bers and staffof the House Agricultural defendants "arranged to make it ap employees such as Lester Kinsolving pear outwardly that the foundation, and Bernard Beame. Kinsolving, an Committee, including its former chair man, Rep. W. R. Poage. This Commit rather than SASA, was host." Episcopal priest and syndicated col In 1972, Mohoney and McKnight umnist, received over $2,500 in stock tee had jurisdiction over the sugar quota system until it was abolished in learned that Poage would be in Rho and expense money from DeKeiffer in 1974. Under the quota system, South desia with his administrative assistant, 1975 and 1976. He appeared at stock C. Doyle Henington, SASA again paid holders' meeting of 13 companies African and other importers were as where church groups were pushing signed a percentage of the US import for a jet and again masked its contribu market and received a price for their tion, the suit charges. resolutions to sever business ties with sugar above the world market price. Poage was ousted from the chair South Africa. When asked about his manship of the Agriculture Committee asked South Africa reportedly sold $125 mil activities, Kinsolving said, "I lion worth of sugar to the US under this in 1975 by the House Democratic stockholders to repudiate any propos caucus. als whatsoever offered by the National system in the years from the late 60's until 1974. The suits says that the South African Council of Churches because of its Foundation was also used to disguise massive hypocrisy in social concern for The suit says that the South African Africa." Sugar Association (SASA) financed a SASA's financing of the Wampler 10-day trip in August, 1973, to South O'Neil trip in 1973. Wampler told a Africa for Rep. William C. Wampler Washington Post reporter that as far as Mayor's Son (R-Va), a member of the Agriculture he knew, the foundation financed his Bernard Beame, son of Mayor Abra Committee, and John F. O'Neal, who trip. ham Beame of New York, was hired by was then general counsel of the com The Justice Department is only the South African Freedom Founda mittee. charging the SASA and the Founda tion (SAFF) and the Foreign Affairs Named in the complaint are the tion with incomplete reporting under Association of South Africa (FAA) in New York law firm of Casey, Lane and the Foreign Agents Registration Act, September 1976 to write, produce and Mittendorf and two attorneys formerly and is not investigating any wrong direct two films on Transkei and the with the firm, John R. Mahoney and doing by members of Congress. But Soweto uprising. The contract with the Philip McKnight. A spokesman told the incident may prove embarassing to SAFF, a business organization foun the Washington Post that the firm, Representative John Flynt who ac ded in June 1976, stipulated that which once registered as lobbyist for cepted a Foundation-paid trip to South Beame would get $60,000 for a 30 min SASA, no longer represents the South Africa for himself and his wife in 1972. ute film on the Transkei. The FAA, Africans, but according to Justice De Flynt is Chairman of the House Ethics another active group of South African partment records the firm collected a Committee, the Committee on Stan millionaires, hired Beame for $60,000 bout $800,000 in fees from SASA from dards of Official Conduct, which is $90,000 to make a 30 minute or 60 1962 until the recent termination of its currently investigating the Korea minute film on "the recent distur contract. scandal. [] bances within South Africa." Organizations such as the SAFF and I the FAA have assumed a prominent role in South Africa's influence-gather travels of 39 foreign legislators and FAA's expense, thus using a conve ing campaigns. Werner Ackermann, a businessmen to South Africa. Last No nient alternative to laws forbidding South Af-rican millionaire and member vember, an entorage of eight Congres Congressional travel at a foreign gov of the FAA, had by 1975 subsidized the sional aides visited South Africa at the ernment's expense. Each US visitor SEPTEMBER 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 19 costs an estimated $3,000 for a two interlocking of membership which is nessmen in Washington. In 1975, week trip. While in South Africa, the characteristic of South Africa's busi Marais met with 10 senators, 6 repre Department of Information provides ness organizations functioning abroad. sentatives, the editors of the Washing for the American guests, although The Club spent about $35,650 on ton Post, the New York Times, Time ad Representative Robert Bauman (R advertisements in 1973. In February Newsweek. Officials from the Defense Md) was escorted by the FAA itself 1977, it inserted a shrilly anti-Com and State Departments were also pre while he was in South Africa last No munist advertisement in the New York sent and attended the reception given vember. Times, the Washington Post, the Lon by Vice President Nelson Rockefeller Foreign Affairs Association don Times and the Guardian which for Marais. alone is estimated to have cost more The SAF inserted a 10 page adver The Foreign Affairs Association ob than $100,000. Readers were warned tisement in the New York Times Maga tains its estimated $500,000 annual about the dangers of a Soviet take-over zine of February 22, 1976 extolling the budget from eight major individual in countries like Angola-and South virtues of American investment in contributors and the General Mining 'reliable'Africa, in contrast, was presented as a South Africa. This theme, which Group, an organization of South Afri member of the so-called free served as the basis for the Rye Confer ca s major mining companies. How world. A Guardian investigation in ence, has gained acceptance in the ever the Baltimore Sun (11/17/76) re 1974 conducted by Adam Raphael-as Carter Administration. The Founda ported that a US State Department well as the revelations made by Gerald ton publishes and distributes the spokesperson asserted that Acker Sparrow, who resigned from the Club South Africa FoundationNews, South mann and the FAA "have close ties to in late 1976-confirm that the Club Africa International (circulation of (South African) government agencies, has financial connections with the De 9,000) and the Information Digest, of the Information Department and the partment of Information. which more than 20,000 have been dis Foreign Affairs Department." Fur The South African Foundation tributed. thermore, Business Week (4/21/75) re (SAF), with offices in Washington, has While in Vienna for meetings with ported that Ackermann's trips are "ac engaged in both lobbying and public Vice President Mondale last May, tually paid for by the South African relations activities. Its US budget in Prime Minister Vorster discussed with Department of Information." 1975 was $113,000, and because its South Africa's Ambassador to the US Only days after President Carter's trustees are the nation's top 301 busi the need for improving their country's energy speech of April 18, another de nessmen, the SAF is thought to have image in America. Expressing con fender of the apartheid regime, the funds ten times that amount at its dis cern, Vorster said that, "I don't say Club of Ten, inserted an advertise posal if necessary. Since that Americans are ill-inforned, but ment in the 1960, when I New York Times asking, the SAF was first founded, it has invi often wondered whether the interpre "Is the US going to allow her oil life ted over 100 politicians and 75 journal tation of their information is correct." line, and that of Western Europe, to ists and businessmen to visit South Af According remain in peril until Russia decides to the Times (5/22/77), the rica. In 1976, guests included Rep. Les South African Foreign Minister F. F. moment is right to strike?" The Club of Aspin (D-Wisc.); Rep. David Bowan Botha "made it plain that US opinion Ten, which has a London mailing ad (D-Miss.); Professor Arthur Smithies, regarding his country was one of dress, is composed of about 20 busi an economist and defense consultant nessmen who, according his main worries." Thus DeKeiffer, to the Times to several US government agencies; Hatcher and the numerous business (3/17/77), "move about the world all and Ed Fuelner, of the House Repub the time, not in personal mini-jets, but organizations operating in the US lican Study Committee. The Founda are playing a critical role in expand in big personal jets." Millionaire Wer tion's president, Dr. Jan Marais, chair ner Ackermann is ing South Africa's efforts to reverse a member of both man of the South Africa Trust Bank, its growing international isolation the Foreign Affairs Association and the has also met with high-ranking govern and preserve its vicious system of Club of Ten. This reflects the general ment officials, journalists and busi- apartheid. []

Ii,|,/Iouth Africa Carter Wins South Africa Aid Package

The Carter Administration's plan to ago as 1969 in the Nixon Administra panded role of the front-line states, vastly increase aid to majority-ruled tion's NSSM 39, as one means for in that a large increase has been re states in southern Africa has been a creasing US influence and encourag quested and authorized. dopted by Congress, despite numer ing support for US southern Africa pol The Adminisrtation planned to use ous conservative attempts to defeat it. icy from black-ruled states. But it is the $100 million as a first contribution Increasing US economic aid to south only with the advent of a Democratic to a multilateral Zimbabwe Develop ern Africa was recommended as long Administration, along with the ex- ment Fund, which it hoped would en-

20 SOUTHERN AFRICA/SEPTEMBER 1977 courage both the Smith regime and the against the minority regimes. They on August 5 the Senate dropped the liberation movements to come to a ne failed by only four votes to delete the prohibition on multilateral aid and gotiated settlement. But when the $100 million in the foreign aid authori provided for direct aid by affirmative British and Americans made no visible zation bill in the House on May 24. action by both the Executive and the progress on the Rhodesian negotia They then succeeded in requiring a two Houses of Congress. tions, the Administration went along special presidential finding that aid to Though the conservatives were not with a Congressional reprogramming Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique and able to defeat the Carter aid for south of the funds for the independent coun Angola would be in the US foreign pol ern Africa, it is now clear that southern tries in the region. icy interest. When the House consid Africa is increasingly becoming one of The purpose to which the money will ered the appropriation of the money, it their main targets. Long-time support be put has not yet been specified. Au ado ted a complete cut-off of any bilat ers of the South African and Rhodesian thorized for political purposes as Se eral assistance or US participation in regimes have now added attacks on the curity Supporting Assistance, it is not multilateral programs to the two coun front-line states as part of their strategy intended for economic development tries conservatives see as the greatest for protecting minority rule in south programs. The Congressional authori threat-Mozambique and Angola. But ern Africa. F-1 zation bill states that it may be used for improving regional transportation linksand for "trade credits for the pur chase of US products to those coun tries in the region adversely affected US Trains Vorster's Spies by blocked outlets for their exports and by the overall strains of the world economy." It will also be used to con The Johannesburg Sunday Times of Sir Harold also accused BOSS of tinue the training program for south July 24. carried a report that South being behind a plot to overthrow ern African students which began after Africa has agents of its super-secret Britain's Labor government, and said Sharpeville and has expanded since Bureau for State Security (BOSS) there was a pro-South Africa faction within M15, the British secret service. the Portuguese coup. Some of it will working undercover in the United States and other countries, and that Van Wyk said that BOSS looks after also be available for refugee assistance. "they are highly trained-in One million dollars has been allocated America external security and likened the bu to an AID-run study of the "develop and West Germany." reau's work to that of the CIA in the ment needs" of southern Africa and The front page story was based on an United States. "Our agents collect possible future US assistance. (This interview with Alexander van Wyk, information. Their job is certainly not study will probably be kept under deputy head of BOSS. Van Wyk said to try to overthrow a British govern closer control by AID's Africa Bureau his men have been working abroad for ment, whether we like this one or not." -now headed by Goler Butcher more than five years and added: "Most "There would be no sense in it and than a similar controversial study on Western countries have undercover anyway, we don't have the money. Zimbabwe and Namibia that was con agents here-I know those from Amer 'It would mean paying out huge tracted to the African American Schol ica, Britain, France and Germany. sums to people with the influence to do ars Council last year.) Every now and then we get together something tangible. and discuss our mutual interests." "Each intelligence network must Conservatives Stall Mr. Van Wyk was commenting on have its priorities. Ours is the security Congressional conservatives fought claims by Sir Harold Wilson that BOSS of South Africa, not bringing down the the southern Africa aid package at ev had burgled his private London home British government." ery step, seeing it as support for radical for secret documents while he was In a remarkable admission, Van states which harbor guerillas fighting Prime Minister. Wyk added, "Britain is thousands of miles away. If it were Tanzania that is involved, which is closer to us, it might be a different matter." Administration AngryatGervasiAIlegations US-SA Intelligence Links The presence of BOSS agents in Not unexpectedly the Carter Ad leged, and the US embassy in South Britain and other countries has been ministration reacte angrily to allega Arica. William Lewis of State's Office known for years. The presence of tions by Sean Gervasi (reported in last of Inter-African Affairs told the Diggs formal US-South African ties was con month's Southern Africa ) that US Subcommittee that "Mr. Gervasi's firmed at a meeting of US ambassadors produced arms are being shipped to statements that the United States has in Africa held at Abidjan, Ivory Coast, South Africa with the knowledge of the not implemented the embargo and has in May. Discussing possible policies US government. The Diggs Africa engaged in surreptitious conduct or toward South Africa, they were re Subcommittee was told by State De has been colluding with other govern ported to have considered "severing partment officials one week after Ger ments is totally false and tententious." inks between American and South vasi's testimony that their investiga The CIA also reportedly told the Sub African intelligence agencies." tion of Gervasi s testimony was "95% committee the following week in Following up the Sunday Times complete," and that they had found it closed session that Gervasi's charges report, a New York-based organiza to be "baseless." The State Depart were false. Nevertheless, according to tion, the Episcopal Churchmen for ment investigation was based on inqui some sources, despite the bluster, no South Africa (ECSA), is now using the ries of corporate arms producers, gov serious attempt has been made to deal provisions of the Freedom of Informa ernments of third countries through with the documentary proofs adduced tion Act to prove the connections more which indirect transfers had been al- by Gervasi. l carefully. On July 30 in letters to eight government agencies William John

SEPTEMBER 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 21 ston, president of ECSA, requested addresses) in the United States, at request "more simply," and a form disclosure of all ties between BOSS, present, in the past and projected into letter from the Justice Department the South African Police and military the future; enclosing his original letter, addressed intelligence and the Central Intelli * training and cooperation between to Deputy Attorney General, and gence Agency, Federal Bureau of the Central Intelligence Agency and asking for more specific instructions as Investigation, National Security the South African government's mili to which section of the Justice Depart Agency, State Department, Defense tary intelligence agencies, including ment the letter should go! Department, Defense Intelligence army, airforce and navy, and includ There was no response from the CIA Agency, Department of Justice and ing reservists, commando and special the FBI or the National Security National Security Council. units, at present, in the past and pro Council. The Defense Department In a letter to ihe CIA, Johnston re jected into the future; said it had "no information on the quested copies of all documents on: * training and cooperation between training of BOSS agents" and ignored 0 the training of agents of the South the Central Intelligence Agency and all other questions, the Defense Intel African Bureau for State Security the South African Police, includingthe ligence Agency responded somewhat (commonly called BOSS) in the United Security Branch, the CID, riot police similarly, and the National Security States, and theirtraining by personnel and para-militarypolice, at present, in Agency assured Johnston that a thor of the Central Intelligence Agency in the past and projected into the future. ough search had disclosed no informa the United States or elsewhere, at Similar letters asking about their tion. present, in the past and projected into own involvement were sent to the Convinced that Van Wyk was not thefutu re; seven other agencies. mistaken about his information, John 0 the presence and operations of the By late August ECSA had received ston intends to pursue the matter as Bureau for State Security and its in reply a form letter from the State energetically as possible in the coming agents (together with their names and Department asking him to define his months. l[

limbabwe More and More Talks There has been a flurry ofdiplomatic Anglo-American initiatives toward a gola, Zambia and Botswana-have activity on the Rhodesian issue in the negotiated settlement. fully supported the Front's position. weeks since Rhodesian Prime Minister The ANC leader was said to have The proposal for a "neutral" force in Ian D. Smith advanced his latest arrived in London as an active partner Zimbabwe during the transition to proposals for an "internal settlement." in talks with Owen and Vance-that is, independence, along with other parts Beset by domestic political squabbles, with what he termed a "four-point of the new British-American plan, attacks from the ultra-right Rhodesian plan" for Zimbabwean independence. were first disclosed by UN Represen Action Party, and an escalating guer But apparently few details of Muzo tative Andrew Young in a late-August rilla war, Smith declared on July 18 his rewa's plan survived the meetings, and visit with Nigeria's head of state, intention to dissolve his current parlia they seemed in hindsight designed General Olesegun Obasanjo. The pro ment, hold August 31 elections, and chiefly to boost the bishop's sagging Western leader reportedly committed launch a settlement with "moderate" credibility as an independent force. an unspecified number of troops to the black Rhodesians. Thus Smith was peacekeeping force. rejecting outright the "one-man, one Peacekeeping Force But it was clear that parts of the new vote" "Western" plan, and seeking a At this writing, few details of the plan, at least, had been advanced to continuing mandate from the primarily Anglo-American effort had been made selected leaders on both sides of the white electorate for his own plans. public. But of those that had been conflict prior to Young's announce London and Washington, certain announced, the most important was ment in Lagos. Washington officials that such a scheme must fail, re the creation of a UN "peacekeeping disclosed some details, if not th- entire sponded to Smith's announcement by force" that would eventually lead to plan, to Tanzanian President Julius stepping up their own effort to con the dissolution of both the Rhodesian Nverere in mid-August. Following on struct a plan for a "peaceful settle security forces and the guerrilla forces this briefing of a leading member of the ment" of the Rhodesian question. In a operating as the Patriotic Front. 'liberation' side, South African Foreign round of mid-August talks in London, The proposal seemed an unlikely Minister Botha was invited to London US Secretary of State Cyrus R. Vance compromise. In anticipation of such a For lengthy discussions with both and British Foreign Secretary David measure, the Patriotic Front had Owen and Vance. Owen were joined alternately by earlier amounced that it was "'firmly Both leaders were apparently ex South African Foreign Minister Roelof opposed to the stationing of any foreign pected to carry the proposals back to F. Botha and Bishop Abel Muzorewa, peacekeeping force in Zimbabwe dur their camps for discussions. At this head of Zimbabwe s United African ing the transition period to indepen writing, front-line presidents are ex National Council. With Western sup dence." UN forces were included in pected to meet in Lusaka to work out a port, Muzorewa has recently moved that category. The five "front-line" unified response to the plan, while closer to open support for the so-called states-\I ozainbique, Tanzania, An- Smith is now scheduled to meet with

22 SOUTHERN AFRICA/SEPTEMBER 1977 South African Prime Minister Vorster Secretarv of State Henry Kissinger to Studies have maintained that the fund in Pretoria. set up a Zimbabwe Development first proposed by Kissinger was essen There were few surprises in the Fund. But even on these points, there tially designed to maintain the pro other disclosed proposals. Britain appeared little chance for agreement Western economy as it currently would be assigned the task of organiz between two factions of a conflict that stands in white Rhodesia. So there ing elections in Zimbabwe during the are basically in agreement on nothing appears little chance of any effective transition. And there was the ever whatsoever. The aid package, for level of approval being won by the present Western aid package to boost example, has been denounced by latest Western effort to defuse the the Zimbabwean economy-a hold Zimbabwean nationalists as unaccept conflict in Zimbabwe, even though the over from last year's efforts by then able for an independent nation. final returns are not yet in. l

South Africa Soweto Challenges Wh ite Authority

The people of Soweto are in the front line of the struggle of the black people of South Africa against the apartheid regime. In recent months they have been fighting to maintain the main political gain of this past year-the existence of mass-based, popular organizations that represent the political aspirations of and have political legitimacy for the black popu ation. Through these organizations the residents of Soweto have been pushing forward in a limited but very sharp way by demanding black people control black communities. In South Africa such a demand attacks the core of white supremacy just as the stu dents campaign against Bantu educa tion challenges its ideological foun dations. Committee of 10 Denied legitimacy by the South African regime, the Committee of 10 continued to speak for the 1.25 million UN/P. Davis people living in Soweto, South Africa's Soweto most populous black city. This com mittee, first formed in early June after student pressure brought about the collapse of the government-approved Urban Bantu Council (see Southern formulated a five-year plan leading to * seek financial aid from the Organiza Africa, July-August 1977), is com self-rule by an elected municipal tion of African Unity, the Interna p osed often prominent Soweto resi administration. The plan, enthusiasti tional Monetary Fund, and other dents including representatives from cally supported by a Soweto audience governments and institutions. the Black People's Convention and the when it was presented in July aims at The South African government Soweto Students Representative improving black living conditions by placed a ban on mass rallies which Council. It was initially hailed by some providing that the elected black ad were to have been held to show Afrikaans papers as "abody of sensible ministration would: popular support for the plan, and this Blacks" who would be able to replace * assume the power to levy taxes; action contributed further to the ten the students as the main political force * establish departments to control sion which now permeates Soweto. in the township. education, housing, public works Even within its restricted frame Not exactly living up to these expec and health; work (it is only calling for black tations, the Committee of 10 has * take control of police functions, majority rule in a segregated black SEPTEMBER 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 23 urban community), the local self Teachers' Association, the Black ethnic divisions is one particularly government proposal presents a clear Womens' Convention and black trade resented feature of South African challenge to the South African regime unions. political control right now. One stu policy of denying urban African any The meeting resolved "to mobilize ent summed it up: "We have had rights, while claiming to provide "self all black people in Azania (South enough of being separated although rule" by creating independent bantu Africa) to demonstrate in no uncertain we are one nation." stans in the rural areas. terms their rejection of Bantustan Soweto Under Siege This checkerboard division of the independence." The group stated that country has been totally rejected by The sense of common purpose and a the independent bantustans were part determination to keep struggling are the mass of South African blacks, who of the government's policy of "divide claim the right to live, work and wield reflected in constant skirmishes be and rule" and were intended to "pre tween people and police all over the political power throughout one unified occupy and misdirect the vast creative South Africa. country. The students in Soweto and energies of the people away from the Alexandria (Johannesburg) were boy No Bantustan Acceptable true goals of liberation." cotting classes in late July and August, Many of the organizations repre While trying to stifle support for the and similar actions were reported from sented on the Committee of 10 were Committee of 10 plan, the South Pretoria. also involved in an all-day meeting African government has gone ahead The police have been using increas called in July by the Black Peoples' with trying to gain acceptance for its ing violence, setting dogs on students, Convention at Hammanskraal to dis streamlined version of the UBC, now or shooting at the slightest so-called cuss bantustan independence. The to be called community councils. As "provocation." The toll of dead is rising organizations at the meeting included currently planned these bodies would again and a black reporter recently the South African Students Organiza be composed of members elected on described Soweto as "under siege." tion, the Soweto-based Black Parents' an ethnic basis and would have au Hundreds of students were arrested in Organization, the Union of Black thority over a black police force. All late July and the first weeks of August, Journalists, the Black Priests' Soli decisions would be subjected to veto as Minister of Police Jimmy Kruger darity Group, the South African Stu by the white Bantu administration issued a warning: "We are going to get dents' Movement, the South African boards. The constant stressing of tough." l

American Firms Run for Cover in South Africa

by Reed Kramer invest further funds in South Africa. On one level, the Phelps Dodge/ "South Africa causes us more prob He says the company spent nearly $25 Gold Fields partnership is welcome lems than almost any other place million on development work during news in Pretoria. For years, the gov where we have investments," says the the past five years. ernment has stressed its desire to see vice president of a major US corpora The $170 million project at Ag strategic industries transferred into tion. Rising black militance, deepen gene ys in northwestern Cape Province local hands. As with International ing economic difficulties, and growing will be financed by both foreign and Telephone and Telegraph's recent international criticism have indeed domestic loans. Gold Fields is be decision to sell its major South African made the white-ruled nation a much lieved already to have raised about $60 holding to a Johannesburg electronics less attractive site for capital than it million from international banks, led firm, however, both government and was just a few years ago. by Citibank of New York. Bank officials business leaders are worried about But foreign investors are definitely have refused to discuss the deal on the declining American confidence in not abandoning South Africa, and in record, but informed sources say Citi their country's future. recent months, several US firms have bank has put about $10 million of its ITT denied that its move was tried to devise ways to maintain their own funds in the project.. prompted by protests, either in South still-profitable involvements while re Citibank, Africa or the US. "We still have a very ducing their risks. which is already under fire prominent presence from American church groups there," says Phelps Dodge Corporation, for ex and a spokesperson Tom Freeman. "The ample, recently struck a deal with a recently-formed Committee to Op pose Bank Loans to agreement from a business standpoint South African mining group which South Africa, ap makes a lot of sense: we are merging absolves the US copper giant from any parently extended the latest credit reluctantly. Ironically, a major reason into another company, and we collect a further capital expenditure while in very good price in stock and cash." suring it lucrative income from a de for the decision was the bank's client relationship ITT will end up with 36% of the veloping copper-lead-zinc-silver ven with Phelps Dodge, common which is now responding to critics of its stock of Allied Technologies ture. In May, Phelps Dodge sold 51% and 11% of the preferred stock. The of its previously wholly-owned subsid role in a new South African venture by saying "We do not deal transforms Altech into South iary, Black Mountain Mineral Devel expect to have to Africa's largest dedicate any more capital to it." electronics manufac opment Company, to Gold Fields of turing firm and gives ITT a stake in a South Africa, a subsidiary of the Lon Even without further investment, profitable and growing concern. don-based Consolidated Gold Fields, Phelps Dodge will reap significant A similar, though less advantageous Ltd. rewards: Current projections foresee pact was struck last November by According to corporate Secretary annual net earnings of about $65 mil Chrysler, which merged its ailing $35 Robert Seaman, Phelps Dodge took on lion, of which Phelps Dodge will re million subsidiary into an auto firm the partner because it did not want to ceive $30 million or more. owned by South Africa's largest finan-

24 SOUTHERN AFRICA/SEPTEMBER 1977 cial conglomerate, Anglo-American cent high-level, off-the-record seminar chosen to," he says. "Instead, they corporation. Chrysler now owns one that his firm put on helped turn the worked out a way to sell their subsid quarter of the newly-created com tide. Most of the 350 American busi iary and keep the proportion which pany, Sigma Ltd., and will receive "werenessmen who came," asserts Hatcher, represents the profit they would make 35% of -all profits or losses Sigma impressed by what the South anyway. incurs. African speakers said about the coun When 12 major US corporations Just how many other American com try's future." issued the "statement of principles" anies can or will follow this formula Key advocates of the South African last March, pledging to work for an end or retaining their interests while low osition were Chris van Wyk, who to discrimination in their South Afri ering their profiles remains unclear. eads Senbank, part of a growing and can operations ITT was a conspicuous Some have adopted less drastic mea influential Afrikaans banking group, absentee. sures. Chase Manhattan Bank has pro and Gerhard de Kock, deputy gover This reform push by US firms is still judgmentmised to pass up loans "that, in our nor of the Reserve Bank, who has rimarily oriented towards appeasing tend to support the apart recently been named a senior eco omestic critics, and any hope it has of heid policies." General Motors has nomic advisor to Prime Minister sparking change in South Africa is announced a freeze on investment Vorster. weakened when ma)or companies opt until apartheid policies are abandoned. The dialogue with these well-con for the "low profile' approach. Ironi There is no evidence that these nected South Africans is a crucial part cally, South African companies have moves have much substance. Chase of the drive to restore investor confi demonstrated more serious commit representative in South Africa Stephen dence. But Hatcher admits that the ment to reforms, but even they remain Pryke told the FinancialMail: "We're ITT move is a setback to his efforts. paralyzed by timidity in the face of the just carrying on as before." Car sales "ITT has the muscle and the guts to government's determination to keep have plummetted, so that expansion press ahead with reforms, if it had the pace of change extremely slow. wouldnot be justified under any con ditions. The common thread in all these cor porate actions seems to be the desire to reduce public criticism. Andrew Squatters Driven Out Hatcher, a New York public relations expert who works for the South African In August, -after months of threats, conditions because the authorities government, believes that such pro the government finally moved in to refuse to build sufficient houses (there tests are on the decline. "The whole destroy the homes of thousands of is a seven year waiting list for a house issue of disinvestment has been dif black squatters near Capetown. As even if you are 'entitled' to one) and fused," he argues. reported in Southern Africa (June/ because of apartheid laws which de Hatcher's firm, Sydney S. Baron July), there are well over one quarter clare many people to be illegally in the and Company, has a $365,000 annual of a million African and Coloured men area, or classify them as migratory contract to promote South Africa's and women living in miserable squat workers, not entitled to have their image here, particularly in the busi ters' camps in the Cape. These people families with them, or make them in ness community. Hatcher says a re- have been forced to live under terrible eligible for housing for some other reason. In the last year the squatters in a number of camps have begun to organ ize themselves. Perhaps this fed the government's determination to "clear them away." Early in August the au thorities moved into the Modderdam Road Camp. Using tear-gas and dogs to clear the way they began smashing down the people's homes with bull dozers. About 100 white demonstrators, in cluding Ms. Judith Williams, wife of an economics officer in the US Embassy, joined the people in an effort to save the homes, but within a few hours the walls were down, and trucks were cart ing off families to their so-called home lands in the Transkei and Ciskei, over 700 miles away. There are no jobs in those areas, and the government of the Transkei has already said it will not allow South Africa to use it as a dumping ground. So the squatters will be back, swelling the ranks of those whose daily experi ence is teaching them that there is no UN place for them inside the system and Squatter's home that they have to organize. ED SEPTEMBER 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 25 Namibia SWAPO Stands Firm In Sefflement Talks

Mr. Sam Nujoma, President of the occupation forces. Nujoma stressed A South African Major General, Jannie South West Africa People's Organiza SWAPO's insistence that the United Geldenhuys, has been installed in tion, headed the eight-person SWAPO Nations have a strong presence during Windhoek to carry out this mission and delegation which met with representa the transition period, to 'supervise and command South Africa's South West tives of the five Western members of control' the elective process-the spe Africa Defense headquarters with its the United Nations Security Coun cific language of Security Council reso 50,000 man Pretorian military force. cil-the United States, United King lution 385. Forty-two-year-old General Jannie dom, France, West Germany and The obvious UN representative to Geldenhuys has studied abroad, ac Canada-in New York on August 8. carry out the world body's role in cording to the Windhoek Advertiser, The three and a half day talks on the Namibia is UN Commissioner for and is expert in armored warfare and issue of the independence of Namibia Namibia Martti Ahtisaari, but reports the field of military nuclear tech ended in the issuing of a similarly from Turnhalle sources in Windhoek, nology. worded communique from the US Namibia's capital, assert that the Com The South African Defense Force is Mission to the UN and from SWAPO. missioner is unacceptable because he actively recruiting men for military The talks were 'frank and useful.' is 'too close to SWAPO and the training from six of the eleven 'ethnic The two sides 'agreed that there exist churches.' groups represented in the South Afri possibilities for a negotiated settle can-sponsored Turnhalle Conference. ment of the issue consistent with Secu Pretoria Marches On Training of Damaras was to have be rity Council Resolution 385. Some In the meantime, Pretoria's newly gun on August 15; Ovambos, Kavan issues remain to be clarified. The parti appointed administrator general, Mar gos, Whites, Reheboth Basters and cipants have therefore, agreed to meet thinus Steyn, is due to take over the Namas are in varying stages of readi again at an early convenient date.' The occupation establishment in the Inter ness. The remaining five groups will Five are expected to report to the national Territory on September 1, ex be organized militarily as fast as pos South Africans, and the US's chief actly two years after the opening of sible. In March, South African De negotiator Ambassador Donald Mc South Africa's Turnhalle Conference, a fense Minister Piet W. Botha pre Henry flew on to London where Secre device which the South African gov sented a white paper in the Cape Town tary of State Cyrus Vance was meeting ernment now claims it has abandoned. Parliament outlining Pretoria's de with British Foreign Secretary David However some features of the Turn fense aims. It stated that military assis Owen, and South African Foreign halle proposals appear alive, if not tance was being provided to the three Minister Roelof Botha. well, and are being swiftly promoted northern border bantustans at the by South Africa. The regime is busy request of those 'governments' and of Phased Withdrawal creating 'ethnic' area legislative coun the Turnhalle Conference... 'to assist After the meeting Nujoma told re cils, one feature of Turnhalle's scheme the inhabitants and the various popula porters that SWAPO is prepared to go for a three-tier governmental system. tion groups of South West Africa to on with 'the western sponsored media An opening ceremony at Outjo when shape their own political future and to tion for at least one more round.' He South African Judge J. J. Strydom prevent any external interference in laid out a timetable which he hoped swore in the Damara Legislative any sphere in that Territory.' the western group would now put to Council was almost broken up by pro At a seminar of the SWAPO Elders the South Africans. Pretoria would testing members of the umbrella Council held in early August in Katu have three months to withdraw all its group, the Namibia National Front. tura township, Windhoek, Namibians troops from occupied Namibia. After Further, on June 10, the South African were called on not to participate in that, SWAPO proposed that there be a State President issue proclamation R. 'reducingmilitary training which was aimed at six-month election campaign prepara 117 providing for the 'establishment the Black masses' in Nami tory to electing a government which and mana ement of townships' in the bia. would take the territory to immediate three nortlern bantustans in the Terri independence. South Africa, on its tory. This, too, is in accord with Turn Fighting Continues side, has been pressing for elections to halle's three-tier blueprint for control The war in Namibia's northern re be held as soon as possible, while its at the municipal and township level. gions continues unabated between administrative machine ryis still intact; soldiers of SWAPO's Peoples Libera one date proposed being fore Christ Recruiting a tion Army of Namibia and the South mas 1977. South (West) Africa Army African occupation forces. South Afri SWAPO also reiterated its call for a In another attempt to retain control can Minister of Justice, Prisons and United Nations peace-keeping force to in the future, the government is mov Police James Kruger, speaking at the ensure South African military and ing to establish a South West Africa opening of a new police station at police withdrawal and to replace the national army 'of all ethnic groups.' Omaruru on August 12, hailed the 26 SOUTHERN AFRICA/SEPTEMBER 1977 South African Police for, among other ern Angola towns, Cuangar and Calai, South Africa's allies during the Pre virtues, doing 'duty as soldiers.' just across the border, appear to have torian advance-and retreat-from In related developments, two south- fallen to resurgent UNITA guerrillas, the former Portuguese colony. El New Spate of Trials A South African judge sitting in theran pastor, the Rev. Naboth Imene, 'illegal and invalid,' as declared by the Windhoek on July 15 sentenced four is being charged with violations of the United Nations Security Council and SWAPO members to prison terms Terrorism Act. The Windhoek Adver affirmed by the International Court of under Pretoria's Terrorism Act. Ben tiser reports he circulated a letter ap Justice. The US ambassador and rep jamin Chrispus Uulenga received 15 pealing to his fellow clerics for shoes, resentatives of the United Kingdom, years after being convicted of armed clothing, radios, newspapers-'neces France, Canada and West Germany all infiltration of his own country. Ruben sities for the men of the bush.' The made representations to South Africa. Itengula got 12 years for canvassing for letter, says the prosecutor, was 'inter A US State Department official wrote SWAPO. Michael Shikongo and Laza cepted through the post.' High officials that the American government ap rus Carl Guiteb received five and eight of the Ovambo-Kavango Lutheran proached the Nangolo matter 'not only years for aiding the others. Justice J. J. Church are being implicated in the on the legal grounds which have been Strydom warned that unless the courts case. The Lutheran Church-Nami repeated to the South African govern acted severely, law and order would be bia's largest by far-has, along with the ment many times over, but also as an threatened in 'South West Africa.' Anglican and Roman Catholic, become appeal for clemency . . . the United Also on July 15, in another Wind more and more outspoken and resis States deeply regrets that South Africa hoek courtroom; SWAPO official Vic tant to South African rule and the could not see its way clear to heed the tor Nkandi was charged in connection Turnhalle Conference scheme. appeal.' Nduvuu Filemon Nangolo with the 1975 assassination of bantu Late in May, word came that the was hanged at 6 a.m., May 30, in stan Chief Filemon Elifas. Nkandi and South African State President had Windhoek, and buried within the fellow SWAPO officer Axel Johannes signed an executive order for Nduvuu hour. both refused to testify as state wit Filemon Nangolo, a SWAPO member The five Western powers who had nesses in last year's Swakopmund Ter who had returned to Namibia armed already begun their negotiations for a rorism trial--conducted by Judge and who had been convicted of having Namibian settlement with Pretoria Strydom-and were given a year s im "common purpose' with the perpetra were noticeably reluctant to press too prisonment for contempt of court. tion of a murder committed by another hard in the Nangolo case because the When their sentences expired this past person. The 25-year-old Nangolo was man was convicted of complicity to spring, Johannes and Nkandi were wounded in a shoot-out in Windhoek murder rather than under the more turned over to Elifas' successor in the last year was paralyzed from the waist Eolitical Terrorism Act. Pretoria may Owambo 'homeland.' The South Afri down. Appe were directed to South ave found a way to pursue executions cans will try to make Johannes testify Africa and to President Jimmy Car of Namibians; the upcoming trial of against his comrade in a trial due to ter-based on humanitarian grounds Victor Nkandi will probably be con begin in September. and on the fundamental issue that all ducted under similar criminal stat In yet another political trial, a Lu South African acts in Namibia are utes. El

Mozambique No Easy Task

In mid-July, the Council of Minis the separation between the people and people have not always been able to ters met for several days with the the administrators. Frequent refer obtain enough food, clothing and provincial governors, in a series of ences to the experiences during the medicine-because of problems of important meetings designed to deal war of liberation drew on the under production and transport. At the same with some of the serious problems now standing generated in those years, that time there have been many interrup confronting' Mozambique. The meet the people mobilized provide a tre tions in the supply of seeds, fertilizers, ing, chaired by President Samora mendous force for change. agricultural equipment, spare parts Machel, issued a long communique at Shortages-Supply Problems and so on. the end of its deliberations, which has The communique analyses the vari been widely distributed in Mozam The period since independence has ous factors that underlay the shortages, bique, in an attempt to involve as been one of severe economic disloca differentiating between responsibili many people as possible in the process tion. There have been serious short ties that could be assigned internally of understanding and correcting mis ages, both at the level of popular as weaknesses within the system that is takes. One of the points most con consumption, and in the flow of raw trying to build a new society-and sistently stressed as various difficulties materials and equipment necessary to problems that were deliberately gen were examined, was the need to end keep the economy functioning. The erated by hostile sabotage. SEPTEMBER 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 27 Flaws in State Structure The meeting reviewed the problems that still existed in a system of state administration inherited from the colonial context. There was often slow and poor communication between various central, provincial, district and local structures. Frequently a bureau cratic approach to solving problems made quick and sympathetic re sponses impossible, so that swift action was only possible at the ministerial level, where individuals would cut through red tape and take the respon sibility of authorizing some particular action. Administration still tended to be top-heavy and over-centralized, and ministries needed to increase their support for the provinces. Looking at the internal process critically, the communique says: We apply the greater part of our time and energy in concentrating effort, experience and material and human organizational resources at the level of the central structures. Thus we withhold from the grass roots level the responsibility and initiative which would enable it to Tempo solve its own problems. Moreover, There are shortages everywhere but these teachers have used their at the local level the principle has imagination to overcome the lack of teaching aids. not yet been accepted that local problems should, where possible, mobility of people; individuals display productivity and constitute short be solved locally ... without indulg unlimited ambition for posts, particu comings used by the enemy. ing in the habit of always trans larly those vacated by departing for Two themes appear to have lain at ferring the task of providing solu eigners; departmentalism survives in the center of the long discussions tions to higher levels. all the ministries and services, and firstly, the problem of internal inade During the war FRELIMO had devel there is obstructionism towards the quacies, and secondly, the direct and oped popular solutions to many prob new structures as they begin to exer indirect activities of the external lems. Now many structures were cise their authority. Such attitudes enemy and its internal agencies. The rejecting this experience and showed a originate from the individualistic and communique stressed that the main lack of initiative and imagination in divided manner in which the problems source of Mozambique's difficulties lay overcoming difficulties, claiming lack are approached, and are a conse in the activities of its international of means. Often, in such situations, quence of not having superceded the enemy-imperialism. difficulties could be overcome by type of structure, organization, think applying available means and mobiliz ing and methods used by colonialism. Sabotage ing popular support. When FRELIMO took over, some Insufficient Planning of the hopes of the capitalism rooted Another problem dealt with was the in our country were destroyed. Individualism failure to carry out plans that were Capitalism was forced to change The meeting went on to analyze not made. Discussion seemed to indicate tactics. It launched an economic war only structural inadequacies of the that often this was because priorities to cause economic and social chaos, system of administration, but the had not been clearly enough estab attempting to get the most out of the problems arising from the many in lished. power-sharing that characterized correct attitudes that still permeated • . . planning attempts are made the transitional government. After the officials within the structure. involving good ideas, but due to the proclamation of independence There is apathy in facing the prob inadequate means it is often impos and the first immediate nationaliza lems of the people; liberalism; a lack sible to implement these ideas; ... tion measures, when all hopes of of a sense o responsibility ... a lack there is a lack of programming day to influencing FRELIMO were lost, of the spirit of austerity; a wastage of day activities; there is incomplete capitalism intensified its agression the people's goods. knowledge of the means available; and openly resorted to backing There is also, according to the com there is no clear definition of what is internal destabilization. munique, a lack of professional inter a priority .... The lack of organiza The enemy's activities aim at est, or of interest in increasing profes tion and programming in work, the preventing the Mozambique people sional and scientific knowledge. There lack of adequate methods of work, om winning the battle of produc are problems of elitism, there are still and the absence of responsibility tion that will facilitate the creation of very great wage differences, there is an and control in carrying out of duties, the material conditions needed for almost total lack of control over the are factors which contribute to low the revolution to succeed. Thus,

28 SOUTHERN AFRICA/SEPTEMBER 1977 basic products, raw materials and about FRELIMO leaders, attempting and to establish and list priori spare parts we import do not arrive. to create an atmosphere of permanent ties and quantities of imports. Products arrive in a deteriorated instability and fear. (7) Establishment of provincial state or rendered completely use Measures to Be Taken government must be acceler less. Machines and equipment are ated and provincial ministry deliberately dispatched incomplete Faced with such a situation it is representatives appointed. or with technical faults. False debits imperative to take steps to end it. (8) To dynamize the activities of are introduced into the country to Accordingly, the following mea planning centers, to program disorganize our financial system. sures are deemed necessary: and supervise the performance Forged air tickets are produced to (1) To stiffen party representation of tasks and supervise work obtain currency illegally. Docu in the state apparatus and in methods. ments are stolen to receive payment other sectors. (9) To ensure that planning of abroad for our exports. Under (2) To strengthen political studies national activities will be truly invoicing and overinvoicing are rife. so as to be collectively organ national. Indiscipline is reported in hospitals, ized in all working sectors, (10) To accelerate the adoption of schools, production units and in the particularly in the state appa measures for staff training. various institutions generally ... ratus. (11) Sabotage and indiscipline must Sabotage is carried out by delaying (3) To accelerate the organization be severely punished; this pre or refusing to transport products to of village communes, munici supposes the drawing of new the consumer distribution points, palities and co-operatives. laws. by a lack of interest in purchasing (4) To establish councils to control (12) As a work method we must products from the peasants, and by productivity, which will super methodically record our experi sabotaging our young commercial vise rising production within ences-the basis of our inspira structure. the state services and study and tion. submit to the leadership meth (13) The gains of independence Rhodesian Aggression ods of evaluating the produc A Part of the Whole must be realized by giving tivity of civil servants. priority to the liberated zones The Smith regime's constant attacks (5) To enable the national supply and the border areas. on Mozambique, most frequently commission fully to discharge (14) We must remain permanently aimed at civilian targets, at goods and its responsibilities; the manner interested in the problems of means of production, were seen not as in which it carries out its duties the people, not neglecting the isolated acts of a desperate regime, but must be dynamized. small problems. as part of the international campaign (6) The national supply commission against the young state. has been expanded to embrace Conclusion Classic forms of psychological war the provinces and must set up We are aware that with these were also being used against the branches to solve: (a) the supply measures, provided they are strictly Mozambican people. Radio and press problem; (b) the problem of implemented by us all, we shall be campaigns, controlled from abroad, marketing; (c) the problem taking wider steps towards consoli distort and lie, spreading wild rumors obstructing customs-clearance; dating our power and victories. E3

observers of policy in the new Carter more; "it is not possible to render administration. The contributors are Africa stable by force of arms," but "we almost all well-informed liberal aca should relate to 'radicals' and 'moder demic Africanists, and the books there ates' alike on a basis of mutuality of fore a useful indication of both the interest." virtues and limitations of that per The essays begin with a word-happy spective. highly abstract discussion of moderni The Kitchen volume was prepared zation by Princeton professor Manfred as part of one of the more recent of the Halpern, continue with Ali Mazrui's Rockefeller family's opinion-molding suggestions on judicial, administrative Africa: From Mystery to Maze ventures: The Commission on Critical and diplomatic processes for conflict (Critical Choices for Ameri Choices for Americans. Included in resolution, and include four substan cans, v. XI), edited by Helen the Commission's studies were seven tive chapters on economic issues, con Kitchen (Lexington, MA: Lex volumes with regional focuses, coordi cluding with a detailed discussion of nated by Nancy Maginnes Kissinger. the possibilities of aid. Other essays ington Books, 1976), $19.95. Helen Kitchen, director of this Africa deal with the OAU, defense, the Southern Africa in Crisis, ed Area Study, was editor-in-chief of media, and southern Africa. There is Africa Report, published by the Afri also an anonymous contribution from a ited by Gwendolen M. Carter can American Institute, from 1961 to Marxist perspective which is pessi and Patrick O'Meara (Blooming 1968. mistic about most African countries' ton: Indiana University Press, The message of this 11-chapter vol futures, and sees for the most eco 1977), $12.50. ume for policy-makers is a familiar one nomically viable the choice between a to Andy Young -watchers: Keep cool Brazilian or a Chinese model of devel Perhaps the best way to characterize and don't panicbecause of Soviet aid or opment. these two books is as sets of briefing talk of socialism; Africa's going through The thrust is critical of lack of atten papers, designed to orient makers and lots of changes, and will go through tion to Africa, and of panicky, un

SEPTEMBER 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 29 sophisticated policies based on inade opposition and winning strong West inadequacy of the apartheid "solu quate knowledge of Africa. But con ern backing. The alternative, which he tions" and most reform proposals. She sl icuously absent is any consideration clearly fears, is "revolutionary up poses the question: 'what political otthe possibility that there may be real heavals and the development of mili changes that satisfy blacks will be contradictions between African inter tantly African anti-Western attitudes accepted by whites? She stresses the ests and American foreign policy based that threaten not only the security of Afrikaner choice between the laager on creating a world order congenial for the large white resident communities (stockade) and pragmatism, calls for a capitalist United States. and essential Western interests, but the United States to "keep open chan indeed the peace of the world." nels with the majority" and to urge a The limitation is particularily clear in the comments in the volume on But the liberal alternative to revolu national convention in South Africa, southern Africa, and applies as well to tion is not to support the intransigent and stops. There is no consideration of the Carter/O'Meara collection. There white regimes, it is to call for dissocia the innumerable ways in which the tion and to put.pressure on for a shift to United States bolsters the military and is consensus on dissociation from economic strength of the white re South Africa's white regime, but also reform. And so the thrust of Southern Africa in Crisis is critical of the white gime, nor of the steps that could be an overwhelming preference for evo taken to diminish lutionary rather than revolutionary regimes. that effect. change in that country. Separate essays deal with Rhodesia, The essays on the independent Thus, Helen Kitchen (p. 6) tells us, Mozambique, South Africa, Angola, countries of southern Africa are by and "The prospect of avoiding a major race Namibia, Botswana, and (together) large sympathetic to the problems war becomes more remote if we make Swaziland and Lesotho. All are clearly faced by those countries and the re pariahs of the Vorsters of southern written, informed, and informative. gimes in control. Tony Hodges does seem piqued that FRELIMO didn't Africa who have opted (albeit belatedly Most sympathetic and now out of calculated self-interest) to the liberation immediately nationalize all foreign to try to build bridges between blacks struggle and sceptical of the maneu business, or give first priority to organ vers of the white regimes and the izing elections, dismissing as rhetoric and white within and outside the western powers is the essay by Eliza Republic." And John Marcum (pp. the commitment to step-by-step revo 124-5) talks of South Africa's best hope beth Landis on Namibia. The essay on lution and missing the point of its Rhodesia, written by Patrick O'Meara systematic development of mass parti being in detente, and speaks of con as the Geneva conference verting American enterprise in South was be cipation and rural development. But Africa into a force for social change. ginning, seems overly trusting of Marcum s essay on Angola is on the Smith, Kissinger and Vorster, and whole sympathetic to the MPLA. The Colin Legum, in concluding the strikingly fails to point out the reluc chapters on Botswana, Lesotho and Carter/O'Meara book, strikes a similar tance of Vorster or the West to act Swaziland present admirably brief note, with his description of a "hope effectively against Smith. overviews of the political and eco ful, but unfortunately less likely" sce Writing on South Africa, Gwen nomic situation o those countries, nario of South African government dolen Carter surveys the history, often neglected in discussions of right-wing realism beginning negotia focusing on the clash of Afrikaner and southern Africa. tions at home, defusing more militant African nationalism, and shows the There is, then, much that is useful in these two books-a certain sympathy with African interests, scepticism and/ or opposition to Kissinger-style Cold War counterinsurgency and diplo FESTAC '77 (Mohn Gordon ably printed before the event took matic maneuvering in Africa. Much Ltd., London, 1977; US dis place the book has no actual account of FESTAC but does contain a catalogue like the Carter administration. tributors UNIPUB, Box 433, of festival events as well as many New York, NY 10016), $15. And there are common sticking dance, fashion and genre photos of the Oints as well: don't look in these books black and African world which are in Produced as a souvenir album for or support for revolution in South themselves both beautiful and inter Africa, for an emphasis on the intimate The Second World Black and African esting. The several discerning essays Festival of Arts and Culture which link between the South African system on such subjects as African Cosmology, and the capitalist economies of the took place January-February 1977 in Identity and Ideology, Music, Cine Lagos, Nigeria, this square 152-page West, for the identification of Western matography, Poetry, Literature and economic interests and pro-Western volume has an elegant dust jacket Oral Literature, Soul and Style, The showing the fifteenth century Benin ruling classes as enemies of African Dispersion of African Peoples, and development. That, the authors of ivory mask, the symbol of the festival, Aboriginal Society in Australia make on a dark blue field and contains many these essays and the Carter adminis this a fine reference work for Sociology tration would likely reply, would be beautiful full color art reproductions and Black Studies student alike. Its that make it as valuable for connois 'extremism." text centers on the emergence of a new - William Minter seurs of African sculpture as it is a African cultural identity from the memento of the festival itself. Presum debris of colonialist domination and stresses both the merits and short William Minter is a writer at Africa comings of the artistic expression that News, and author of the recently Herb Yavel, a graphicarts consultant, is propelling the new Africa onto the published Imperial Brain Trust: The recently helped organize a nationwide world s cultural scene. Council on Foreign Relations and U.S. anti-apartheidposter competition. - Herb Yavel Foreign Policy (Monthly Review Press).

30 SOUTHERN AFRICA/SEPTEMBER 1977 been written on the subject, and are an gimes in order to assist transition and indispensable source for anyone trying to protect current American interests to dig more deeply into the details of and objectives." (African Battleline, p. US involvement. 139). But none of the studies mentioned More current is the book by An so far have a major focus on the evolu thony Lake on The "TarBaby" Option: tion of policy thinking towards south American Policy Toward Southern ern Africa within the foreign policy Rhodesia (Columbia University Press, With a new administration in office, establishment and the government. 1976). [Reviewed Southern Africa, it is important to evaluate its policy on For that topic there are two books April, 1977.] Published for the Car southern Africa in perspective, re recently published, and several older negie Endowment for International membering the contrast under past ones that are still relevant. Of most Peace, the book has considerable de administrations between the rhetoric importance is the text of the NSSM 39 tail on the evolution of policy. Never of self-determination and the de facto study, published in this country by theless, it is probably less interesting collaboration with the white regimes. Lawrence Hill (Westport, CT, 1976) for its content than for its author, a There is still no one book giving an under the title The Kissinger Study on rising star in Carter's foreign policy overview of United States policy Southern Africa. It was this study that establishment. In the book Lake towards the region, but more and formulated the famous assumption, clearly repudiates the "tar baby" more is being published; sorting out "The whites are here to stay and the policy, formulated at a time when he the useful material from the mislead only way that constructive change can was on Kissinger's staff and, in his ing is becoming more and more time come about is through them. There is words, "peripherally involved from consuming. no hope for the blacks to gain the politi time to time in work on southern Afri Two recent anthologies provide a cal rights they seek through violence, can issues," but only insofar as Rho useful starting point. The special issue which will only lead to chaos and desia is concerned. On South Africa of Africa Today (Denver) for July increased opportunities for the com the book is extremely vague, advocat September 1976, is entitled Southern munists." In spite of Kissinger's 'shut ing at best "setting clear limits on the Africa and US ForeignPolicy. The two tle diplomacy' and the more pro scope of our official relations with lead articles, by George Shepherd and African image of the new Carter ad South Africa" (p. 278). Neil Leighton, are sceptical of the ministration, it is worth reading this In understanding how United States Kissinger-announced changes. Other 1969 study carefully, comparing with policy evolves towards the remaining articles, particularly on Rhodesia, de facto US policy, and asking how white-ruled states of southern Africa, Namibia, and Angola and Mozam much is really changing. the history of other states in the area, bique, on South Africa's nuclear devel Still of relevance, perhaps more now independent, remains relevant. than ever in view of the current talk of Two books worth consulting for this opment and on mercenaries, reflect a "transition," are similar focus on de facto US ties with the books written by kind of background are Stephen R. the white regimes. A larger anthology, Waldemar Nielsen for the Council on Weissman, American ForeignPolicy n edited by Frederick S. Arkhurst, fo Foreign Relations (African Battleline, the Congo, 1960-1964 (Cornell Uni cuses on US Policy Toward Africa Harper & Row, 1965; The Great Pow versity Press, 1974), and William Min (New York: Praeger, 1975), presenting ers and Africa, Praeger, 1969). His ter, Portuguese Africa and the West papers and comments from a seminar outline of the task of American diplo (Monthly Review Press, 1973). sponsored by the Phelps-Stokes Fund. macy in southern Africa strikes a very contemporary note: "first, to develop The participants reflect a range of per 0 spectives, including an official view contact and communication with those presented by Herbert J. Spiro from political groups presently not in con the State Department. Of particular trol of overnment but likely to assume Available from the American Com relevance to southern African issues control in the future, in order to exert mittee on Africa: posters submitted in are the essays by Immanuel Waller some influence on the character of the the recent nationwide anti-apartheid stein, placing US interest in Africa in regimes they will establish; second... poster competition. Interested groups the context of the world economy, and helping to reduce or counter those should contact Ray Gould, directorof by George Houser, with an overview internal or external factors which could special projects. Groups are being of US policy in practice. frustrate evolutionary change and lead asked to pay all transportation costs For considerably more detail the to violence and disruption; and third (approximately $25.00 for 10 to 20 reader can turn to two books published ... nonetheless to attempt to maintain posters) and take responsibilityfor the by Greenwood Press (Westport, CT). workable relations with existing re posters' care and safe return. It is Barbara Rogers has written White hoped that groups will also make a Wealth and Black Poverty: American contribution, determined on ability to Investments in Southern Africa (1976), pay, to help defray expenses. giving the details of investment coun SURVIVAL A twelve-poster 14"x19" anti-apart try by country, as well as showing how heid 1978 calendarwill be available in that investment has supported the Survival, a play about the reali September at $4.00. (Write for bulk system of white supremacy. [See ties of African life in and outside discounts.) Proceeds will go to the Southern Africa, March 1977 for full South African prisons, will begin Africa Fund to support its work in review.] Mohammed E1-Khawas and at New York's Astor Place Theatre behalf of victims of apartheid and to Francis A. Kornegay, Jr., of the Afri on September 16. Ticket prices assist projects in Africa supporting can Bibliographic Center, have edited are $4 and up. The South African liberation movements. Orders are now a series of essays on American-South cast of four recently completed a being accepted by ACOA, 305 E. 46th ern African Relations. These essays successful tour on the west coast. Street, New York, NY 10017. Phone: focus on guiding the reader to what has 212-838-5030.

SEPTEMBER 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 31 -As many tons of medical supplies recently was charged with violating and equipment as possible, includ her banishment regulations. tnfirst aid kits The church group suggests that ex pressions of condemnation for the - surgical tape South African regime's actions be sent - surgical scrub (e.g. betadine) to President Carter and to Ambassador - antiseptic (e.g. alcohol, witch Donald B. Sole, South African Em hazel, hydrogen peroxide) bassy, 3051 Massachusetts Avenue, - antibiotics (anthromycine, tetra N.W., Washington, D.C. 20500. cycline, etc.) Expressions of support may be sent - surgical tools (e.g. scissors, scal to Ms. Mandela at 802 Phatakahle pels, syringes with needles, etc.) Township, Brandfort, OFS, South Following is shipping information: Africa. BANK CAMPAIGN SCORES NEW -All items collected should be SUCCESSES... The National Coun packed in sturdy cardboard boxes, cil of Churches is implementing with and uniformity in packaging will ex drawal of its payroll account for its 380 pedite matters, saving money, time FLAGS NEEDED ... ZANU has sent employees from Citibank in New and precious space. a request for flags and for T-shirts with York, in protest of the bank's policy of - Organizers must contact a trucking the ZANU flag on them for use in the making loans to South Africa. In Chi company to transport packed items liberation struggle. Details are being cago, a vice-president of First National to: worked out for a shipping address, Bank of Chicago told a meeting that c/o D & F Trucking Company which will be printed as soon as it's the bank "will make no loans to South 3050 Elmhurst Lane available. Africa, i.e. to the government of any of Portsmouth, Virginia The New York ZANU Solidarity its agencies or corporations, in the Telephone: (804) 488-4771 Committee publishes a monthly news near future." In California, Bank of (Monday-Friday 8 a.m.-5 p.m.) bulletin and is trying to collect clothing America said it is "re-evaluating" its - No C.O.D.'s will be accepted, thus and medical supplies specficaly for loan policy, an action which follows organizers must raise funds to ab ZANU. For more information write mass meetings and fund withdrawals. sorb costs of transporting items to P.O. Box 181, Bronx, N.Y. 10453. Recent research has turned up the shipping-point in Norfolk, Virginia. There's also a Chicago ZANU Support names of more than 40 banks around - Co-workers in Norfolk, Virginia Committee, 1220 West Grace St., the country, in addition to those previ will receive, handle, store and ship Chicago, IL 60613. ously identified, which have made items on the free shipping spaces loans to South African governmental allotted to goods for liberation corporations or which have financed struggles. loans to US companies in connection The coalition also encourages those LETTER OF THE LAW ... Follow with such companies' South African groups who can to raise additional ing a previously reported opinion by trade. The list is available from the money to help with shipping costs. Wisconsin's state Attorney-General Committee to Oppose Bank Loans to that the state university regents should South Africa, 305 East 46th St., New For additional information, contact: York, N.Y. 10017. United Church of Christ Other resources: Commission For Racial justice Africa Program - The Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility has prepared a slide 1029 Vermont Avenue N.W. If your group is planning a Suite 208 stockholder campaign, an educa show on bank loans to South Africa. It Washington, D.C. 20005 tional meeting, a demonstration, features Nina Simone and a big pink 737-2600 piggy bank. The film is availablefrom (202) or some other action involving a ICCR, 475 Riverside Drive, Room 566, Patrice Lumumba Coalition southern Africa issue, tell us and New York, N.Y. 10027. Administrative Offices we'll pass the word through this 475 Riverside Drive - 8th Floor monthly column. New York, New York 10027 If your group has just engaged (212) 662-1235 in such an action, send us a report. tell us REFUGEE AID . . . A coalition of Black Theology Project Be as specific as possible: groups including the United Church of 475 Riverside Drive - 3rd Floor how many people showed up, how Christ, the Patrice Lumumba Coali New York, New York 10027 many leaflets were handed out, or tion and the Black Theology Project is (212) 678-6276 how much money was raised. In clude ideas, tips, and samples of calling for donations of clothing and any materials you've developed. medical supplies to be sent to front line states to aid in assisting refugees. The deadline is the 10th of Arrangements have been in effect for a every month before the month of number of months to ship all items OPPOSING BANISHMENT... Epis publication, e.g. material for in from a single point. copal Churchmen for South Africa is clusion in the October issue must The following are the items needed: calling for letters, phone calls and tele reach us by September 10. Our - 100,000 (minimum) warm blankets grams to protest the treatment of address is: News and Notes, Southern Africa, 156 Fifth Ave - 50,000 (minimum) children'ssweat Winnie Mandela, South African apart nue, Room 707, New York, NY ers and pants heid opponent and wife of ANC leader 10010. - 100,000 (minimum) pairs of boots Nelson Mandela. Ms. Mandela, ban for men, women and children ished in May to a remote province,

32 SOUTHERN AFRICA/SEPTEMBER 1977 dispose of investments in companies ICCR noted in testimony before the for a year, with an option to purchase. which do significant business in South board that the San FranciscoCity and The Holland Committee (formerly Africa, governing bodies of at least County Retirement Board has agreed the Angola Committee) opposed the three other institutions-the Univer to consider issues of social-economic deal on the grounds that the aircraft sity of Massachusetts, Stanford, and import involving corporations in could be used for military purposes by the University of Maryland-are which it holds stock. South Africa and that the sale would checking to see if they are in violation thus violate the UN arms embargo of any state statutes. The Wisconsin against South Africa. opinion was based on a law which pro The Committee enlisted the sup hibits the regents from investing KRUGERRAND SALES STOPPED port of the country's largest union and knowingly in companies that practice ...Marc Rice, a large downtown Oak eventually won the support of the discrimination. land jewelry store, agreed on June 18 country's two top parties during the In Carbondale, Illinois, more than to stop selling Krugerrand jewelry course of debate on the issue, which 250 members and supporters of the after picketing by anti-Krugerrand received wide attention in the South Southern Illinois University Coalition forces. The store-which had previ Africa press. Against Racial Exploitation demon ously sent a letter from the group to Fokker, which maintained that it strated on July 27 to demand that the the District Attorney-also agreed to needed no export license, said it would university withdraw its investments in post a sign announcing that it had abide by the government's August corporations that do business in South stopped all Kru gerrand sales. decision. Afica. The protest followed revela In Cleveland, a coin store also tions that a non-profit fund-raising stopped selling Krugerrands after 0 organization for the university has over picketing there. $500,000 worth of stock in six multi Starting in early June, members of national corporations with ties to ON THE HIGH SEAS . . . A radio the Chicago Solidarity Committee operator is needed to join the crew of South Africa. Against Apartheid have been picketing Foundation director Joseph Good the "FRI," a sailing ship out of New each Saturday in front of Carson Pirie Zealand which is on its way to Namibia man, who previously had said he Scott, one of the city's major depart "could care less" about the connec with a cargo of banned books. Still ment stores, to oppose Krugerrand making its way along the West Africa tions, said after the action that if the sales. About 900 people had signed a foundation were presented with proof coast is the "Golden Harvest," which the companies are discriminating petition as of mid-July, and the group set out from England with a similar reported many customers have re cargo last October under the sponsor against blacks, the investments would frained from entering the store. be terminated. ship of groups including the Move ment for a New Society in Philadel 0 pahia. The "Golden Harvest" was de ayed by an accident off Gambia. TENNIS, ANYONE? . .. ACCESS, For further information, contact the the American Coordinating Commit Philadelphia Namibia Action Group, MORE ON INVESTMENTS... An tee for Equality in Sport and Society, 4811 Springfield Avenue, Philadel increasing number of pension funds led a demonstration of about 200 peo phia, PA 19143. are looking at the investment situation ple in front of the New York office of Footnote: PNAG is also getting with regard to South Africa. TIAA the US Tennis Association on August ready to extend the boycott of Del CREF, a fund that handles invest 4. The demonstrations were protesting Monte sardines to the East Coast. ments for many secondary school and USTA's invitation to South Africa to They report they have action ideas college teachers' retirement trusts, participate in the US Open. they'd be glad to share. voted its shares in favor of anti-invest ACCESS also called for a protest ment stockholder resolutions during September 11 at Forest Hills, the final 0 the spring. day of the tournament. The California Public Employees ACCESS is a coalitionof civil rights, Retirement System sent letters of con religious, political and sports groups BRIEFS . .. Some 1,206 students at cern to all companies in its portfolio which opposes all US sports contacts Oberlin College absented themselves doing business in South Africa. with South Africa. For further infor voluntarily from dinner on May 12, The Bank of America reported that it mation write Rich Lapchick, ACCESS resulting in a savings of $1,194 which was conducting research into the prac chairperson, Virginia Wesleyan Col was sent to the OAU Refugee Fund. tices of 22 US companies in South lege, Norfolk, VA 23502. ... Nearly 100 demonstrators picketed Africa on behalf of an unnamed public the First National Bank of Boston for pension fund managed by the bank. two hours on June 17 to draw attention The Northern California Interfaith to the bank's loans to South Africa. Committee on Corporate Responsi GROUNDED... Intensive efforts by Chris Nteta, a member of the African bility has called on the Alameda the Holland Committee on Southern National Congress, addressed the County Board of Supervisors to cease Africa led to a decision by the Dutch gathering, which was called to mark investing pension funds in companies government to refuse an export permit the anniversary of the Soweto up which do business in South Africa. The to the Fokker Aircraft Co. to deliver a rising .... The Southern Africa Sup group, which includes Catholic and Elane to Suidwes Lugdiens in Nami port Committee of Pasadena is en Protestantchurch investors as well as ia. Suidwes Lugdiens is a subsidiary gaged in a leafletting of supermarkets individuals, researched the pension of the South African transport con in the Los Angeles area as part of Del funds stock portfolio, finding that glomerate Safinarine. Monte boycott activities. The Com such investments were not returning Fokker had agreed to lease the F-28 mittee is also continuing to collect yields as high as those made locally. type aircraft to the Namibian company clothes for southern African refugees.

SEPTEMBER 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 33 Name SUBSCRIPTION RATES: Address Individuals (Domestic and Foreign) $8.00 per year Institutions (Domestic and Foreign) $18.00 per yea I> Introductory 7 month offer $4.00 0 ONew CRenewalI Airmail: Africa, Asia, Europe $20.50 Change of Address South & Central America $17.50 (enclose label) 3 month trial $1.00 W.

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