DOCSLIB.ORG

Technical and Vocational Skills Development in the Informal Sector (TVSD)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Technical and Vocational Skills Development in the Informal Sector (TVSD) 68 Technical and Vocational Skills Development in the dvv international Informal Sector Contributions to the 4th Bonn Conference on Adult Education and Development (BoCAED), October 2013 Karen Langer (ed.) Informal Sector International Perspectives in Adult Education Technical and Vocational Skills Development in the Sponsored by International Perspectives in Adult Education – IPE 68 The reports, studies and materials published in this series aim to further the develop- ment of theory and practice in the work of the Volkshochschulen (VHS) as it relates to international aspects of Adult Education – and vice versa. We hope that by provid- ing access to information and a channel for communication, the series will serve to increase knowledge, deepen insights and improve cooperation in Adult Education at an international level. Publisher: dvv international, Anton Markmiller Editor: Karen Langer Managing Editor: Ruth Sarrazin Production: Bonner Universitäts-Buchdruckerei Opinions expressed in papers published under the names of individual authors do not necessarily reflect those of the publisher and editors. This publication, or parts of it, may be reproduced provided the source is duly cited. The publisher asks to be furnished with copies of any such reproductions. Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available on the Internet at <http://dnb.ddb.de> ISBN Nummer: 978-3-942755-11-5 © 2013 dvv international dvv international Institut für Internationale Zusammenarbeit des Deutschen Volkshochschul-Verbandes Obere Wilhelmstraße 32 · 53225 Bonn Federal Republic of Germany Tel.: +49/228-97569-0 · Fax: +49/228-97569-55 [email protected] · www.dvv-international.de Our publications are printed on 100% chlorine-free bleached recycled paper. Contents Karen Langer Introduction . 3 | .Theoretical .and .Political .Frameworks .| Richard Walther Building .Skills .in .the .Informal .Sector . 19 Friedrich Georg Schneider The .Shadow .Economy .and .Work .in .the .Shadow: .An .Introduction . .29 Cecilia Soriano Orienting .Literacy .– .TVET .– .Life .Skills .Towards .Poverty .Eradication: . Learning .from .Nepal .and .the .Philippines . 59 | .Best .Practices: .Integrated .approaches .| Manoj Rai Transfer .of .Technical .Skills .among .Collectivised .Slum .Adults . strengthens .Community .Actions .for .Slum .Improvements . 77 Astrid von Kotze A .Pedagogy .of .contingency .for .precarious .work . 87 Emmie Wade Kunzwana .Women’s .Association: .Technical .and . vocational .skills .development .for .youth .in .Zimbabwe . .99 Contents | 1 | .Best .Practices: .Women .Empowerment .| Roxana Rosaria Roca Gonzales Fostering .Gender .Equality .and .Inclusion: .Skills .Training .and . Income .Generation .for .Lower-Class .Urban .Migrant .Aymara .Women . .111 Marta-Elena Jaramillo A .Women’s .Life .and .Work .Training .Programme . .121 | .Best .Practices: .Entrepreneurship .| Susanne Franke “On .your .own, .but .not .alone” .Self-employment .in .Manzini, .Swaziland . .135 Sonia Sapiencia de Zapata Training .Aymara .micro .entrepreneurs .– .migrants .in .the .city .of .El .Alto . 141 | .Best .Practices: .Cooperation .and .coordination .| Sonja Belete and Jesco Weickert Supporting .women .in .the .informal .sector– .experiences .from .Ethiopia . .157 Bart Denys and Alaa’ Abu Karaki Community .development .and .skills .for .the .informal .economy .in .Jordan . .169 Mana Chanthalanonh, Heribert Hinzen, Khanthong Inthachack, Dokkham Xomsihapanya Skills .Development .for .Work .and .Life .Initiatives .and .Support .by . the .Regional .Office .of .dvv international .in .Vientiane, .Lao .PDR . 179 List .of .Authors . 195 2 | Contents Introduction The informal sector provokes different images and stereotypes in different people. Some might visualise poor dirty slum environments with their male population waiting to be picked up for day jobs in construction. Some might see old women selling their hand-knitted dolls to tourists who will immediately throw them away after returning home. Or some may see young people full of creativity and motivation that never give up hope despite the poverty trap they are in, despite the violence they experience every single day, despite the huge responsibility of providing food for crowds of brothers and sisters. Others might think of tax-avoiding small and medium-sized enterprises that benefit from the freedom of lax regulations and increase their profits because they can employ low-priced workers engaged without any social benefit packages. And isn´t that informality kind of close to illegality? There might be a more optimistic outlook as well. We might imagine small craft workshops that provide high quality products at reasonable prices and that pre- serve traditional production techniques and take responsibility for passing them on to the younger generations. Flexible and innovative business startups might come to our minds: Those creative youngsters with an unfailing sixth sense for new market opportunities and the strong will and power to go after their ideas. Some pictures might not pop up immediately: Pictures of women working 18 hours a day in subsistence agriculture; young girls tending for even younger sib- lings or taking care of their elders; women selling their bodies in dark back alleys. It might not be a coincidence that these pictures only come up as second thoughts, since these women are hardly visible, often unrecognised and neglected by some parts of their social environment. Whatever comes to our minds, three things are certain: The informal sector is diverse, diverging and complex. Informality is not only influencing economic is- sues, it forms part of the daily life of most people on this planet, and: Whatever image we have, reality might be different. This publication presents a collection of articles on technical and vocational skills development in the informal sector (TVSD). It spotlights practical project examples from different countries, using different approaches. By doing this, the publication Introduction | 3 disseminates contributions to the 4th Bonn Conference on Adult Education and Development (BoCAED IV) that focuses on analysing the unique setting of Youth and Adult Education and non-formal learning in TVSD in the urban informal sec- tor, highlighting the roles and responsibilities of the stakeholders involved and identifying best practices by fostering dialogue between practitioners, the scientific community, and political decision-makers. This introduction will present the most commonly used concepts and definitions of informality, focusing on those aspects that are relevant to TVSD and poverty reduction. It opens the door for the articles in this collection by highlighting the po- tential of TVSD, and especially non-formal Adult Education for poverty reduction. 1 .The .informal .sector: .Concepts, .definitions, .and .implications There are various terms and concepts behind informality. The ILO and OECD tend to use economic definitions, focusing on parameters like the status of employment, the level of formalisation of the business activities, and government registration. This kind of definition is helpful if macroeconomic development and the situation of specific groups in a society need to be described and compared. They do not shed much light on the circumstances of people working and living in informality and the challenges governmental bodies face while developing and implementing policies and regulations in informal settings. Therefore this introduction will briefly describe three key areas that are highly relevant for the context of TVSD in the informal sector: Firstly, economic concepts; secondly, living in informality and the repercussions on personal well-being; thirdly, cooperation and relations between the state and its citizens. Economic .concepts The International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS) presents the most commonly used definition in the context of poverty reduction and development cooperation that also illustrates the wide range of employment statuses in the infor- mal sector. “Informal employment was defined by the 17th ICLS (2003) as encom- passing: (a) own-account workers and employers employed in their own informal enterprises; (b) members of informal producers’ cooperatives (not established as legal entities), if any; (c) own-account workers producing goods exclusively for own final use by their household (if considered employed given that the production comprises an important contribution to the total household consumption and is 4 | Introduction included in the national definition of employment); (d) contributing family work- ers in formal or informal enterprises; and (e) employees holding informal jobs in formal enterprises, informal enterprises, or as paid domestic workers employed by households. In line with the international definition, countries for which data are shown, define employees holding informal jobs as employees not covered by social security as employed persons, or as employees not entitled to other employ- ment benefits.”1 Depending on these subcategories listed above, the informal employment work- ing conditions and working relationships can diverge immensely. Managing a small company with its own employees in the informal sector can be very lucra- tive and informality can be a voluntary option for different reasons. In contrast to this, some people are excluded from the formal labour market,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Gordian Knot: Apartheid & the Unmaking of the Liberal World Order, 1960-1970
    THE GORDIAN KNOT: APARTHEID & THE UNMAKING OF THE LIBERAL WORLD ORDER, 1960-1970 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Ryan Irwin, B.A., M.A. History ***** The Ohio State University 2010 Dissertation Committee: Professor Peter Hahn Professor Robert McMahon Professor Kevin Boyle Professor Martha van Wyk © 2010 by Ryan Irwin All rights reserved. ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the apartheid debate from an international perspective. Positioned at the methodological intersection of intellectual and diplomatic history, it examines how, where, and why African nationalists, Afrikaner nationalists, and American liberals contested South Africa’s place in the global community in the 1960s. It uses this fight to explore the contradictions of international politics in the decade after second-wave decolonization. The apartheid debate was never at the center of global affairs in this period, but it rallied international opinions in ways that attached particular meanings to concepts of development, order, justice, and freedom. As such, the debate about South Africa provides a microcosm of the larger postcolonial moment, exposing the deep-seated differences between politicians and policymakers in the First and Third Worlds, as well as the paradoxical nature of change in the late twentieth century. This dissertation tells three interlocking stories. First, it charts the rise and fall of African nationalism. For a brief yet important moment in the early and mid-1960s, African nationalists felt genuinely that they could remake global norms in Africa’s image and abolish the ideology of white supremacy through U.N.
    [Show full text]
  • THE UNITED STATES and SOUTH AFRICA in the NIXON YEARS by Eric J. Morgan This Thesis Examines Relat
    ABSTRACT THE SIN OF OMISSION: THE UNITED STATES AND SOUTH AFRICA IN THE NIXON YEARS by Eric J. Morgan This thesis examines relations between the United States and South Africa during Richard Nixon’s first presidential administration. While South Africa was not crucial to Nixon’s foreign policy, the racially-divided nation offered the United States a stabile economic partner and ally against communism on the otherwise chaotic post-colonial African continent. Nixon strengthened relations with the white minority government by quietly lifting sanctions, increasing economic and cultural ties, and improving communications between Washington and Pretoria. However, while Nixon’s policy was shortsighted and hypocritical, the Afrikaner government remained suspicious, believing that the Nixon administration continued to interfere in South Africa’s domestic affairs despite its new policy relaxations. The Nixon administration concluded that change in South Africa could only be achieved through the Afrikaner government, and therefore ignored black South Africans. Nixon’s indifference strengthened apartheid and hindered liberation efforts, helping to delay black South African freedom for nearly two decades beyond his presidency. THE SIN OF OMMISSION: THE UNITED STATES AND SOUTH AFRICA IN THE NIXON YEARS A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History by Eric J. Morgan Miami University Oxford, Ohio 2003 Advisor __________________________________ (Dr. Jeffrey P. Kimball) Reader ___________________________________ (Dr. Allan M. Winkler) Reader ___________________________________ (Dr. Osaak Olumwullah) TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements . iii Prologue The Wonderful Tar Baby Story . 1 Chapter One The Unmovable Monolith . 3 Chapter Two Foresight and Folly .
    [Show full text]
  • The "Tar Baby" Option: American Policy Toward Southern Rhodesia
    The "tar baby" option: American policy toward Southern Rhodesia http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.crp2b20030 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org The "tar baby" option: American policy toward Southern Rhodesia Author/Creator Lake, Anthony Publisher Columbia University Press (New York) Date 1976 Resource type Books Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Zimbabwe, United States Coverage (temporal) 1965 - 1974 Source Northwestern University Libraries, Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies, 968.9104 L192t Rights By kind permission of Anthony Lake and Columbia University Press. Description This study of U.S. policy toward white Rhodesia, based on extensive interviews with U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Communities in the Platinum Minefields POLICY GAP 6 A
    Communities in the Platinum Minefields POLICY GAP 6 A Review of Platinum Mining in the Bojanala District of the North West Province: A Participatory Action Research (PAR) Approach The Bench Marks Foundation The research was commissioned by the Bench Marks Foundation, and was conducted by: David van Wyk, Mudjadji Trading (Pty) Ltd in collaboration with the Bench Marks Centre for Corporate Social Responsibility at the North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, and the Bench Marks Community Monitoring School. The Bench Marks Foundation PO Box 62538 Marshalltown 2107 Johannesburg South Africa Tel/Fax: +27 11 832-1750 Tel: +27 11 832-1743/2 www.bench-marks.org.za Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. i The Bench Marks Foundation ............................................................................................ ii Foreword ............................................................................................................................ iii Preface ................................................................................................................................. v Executive Summary ........................................................................................................... vi Contextualised Quotes ...................................................................................................... ix 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Boycotts and Sanctions Against South Africa: an International History, 1946-1970
    Boycotts and Sanctions against South Africa: An International History, 1946-1970 Simon Stevens Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2016 © 2016 Simon Stevens All rights reserved ABSTRACT Boycotts and Sanctions against South Africa: An International History, 1946-1970 Simon Stevens This dissertation analyzes the role of various kinds of boycotts and sanctions in the strategies and tactics of those active in the struggle against apartheid in South Africa. What was unprecedented about the efforts of members of the global anti-apartheid movement was that they experimented with so many ways of severing so many forms of interaction with South Africa, and that boycotts ultimately came to be seen as such a central element of their struggle. But it was not inevitable that international boycotts would become indelibly associated with the struggle against apartheid. Calling for boycotts and sanctions was a political choice. In the years before 1959, most leading opponents of apartheid both inside and outside South Africa showed little interest in the idea of international boycotts of South Africa. This dissertation identifies the conjuncture of circumstances that caused this to change, and explains the subsequent shifts in the kinds of boycotts that opponents of apartheid prioritized. It shows that the various advocates of boycotts and sanctions expected them to contribute to ending apartheid by a range of different mechanisms, from bringing about an evolutionary change in white attitudes through promoting the desegregation of sport, to weakening the state’s ability to resist the efforts of the liberation movements to seize power through guerrilla warfare.
    [Show full text]
  • African International Relations, Genocidal Histories and the Emancipatory Project Part 1
    Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 2020 Vol. 20 No. 1 115—130 Вестник РУДН. Серия: МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ http://journals.rudn.ru/international‐relations DOI: 10.22363/2313-0660-2020-20-1-115-130 Research article African International Relations, Genocidal Histories and the Emancipatory Project Part 1 H.G. Campbell 1 Syracuse University, Syracuse, USA Abstract. Silences in the discipline of International Relations on genocide amount to a form of genocide denial, which is one of the foundations of future genocide. The paper posits that in the era of militarized global apartheid, pro- gressive scholars are challenged to critique and expose the past and current crimes against humanity that are occurring in Africa. Drawing from the consolidation of an alternative analysis in the context of the Bandung Project, the paper ana- lyzed the contributions of the ideas that emerged out of the anti-apartheid struggles and the struggles for reparative justice. Struggles from the Global South had culminated in the World Conference against Racism (WCAR) process, elevating the anti-racist battles as a core challenge of Africa’s International Relations. This rejuvenation and energies coming out of the protracted struggle for bread, peace and justice took the form of the transition to the African Union leaving behind the concept of the noninterference in the internal affairs of states. The paper analyzed the ways in which afro-pessimism was being reinforced by the constructivist path in African International Relations. The contributions of radical African femi- nists are presented as one new direction where there is the coalescence of the progressive anti-imperialist intellectual tra- ditions with radical feminisms.
    [Show full text]
  • City of Cape Town
    2015/16 INTEGRATED ANNUAL REPORT ANNUAL 010939_CoCT IAR_1_cover-p37_v4_prf3 – January 17, 2017 10:43 AM 2017 10:43 17, January – IAR_1_cover-p37_v4_prf3 010939_CoCT CITY OF CAPE TOWN INTEGRATED ANNUAL REPORT 2015/16 010939_CoCT IAR_1_cover-p37_v4_prf3 – January 17, 2017 10:43 AM 010939_CoCT IAR_1_cover-p37_v4_prf3 – January 17, 2017 10:43 AM ABOUT THIS ANNUAL REPORT 2 Vision and mission of the City of Cape Town 4 ABOUT THIS ANNUAL REPORT 6 Highlights 8 Message from the executive mayor 9 Statement by the city manager 10 OVERVIEW OF THE CITY OF CAPE TOWN 12 Key facts and salient features 14 About Cape Town 16 Understanding Cape Town’s key challenges 18 The Cape Town spatial development framework 19 Ensuring sustainable economic growth and social development 20 Building the City of the future 22 Embracing innovation to serve the people of cape town 24 GOVERNANCE, COMPLIANCE AND RISK MANAGEMENT 26 Management and governance structures and frameworks 33 Good governance as a sustainable foundation CONTENTS 37 Public participation 38 2015/16 PERFORMANCE REVIEW 40 Strategic focus area 1: The opportunity city 90 Strategic focus area 2: The safe city 98 Strategic focus area 3: The caring city 114 Strategic focus area 4: The inclusive city 124 Strategic focus area 5: The well-run city 136 OVERVIEW OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE AND ECONOMIC STABILITY 138 Overview of the 2015/16 financial performance 142 CONSOLIDATED ANNUAL FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 144 Approval of the consolidated annual financial statements 146 Report of the Auditor-General 150 Report of the
    [Show full text]
  • THE MESSIANIC FEEDING of the MASSES an Analysis of John 6 in the Context of Messianic Leadership in Post-Colonial Zimbabwe
    8 BiAS - Bible in Africa Studies THE MESSIANIC FEEDING OF THE MASSES An Analysis of John 6 in the Context of Messianic Leadership in Post-Colonial Zimbabwe Francis Machingura UNIVERSITY OF BAMBERG PRESS Bible in Africa Studies Études sur la Bible en Afrique Bibel-in-Afrika-Studien 8 Gedruckt mit Unterstützung des Deutschen Akademischen Austauschdienstes (DAAD) Bible in Africa Studies Études sur la Bible en Afrique Bibel-in-Afrika-Studien edited by Joachim Kügler, Lovemore Togarasei, Masiiwa R. Gunda, Eric Souga Onomo in cooperation with Ezra Chitando and Nisbert Taringa Volume 8 University of Bamberg Press 2012 The Messianic Feeding of the Masses An Analysis of John 6 in the Context of Messianic Leadership in Post-Colonial Zimbabwe by Francis Machingura University of Bamberg Press 2012 Bibliographische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliographische Informationen sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de/ abrufbar Diese Arbeit wurde von der Fakultät Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft der Universität Bayreuth als Doktorarbeit unter dem Titel “Messiahship and Feeding of the Masses: An Analysis of John 6 in the Con- text of Messianic Leadership in Post-Colonial Zimbabwe” angenommen. 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Joachim Kügler 2. Gutachter: PD Dr. habil. Ursula Rapp Tag der mündlichen Promotionsprüfung: 06.02.2012 Dieses Werk ist als freie Onlineversion über den Hochschulschriften-Server (OPUS; http://www.opus-bayern.de/uni-bamberg/) der Universitätsbiblio- thek Bamberg erreichbar. Kopien und Ausdrucke dürfen nur zum privaten und sonstigen eigenen Gebrauch angefertigt werden. Herstellung und Druck: Digital Print Group, Nürnberg Umschlagfoto: © http://photos.wfp.org Umschlaggestaltung: Joachim Kügler/Dezernat Kommunikation und Alumni der Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg Text-Formatierung: F.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Cape Town (UCT) in Terms of the Non-Exclusive License Granted to UCT by the Author
    The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town The Road to Absalom Michael Gastrow GSTMICOO 1 A minor dissertation submitted in partial fulljilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Arts in Creative Writing Faculty of the Humanities University of Cape Town 2004 COMPULSORY DECLARATION This work has not been previouslyUniversity submitted in whole, of or Capein part, for the awardTown of any degree. It is my own work. Each significant contribution to, and quotation in, this dissertation from the work, or works, of other people has been attributed, and has been cited and referenced. s;gnature:~/ ____ Abstract - The Road to Absalom The Road to Absalom is set in contemporary South Africa, where, for much of the predominantly young population, the country's ancien regime is little more than a childhood memory. David is a young articled clerk living a hedonistic and carefree life with his model girlfriend, Georgina, in Cape Town. When the entire family of the Xhosa chief of a remote rural valley is murdered he is sent in search of any remaining heirs. The new chief would be a lucrative client for the law firm. The search begins at the site of the massacre.
    [Show full text]
  • Rhodesiana Volume 37
    THOMAS MEIKLE, 1862-1939 The founder of the Meikle Organisation sailed from Scotland with his parents in 1869. The family settled in Natal where Thomas and his brothers John and Stewart gained their first farming ex­ perience. In 1892 the three brothers set off for Rhodesia with eight ox- wagons. Three months later they had completed the 700 mile trek to Fort Victoria. Here they opened a store made of whisky cases and roofed over with the tarpaulins that had covered their wagons. Progress was at first slow, nevertheless, branches were opened in Salisbury in 1893, Bulawayo and Gwelo in 1894, and in Umtali in 1897. From these small beginnings a vast network of stores, hotels, farms, mines and auxilliary undertakings was built up. These ventures culminated in the formation of the Thomas Meikle Trust and Investment Company in 1933. The success of these many enterprises was mainly due to Thomas Meikle's foresight and his business acumen, coupled with his ability to judge character and gather around him a loyal and efficient staff. His great pioneering spirit lives on: today the Meikle Organisation is still playing an important part in the development of Rhodesia. THOMAS MEIKLE TRUST AND INVESTMENT CO. (PVT.) LIMITED. Travel Centre Stanley Avenue P.O. Box 3598 Salisbury Charter House, at the corner of Jameson Avenue and Kings Crescent, was opened in 1958. The name Charter House was given by The British South Africa Company to its administrative offices. It is now the headquarters of Anglo American Corporation in Rhodesia. Altogether there have been seven Charter Houses in Rhodesia, of which two remain ; one in Salisbury and one in Bulawayo.
    [Show full text]
  • THE WHITE HOUSE and WHITE AFRICA: PRESIDENTIAL POLICY on RHODESIA 1965-79 By
    THE WHITE HOUSE AND WHITE AFRICA: PRESIDENTIAL POLICY ON RHODESIA 1965-79 by EDWARD R. MICHEL A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham April 2016 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT My thesis offers an examination of U.S. policy towards Rhodesia as viewed through the lens of the respective Presidential administrations. The aim of my research is to demonstrate the changing American perspective on the Rhodesian question and how this directly affected the ultimate emergence of an independent Zimbabwe. I discuss the transformation in U.S. policy from the cautious approach of the Johnson White House, the shift towards ‘white Africa’ during the Nixon years as anti-communism and economic interests took centre stage and the subsequent attempt of the Ford Administration to achieve a peace settlement to prevent further communist expansion into southern Africa. Finally, I will analyse the critical role played by President Carter in bringing an end to UDI.
    [Show full text]
  • KT 17-7-2017.Qxp Layout 1
    SUBSCRIPTION MONDAY, JULY 17, 2017 SHAWWAL 23, 1438 AH www.kuwaittimes.net Speaker: Israeli Macron chides Bollywood Federer wins repression Netanyahu on superstars record 8th cannot be settlements, urges dazzle at Indian Wimbledon as tolerated3 new Mideast6 talks film28 awards Cilic16 in tears Govt withdrew KD 28.5bn Min 32º Max 50º in 3 years amid oil slump High Tide 05:14 & 17:17 Low Tide Future gen fund main beneficiary • Finance ministry mulls imposing VAT 11:33 & 23:50 32 PAGES NO: 17281 150 FILS By B Izzak KUWAIT: The government has withdrawn KD 28.5 billion French FM meets Amir for Gulf crisis talks from the general state reserve over the past three fiscal years starting from the 2014/2015 fiscal year, Finance KUWAIT: French Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian Minister Anas Al-Saleh said yesterday. The minister said in a held talks with top officials in Kuwait yesterday in a reply to a parliamentary question that KD 9.64 billion was bid to bolster the state’s attempts to mediate in the withdrawn in 2014/2015 and KD 11.47 billion in 2015/2016, Gulf crisis. Le Drian met with HH the Amir Sheikh while KD 7.46 billion was withdrawn in the past fiscal year, Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah and Kuwait’s for- the minister said. The withdrawal coincided with the start eign minister, state news agency KUNA said, for talks of a sharp drop in the price of oil, whose revenues made up on a regional rift which has seen Saudi Arabia, the around 95 percent of total public revenues before the United Arab Emirates, Egypt and Bahrain sever all ties slump in oil income.
    [Show full text]