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African International Relations, Genocidal Histories and the Emancipatory Project Part 1 Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 2020 Vol. 20 No. 1 115—130 Вестник РУДН. Серия: МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ http://journals.rudn.ru/international‐relations DOI: 10.22363/2313-0660-2020-20-1-115-130 Research article African International Relations, Genocidal Histories and the Emancipatory Project Part 1 H.G. Campbell 1 Syracuse University, Syracuse, USA Abstract. Silences in the discipline of International Relations on genocide amount to a form of genocide denial, which is one of the foundations of future genocide. The paper posits that in the era of militarized global apartheid, pro- gressive scholars are challenged to critique and expose the past and current crimes against humanity that are occurring in Africa. Drawing from the consolidation of an alternative analysis in the context of the Bandung Project, the paper ana- lyzed the contributions of the ideas that emerged out of the anti-apartheid struggles and the struggles for reparative justice. Struggles from the Global South had culminated in the World Conference against Racism (WCAR) process, elevating the anti-racist battles as a core challenge of Africa’s International Relations. This rejuvenation and energies coming out of the protracted struggle for bread, peace and justice took the form of the transition to the African Union leaving behind the concept of the noninterference in the internal affairs of states. The paper analyzed the ways in which afro-pessimism was being reinforced by the constructivist path in African International Relations. The contributions of radical African femi- nists are presented as one new direction where there is the coalescence of the progressive anti-imperialist intellectual tra- ditions with radical feminisms. These two traditions open possibilities for an emancipatory project. This project has taken on extra importance in the period of the fragility of global capital when the precariousness of capitalism threatens new and endless wars and destabilization in Africa. Modern humanitarianism forms one component of the weaponization of every- thing and it is within this ensemble of ideas that scholars need to deconstruct the discussion of ‘failed states’ in Africa. Key words: Bandung Project, Africa, anti-Imperialism, Non-Western IR Theories, genocidal histories, radical fem- inism, reparative justice, emancipatory project For citation: Campbell, H.G. (2020). African International Relations, Genocidal Histories and the Emancipatory Project. Part 1. Vestnik RUDN. International Relations, 20 (1), 115—130. DOI: 10.22363/2313-0660-2020-20-1- 115-130 Научная статья Международные отношения в Африке, истории геноцида и эмансипации Часть 1 Х. Кэмпбелл Сиракузский университет, Сиракьюс, США Умолчание проблемы геноцида в международных отношениях — это одна из форм отрицания геноцида, ко- торая в будущем может привести к новым масштабным преступлениям. В статье утверждается, что в эпоху гло- бального милитаризированного апартеида перед прогрессивными учеными стоит задача критиковать и разобла- чать прошлые и нынешние преступления против человечности, которые происходят в Африке. Опираясь © Campbell H.G., 2020 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ THEMATIC DOSSIER: Decolonization, Neocolonialism and Recolonization… 115 Кэмпбелл Х. Вестник РУДН. Серия: МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ. 2020. Т. 20. № 1. С. 115—130 на альтернативный анализ в рамках Бандунгского проекта, в статье был проанализирован вклад идей, возникших в результате борьбы против апартеида и за репаративное правосудие. Борьба Глобального Юга достигла кульми- нации в ходе Всемирной конференции против расизма (WCAR), в результате чего антирасистская проблематика стала центральной в международных отношениях в Африке. Новая энергия, появившаяся в результате затяжной борьбы за хлеб, мир и справедливость, приняла форму перехода к Африканскому союзу, оставив позади концеп- цию невмешательства во внутренние дела государств. В статье анализируется усиление афропессимизма в кон- тексте конструктивистских подходов в африканских международных отношениях. Вклад радикальных африкан- ских феминисток представлен как новое направление, в котором происходит слияние прогрессивных антиимпе- риалистических интеллектуальных традиций с радикальными формами феминизма. Эти две традиции открывают возможности для эмансипативного проекта. Этот проект приобрел особое значение в период хрупкости глобаль- ного капитала, когда неустойчивость капитализма угрожает новыми и бесконечными войнами и дестабилизацией в Африке. Современный гуманизм является оружием против этого, и именно в этом направлении ученые должны вести дискуссию о «несостоявшихся государствах» в Африке. Ключевые слова: Бандунгский проект, Африка, незападные теории международных отношений, антиимпе- риализм, геноцид, радикальный феминизм, репаративное правосудие, эмансипативный проект Для цитирования: Campbell H.G. African International Relations, Genocidal Histories and the Emancipatory Project. Part 1 // Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения. 2020. Т. 20. № 1. С. 115—130. DOI: 10.22363/2313-0660-2020-20-1-115-130 Introduction self-determination of states and the emancipation of people. Out of the solidarity that coalesced The teachers of the discipline of Interna- from the Mass Democratic Forces and the tional Relations are faced with the stark choice of military defeat of the apartheid state at Cuito continuing to downplay genocidal economics Cuanavale1 emerged the thrust for reparative embedded in neorealism and neoliberalism or join the worldwide opposition to racial justice. Divisions within African intellectuals capitalism [Hudson 2017; Robinson 1983] and with respect to the differences between environmental destruction. After the bloody 20th reconciliation and justice were played out in the century, the African people at home and abroad debates about Ubuntu in South Africa and later had anchored the Bandung Project and in the differences between differing intellectuals strengthened another branch of the discipline of over the International Criminal Court (ICC) International Relations that focused on the self- [Clarke 2019; Agwu 2019]. determination of colonized persons. The Non- Pan African scholars who had anchored the Aligned Movement that had emerged out of the opposition to realism in the era of anti- Bandung Project was fertilized by the global colonialism soldiered on with a new emphasis on anti-racist struggles so that by the end of the imperialism in the 21st century. Samir Amin had Century, the end of formal apartheid inspired expanded on the genocidal potentialities of new concepts of social emancipation within the modern capitalism in his book [Amin 2004]. This field of International Relations [Prashad 2014; study had outlined how globalization had been Amin 2006: 169–181]. Radical feminists formulated to blunt opposition to the new tactics implicated masculinity and rape as central of imperialism to intervene through international questions of International Relations enriching organs such as the World Trade Organization international law and the fight against militarism (WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and gender-based violence. and the International Bank for Reconstruction A brand of international relations focusing on the opposing the intersecting oppressions of 1 The Battle of Cuito Cuanavale was between August racism, exploitation of labor, gendered oppression 1987 and March 1988 near the town of Cuito Cuanavale and oppression of peoples of differing sexual (Angola) between the People’s Armed Forces for the orientation emerged slowly by the end of the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA, the armed wing of the 20th century [Crenshaw 1989; Steans 2013]. It MPLA) and insurgents of the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) supported by South was the global solidarity against apartheid that African Army during the Angolan Civil War and South sharpened the differences between IR ideas of African Border War (Editor’s Note). 116 ТЕМАТИЧЕСКОЕ ДОСЬЕ: Деколонизация, неоколониализм и реколонизация… Campbell H.G. VESTNIK RUDN. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, 2020, 20 (1), 115—130 and Development (IBRD). African scholars who dominant force in Africa [Adebajo, Adedeji, faced the deleterious impacts of Structural Landsberg 2007]. Statehood, anarchy, corruption, Adjustment Programs (SAPs) were at the and the racist concept of “sub Saharan Africa” forefront of offering alternative interpretations of dominate the curriculum as the imperial realists the current phase of imperialism2. are now buttressed by Third World Realists This body of work on Africa could be [Brown 2006; Dunn, Shaw 2001]. distinguished from left scholars who were Inside the Third World, neo realism has challenging capitalism but completely erased been dominant in societies such as Brazil and Africa from the discussions on the fragility of India. In the face of the unilateral projection of contemporary capitalism [Rasmus 2015]. Samir power since the end of the Cold War, these Amin not only challenged the use of the term scholars from the Brazil, Russia, India, China, “marginalization” with respect to the contribution and South Africa (BRICS) societies rely largely of Africa to the enrichment of the capitalist on the discourse of realist balance of power and centers, but also pointed to the importance of geopolitical diplomacy. This kind of realism is delinking from capitalism in an era when also manifest in the body of Chinese scholarship
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