DOCSLIB.ORG

Geography of Indo-Myanmar Boundarywith Special Reference to Mizoram: an Analytical Study

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Geography of Indo-Myanmar Boundarywith Special Reference to Mizoram: an Analytical Study Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology ISSN No : 1006-7930 Geography of Indo-Myanmar boundarywith special reference to Mizoram: An Analytical study *LalmalsawmaRalte. **Prof.Vishwambar Prasad Sati Assistant Professor Department of Geography Government Hrangbana College Mizoram University Abstract The main objectives of the present study are: (i) to identify the basis of evolution of Indo-Myanmar boundary with reference to Mizoram (ii) to examine the geographical basis of Indo-Myanmar boundary with reference to Mizoram (iii) to study the Eastern Boundary of Mizoram (South to North) and (iv) to study the Southern Boundary of Mizoram : Mizoram – Myanmar (West to East).The geographical location of Mizoram is of great significance and forms an ideal field of geographical study. Mizoram shares international borders with Myanmar in the east and south (404 km) and Bangladesh in the west (306 km). This has divided the Mizo’s and their associated clans. It has a complex north-south trending mountainous terrain which is thickly forested. Along with its inaccessible and isolated nature, the southern margins and the trijunction points(Mizoram – Tripura – Assam, Mizoram – Manipur – Assam, Mizoram – Bangladesh – Tripura and Mizoram – Myanmar – Bangladesh ) have formed an important core of activities at the time of insurgency. This is the reason why this frontier has attained strategic and geopolitical significance. Keyword: Indo-Myanmar, Boundary, Eastern Boundary of Mizoram, Southern Boundary of Mizoram INTRODUCTION The term ‘boundaries’ are often used interchangeably with frontiers. In fact, boundaries are lines demarcating the outer limits of territory under the sovereign jurisdiction of a Nation-State. It implies the physical limit ofa sovereignty and jurisdiction of a state. It is a manifestation of integration and is oriented inwards. Its characteristics are as follows: Volume XIII, Issue 4, 2021 Page No: 560 Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology ISSN No : 1006-7930 1. It is appropriate concept for the modern state where all that is within the boundary is bound together by common law, economy, physical features, idea or creed with the government or central authority in effective control of the territory and activities within the boundaries. 2. It is an outer line of effective control of the central government keeping the enemy out and the resources in. 3. It is a legal-political phenomenon which is not created but fixed by the political decision makers. 4. It signifies differences in goal, ideology, structure, interests, etc. from those of the neighboring states. In comparison to boundary, border is peripheral land of a country, adjacent to the international boundary. It can also be called frontier. In fact, border is a relative term. Relative to the point from where it is looked at. For example, the entire North East is a border land in terms of India as a whole. But within the North East, the peripheral areas along the international boundary are considered as border. On the other side of the international boundary, contiguous to our border. On the other side of the international boundary, contiguous to our border, lies the border zone of the neighboring country. Therefore, border is never a singular entity. It is always in contexts of the neighbor’s border. It means borders of two neighboring countries exist together. Mizoram shares international borders with Myanmar in the east and south (404 km) and Bangladesh in the west (306 km). This has divided the Mizo’s and their associated clans. It has a complex north-south trending mountainous terrain which is thickly forested. Along with its inaccessible and isolated nature, the southern margins and the trijunction points ( Mizoram – Tripura – Assam, Mizoram – Manipur – Assam, Mizoram – Bangladesh – Tripura and Mizoram – Myanmar – Bangladesh ) have formed an important core of activities at the time of insurgency. This is the reason why this frontier has attained strategic and geopolitical significance. The important characteristics of the state of Mizoram can be summed up as: 1) It has a predominantly mountainous terrain. 2) It is predominantly consisted of tribal population. 3) It has predominantly subsistence agriculture with widespread Jhum Cultivation. 4) Its socio-economic profile is confined to tribal structure. Volume XIII, Issue 4, 2021 Page No: 561 Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology ISSN No : 1006-7930 5) The economy is agro-based household goods churned out in the homes mainly cater to the local needs. 6) The tribal population is predominantly Christians and highly politicized. Significant non-Christian elements in the south-western part of the state have added to the tendency of balkanization of the state. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Border landscape and boundary formations between India and Myanmar coincide with the British annexation of the North Eastern regions in 1826 by the treaty of Yandaboo, 1826. Burmese withdrew from Manipur (which they invade in 1821) and from the territories that now form the parts of Bangladesh. The border of Myanmar and Mizoram on the Indian side was 404 km long and involved the Mizo Groups and the Chins. Till 1966, the border was calm. But with the rise of Mizo insurgency and the active Chin movement in the Burmese side, the border area become volatile. Further south in the Mizo Hills, where mountain ranges and river valleys run parallel to each other from north to south, the border lies some distance along the river, the Tuisa, Tiau, Volume XIII, Issue 4, 2021 Page No: 562 Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology ISSN No : 1006-7930 Volume XIII, Issue 4, 2021 Page No: 563 Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology ISSN No : 1006-7930 and the Boinu, all the tributaries of Kaladan which drained the eastern Mizo Hill into the Bay of Bengal through Myanmar. The history of Mizoram before the British annexation of the territory is rather obscure. They had close contacts with the tribes, living in the Chin Hills of Myanmar because it is the same place from where Mizos emigrated to the present territory. Apart from they were linguistically, ethnologically and culturally akin to the tribes living in those areas. The people are socially, ethnically and culturally related with the people living on the other side of the border. Though they are divided by a boundary line they could not totally severe the old link. Many have their own kits and kins, many have matrimonial relations. Economic changes are also carried out. LITERATURE REVIEW Some of the useful books which provide us useful information about the boundary between India- Myanmar are as follows: Sukhwal,B.L. (1971) in his book entitled “A Political Geography” says that the India-Myanmar boundary is about 1,450 kms long from its southern extremity to its northern end which is tri-junction of the boundaries of India, Myanmar and China. The boundary line passes through deeply forested hill country, with the Mizo Hills, Manipur and Nagaland on the India side the Chin Hills, Naga Hills and Kachin State on the Myanmar side. Appadorai,A and Rajan, M.S. (1985) published a book entitled “India’s Foreign Policy and their relations” and briefly states that flanking the North eastern part of India, Myanmar shares an approximately 900 miles border with it. Besides, similar racial strains that can be found on either side, this geographical proximity has given rise to many links, which are deep-rooted. Trade routes overland and by sea had long been established and India influence in religion, culture and the arts can be traced to ancient times. Tirtha, R. (2000)in his book, “Geography of India”says that there is 960 miles India- Myanmar border, extending from the limits of the Himalayan ranges southwards roughly along the watershed between the Brahmaputra and Irrawaddi river system, has only been demarcated recently. The border passes through the mountainous territory inhabited by several tribal groups such as Nagas and Mizos. Distinct in culture, language and race from the plains people of the Brahmaputra Valley, these tribesmen have shown considerable independence from the Indian and Burmese authorities and have occasionally used Burmese Volume XIII, Issue 4, 2021 Page No: 564 Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology ISSN No : 1006-7930 territory as a staging point for anti-Indian activities; often abetted by communist guerrillas in Myanmar. In the pacification programme of these border the Indian government, as has been noted, yielded to political pressure and created the state of Nagaland in 1963 as a cultural- political ‘homeland’ for the Nagas, and the centrally administered territory of Mizoram in 1972. Prasad, R.N. (1987) in his book, “Government and Politics in Mizoram” says that the history of Mizoram before the British annexation of the territory is obscure. They had close contact with the tribes living in the Chin Hills of Myanmar because it is the same place from where Mizos emigrated to the present territory. Apart from, they were linguistically, ethnologically and culturally akin to the tribes living in those areas. Barua, S.N. (1992) in his book entitled “Tribes of Indo-Myanmar border: A Socio- Cultural History” says that the people are ethnically and socio-culturally related with the people living on the other side of the border. Though they are divided by a boundary line they could not totally severe the old link. Many have their own kits and kin. Many have matrimonial relations. Economic exchanges are also carried out. Chatterjee, S .(1985) in his book entitled “Mizoram under the British Rule” says that the Chin Hills came under the control of British Army during the Chin-Lushai expedition 1889- 1890, but the government of Myanmar did not know correctly the exact area of the Chin hills district. In 1893-94 the Chief Commissioner of Myanmar appointed a Boundary Commission to demarcate the Manipur Chin Hill boundary.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Economic and Ecological Implications of Shifting Cultivation in Mizoram, India Environmental Science and Engineering
    Environmental Science Vishwambhar Prasad Sati Economic and Ecological Implications of Shifting Cultivation in Mizoram, India Environmental Science and Engineering Environmental Science Series Editors Ulrich Förstner, Technical University of Hamburg-Harburg, Hamburg, Germany Wim H. Rulkens, Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen, The Netherlands Wim Salomons, Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Amsterdam, Haren, The Netherlands The protection of our environment is one of the most important challenges facing today’s society. At the focus of efforts to solve environmental problems are strategies to determine the actual damage, to manage problems in a viable manner, and to provide technical protection. Similar to the companion subseries Environmental Engineering, Environmental Science reports the newest results of research. The subjects covered include: air pollution; water and soil pollution; renaturation of rivers; lakes and wet areas; biological ecological; and geochemical evaluation of larger regions undergoing rehabilitation; avoidance of environmental damage. The newest research results are presented in concise presentations written in easy to understand language, ready to be put into practice. More information about this subseries at http://www.springer.com/series/3234 Vishwambhar Prasad Sati Economic and Ecological Implications of Shifting Cultivation in Mizoram, India 123 Vishwambhar Prasad Sati Department of Geography and Resource Management Mizoram University (A Central University) Aizawl, Mizoram, India ISSN 1863-5520 ISSN 1863-5539 (electronic) Environmental Science and Engineering ISSN 1431-6250 ISSN 2661-8222 (electronic) Environmental Science ISBN 978-3-030-36601-8 ISBN 978-3-030-36602-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36602-5 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    GOVERNMENT OF MIZORAM Public Disclosure Authorized PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT WIDENING TO 2-LANE, RE-ALIGNMENT AND GEOMETRIC IMPROVEMENT OF CHAMPHAI- ZOKHAWTHAR ROAD Public Disclosure Authorized (00.000 KM to 27.247 KM) WITHIN MIZORAM STATE ROADS PROJECT II ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) Public Disclosure Authorized 16 February 2014 Public Disclosure Authorized STUP Consultants Pvt TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE NO CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background: Mizoram State Road Project II 1 1.2 Project Objective, Location and Scope 3 1.3 Champhai-Zokawthar Road 4 1.4 Structure of EIA Report 7 1.5 Proponent and EIA Consultant 8 CHAPTER 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 9 2.1 Champhai-Zokawthar Road 9 2.2 Alignment 9 2.3 Width and gradient 17 2.4 Culvert and drains 18 2.5 Junction Improvement 18 2.6 Slope protection Works 18 2.7 Other Improvement Works 18 2.8 Traffic Diversion during Construction 19 2.9 Blasting 19 2.10 Cutting and Excavation 20 2.11 Construction materials and construction equipment 20 2.12 Construction workers and labour camps 21 2.13 Contractor’s camp, stockpiling material, and garage & maintenance 21 2.14 Land acquisition for the project 22 2.15 Project Cost 23 2.16 Construction Schedule 23 CHAPTER 3 Environmental legislation and Policies 32 3.1 Implementation and Regulatory Agencies 32 3.2 Key Applicable State level Laws and Regulation 34 3.3 Key Statutory Clearance Requirements 33 3.4 MORTH and IRC Specifications 37 3.5 Other Applicable Laws – Labour Laws 37 3.6 World Bank Policies 37 CHAPTER 4 METHODOLOGY 39 4.1 Influence Area
    [Show full text]
  • Mizo Studies Jan-March 2018
    Mizo Studies January - March 2018 1 Vol. VII No. 1 January - March 2018 MIZO STUDIES (A Quarterly Refereed Journal) Editor-in-Chief Prof. Laltluangliana Khiangte PUBLISHED BY DEPARTMENT OF MIZO, MIZORAM UNIVERSITY, AIZAWL. 2 Mizo Studies January - March 2018 MIZO STUDIES Vol. VII No. 1 (A Quarterly Refereed Journal) January - March 2018 Editorial Board: Editor-in-Chief - Prof. Laltluangliana Khiangte Managing Editors - Prof. R. Thangvunga Prof. R.L. Thanmawia Circulation Managers - Dr. Ruth Lalremruati Ms. Gospel Lalramzauhvi Creative Editor - Mr. Lalzarzova © Dept. of Mizo, Mizoram University No part of any article published in this Journal may be reproduced in print or electronic form without the permission of the publishers. The views and opinions expressed in this Journal are the intellectual property of the contributors who are solely responsible for the effects they may have. The Editorial Board and publisher of the Journal do not entertain legal responsibility. ISSN 2319-6041 UGC Journal No. 47167 _________________________________________________ Published by Prof Laltluangliana Khiangte, on behalf of the Department of Mizo, Mizoram University, Aizawl, and printed at the Gilzom Offset, Electric Veng, Aizawl, Mizoram Mizo Studies January - March 2018 3 CONTENTS Editorial : Pioneer to remember - 5 English Section 1. The Two Gifted Blind Men - 7 Ruth V.L. Rinpuii 2. Aministrative Development in Mizoram - 19 Lalhmachhuana 3. Mizo Culture and Belief in the Light - 30 of Christianity Laltluangliana Khiangte 4. Mizo Folk Song at a Glance - 42 Lalhlimpuii 5. Ethnic Classifications, Pre-Colonial Settlement and Worldview of the Maras - 53 Dr. K. Robin 6. Oral Tradition: Nature and Characteristics of Mizo Folk Songs - 65 Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Carrying Capacity Analysis in Mizoram Tourism
    Senhri Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1 (January - June 2019), p. 30-37 Senhri Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies ISSN: 2456-3757 Vol. 04, No. 01 A Journal of Pachhunga University College Jan.-June, 2019 (A Peer Reviewed Journal) Open Access https://senhrijournal.ac.in DOI: 10.36110/sjms.2019.04.01.004 CARRYING CAPACITY ANALYSIS IN MIZORAM TOURISM Ghanashyam Deka 1,* & Rintluanga Pachuau2 1Department of Geography, Pachhunga University College, Aizawl, Mizoram 2Department of Geography & Resource Management, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Ghanashyam Deka: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5246-9682 ABSTRACT Tourism Carrying Capacity was defined by the World Tourism Organization as the highest number of visitors that may visit a tourist spot at the same time, without causing damage of the natural, economic, environmental, cultural environment and no decline in the class of visitors' happiness. Carrying capacity is a concept that has been extensively applied in tourism and leisure studies since the 1960s, but its appearance can be date back to the 1930s. It may be viewed as an important thought in the eventual emergence of sustainability discussion, it has become less important in recent years as sustainability and its associated concepts have come to dominate planning on the management of tourism and its impacts. But the study of carrying capacity analysis is still an important tool to know the potentiality and future impact in tourism sector. Thus, up to some extent carrying capacity analysis is important study for tourist destinations and states like Mizoram. Mizoram is a small and young state with few thousands of visitors that visit the state every year.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Factors of Christianizing the Erstwhile Lushai Hills (1890-1940)
    Mizoram University Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences (A Bi-Annual Refereed Journal) Vol IV Issue 2, December 2018 ISSN: 2395-7352 eISSN:2581-6780 Cultural Factors of Christianizing the erstwhile Lushai Hills (1890-1940) Zadingluaia Chinzah* Abstract Alexandrapore incident became a turning point in the history of the erstwhile Lushai Hills inhabited by simple hill people, living an egalitarian and communitarian life. The result of the encounter between two diverse and dissimilar cultures that were contrary to their form of living and thinking in every way imaginable resulted in the political annexation of the erstwhile Lushai Hills by the British colonial power,which was soon followed by the arrival of missionaries. In consolidating their hegemony and imperial designs, the missionaries were tools through which the hill tribes were to be pacified from raiding British territories. In the long run, this encounter resulted in the emergence and escalation of Christianity in such a massive scale that the hill tribes with their primal religious practices were converted into a westernised reli- gion. The paper problematizes claims for factors that led to the rise of Christianity by various Mizo Church historians, inclusive of the early generations and the emerging church historians. Most of these historians believed that waves of Revivalism was the major factor in Christianizing the erstwhile Lushai Hills though their perspectives or approach to their presumptions are different. Hence, the paper hypothesizes that cultural factors were integral to the rise and growth of Christianity in the erstwhile Lushai Hills during 1890-1940 as against the claims made before. Keywords : ‘Cultural Factors of Conversion,’ Tlawmngaihna, Thangchhuah, Pialral, Revivals.
    [Show full text]
  • Rohmingmawii Front Final
    ISSN : 0976 0202 HISTORICAL JOURNAL MIZORAM (A UGC Notified Journal) Vol. XVIII Revisiting Mizo Heroes Mizo History Association September 2017 The main objective of this journal is to function as a mode of information and guidance for the scholars, researchers and historians and to provide a medium of exchange of ideas in Mizo history. © Mizo History Association, 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this journal may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronically or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher. ISSN : 0976 0202 Editor Rohmingmawii The views and interpretations expressed in the Journal are those of the individual author(s)’ and do not necessearily represent the views of the Editor or Mizo History Association. Price : Rs. 150/- Mizo History Association, Aizawl, Mizoram www. mizohistory.org Printed at the Samaritan Printer Mendus Building, Mission Veng, Aizawl ISSN : 0976 0202 HISTORICAL JOURNAL MIZORAM Vol. XVII (A UGC Recognised Journal) September 2017 Editor Rohmingmawii Assistant Professor Department of History Pachhunga University College, Aizawl MIZO HISTORY ASSOCIATION: AIZAWL Office Bearers of Mizoram History Association (2015 – 2017) President : Prof. Sangkima, Ex-Principal, Govt. Aizawl College Vice President : Prof. JV Hluna, Pachhunga University College Secretary : Dr. Benjamin Ralte, Govt. T Romana College Joint Secretary : Dr. Malsawmliana, Govt. T Romana College Treasurer : Mrs. Judy Lalremruati, Govt. Hrangbana College Executive Committee Members: Prof. O. Rosanga, Mizoram University Mr. Ngurthankima Sailo, Govt. Hrangbana College Prof. C. Lalthlengliana, Govt. Aizawl West College Dr. Samuel VL Thlanga, Govt. Aizawl West College Mr. Robert Laltinchhawna, Govt.
    [Show full text]
  • 2. Executive Summary of Revised Action Plan for 9 Rivers in Mizoram
    EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE ACTION PLAN FOR CONSERVATION OF NINE RIVERS IN MIZORAM, 2019 In compliance of the orders of the Hon’ble NGT on OA No. 673/2018 dt. 20.09.2018, 19.12.2018 & 08.04.2019 Prepared by RIVER REJUVENATION COMMITTEE (RRC) GOVT. OF MIZORAM Contents Page 1. Introduction 1 2. Summary of Action Plan of Tiau River 5 3. Summary of Action Plan of Tlawng River 7 4. Summary of Action Plan of Tuipui River 9 5. Summary of Action Plan of Tuivawl River 11 6. Summary of Action Plan of Chite Stream 13 7. Summary of Action Plan of Mat River 15 8. Summary of Action Plan of Saikah Stream 17 9. Summary of Action Plan of Tuikual River 19 10. Summary of Action Plan of Tuirial River 21 11. Abstract of the financial requirement 23 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE ACTION PLAN FOR THE NINE(9) RIVERS OF MIZORAM In compliance to the orders of the Hon’ble NGT dated 20.09.2018, 19.12.2018 & 08.04.2019 in the matter of OA No. 673/2018 - M.C Mehta-Vrs-Union of India & Ors related to the News item dated 17.09.2018, published in ‘‘The Hindu” under the heading “More river stretches are now critically polluted ”, River Rejuvenation Committee (RRC), Govt. of Mizoram has prepared Action Plan for conservation of nine(9) rivers in Mizoram, which are identified to be polluted by CPCB based on BOD level during 2016 and 2017. The nine (9) identified polluted rivers are : i) 1 river (Tiau) - Priority III ii) 3 rivers (Tlawng, Tuipui and Tuivawl) - Priority IV iii) 5 rivers (Chite, Mat, Saikah, Tuikual and Tuirial)- Priority V The Action Plan is prepared for conservation, rather than rejuvenation of the rivers since the identified 9 polluted river stretches in Mizoram are already within the prescribed limits of BOD (Data annexed), preparation of action plan for rejuvenation of these rivers for bringing down the BOD level does not arise for these rivers.
    [Show full text]
  • ZOKHAWTHAR ROAD (00.000 KM to 27.247 KM) WITHIN MIZORAM STATE ROADS PROJECT II
    Mizoram State Road Project –II GOVERNMENT OF MIZORAM PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT WIDENING TO 2-LANE, RE- ALIGNMENT AND GEOMETRIC IMPROVEMENT OF CHAMPHAI- ZOKHAWTHAR ROAD (00.000 KM to 27.247 KM) WITHIN MIZORAM STATE ROADS PROJECT II ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) DECEMBER 2013 STUP Consultants Pvt 2-1 PWD, Mizoram Mizoram State Road Project –II CHAPTER-1 : THE MIZORAM STATE ROADS PROJECT This chapter describes the Mizoram State Roads Project 2 (MSRP 2) background and the need for the project. After describing in brief the various studies that have led to the identification, prioritisation and selection of the project corridors, this chapter presents the various improvement options proposed. The setting in terms of the preparation of EA for the project and the EA process adopted has been discussed. The last section presents the outline of the various chapters of this report. 1.1 MIZORAM STATE ROADS PROJECT 2 The Government of India has requested World Bank financing for the improvement and rehabilitation of State Highways and Major District Roads in the State of Mizoram that enhance connectivity to Bangladesh and Myanmar. The proposed roads project includes a 336 km north-south alignment starting at the NH44A junction between Aizawl and Tripura State passing through Thenhlum, Phairuangkai,Chawngte, and connecting to the Multi-modal Kaladan Road at the southern end. Other road links in the project include the 112 km east-west Lunglei-Lungsen-Tlabung-Kawrpuichhuah road which links to nearby Chittagong Port (through Rangamati) in Bangladesh and the east-west 28km Champhai-Zowthowkar road and 42 km Chumkhum- chongte road .
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Labor History's Comfort Zone? Labor Regimes in Northeast
    Chapter 9 Beyond Labor History’s Comfort Zone? Labor Regimes in Northeast India, from the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century Willem van Schendel 1 Introduction What is global labor history about? The turn toward a world-historical under- standing of labor relations has upset the traditional toolbox of labor histori- ans. Conventional concepts turn out to be insufficient to grasp the dizzying array and transmutations of labor relations beyond the North Atlantic region and the industrial world. Attempts to force these historical complexities into a conceptual straitjacket based on methodological nationalism and Eurocentric schemas typically fail.1 A truly “global” labor history needs to feel its way toward new perspectives and concepts. In his Workers of the World (2008), Marcel van der Linden pro- vides us with an excellent account of the theoretical and methodological chal- lenges ahead. He makes it very clear that labor historians need to leave their comfort zone. The task at hand is not to retreat into a further tightening of the theoretical rigging: “we should resist the temptation of an ‘empirically empty Grand Theory’ (to borrow C. Wright Mills’s expression); instead, we need to de- rive more accurate typologies from careful empirical study of labor relations.”2 This requires us to place “all historical processes in a larger context, no matter how geographically ‘small’ these processes are.”3 This chapter seeks to contribute to a more globalized labor history by con- sidering such “small” labor processes in a mountainous region of Asia. My aim is to show how these processes challenge us to explore beyond the comfort zone of “labor history,” and perhaps even beyond that of “global labor history” * International Institute of Social History and University of Amsterdam.
    [Show full text]
  • Geological and Tectonic Evolution of the Indo‑Myanmar Ranges (IMR) in the Myanmar Region
    This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Geological and tectonic evolution of the Indo‑Myanmar Ranges (IMR) in the Myanmar region Khin, Kyi; Zaw, Khin; Aung, Lin Thu 2017 Khin, K., Zaw, K., & Aung, L. T. (2017). Geological and tectonic evolution of the Indo‑Myanmar Ranges (IMR) in the Myanmar region. Geological Society Memoir, 48(1), 65‑79. doi:10.1144/M48.4 https://hdl.handle.net/10356/144426 https://doi.org/10.1144/M48.4 © 2017 The Author(s). All rights reserved. This paper was published by The Geological Society of London in Geological Society Memoir and is made available with permission of The Author(s). Downloaded on 10 Oct 2021 10:59:28 SGT Geological and tectonic evolution of the Indo-Myanmar Ranges (IMR) in the Myanmar region KYI KHIN1*, KHIN ZAW2 & LIN THU AUNG3 1SK Engineering and Construction, Singapore Branch, 415979, Singapore 2CODES ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 126, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia 3Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, N2-01a-14, 639798, Singapore *Correspondence: [email protected] The Indo-Myanmar Ranges (IMR) of Myanmar, also known as of studies in the IMR of Myanmar aiming to understand the the Indo-Burman Ranges (IBR) or the Western Ranges, extend nature and origin of the continental crust beneath Myanmar, from the East Himalayan Syntaxis (EHS) southwards along the significant for Mesozoic and Cenozoic plate tectonic recon- eastern side of the Bay of Bengal to the Andaman Sea, compris- structions of Southeast Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume IX – 2 Spring 2017
    CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL SCIENTIST (A National Refereed Journal - UGC Approved) Vol : IX-2 Spring 2017 ISSN No: 2230 - 956X Prof. Zokaitluangi Editor in Chief Dean, School of Social Sciences, Mizoram University & Professor, Department of Psychology, Mizoram University SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES MIZORAM UNIVERSITY (A CENTRAL UNIVERSITY) TANHRIL, AIZAWL – 796004 MIZORAM, INDIA e-mail : [email protected] CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL SCIENTIST (A National Refereed Journal - UGC approved) Vol : IX-2 Spring 2017 ISSN No: 2230 - 956X School of Social Editors Sciences- Convergence Editors Patron: Vice Chancellor, Mizoram University, Aizawl, India Guidelines Editor in Chief: Professor Zokaitluangi, Dean , Shool of Social Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl, India Archives (hard copy) Editorial boards: Prof. J.K. PatnaikDepartment of Political Science, MZU Vol: I - 1 Prof. Srinibas Pathi, Head Department of Public Administration, MZU Vol: I - 2 Prof. O. Rosanga, Department of History & Ethnography, MZU Vol: II - 1 Prof. Lalrintluanga, Department of Public Administration, MZU Vol: II - 2 Prof. Lalneihzovi, Department of Public Admn, MZU Vol: III - 1 Prof. C. Lalfamkima Varte, Head, Dept. of Psychology, MZU Vol: III - 2 Prof. H.K. Laldinpuii Fente, Department of Psychology, MZU Vol: IV - 1 Prof. E. Kanagaraj, Department. of Social Work, MZU Vol: IV - 2 Prof. J. Doungel, Department of Political Science, MZU Vol: V - 1 Prof. C. Devendiran, Head, Department of Social Work, MZU Vol: V - 2 Prof. K.V. Reddy, Head, Department of Political Science, MZU Vol: VI - 1 Dr Lalngurliana Sailo, Head, Dept of Hist and Ethnography, MZU. Vol: VI - 2 Dr, R.K. Mohanty, Head, Department of Sociology, MZU Vol: VII - 1 Vol: VII - 1 National Advisory Board Members: Vol: VIII - 1 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chin Hills-Arakan Yoma Montane Forests Are a Tropical and Subtropical Moist Broadleaf Forest Ecoregion in Western Myanmar
    The Chin Hills-Arakan Yoma montane forests are a tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion in western Myanmar. Surrounded at lower elevations by moist tropical forests, this ecoregion is home a diverse range of subtropical and temperate species, including many species characteristic of the Himalayas, as well as many endemic species. The ecoregion covers an area of 29,700 square kilometers, encompassing the montane forests of the Arakan Mountain Range. The Chin Hills, which cover most of Chin State, and extend south along the ridge of the Arakan Mountains forms the boundary between Rakhine State on the west and Magway Region, Bago Region, and Ayeyarwady Region to the east. The ecoregion includes (Mount Victoria) in southern Chin State, which rises to 3071 meters above sea level. Home to many different ethnic groups who possess their own specific tattoo designs. The groups are historically related but speak divergent languages and dialects and have different cultural identities Chin tribe women wearing various pattern of tattoo on their face and attractive amber necklaces. The British first conquered Myanmar in 1824, established rule in 1886, and remained in power until Burma’s independence in 1948. The 1886 Chin Hills Regulation Act stated that the British would govern the Chins separately from the rest of Burma, which allowed for traditional Chin chiefs to remain in power. Burma’s independence from Britain in 1948 coincided with the Chin people adopting a democratic government rather than continuing its traditional rule of chiefs. Chin National Day is celebrated on February 20, the day that marks the transition from traditional to democratic rule in Chin State.
    [Show full text]