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Forced Displacement Literature Review FORCED DISPLACEMENT LITERATURE REVIEW 2019-21 Compiled by Joint Data Center on Forced Displacement Last Updated May 2021 Note: The JDC Literature Review provides summaries of recently published research to encourage the exchange of ideas on topics related to forced displacement. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in the literature included in this review are entirely those of their authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Joint Data Center, UNHCR, the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. For convenience, the Literature Review contains links to websites operated by third parties. The Joint Data Center and its affiliate organizations do not represent or endorse these sites or the content, services and products they may offer, and do not guarantee the accuracy or reliability of any information, data, opinions, advice or statements provided on these sites. INTRODUCTION The Literature Review compiled by the Joint Data Center (JDC) on Forced Displacement highlights recent publications, academic scholarship, and thought leadership on issues relating to forced displacement. Our intention is to stimulate discussion, encourage the exchange of ideas, and support a ‘Community of Practice’ on forced displacement. By sharing up-to-date data and analysis, the Literature Review supports JDC’s overall mission: to enhance the ability of stakeholders to make timely and evidence-informed decisions that can improve the lives of affected people. Our Literature Review is not intended to be an exhaustive survey of recent academic scholarship on forced displacement. Rather, JDC selects what it considers to be the most relevant literature based on a broad search of recent publications, including working papers, peer-reviewed academic journals as well as reports produced by international organizations, government agencies, NGOs, and research and policy institutes. Nor is this Literature Review intended to be a critical or integrative review of recent scholarship on forced displacement. Instead, it provides a short summary of the selected publications in a clear, concise and readable format. This document—which we will update regularly—is a compilation of all previous issues of the forced displacement literature review, including prior issues prepared by the World Bank’s Fragility Conflict and Violence Group. It organizes the literature by theme into the following 13 chapters: 1. Drivers of displacement and decisions to flee, including factors like climate change and 2. Return, restitution, and resettlement, including effects and decisions of return and resettlement. 3. Education, including impacts on educational outcomes of host community and displaced children, barriers to improving educational outcomes, and education interventions in displacement contexts. 4. Gender and LGTBI, covering literature related to gender-based violence, marriage and fertility, and LGTBI issues. 5. Geopolitics of Forced Displacement and Foreign Aid, including the impact of aid on asylum seeker and refugee flows, global compacts and trade preferences, and responsibility- and burden-sharing. 6. Health, including mental health impacts and health interventions for displaced populations. 2 7. Impact on Host Communities and Host Countries, covering impacts on poverty, labor markets and firms, housing markets, politics, crime, migration dynamics, conflict and macroeconomic outcomes. 8. Integration, Inclusion, and Social Cohesion of displaced populations, including socio- economic profiles of displaced populations, access to services, labor market outcomes, poverty and wellbeing, as well as policies and programs to promote economic integration. This chapter also includes literature on social cohesion and interactions with host communities. 9. Internal Displacement, drawing together the literature on the causes and drivers of internal displacement, specific vulnerabilities of IDPs, socio-economic impacts on host countries and communities, and the return and reintegration of IDPs. 10. Private Sector, including private sector initiatives to engage displaced populations and host communities as well as assessments of market potential. 11. Technology, covering emerging technologies in displacement contexts. 12. Urban and Local Government, including case studies of displacement in urban contexts. 13. Legal and policy framework, including legal identities and asylum policies. You can access the searchable database of these summaries on our website www. jointdatacenter.org. We hope this easily searchable compilation of over 300 summaries will be useful. We welcome your feedback on this initial compilation as well as suggestions for future issues. Please address them to Zara Sarzin at [email protected]. If you are not already receiving the monthly issues of the JDC’s Literature Review, you can subscribe to new issues here. Björn Gillsäter Head of the Joint Data Center on Forced Displacement – a partnership between the World Bank and UNHCR 3 Table of Contents I. DRIVERS OF DISPLACEMENT AND DECISIONS TO FLEE ............................ 19 Climate Change and Forced Migration ......................................................................... 20 Missirian and Schlenker (2017) Asylum Applications Respond to Temperature Fluctuations .................... 20 Abel et al. (2019) Climate, Conflict, and Forced Migration .......................................................................... 20 Vegetation changes attributable to refugees in Africa coincide with agricultural deforestation................ 21 Decisions to Flee ......................................................................................................... 25 Jaspars and Margie Buchanan-Smith (2018) Darfuri Migration from Sudan to Europe: From Displacement to Despair ..................................................................................................................................................... 25 Kirwin and Anderson (2018) Identifying the Factors Driving West African Migration ................................ 27 Ceriani and Verme (2018) Risk Preferences and the Decision to Flee Conflict ............................................ 28 Bocquého et al. (2018) Risk and Refugee Migration.................................................................................... 29 UNODC (2018) Global Study on Smuggling of Migrants 2018 ..................................................................... 29 Schon (2019) Motivation and Opportunity for Conflict-Induced Migration: An Analysis of Syrian Migration Timing .......................................................................................................................................................... 31 Steele (2019) Civilian Resettlement Patterns in Civil War ........................................................................... 32 Aksoy and Poutvaara (2019) Refugees’ Self-selection into Europe: Who Migrates Where? ...................... 33 Balcilar and Nugent (2019) The Migration of Fear: An Analysis of Migration Choices of Syrian Refugees . 34 Saldarriaga and Hua (2019) A Gravity Model Analysis of Forced Displacement in Colombia...................... 35 Rapid evidence assessment: what works to protect children on the move ................................................ 35 Mobile Phone Data for Children on the Move: Challenges and Opportunities ........................................... 39 Communities Left Behind ............................................................................................ 43 Passey (2018) How Migration to Europe Affects Those Left Behind ........................................................... 43 Howe et al. (2018) The Wages of War: Learning from How Syrians Have Adapted their Livelihoods through Seven Years of Conflict ................................................................................................................... 43 Salmon et al (2018) Surviving Firms of the Syrian Arab Republic: A Rapid Assessment .............................. 44 II. RETURN, RESTITUTION, AND RESETTLEMENT .......................................... 45 Return ........................................................................................................................ 46 Dadush (2018) The Economic Effects of Refugee Return ............................................................................ 46 Keith and Shawaf (2018) When is Return Voluntary? Conditions of Asylum in Lebanon ............................ 46 Vignal (2018) Perspectives on the Return of Syrian Refugees ..................................................................... 47 Samuel Hall (2018) Syria’s Spontaneous Returns ........................................................................................ 47 IMPACT Initiatives (2018) Picking up the Pieces: Realities of Return and Reintegration in North-East Syria ..................................................................................................................................................................... 48 Abdel-Rahim et al. (2018) Forced Displacement and Behavioral Change: An Empirical Study of Returnee Households in the Nuba Mountains ............................................................................................................ 49 Ruiz and Vargas-Silva (2019) The Impacts of Refugee Repatriation on Receiving Communities ................ 50 DRC/IRC/NRC/Samuel Hall (2020) Unprepared for (Re)integration – Lessons learned from Afghanistan, Somalia, and
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