DOCSLIB.ORG

Forced Displacement and Protection Needs Produced by New Forms of Violence and Criminality in Central America”

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Forced Displacement and Protection Needs Produced by New Forms of Violence and Criminality in Central America” Study “Forced Displacement and Protection Needs produced by new forms of Violence and Criminality in Central America” May 2012 Document prepared by: Upon request of: Study “Forced Displacement and Protection Needs produced by new forms of Violence and Criminality in Central America” 2012 This document was prepared by the Internacional Centre for the Human Rights of Migrants – CIDEHUM upon request of the United Nations High Comissioner for Refugees, UNHCR. This document is not an official publication of UNHCR. UNHCR is not responsible for – and does not necessarily share - its content. The views expressed in this document are only representative of the institutional view of those who prepared the Study and do not necessarily the views of UNHCR, of the United Nations or of its Member States. 2 Table of Contents Page List of Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................... 4 1. Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... 5 2. General Outline ............................................................................................................................ 11 2.1 Causes, trends and patterns of violence ................................................................................. 11 2.2 OC, forced displacement and lack of protection .................................................................... 13 3. Effects and consequences of the new forms of violence .............................................................. 16 3.1 Risk zones generating forced displacement as a result of violence and OC in Central America ........................................................................................................................................ 16 3.2 Geo-referencing of risk and forced displacement………………………………………… 16 3.3 Northern Triangle of Central America: brief description by country .................................... 18 3.3.1 Guatemala........................................................................................................................ 18 3.3.2 El Salvador ...................................................................................................................... 21 3.3.3 Honduras ......................................................................................................................... 24 4. Gaps in protection and needs ....................................................................................................... 27 4.1 Protection gaps ....................................................................................................................... 27 4.2 Profile of people forcibly displaced by violence and OC ...................................................... 29 4.3 Violence by urban/rural context ............................................................................................. 30 5. Institutional Response to Displacement and Protection ............................................................... 31 5.1 International Protection and migration policies ..................................................................... 31 5.2 Countries not included in the Northern Triangle of Central America .................................... 34 5.2.1 Mexico ............................................................................................................................. 34 5.2.2 Nicaragua ........................................................................................................................ 35 5.2.3 Costa Rica ....................................................................................................................... 36 5.3 National protection and regional and international actors supporting the States ................... 37 5.3.1 National Protection .......................................................................................................... 37 5.3.2 International Protection ................................................................................................... 38 6. Conclusions and Recommendations............................................................................................. 39 6.1 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 39 6.2 Recommendations .................................................................................................................. 43 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................... 45 APPENDIX 1 Representative Cases Description ................................................................................. 48 APPENDIX 2 Description of the Methodology of this Study and Sources Consulted………….. 53 3 List of Abbreviations CIDEHUM International Centre for the Human Rights of Migrants COMAR Mexican Commission for Aid to Refugees CRM Regional Conference on Migration DNPP National Directorate of the Preventive Police, Honduras ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross and Red Crescent IOM International Organization for Migration OAS Organization of American States OC Transnational Organized Crime OCAM Central American Commission of Migration Directors OHCHR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights PNC National Civil Police, El Salvador and Guatemala SICA Central American Integration System UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime WB World Bank WFP World Food Programme 4 1. Executive Summary The study “Forced Displacement and Protection Needs produced by new forms of Violence and Criminality in Central America” is part of a joint effort by the UNHCR and CIDEHUM to highlight the situation of victims of Organized Crime (OC) within their countries of origin and abroad, in countries of transit or destination. OC forms an organized and internally coordinated structure, which includes drug trafficking networks, gangs and criminal groups that operate from the local to the transnational level. This report aims to analyze the national and international protection needs of victims of OC and establish the possibilities of institutional attention (governmental, international and civil society) in these areas. While the number of Central American refugees and asylum seekers (mainly from Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras) has risen in recent years, it represents only a portion of the population that has been displaced and may be in need of international protection. This tendency could intensify because of problems of security and violence produced by the activities of OC, which leads to people being displaced internally or crossing borders in search of international protection in more and more countries. Although there is a lack of official figures on the number of people forcibly displaced by OC in the Central American region, an idea of the magnitude of this situation can be gleaned by reviewing the homicide rates in the countries concerned, identifying risk zones and zones in which forced displacement by OC has been reported, the figures for people deported and expelled from North American countries and of those seeking asylum because of persecution by OC. All these figures have risen in recent years. Traditionally those seeking international protection from Central American countries request refugee status in the United States of America, Canada or in other countries in the region (Mexico, Costa Rica and Panama). Some of these people, after being recognized as refugees by the host states, approach UNHCR asking for resettlement in the United States of America and Canada. From the methodological point of view we went on to: • Review and analysis of bibliographical data and statistics. • Collection and analysis of non-systematized data and gathering of socio-geographical data: field visits in Mexico, Costa Rica, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua; considering the following sources of information: Interior Ministries (Security, Police); Executive, Legislative and Judicial Power; Migration Boards; National Human Rights Commissions, Public Prosecutors, Ombudsmen, agencies of the United Nations System, Civil Society Organizations and qualified informants (organizations of the disappeared and victims). Semi-structured interviews and case studies were undertaken, along with observation in urban and rural areas and border posts; strategic geographical and territorial information gathering and mapping of the forced displacement phenomenon. • Analysis of the information and planning of actions and strategies, definition of conclusions and recommendations to establish the different protection needs of people forcibly displaced by violence and organized crime in the Central American region, the role of States, the United Nations System and UNHCR, as well as International Organizations and Civil Society Organizations. 5 The main findings of this study are the following: • In the Central American region people continue to migrate to other countries for various reasons. Economic/labour migration remains a constant because of the difficult socio-economic situation and the search for a better standard of living. For its part, the activities of OC generate forced displacement within and outside countries. This cause has been
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Forced Displacement – Global Trends in 2015
    GLObaL LEADER ON StatISTICS ON REfugEES Trends at a Glance 2015 IN REVIEW Global forced displacement has increased in 2015, with record-high numbers. By the end of the year, 65.3 million individuals were forcibly displaced worldwide as a result of persecution, conflict, generalized violence, or human rights violations. This is 5.8 million more than the previous year (59.5 million). MILLION FORCIBLY DISPLACED If these 65.3 million persons 65.3 WORLDWIDE were a nation, they would make up the 21st largest in the world. 21.3 million persons were refugees 16.1 million under UNHCR’s mandate 5.2 million Palestinian refugees registered by UNRWA 40.8 million internally displaced persons1 3.2 million asylum-seekers 12.4 24 86 MILLION PER CENT An estimated 12.4 million people were newly displaced Developing regions hosted 86 per due to conflict or persecution in cent of the world’s refugees under 2015. This included 8.6 million UNHCR’s mandate. At 13.9 million individuals displaced2 within people, this was the highest the borders of their own country figure in more than two decades. and 1.8 million newly displaced The Least Developed Countries refugees.3 The others were new provided asylum to 4.2 million applicants for asylum. refugees or about 26 per cent of the global total. 3.7 PERSONS MILLION EVERY MINUTE 183/1000 UNHCR estimates that REFUGEES / at least 10 million people On average 24 people INHABITANTS globally were stateless at the worldwide were displaced from end of 2015. However, data their homes every minute of Lebanon hosted the largest recorded by governments and every day during 2015 – some number of refugees in relation communicated to UNHCR were 34,000 people per day.
    [Show full text]
  • Access to Housing, Land & Property in Forced
    ACCESS TO HOUSING, LAND & PROPERTY IN FORCED DISPLACEMENT CONTEXTS Photo by Ivan Roma Manukrante AUTHOR Considerations and Recommendations for Katrien Ringelé, the World Bank Group and Other Investors Norwegian Refugee Council Executive Summary PEER REVIEWERS Access to Housing, Land and Property (HLP) is foundational to socio-economic Jim Robinson, Global inclusion and an essential steppingstone for refugees and IDPs (‘displaced Protection Cluster persons’) to rebuild their lives.8 Access to HLP means having a home, free from the Jamila El Abdellaou, fear of forced eviction, a place that offers safety, and the ability to seek livelihood HLP Expert opportunities. Displacement creates specific barriers to accessing HLP, and host government policies and practices may further restrict access intentionally or unintentionally. It is equally important to ensure that HLP legal frameworks are fully implemented and protected when violated. This requires considering HLP issues among the host population alongside those of displaced persons. Unresolved HLP issues are linked to recurring displacement, and may cause or worsen conflict, undermining stability and socio-economic development. The WBG and other investors have a role to play in strengthening host government response 8 Although different legal frameworks are applicable to refugees and IDPs, the types of barriers and challenges both groups face are similar. Therefore, the paper will refer to ‘displaced persons’ going forward. Access to Housing, Land & Property in Forced Displacement Contexts 21 to displaced person’s HLP access challenges. Such an approach begins with a thorough understanding of the HLP legal frameworks and practices and how they relate to displaced persons. It also requires implementing concrete mechanisms to enable displaced persons’ access to HLP, undertaking policy dialogue with governments, and addressing HLP rights violations as part of development efforts.
    [Show full text]
  • Forced Displacement and Mixed Migration in the Horn of Africa
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized REPORT NO: ACS14361 Eastern Africa HOA Displacement Study: Forced Displacement and Mixed Migration in the Horn of Africa June 25, 2015 © June 2015 The UNHCR and The World Bank Group Geneva and Washington All rights reserved. Standard Disclaimer: This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank and UNHCR. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of UNHCR, The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank or UNHCR concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470, http://www.copyright.com/. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, fax 202-522-2422, e-mail [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • The Economics of Forced Displacement: an Introduction
    _____________________ Région et Développement n° 44-2016 __________________ THE ECONOMICS OF FORCED DISPLACEMENT: AN INTRODUCTION Paolo VERME* Abstract - Forced displacement − defined as the displacement of refugees and Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) due to violence – has reached an unpre- cedented scale and global attention during the past few years, particularly in the aftermath of the Syrian refugee crisis in 2011 and the European Union’s migration crisis in 2015. As this plight gained momentum, economics found itself unprepared to answer the basic questions surrounding refugees and IDPs. Few economists or institutions were working on forced displacement. Economic theory or empirics had little to offer in terms of articles published in journals. Data were found to be scarce, unreliable or inaccessible. Can economics rise to the challenge? Is the economics of forced displacement different from neoclas- sical economics? Can we use off the shelves models to study forced displaced populations? What are we missing to do the economics of forced displacement? What are the data constraints that limit economists in this work? This paper provides a first non-technical introduction to these topics. We argue that the modelling of utility, choice, risk and information in a short-term setting is the key to address the problem. Neoclassical economics lacks some of the theoreti- cal ingredients that are needed but recent developments in game theory, neu- roeconomics and behavioral economics have opened new horizons that make the task of modelling forced displacement within reach. Empirics is clearly limi- ted by the scarcity of quality data but an example shows how welfare econo- mists can start working with existing data.
    [Show full text]
  • Globalization and Human Dimension of Forced Migrants
    UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE BELAS-ARTES Globalization and Human Dimension of Forced Migrants My Kaaba is HUMAN Sinem Taş Trabalho de Projeto Mestrado em Arte Multimédia Especialização em Fotografia Trabalho de Projeto orientado pela Professora Doutora Margarida Medeiros 2017 DECLARAÇÃO DE AUTORIA Eu Sinem TAŞ, declaro que a presente dissertação / trabalho de projeto de mestrado intitulada “Globalization and Human Dimension of Forced Migrants: My Kaaba is HUMAN ”, é o resultado da minha investigação pessoal e independente. O conteúdo é original e todas as fontes consultadas estão devidamente mencionadas na bibliografia ou outras listagens de fontes documentais, tal como todas as citações diretas ou indiretas têm devida indicação ao longo do trabalho segundo as normas académicas. Sinem Taş Lisboa, 31/10/2017 RESUMO Imigração é um fenómeno que existe há séculos por causa da necessidade humana de criar novas condições de vida, procurar melhores oportunidades, encontrar solos férteis ou, às vezes, de simplesmente mudar de vida. Assim, a imigração pode ser inevitável (por exemplo nos casos de desastres naturais, guerras, guerras civis, conflitos e genocídios) ou voluntária (pela necessidade de mobilidade). Este trabalho reivindica que a imigração é diretamente construída pelas condições financeiras e políticas desde o princípio (e não pelos eventos naturais), com um foco especial nos factores como a globalização e as suas consequências para a população. Este trabalho tem como inspiração o valores humanistas dos Bektashis, que será esclarecido nos próximos capítulos. Pessoas, aparelhos de estado ou grupos influentes organizam e causam massacres e catástrofes por interesses políticos ou económicos. Por esses motivos, milhões de pessoas foram assassinadas, violadas e perseguidas.
    [Show full text]
  • Precarious Labor and Basic Rights in Science and Bioprospecting
    Accepted manuscript for the Annals of American Geographers, please do not cite without permission A Human Right to Science?: Precarious Labor and Basic Rights in Science and Bioprospecting Authors: Benjamin D. Neimark Lancaster University, Lancaster Environment Centre A24 LEC 3 Library Ave, Lancaster, Lancashire, UK LA1 4YQ, email: [email protected] Saskia Vermeylen Senior Lecturer and Chancellor's Fellow University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Centre for Environmental Law and Governance Glasgow , UK G1 1QE 1 Accepted manuscript for the Annals of American Geographers, please do not cite without permission Abstract Does everyone have the right to benefit from science? If so, what shape should benefits take? This article exposes the inequalities involved in bioprospecting through a relatively neglected Human Right, the right to benefit from Science (HRS). Although underexplored in the literature, it is acknowledged that market-based conservation practices, such as bioprospecting, often rely on cheap “casual” labor. In contrast to critical discourses exposing the exploitation and misappropriation of indigenous people’s cultural and self-determination rights in relation to bioprospecting (i.e., biopiracy), the exploitation of a low -skilled labor force for science has been little examined from a human rights perspective. Reliance on cheap labor is not just limited to those directly involved in creating local biodiversity inventories, but a whole set of other workers (cooks, porters, and logistical support staff), who contribute indirectly to the advancements of science, and whose contribution is barely acknowledged, let alone financially remunerated. As precarious workers it is difficult for laborers to use existing national and international labor laws to fight for recognition of their basic rights or easily to rely on biodiversity and environmental laws to negotiate recognition of their contribution to science.
    [Show full text]
  • Corruption and Integrity Programme
    Anti-Corruption and Integrity Programme A Study on the Link between Corruption and the Causes of Migration and Forced Displacement Human CorruptionSecurity Published by: A Study on the Link between Corruption and the Causes of Migration and Forced Displacement March 29, 2017 Authors: Ortrun Merkle* Julia Reinold* Melissa Siegel* *Maastricht Graduate School of Governance The publication “A Study on the Link between Corruption and the Causes of Migration and Forced Displacement” was commissioned by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Anti-Corruption and Integrity Programme, on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). The contents of this publication do not represent the official position of neither BMZ nor GIZ. Table of Content 3 Table of Content List of Figures ..........................................................5 List of Tables...........................................................6 List of Boxes ...........................................................7 Acknowledgments .......................................................7 Abbreviations ...........................................................7 Executive Summary ......................................................9 1. Introduction ........................................................10 2. Mapping the Conceptual Terrain: Corruption and Migration .....................13 2.1. Corruption - what do we mean? 13 2.2. The concept of human security 16 2.3. Migration – the background 18 3. Methodology
    [Show full text]
  • Tourism, Land Grabs and Displacement
    Tourism, Land Grabs and Displacement A Study with Particular Focus on the Global South Andreas Neef Auckland, February 2019 Disclaimer: The views expressed in this study are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of Tourism Watch. Photo on Cover: Coastal construction work for a tourist resort in Phang Nga Province, southern Thailand (Source: Author) ii Table of Contents Table of Contents iii List of Tables, Figures, Photos and Boxes vi List of Abbreviations ix Acknowledgements xiii Preface xiii Executive Summary xiv Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 The Context: Global Rush for Land and Tourism-Related Land Grabs 1 1.2 Tourism-Related Land and Resource Grabbing within the Global Land Grab Debate 2 1.3 Global Scope and Local Contexts for Tourism-Related Land Grabs 4 1.4 Study Design, Case Selection and Analytical Framework 5 1.5 Structure of the Study 7 Chapter 2. Tourism-Related Land Grabs: Actors, Drivers, Discourses, Mechanisms, Practices and Impacts 9 2.1 Actors and Drivers 9 2.2 Discourses and Mechanisms 11 2.3 Practices and Impacts of Tourism-Related Land Grabs 13 Chapter 3. State-Led Tourism Development and Tourism Zoning 18 3.1 Tourism Zone Development in the Philippines 18 3.2 The Special Economic Zone of Social Market Economy in Oecusse, Timor Leste 23 3.3 State-Driven Tourism Development and Livelihood Displacement among Garifuna Communities, Honduras 25 3.4 Concessional Tourism Development: A Chinese Mega-Project in Koh Kong Province, Cambodia 27 Chapter 4. Resort Development, Residential Tourism and Resource Grabbing 31 4.1 Resort Tourism and Resource Grabbing in the Indonesian Archipelago 31 4.2 Tourism Enclaves and Proliferation of Land Leases in the Southwest Pacific – The Case of Vanuatu 38 4.3 Residential Tourism and Transnational Land Investment in Central America and the Southern Indian Ocean 42 Chapter 5.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Annual International Migration and Forced Displacement Trends
    2020 Annual International Migration and Forced Displacement Trends and Policies Report to the G20 1 Contents Executive summary ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 4 1. Recent trends in migration and refugee movements in G20 countries ..................................................... 4 a. Migration flows in 2019 ................................................................................................................... 4 b. Early evidence on the impact of the COVID19 pandemic on migration flows in G20 countries .... 7 c. The impact of the pandemic on international student migration ...................................................... 8 d. Refugee stocks, asylum applications, resettlement and complementary pathways for those in need of international protection ...................................................................................................................... 10 2. Migration policies in the times of COVID-19 ........................................................................................ 11 3. Economic and social inclusion of immigrants and refugees and possible impact on countries of origin ...................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Economic and Political Costs of Population Displacement and Their Impact on the Sdgs and Multilateralism
    DESA Working Paper No. 167 ST/ESA/2020/DWP/167 JUNE 2020 The economic and political costs of population displacement and their impact on the SDGs and multilateralism Author: Kristinn Sv. Helgason* ABSTRACT While migration and population displacement has always been part of the human experience, the context within which it occurs today has materially changed. Migration has become an important part of economic globalization and closely related to countries´ development process. Conflicts, poverty, natural disasters and climate events are also forcing people to migrate in an ever-increasing number. For many low-income countries with large number of internally-displaced people, on the other hand, the high economic costs are making it more difficult for them to invest in SDG implementation. Developing countries also host most of the externally-displaced people at high economic costs, which similarly affects their ability to achieve the SDGs. The political costs of hosting large number of refugees in developed states have also been significant in recent years, particularly in the aftermath of the 2015 European Refugee Crisis. The refugee crisis triggered intense politicization of migration and sharp rise in anti-immigration sentiments and support for populist parties in many countries of the region, leading some governments to tighten their borders, introduce more restrictive immigration policies and retreat from multilateral migration efforts. There is at the same time growing recognition that population displacement and migration is a contemporary global challenge that can only be solved through effective multilateral cooperation. In this context, it becomes important for states to build on the current nascent governance architecture such as the Global Compact on Refugees and the Global Compact for Migration so that the benefits of migration and population displacement can be more effectively harnessed for the achievement of the SDGs.
    [Show full text]
  • San Raimundo Amenaza Po R Deslizamiento S 485000.000000 490000.000000 495000.000000 500000.000000 90°36'W 90°33'W 90°30'W
    ^ CO DIGO : AMENAZA POR DESLIZAMIENTOS E INUN^ DACIONES 111 DEPARTAMENTO DE GUATEMALA 8 MUNICIPIO DE SAN RAIMUNDO AMENAZA PO R DESLIZAMIENTO S 485000.000000 490000.000000 495000.000000 500000.000000 90°36'W 90°33'W 90°30'W Finca Nance La p re d ic c ió n d e e sta ame naza utiliza la me tod ología re c onoc id a Finca Dolores Dulce Quebrada El Jute Quebrada Grande Tumbadero " " Finca El San Jose Finca " d e Mora-V ahrson, p ara e stimar las ame nazas d e d e slizamie ntos a 0 Finca La 0 0 Suchicul 0 0 El Jute Cajon " 0 0 " Esperanza " 0 0 " 0 un nive l d e d e talle d e 1 kiló me tro. Esta c omp le ja mod e lac ió n utiliza 0 0 . Finca La . 0 Finca San Suchicul 0 0 San Jose Union " 0 una c omb inac ió n d e d atos sob re la litología, la hume d ad d e l sue lo, 0 z " Fancisco El Guapinol 0 8 El Jute " " 8 4 " El Zapote 4 p e nd ie nte y p ronó stic os d e tie mp o e n e ste c aso p re c ip itac ió n 6 Granados " 6 1 Q a 1 Q La Estanzuela San ueb " ac umulad a que CATHALAC ge ne ra d iariame nte a través d e l N r N ' El Chol a Saltan Diego ' d p " " 3 u 3 a o 5 El Chaparro " 5 mod e lo me sosc ale PSU/NCAR, e l MM5.
    [Show full text]
  • Departamento De Chiquimula
    Código PR-GI-006 Versión 01 Perfil Departamental Fecha de Guatemala Emisión 24/03/17 Página 1 de 40 ESCUDO Y BANDERA MUNICIPAL DE GUATEMALA Código PR-GI-006 Versión 01 Perfil Departamental Fecha de Guatemala Emisión 24/03/17 Página 2 de 40 1. Localización El municipio de Guatemala es a su vez, la cabecera departamental, municipal y la ciudad capital de la República, se encuentra situado en la parte central del departamento, en la Región I o Región Metropolitana. Se localiza en la latitud 14° 38′ 29″ y en la longitud 90° 30′ 47″. Limita al Norte con los municipios de Chinautla y San Pedro Ayampuc (Guatemala); al Sur con los municipios de Santa Catarina Pinula, San José Pinula, Villa Canales, San Miguel Petapa y Villa Nueva (Guatemala); al Este con el municipio de Palencia (Guatemala); y al Oeste con el municipio de Mixco (Guatemala). Cuenta con una extensión territorial de 228 kilómetros cuadrados, de los cuales 80 km. corresponden a la ciudad capital, incluyendo sus colonias; y se encuentra a una altura de 1, 498.89 metros sobre el nivel del mar, por lo que generalmente su clima es templado. La municipalidad es de 1a. categoría, cuenta con una ciudad, la Capital Guatemala, que está dividida en 19 zonas municipales cada una de ellas con sus respectivos barrios y colonias, 15 aldeas y 18 caseríos. Las aldeas son: La Libertad (antes Hincapié), Lo de Rodríguez, Los Ocotes, Concepción Las Lomas, El Bebedero, Las Canoítas, Cebadilla Grande, El Rodeo, Canalitos, Santa Rosita, Las Tapias, Lavarreda, Los Guajitos, Lo de Contreras y El Chato.
    [Show full text]