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Forced Displacement and Mixed Migration in the Horn of Africa

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Forced Displacement and Mixed Migration in the Horn of Africa Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized REPORT NO: ACS14361 Eastern Africa HOA Displacement Study: Forced Displacement and Mixed Migration in the Horn of Africa June 25, 2015 © June 2015 The UNHCR and The World Bank Group Geneva and Washington All rights reserved. Standard Disclaimer: This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank and UNHCR. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of UNHCR, The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank or UNHCR concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470, http://www.copyright.com/. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, fax 202-522-2422, e-mail [email protected]. For additional information please contact: Theresa Beltramo Vara Vemuru Senior Economist Senior Social Development Specialist UNHCR The World Bank Group Phone: +41227398902 Phone: +1 (202) 458-4427 E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected] All photos, including cover and interior photos, courtesy of Vara Vemuru/World Bank, unless otherwise attributed. Table of Contents Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................................ iv Glossary ....................................................................................................................................................... v Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1. Forced Displacement and Mixed Migration .............................................................................. 11 The Political, Social, and Economic Context .......................................................................................... 12 The Security Context ................................................................................................................................ 14 An Overview of Forced Displacement and Mixed Migration .................................................................. 15 Summary of Forced Displacement Situations in the HOA ..................................................................... 18 Causes and Drivers of Forced Displacement and Mixed Migration ....................................................... 22 Legal and Institutional Frameworks Governing Forced Displacement ................................................... 24 Chapter 2. The Development Challenges of Protracted Forced Displacement and Mixed Migration ........ 28 Emerging trends ..................................................................................................................................... 29 Characteristics of refugee and IDP hosting areas .................................................................................. 30 Environmental degradation .................................................................................................................... 32 Economic dynamics ............................................................................................................................... 32 Social effects .......................................................................................................................................... 34 Increased urbanization ........................................................................................................................... 35 Increased need for social infrastructure and livelihoods opportunities ................................................... 36 Protection Challenges and Gender-based violence (GBV) .................................................................... 38 Chapter 3. Regional and National Initiatives Addressing Forced Displacement and Mixed Migration ...... 41 Regional Initiatives ................................................................................................................................. 42 National Initiatives .................................................................................................................................. 43 Return lessons ....................................................................................................................................... 47 South Sudan ....................................................................................................................................... 47 Somalia............................................................................................................................................... 48 Chapter 4. A Holistic Approach and Recommendations for Addressing the Development Challenges of Protracted Forced Displacement ............................................................................................................... 50 The need for a holistic approach ............................................................................................................ 51 Principles of a holistic approach ............................................................................................................. 52 i Transitional and durable solutions: recommended analytical and operational activities ........................ 54 Addressing environmental degradation .............................................................................................. 54 Enhancing service delivery ................................................................................................................. 55 Improving economic opportunities for the displaced and host communities ...................................... 55 Addressing gender-based violence .................................................................................................... 56 Strengthening partnership, financing, and implementation arrangements ............................................. 57 Annex 1. The Four Major Protracted Displacement Situations in the Horn of Africa ................................. 59 Eritrean Displacement ........................................................................................................................ 60 Somali Displacement .......................................................................................................................... 61 South Sudanese Displacement .......................................................................................................... 65 Sudanese Displacement .................................................................................................................... 69 Annex 2. Laws and Regulations governing the situation of refugees and IDPs in the Horn of Africa ........ 74 International and domestic refugee laws ................................................................................................ 75 Property Rights ................................................................................................................................... 76 Freedom of Movement ....................................................................................................................... 77 Right to work ....................................................................................................................................... 78 Provision of services including education, health and housing .......................................................... 79 International and domestic IDP laws ...................................................................................................... 80 Property rights .................................................................................................................................... 81 Freedom of Movement ....................................................................................................................... 81 Access to Livelihoods ......................................................................................................................... 82 Provision of services including education, health, and housing ......................................................... 82 Regional Institutions ............................................................................................................................... 84 Annex 3. The Peculiar (?) Dynamics of the Kakuma Refugee Camp: An Economic and Social Impact Analysis .....................................................................................................................................................
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