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Evolutionary Stages of Triassic Flora in Siberia (Angarida)

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Evolutionary Stages of Triassic Flora in Siberia (Angarida) Evolutionary stages of Triassic flora in Siberia (Angarida). N.K. Mogutcheva Mogutcheva NK 19%. Evolutionary stages of Triassic flora in Siberia (Angarida). Palaeobotantst45: 329-333. The Triassic flora of Siberia has been studied from three series of Triassic system in continuous sections. Therefore, its successive alterations and stages in the evolution throughout Triassic from the PIT boundary may be traced. Due to alternation of floristic complexes and marine deposits, the age of floristic complex may be precisely determined. The most ancient complex is studied from Induan depoSits. In a single section Permian cordaitean flora is replaced. In Siberia, the Early Triassic flora is heterogeneous. Two major floras, occupying different ecological niches, are distin­ guished: the lycopod flora (dominated by Tomlostrobus and Pleuromeia) being confined to marine plain, and the conifer fern (KorounclJanskaya) flora is distributed Within intracontinental areas where intense volcanism had occurred at that time. The Middle Triassic flora is scanty in Siberia. The Early Ladinian flora differs from both the Early Triassic and Late Triassic ones, while the Late Ladinian /lora is closely related to the Late Triassic /lora. Key-wor<!s--Evolution, Siberian flora, Triassic. NK MogutclJeva , Siberian ResearclJ Institute ofGeology, GeoplJyslcs & Mineral Resources, Novoslbirlsk 630 104, Russia. mmt (~ ~,c!f~(fl ~~ 01..;00 ..... .q- C't'1,"qf(N'lId qft fct(fllf(lll If-{. if;. ~~l~q ~ ~'1fqRl;jfI(1 ~ ~ ~. ~ ~ ~ ~ m$~ftlll if; CiiT fcf;<rr Tf1:n 3lTl.lR" q{ cg;q ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'1fqRl;jfI(1 ~ ~ ~ ~ if ~ fcfq;m if; 'tR11T \;fI I if; 'CJft«<f;ff ~ ~ ~ ~'1fqRl;jf1d ~ ~~~pn f.r~ if; q;r{U'f ~'1fqfd;jfl(j q,13WI ~Rfl:q(1 q,1 \;fI I S\Rl ~ I ~ mm if tRfirlR Cf>ll~ll'1 ~'1fqfd;jfl(1 '1l firffi ~ I ~~ ~'1fqRl;jf1d ~ ~ i.'11~Cf>141~ ~'1fQRI;jfI(1 (~~ fll$~R:lll if fi:lfmf "Sl"liK CiiT I ~ ~'1fqFd;jf1d ~Hl<I'ltH"41l:l ~ ~ CfJ!!tir3rr ~ ~) WJsft ~ oq; mtirn ~ o~ -q;;f (c;;)c[OIilH/<iiW) ~ ~~1i.'11~&l1l ~ ~ ~I {l1~~RAI ~ ~ ~'1fqRl"'1d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lft:l:l ~ ~ilRll'1 ~'1fqRl;jf1d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'1fqRl"'IJi ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I fiT?f ar.ffirq ~ ~ ~'1fqfd;jfl(1 ~ ~ ~ ~ 21 Jlf.lJJ:] ... ::>L"f.......... <fi\OI I THE Triassic flora of Siberia is of great interest for replace cordaitean flora in the continuous Permian­ reconstruction of initiation and development of the Triassic sections. Mesozoic flora in the Siberian paleofloristic region as The Early Triassic flora greatly differs from both well as for global correlation of Triassic sections. Permian and Late Triassic floras. It exhibits a com­ bination of paleophytic elements with mesophytic Hence, there is a possibility to trace subsequent chan­ forms being flOUrishing in Late Triassic and Jurassic ges and stages in floral evolution from the PIT bound­ (Table 1). The Early Triassic flora composition in ary to the Jurassic. The presence of marine deposits Siberia is heterogeneous. Two major plant forma­ with ammonites, bivalves in the Triassic sections of tions, the Lycopod flora and the conifer-fern flora, Siberia allows accu ra te age determinations offloristic were distinguished. They occupied different ecologi­ complexes. The most ancient of these are from the cal nfehes. The Lycopod flora occurred on the eastern Induan deposits of Lower Triassic. They successively margins of the Siberian Platform where in Early Tri- 330 THE PALAEOBOTANIST Table l---<:Omparison of Korvunchana flora with Late Permian, Triassic andJurassic floras Paracalamites, Equisetites), ferns (Cladophlebis, 1. Tatarina flora ofRussian Plalfonn; 2. L'lte Permian flora ofSiberia; Sphenopteris, Kchonomakidium), cycadophytes 3. Maltsevo floras of Kuznetsk Basin; 4. Lycopod flora of Siberia; (Taeniopteris), ginkgophytes (RhipidopSis) and seeds S. Buntsandstein flora; 6. Keuper flora; 7. Late Triassic flora; and (Carpolithus, Samaropsis). Floras ofsuch a composi­ 8. Jurassic flora. tion are found in the Induan and Lower Olenekian deposits. In the Upper Olenekian the floral composi­ KorvlIJlchana nora P, I T, I T, I T,., I T,.) I T, tion changes. It shows an absence of Tomiostrobus, Mi"iiituriopl.ylJu", TomiouroOus and the presence of Pleuromeia similar to P. N~dqretroplly"ius Camopltylijrrs sternbergii (Munster) Corda, which is characteristic Tu""",o\,;a Phy/Ul,h«a of the Olenekian-Anisian Buntsandstein flora. NtOQ""Id4ri4 NtostacAytJ Remains of equisetaceous plants (Paracalamites, LaholQ.1I1fularia Neocalamites, Equisetites), ferns (Cladophlebis) and NeocalamUtl SdtiU11llUra pteridosperms (Peltaspermum) are rare. No similar Prynttdaia Equ;setiUs plant associations are found in the Middle Triassic. ParacoJamlus OSl7l""dol,)$;1 Thus, the Lycopod flora is limited in Early Triassic. Todites DtH.aeops;s This flora substituted the cordaitean one, but in­ BM'top,er;s herited less of the latter in composition. The genera MerruJides A(T(;I('arpu.s Neokoretrophyllites, Paracalamites, Sphenopteris, Ehoracia Lobi/alia Rhipidopsisare common for both, however, common C/ado!,hkbi' Pecop,eri, species are absent in both floras. The evolution ofthe Sphntopleris Katan·op,er,is lycopod flora reveals two stages: CD biozone contain­ Kdto1fomaltidium Pryltadaeopteris ing Tomiostrobus, Pleuromeiasp. nov., Lepidopteris, Rllaphidop'eris and (ij) biozone containing Pleuromeia sternbergii Mad)'luia S,ytophylJum and no Tomiostrobus. The first biozone is of the Ed)'lldella Ttrs;eUa·Tasari"a Induan-Early Olenekian age, the second is of Late upidoptvl;s Pe/tiJsp"",um Olenekian. A similar stage pattern in the Pleuromeia Yallarsiy;a T ae"ioptuis flora evolution is found in China (Wang & Wang, Tomia 1982). uutltardtia CUllopuris The rich and diverse conifer-fern flora, known as C/ossophy//um Ci1li,O the Korvunchana flora, was abundant in Early Trias­ Splte"oba;va Rhipidops;s sic ofSiberia. It includes almost all primary groups of !xonrobus Yuccites Mesozoic plants. Its individual elements are present Vo/tzia Danuya in the Lycopod flora. The Korvunchana flora com­ Wi//s;ostrobus prises more elements, common to the cordaitean Pityoc/adus Lutul;,,;a flora but strongly differs from it in both dominants £/atoc/adus QuadroclAdSI.J.'1 and composition, and total absence of common assic existed a marine plain recurrently flooded by species. It already contains many Mesozoic elements a part of which is widely distributed in the younger the sea. The inland areas of the rest part of Siberia, floras. Most of them reveal their first and the earliest where active volcanic activity occurred, flourished emergence in the geological history, for example, the conifer-fern flora. Though these floras sharply Lobatannularia, Neoannularia, Neocalamites, flourished, differ in dominant elements; they have Neostachya, Acrocarpus, Eboracia, Mertensides, common elements too. Diplazites, Danaeopsis, Madygenia, Scytophyllum, The principal components of the Lycopod flora Williamsoniella, Leuthardtia, Glossophyllum, are represented by lycopsids Tomiostrobus (sub­ Pityocladus and others. Some of these genera of the genus<:>f genus AnnalepisafterDobruskina 1995) and Korvunchana flora are found in the Late Triassic Pleuromeia sp. nov., occasional pteridosperms floras of West and East Europe, Middle Asia, China, Lepidopteris and Peltaspermum, individual fragmen­ Vietnam. Furthermore, the Korvunchana and tary remains of sphenophyta (Neokoretrophyllites, lycopod floras include elements in common with MOGUTCHEVA-EVOLUTIONARY STAGES OF TRIASSIC FLORA IN SIBERIA 331 Triassic phyloslraligraphy of Middle Siberia Taymyr. Verehoyanye Tunguska and Kuznetsk b.sins .~" "'" :-Ieoealamites, Annulariopsis, Sehizoneura. .~ M 0 Cladophlebis. Seylophyllum, Madygeno­ I-- [c: pleds. Sphenozamiles. Czekanowskia, Yu­ c: cciles, Podozamiles 'E'" '"u . c: Schlzoneura.Neocalamites. Taeniopteris. ~ Glossophyl1um.Phoenicopsis. Yuccites. Pity-o- , " 'c hilum lDu...Iilu t1f T,.I~"le :;; Cladophlebis, Villaephyllum, Anomozami- o ~"UOlC~ (lor.. ~ ~ tes. Macrotaeniopteris • ly<:OpOdr& flor .. I • MId'" T..~ flora. c: ~ :~.~~~ ~.~t co I.. I.. ......~ .. .. .. ..... l .....1. .... 1.. ....••• .;;; ? '2 Neoannularia, Boreopleris, Menensides. ~ G Cladophlebis, Kalasiopteris, Dan.eopsis, c'" .g -= Lepidopleris, Scylophyllum, Yuceiles, Lu- ,- ... Pleuromeia sternbergii '" 8 luginia, Quadrocladus?, Pityocladus ..>:'" 0'" c ~ ~ r:::; ~ -i Neo~~nnul'"t"iu.. Ac:roc...rpLLll . .K.u.l~iopteris. U MadYJi:cnia. Edyndclla. Tersiella. Volt,...I_. ~ ~ ~1-TomiostrobuS' I :::lC Carney•. Vv'illsiost.robus . c: 8. Pleuromeia sp. nov.. > r TomiostT"obus. Ncokoretrophyllitcs. Schi- ~ 8 Lepidopteris B ~ zoneura. c;ladophlcbis.. K chon~rnakidiurn. -g >- Vladimiriella karpinsky-charoph. ~ ;c:;~~~~%,se't~~~I~di~~:~i'e?;:r~~e~~~~:t/~~ ._ ....l :i Text-figure I-Triassic phytoSlfatigraphy ofMiddle Siberia. those of the Buntsandstein flora of Vosges Gagariostrobus) and absence of conifers are the (Schizoneura, Voltzia, Darneya, Wi//siostrobus, peculiar features of the Tutonchana flora. Elatoc/adus, Yuccites, Pleuromeia and Tomiostrobus, The major developrnentofthe Korvunchana flora the latter being subgenus of the genus Annalepis), took place in the Dvurogy horizon, Conifers Voltzia, The Korvunchana flora evolved distinctly con­ Elatoc/adus, Quadroc/adus, Darneya and Willsios­ nected to the geological stages of the region trobus appeared in this stage for the first time, Yuc­ (Mogutcheva, 1982), i,e., Tutonchana, Dvurogy, and cites were rare as in the Tutonchana flora. Putorana. The Tutonchana flora including more than Arthrophytes reduced in number and diversity; 60 forms shows
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