Strategic Management

CEU eTD Collection

AND THE in partial fulfillment THE

THEIR

EMERGENCE

CASES AND Supervi

ROLE Central European University

Department of Public Policy THE for the degree of Master of Arts in Public Policy OF sor: Professor Agnes Batory Budapest, Hungary

REPUBLIC IN

Iva Popova Submitted to CZECH

THE 2013 By

NEW

POLITICAL

REPUBLIC

OF SMALL

BULGARIA

PARTIES

ARENA

–

CEU eTD Collection

CEU eTD Collection Signature: (printedName letters): Date: This revisions. final is trueincluding ofthethesis, a copy other any of requirements the of part as accepted been degreeacademic has which material no contains thesis This made. been has acknowledgement due where except person other any b by published previously the To thesis. this of author sole the am I that declare hereby Popova………………………………. ………………Iva undersigned the I, Author’s Declaration

or non

- degree program, inEnglish otherlanguage. degree orinany ………… ………… ……… 07 June2013 Iva Popova Iva Popova s o m kolde hs hss otis o material no contains thesis this knowledge my of est

……………………………………………… …………………………………………… ……………………………………………

CEU eTD Collection

CEU eTD Collection Republic. Czech the and Bulgaria in setting agenda policy the in parties such of role the well as existence its behind reasons the identifying by process this analyze to is paper this of purpose The fractions. different transform or arena political the from dissolve fast equally which parties, political small new of multi democracy Union. European the of members Republic Czech the and Bulgaria of Republic Abstract - party

systems. period

n h ery 1990s. early the in

In their recent history recent their In

They

Curre

they both they experienced ty h countries the ntly are i

Central Central

experience the phenomenon of phenomenon the experience

iia c similar atr European Eastern

r primnay eorce with democracies parliamentary are muit at n tasto to transition and past ommunist

countries fast emergence emergence fast ,

s el as well as

into into

CEU eTD Collection Appendix References Conclusion 3:Analysis Chapter systems 2:Overview of thepolitical Chapter (2005 1:Literature Review Methodology Chapter and Introduction Abstract ofTable Contents Interview ListInterview QuestionsInterview The Republic caseoftheCzech The caseofBulgaria Methodology 2: Section 2. 1. Literature 1: Section Review

Policy Age Policy ofnew parties Emergence

......

...... nda Setting

......

...... ii

– ......

...... 2012) ......

......

21 20 20 17 15 12 10 . 9 9 6 6 3 3 3 1

CEU eTD Collection multi a is both in system political th to accession 1990s, (1944 Bulgaria for years 45 and 1989) features. Three decision of arena the in realities the and situation political current the on reflects countries two the between ranking the in difference huge The partici culture, political limited the cover differences basic the whereas forms, both in liberties civil of recognition to related mostly are EIU to according democracies of types two the between similarities The N17). democracy” “flawed as report the of alsopart are work inthiscomparedand analyzed groups four democ in countries the divided EIU the countries the of each in measured criteria these of levels the on Based (2013). culture” political and participation, political five on founded is democracy of aspects that democracy of index an creating by territories two and states independent 165 in democracy of level the measures reports annual its in (EIU) Unit Intelligence Economist The inthisresearch pape (2013). 193 is cited usually is that figure the accordi different is world the in countries recognized of number exact The Introduction ais hbi rgms n atoiain eie” ii) Te w cutis hc wl be will which countries two The (ibid). regimes” authoritarian and regimes hybrid racies,

The question of democracy is explicitly discussed in the literature and it will be a side in the in side a be will it and literature the in discussed explicitly is democracy of question The pation and and pation in general flawedgood governance inthe democracytypes(2013).

of them are: a long totalitarian communist totalitarian long a rule of themare:

r. e European Union Union European e –

– “electoral process and pluralism and process “electoral

ranks N54) and the Czech Republic (cl Republic Czech the and N54) ranks - pa rty parliamentary democracy parliamentary rty – -

1989), transition to democratic rule and free market economy in economy market free and rule democratic to transition 1989), that being the number of member states of the United Nations United the of states member of number the being that – - making, but still they share p share they still but making,

the Czech Republic (2004) and Bulgaria (2007), the current the (2007), Bulgaria and (2004) Republic Czech the 1

, civil liberties, the functioning of government, of functioning the liberties, civil , – –

41 years for the Czech Republic (1948 Republic the Czech for 41 years namely Republic of Bulgaria (classifiedBulgaria ofRepublic namely . In addition to the already mentioned already the to addition In . assified as “full democracy” “full as assified lenty of comm of lenty –

ng to various sources, but sources, various to ng fl dmcais flawed democracies, “full on history and and history on

–

ranks - CEU eTD Collection 2. 1. addressed: d and discussed be to topic the for order In this paper. one than more for form initial their in exist not pa post the is inthethesis covered be will which theperiod Second, party. of part were different they when actions, usuall voters and (ibid) parties new those enter figures political new only that case the always not is it However, 1998). (Toka any have don’t they since actions, past their for reproached be cannot parties new addition, In elections. before shortly is its emer Republic theCzech of Bulgariaand thecases party in new a The featurepaper. basic of this in used when mean, party “new” does what determined be to important highly is it First, topic. conducted, o was in presented, be to need clarifications that several research secondary and primary the after issue the of specificities the explain to attempt an In work. thesis this of focus the in be will setting agenda policy the in parties small new the of role the as well as voters the of support the behind reasons the emergence, of processes These away. abruptly fade equally then and quickly, rather formed are which parties political small new of emergence the namely politi current the in observed is that phenomenon a is there similarities,

rliamentary elections were held in both countries and the phenomenon of new parties, which does which parties, new of phenomenon the and countries both in held were elections rliamentary What is small theroleoftheseWhat parties new Czech followed their by Republic quickdissolution? the and Bulgaria in parties political small new of emergence rapid the enables What - omns ad oe pcfcly h ls 8 er (2005 years 8 last the specifically more and Communism

hl te rsosbe o ter niiul oiia past political individual their for responsible them hold y eveloped in depth the following research questions will be be will questions research following the depth in eveloped rder for the audience to be properly introduced into the the into introduced properly be to audience the for rder - two mandates, can be observed and will be analyzed in analyzed be will and observed be can mandates, two in policy agenda setting these in twoin policy agenda countries? 2

cal history in both countries both in history cal - 03 drn wih two which during 2013)

gence –

CEU eTD Collection of existence the explain can degree high a to and countries both in reality current the represent viabili electoral of level perceived the and high the and Republic Bulgaria Czech of cases the to manner relevant a in and precisely reasons very parties major new the of emergence outlines (ibid) Tavits M. discussed. and introduced be will theories paper, this several in question research first the of issue the address to order In 2008). (Tavits arena party whe democracies established the to contrast in democracies CEE new the in exception than common rather considered be can parties new the of elections during performance successful and progress The West. the of democracies established already than higher way be to seems projects political the new where of democracies, acceptance new and mostly environment are CEE in countries the that fact the is Europe Western to tha is paper this of Therefore, oneofthehypothesis arena. the political formedalso theireffectiveness at parties,newly but of number the only not determines which place, taking is process the where democracy of type the th in discussed is parties new of emergence the when difference main The to used add is which framework theoretical the present will review literature the of part following The SectionLiterature 1: Review ChapterLiterature 1: Review and Methodology 1. ress thefirstresearch question of this paper:

Emergence ofnew parties Emergence What enables the rapid emergence of new small political parties in Bulgaria and the Czech Czech followed their by Republic quickdissolution? the and Bulgaria in parties political small new of emergence rapid the enables What –

“new party entry is more likely when the cost of entry is low, the benefit of office is office of benefit the low, is entry of cost the when likely more is entry party “new t the reason why there is way higher number of new small parties in CEE compared CEE in parties small new of number higher way is there why reason the t

re there is hardly any proliferation of new actors on the on actors new of proliferation any hardly is there re

ty is high”. The three factors that Tavits emphasizes emphasizes Tavits that factors three The high”. is ty 3

e party politics literature is literature politics party e h oe n the in one the for for CEU eTD Collection emergence party of analysis further f differentiate who (1967) Rokkan and Lipset of that is theory cleavage implemented when is being referred of analysisthatis theory.The classic piece cleavage Anoth new of expectation the options ruling elites. better solutions and offered thenew by with parties new smaller towards votes of of redistribution level and preferences the where democracies, new in preferences disappointme voting of fluctuations the by explained be can parties small of creation the to relation in (2008) Tavits by discussed viability electoral of levels st of privilege the lost and terms consecutive two for support required the maintain to able not were which parties, small the of some of away fading fast the explain very a plays r subsidy important the that show to comes which irrelevant”, from far is development their and parties of financing state of availability the between relationship “The that: added Spirova and Bertoa strong a as considered be also can and office the of benefit the clearly shows subsidy state for provide overcome if that threshold low rather This 2013). Spirova su voters 1% than more gained have that parties to accrued is It subsidy. decision state the acquiring of motivation a reach to attempting and politics in being of prestige general comes it When parties. new of creation for strong incentives creates which cost, low rather at achievable completely seems party a creating of procedure C the of articles the countries both in entry, of cost low the with Starting parties. small new numerous nttto ad h pee o lgsain ht drs pltcl ate ae ahr ipiid n the and simplified rather are parties political address that legislation of pieces the and onstitution pport during elections in Bulgaria and 1.5% voters support in the Czech Republic (Bertoa and and (Bertoa Republic Czech the in support voters 1.5% and Bulgaria in elections during pport er theoretical perspective that is relevant in the case of the emergence of new parties is the the is parties new of emergence the of case the in relevant is that perspective theoretical er l fr h peevto o tee ml pris Teeoe te ak f tt sbiy can subsidy state of lack the Therefore, parties. small these of preservation the for ole t ih h rln prte i mr vsbe wih xlis h hg vltlt i voting in volatility high the explains which visible, more is parities ruling the with nt –

center/periphery, land/industry, owner/worker and church/state. and owner/worker land/industry, center/periphery, 4

to the benefit of the office, in addition to the the to addition in office, the of benefit the to our major cleavages, which lay the ground for ground the lay which cleavages, major our incentive for the emergence of new parties. new of emergence the for incentive

ate subsidies. Last but not least, the high high the least, not but Last subsidies. ate - aig ee, hr i the is there level, making CEU eTD Collection showin countries, both in elections two last the in success experienced parties pro both that interesting is It preferences. voters’ to comes it when crucial Euro of process the makes Bulgaria), and the Republic Czech joined the both CEE (including enlargements in two last countries the most with Union that European fact The region. the in processes integration European Mark theory, cleavage the of application the to back Going caseofpartiestheory inthe inCEE. cleavage the of implementation the to value adds and region the of specificities the depicts approach t given is attention special where center, party between relationship major The countries. European Western the of case the from different be to seems which volatility voters’ the of importance the on stresses fac surrounding the on than themselves, parties the on importance more places Sitter theauthor outlineswhere three majorspecificitiesof inthe region: theparty politics and Lipset of limitations The society. the in cleavage certain representing population, the of demands and needs the to corresponding but voters, and niche their find parties small new how of example clear a s usually which areas, rural and cities smaller and Republic Czech the and Bulgaria in cities big and Prague) and (Sofia cities capital between differentiation the we when relevant considered be can cleavages three first the Republic, Czech the and Bulgaria of case the In Rokkan’s cleavage theory when applied in CEE counties are discussed in N. Sitter’s (2002) work, work, (2002) Sitter’s N. in discussed are counties CEE in applied when theory cleavage Rokkan’s party a haslargely been systems party lessor stable ofmore development drive been has Europe multi competitive of development the Second, compete… to chose stabili parties how of and importance the enhances development that setting a the produce to combined on have factors these impact Europe, Central East decisions In systems. strategic parties’ which within parameters are organisations, party even extent some to and patterns, voting institutions, Cleavages, model. Rokkan’s and Lipset actors of role First,…the

observe the creation of new parties. The center/periphery cleavage corresponds very well to well very corresponds cleavage center/periphery The parties. new of creation the observe pean integration and the position of different new parties on this matter matter this on parties new different of position the and integration pean n by the contest between parties to define the postcommunist ‘right’… Third, the the Third, ‘right’… postcommunist the define to parties between contest the by n –

parties and their strategic choices strategic their and parties

o each micro case that is forming the major picture. This This picture. major the forming is that case micro each o 5

upport different party entities. This theory is theory This entities. party different upport –

emer s and Wilson (2000) use it to explain the explain to it use (2000) Wilson and s ges as stronger than in most interpretations of of interpretations most in than stronger as ges - driven process. driven - voter is also being put into the the into put being also is voter - European and Eurosceptic Eurosceptic and European - party systems in East Central Central East in systems party g that the population in population the that g

os n also and tors sation of party party of sation CEU eTD Collection observed be can trend particular A literature. the in debated topic substantial a been has success of degree their and Europe in systems political different of variety The SectionMethodology 2: 2005 (Spirova 2 Sikk in Parliament and addressed got almostnever and part identification the passed hardly issues these but address, to agenda political the for topics propose to hard tried have parties small all years, 8 last the in that shows reality t parties, small new the of role setting agenda the and Republic Czech the and Bulgaria to comes it When initiated. being is it on work the and stage setting agenda the reaches it that so key, is problem aut The accomplished. be to order in rely proposal thepolicy onwhich process, thepolicy the stages on of oftheinterconnection theimportance stress on Wegrich and Jan termination. and evaluation implementation, making, decision formulation, policy setti agenda are: phases different basic the where one common most the use to choose and literature the in discussed model process policy the of versions different present authors The 2007). Wegrich on represents process setting agenda The address question research the second of this paper: lit the of part following The opportunity an towinhave votes supporting ofthetwopositions. each parties of types both and union the of opinion its in united not is still Republic Czech the and Bulgaria 2.

Policy Agenda Setting Setting Agenda Policy What is setting smallthese theroleoftheseWhat partiesin two inpolicy new agenda countries?

erature review will present the theoretical framework which is used to to used is which framework theoretical the present will review erature

012). e of the foundation steps in the policy process (Jann and and (Jann process policy the in steps foundation the of e

hors stress on the fact that the identification of a a of identification the that fact the on stress hors –

Western European countries were countries European Western

ng, he he CEU eTD Collection cons comparisonin CEE inthe are arena political the of state current First,the research. of topic the to relevant which theories and aspects primary three on focus will review literature The findings offrom benefiting theanalysis, the variety of methods quantitative used. l the to addition in interviews conducting of choice the for reason main The politics. party to related sectors several from opinions different present to order in countries both from professionals various contact to tried a expertise relevant their of reason by selected were interviewees The questionsthe research presented intheintroduction. answer to attempt an in work the to value add will interviewees of opinion the with literature existing juxtaposit the precisely analysis, the of methodology The countries. both co Republic, sc political academics, with semi addition, In periodicals. and journals in published researchers of opinions and analysis books, articles, scholarly as such used, be will data Secondary methods. qualitative with and Bulgaria in years 8 last the in multi current The provided were people with, that opportunities choice the by driven building democracy of processes new these and debate the one processfrom transitionThe of democracies. new foc the shift to began scientists political when 1990s the of beginning the in (CEE), Europe Eastern and Central in Communism of fall the after change slightly to began focus the in mainly nducted by me by nducted iterature review in the paper present the attempt to contribute to the field with the with field the to contribute to attempt the present paper the in review iterature - party systems and more specifically the emergence and role of the new small parties small new the of role and emergence the specifically more and systems party

(Tavi t s 2008) with their established democracies and political potential. Thispattern potential. political and democracies established their with 2008) s

materialized tobeof research thecenter academic materialized in inthefield. ientists, sociologists, politicians, journalists from Bulgaria and the Czech Czech the and Bulgaria from journalists politicians, sociologists, ientists, will be used in order to illustrate the current situation with small parties in parties small with situation current the illustrate to order in used be will

the Czech Republic, is in is Republic, Czech the 7

- party to multi to party

the focus of this work this of focus the - party systems in the region opened region the systemsin party nd knowledge of the topic. I have I topic. the of knowledge nd us and to concentrate on these on concentrate to and us ion and comparison of the the of comparison and ion

- structured interviews structured

and will be analyzed be will and idered most most idered

CEU eTD Collection roleof the these partiesnamely setting. to policy inrelation agenda analyzed and discussed be will process and emergence the agenda about the Third, question parties. political new research small of first dissolution the directly address and analysis the support theoreti This theory. cleavage the to relation in discussed be will Republic Czech the and Bulgaria in parties small new of emergence the Second, issue. the understanding for required broad discussionsce setthe will This interest. of countries two the on emphasis particular a with reviewed, be will past common the to ne forandne thenecessary thereader provide information will preliminary in order for the second research question to be addressed addressed be to question research second the for order in 8

- setting theory that is part of the policy policy the of part is that theory setting

a faeok will framework cal –

CEU eTD Collection support, inthese toform power second andhad thereforeun an were elections they voters and power its of lot a lost elections, previous the in party new small a was which NMSS that the support party considered ethnic strongest (Liberal, Freedoms and Rights for Movement and (Liberals) National II (Socialists), Simeon Bulgaria Movement for Coalition between coalition a through formed was government politica the and parliament the entered coalitions and parties 22 Total Union Bulgarian People’s DemocratsBulgaria for Strong Forces ofUnion Democratic Attack Union Coalition Movement for Rights and Simeon Movement National II for Bulgaria Coalition Party Name 2005): The resultsare inthe presented 2005parliamentary table following elections in (Savkova the 240 are There citizens. parties parts orcoalitions.members whoare of of different parliament political the from directly elected are mandate) years (4 parliament unicameral the multi is country The in Union the lastof enlargement with the European 2007 phase sofar. part became country The 2005). (Spirova economy market free and democracy to transition of period regime Communist under was Bulgaria caseThe of Bulgaria ChapterOverview 2: political of the systems ( Fr eedoms

par

ty parliamentary democracy where both the president (5 years mandate) and mandate) years (5 president the both where democracy parliamentary ty

ed by the Turkish population in Bulgaria. The main conclusion is the fact the is conclusion main The Bulgaria. in population Turkish the by ed

100 5.43 7.08 8.33 8.75 14.17 22.08 34.17 Percentage of % Votes for 45 years (1944 years 45 for

- 1989) and when the regime fell, there was a a was there fell, regime the when and 1989)

l arena seemed rather fragmented. The The fragmented. rather seemed arena l 2005 2005

240 13 17 20 21 34 53 82 Numberof MPs

–

2012) desired coalition. desired coalition.

CEU eTD Collection http://electionresources.org/cz/) June 2 below: tables the in represented is 2010 and 2006 in Deputies of Chamber the for elections the for results The 2013). Senate term, 1/3 year where (6 representatives 81 with Senate a and term) year (4 representatives 200 with Deputies bi the multi is country The Unionpart bifCEE ofenlargement. duringthe theEuropean in2004 became country The 2011). (Tavits markets open and democracy to transition of period a was there ye 41 for regime Communist under was Republic Czech The caseThe of the CzechRepublic promises. huge and talking populist through result impressive this reach to managed who person charismatic separated that fraction a was party this that interesting is It 2009). Stoyanov and (Savkova votes the of 39.72% won party new small rather a being which (GERB) Bulgaria of Development European for Citizens were winner big the 2009 In Civic Democratic PartyCivic (ODS) Votes Valid Submitted Envelopes IssuedEnvelopes ElectorsRegistered -

- aea primn ae lce drcl fo te iies Te alaet a a hme of Chamber a has parliament The citizens. the from directly elected are parliament cameral 3, 2006 Chamber3, 2006 of Deputies Election

of them are replaced every 2 year) (websites of the Czech Chamber of Deputies and the and Deputies of Chamber Czech the of (websites year) 2 every replaced are them of

- party parliamentary democrac parliamentary party

Party from NMSS and the prime the and NMSS from

Results Results 10 y where both the president (5 years mandate) and mandate) years (5 president the both where y

Czech Republic TotalsCzech ars (1948 ars - minister Boyko Borissov was a very very a was Borissov Boyko minister

- 1989) and when the regime fell, regime the when and 1989)

1,892,475 5,348,976 5,368,495 5,372,449 8,333,305 Vot es

(Source:

99.6% 64.5%

35.4 %

Seats 81

CEU eTD Collection newly were which into managed formed toget and parliament. Union democratic the and party Green the TOP09, Democrats, Christian were arena the on actors gov the in parties small of participation the enough represents Deputies of Chamber paper this of purposes the for because work this in covered be not will elections Senate The http://electionresources.org/cz/) 28 May Others PartyGreen (SZ) Sovereignty RightsParty ofCitizens' DemocraticChristian and Union AffairsPublic (VV) (KSČM) Moravia Communist and Party ofBohemia Tradition ResponsibilityProsperity (TOP 09) 09 Democratic PartyCivic (ODS) Social DemocraticCzech Party (ČSSD) Votes Valid Submitted Envelopes IssuedEnvelopes ElectorsRegistered Others Freedom Union DemocratsSNK European (SNKED) PartyGreen (SZ) DemocraticChristian and Union (KSČM) Moravia Communist and Party ofBohemia Social DemocraticCzech Party (ČSSD)

29, 2010 29, 2010 Ch

Jana BobošíkováJana Bloc -

Democratic Union (US Union Democratic

amber of DeputiesResults Election

Zemanovci (SPOZ) Zemanovci

- -

Czechoslovak People'sCzechoslovak Party (KDU PeoplCzechoslovak Party

- DEU)

e's Party (KDU -

Czech Republic TotalsCzech

- - ČSL) ČSL)

ernment. The major new major The ernment.

5,230,859 5,263,822 5,268,098 8,415,892 1,728,827 1,057,792 1,155,267

Votes

190,972 111,724 336,487 386,706 685,328 208,855 127,831 192,145 226,527 229,717 569,127 589,765 873,833 16,457

(Source:

9 62.6% 9.4%

12.8 32.3 10.9 11.3 16.7 20.2 22.1 %

3.6 0.3 2.1 6.3 7.2 4.0 2.4 3.7 4.3 4.4

Seats 24 2 41 53 56 13 26 74 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6

CEU eTD Collection crisis reason, a are the driving about asked When incentives behindthe voters’ thethe last yearsgive support usually in StrmiskaMaxmilián HanleysameDr. onthe Sean question intheCzech Republic concluded: processJames Pardewexplainedway: the thefollowing in inBulgaria into smallerentities, etc. parties, established old the with disappointment the representation, reasons similar suggested interviewees mostcountries both in parties new of emergence the explain they would how asked When qualitativ the on istopicbased the of analysis The Chapter 3: Analysis I think on the whole proliferation is related to the change in rules concerning electoral deposits and election election and deposits electoral concerning rules in change the to related funding. campaign is proliferation whole the on think I and power in party whenthe voters, the var new with parties well and as fades by governance favored longer bad no is personality with the Borisov...When Simeon, itself Kostov, based: destroyed personality and (BSP) enemy political d its of sight the lost but right, center the UDF on party primary the be to potential the had UDF The Bulgaria) in community Turkish specia a is MRF (The leadership. national and organization national effective an has it and agenda clear a has it years, 100 for around been has It BSP. the party, national one only has Bulgaria repre Bulgaria in parties political small of number The b) However, these new parties have been unable (or, in fact, might be even unwilling) to bring or enforce real real enforce or bring to unwilling) even be might fact, in im changes (to (or, unable been have parties new these However, b) projects. party new for least at or new parties problems amounting are There a) phenomena. interesting and surprising thearemore endure and themselves established that parties New that fact the resources limited (often) and parties) established from difference real (or programme clear experience, organisation, of lack their to relates estructive internal fighting afterwards. The UDF committed suicide. On the right, the small parties are are parties small the right, the On suicide. committed UDF The afterwards. fighting internal estructive the new modernthinking ofthe small parties thedesirethe new for and representation.

prove representation and accountability). accountability). and representation prove for the Czech Republic: Czech for the

The fading away of even successful new parties is not particularly surprising surprising particularly isnot parties new successful ofeven away fading The

–

the new changes introduced in the political system, the desire for adequate for desire the system, political the in introduced changes new the

both with "representation quality" and accountability, thus there is a space for space a is there thus accountability, and quality" "representation with both

ious personalities and agendas pop up in their place. their inuppop agendas and personalities ious they are often chosen by voters as a means of protesting and/or as a novelty. novelty. a as and/or protesting of means a as voters by chosen often are they

e methods 12

sents an attempt to fill a void on the center right. To me, me, To right. center the on void a fill to attempt an sents

–

secondary data and in data and secondary

h dsouin f igr parties bigger of dissolution the l case because of its association to the the to association its of because case l

- person interviews. person –

it is the norm and normand it isthe

CEU eTD Collection for Republic: the Czech Hanley Dr Seán James Pardewfor Bulgaria: StrmiskaMaxmilián disappointment the were the statuswith the quoeffect, protest economic interests, vote,new etc. the about asked When volatility voters theinterviewees inthe reasons the preferences main by given the against inthesmall alternative an votesfind and party thebigwith disgusted or disappointed protest are Voters parties. established are they cases, some In Agrarians). the Party, Green (the agenda specific very a represent parties som In will. you if cult personality a party, the represents who individual the of appeal the is it cases, some In James Pardewfor Bulgaria: only. term one work to tends which of"newness" phenomenon the newalternatives.. for Search Ondrej Cisar Ni klolay Vassilevklolay for Bulgaria: voters. account into taken be should That respects. mentioned parties new of vocation and idea the course, of forever, not compromised, somewhat has veřejné) (Věci an it change to nor system, party established the to life new give to and parties established the substitute to neither able been not have I country. in the life in thepolitical factor a to become willingtry to are leaders potential new many Also, past. inbeen power in the already have who parties ofthelarge any with happy not Votersare of the main established parties and a perception that the new parties in question are politically credible and stand a stand and credible politically are question in parties new the that perception a and parties established main the of parties new supported have voters When votersin Bulgaria. thedisgusted capture can who someone for opportunity great a parliament, in not are which parties for voted but did who those of 25% the and votenot did who voters eligible of 50% the away take you if election, last the In The the BSP BSP. the party, default the of favor in out them threw then population disenchanted A flourish. to mafias the allowed and law of center rule development, a economic deliver for to failed corrupt, is as viewed Bulgaria became They in effectively. it see I as trend The fragmented. center a is Bulgaria d they if go down thepersonalities and personalities, around hasrevolved center the on fixe fairly is vote MRF The election. an in on 15 has probably BSP The predictable. very are electorate Bulgarian the of aspects Some

t would be suitable to differentiate. Regarding the electoral fortunes of new parties, the major problem major the parties, new of fortunes electoral the Regarding differentiate. to suitable be would t

for the n governe effectively and the cycle repeated itself with a new personality on theright. on new personality a with itself repeated and thecycle effectively ngoverne - right but without a fixed major party (see point 1 above). Within the center the Within above). 1 point (see party major fixed a without but right

for the Czech Republic: Czech for the Czech Republic: Czech - d/or to open a distinctly new path. Moreover, the most known and discussed new Czech party party Czech new discussed and known most the Moreover, path. new distinctly a open to d/or right country. There is only one real left party and its support is solid but limited. The rest is is rest The limited. but solid is support its and party left real one only is There country. right

(1998, 2006, 2010) it ha it 2010) 2006, (1998,

d. Ataka probably has 3 has probably Ataka d. lot of Bulgarians are not represented in this parliament. There is a a is There parliament. this in represented not are Bulgarians of lot 13

when assessing the reactions of not of reactions the assessing when - ih pry o i a electi an win to party right s been related to dissatisfaction with one or both both or one with dissatisfaction to related been s - 5 %. That leaves a majority of Bulgarians Bulgarians of majority a leaves That %. 5 o not govern effectively when in power. power. when in effectively o not govern

- 20 % it can always count count always can it % 20 - on and fail to govern govern to fail and on -

so right the competition competition the right

- loyal or undecided undecided or loyal party. e cases, these these cases, e

is that they they that is -

in both both in

CEU eTD Collection

party. there Eastern Europe and in Central elsewhere as Republic accu to abilities parties' new the to tome get their resources related turn in is This elected. being of chance I don't have any explanation other than the obvious point that they are undecided undecided are they point that obvious than the other explanation any Idon't have

ssage across to theelectorate. acrossto ssage 14

very few voters who identify strongly with a political political a with strongly identify voterswho few very –

more generally in theCzech generally more mulate enough publicity and and publicity enough mulate CEU eTD Collection TOP09 Veci Verjene). examples: and elections during results impressive very achieve usually they and numerous are leaders messiah by led are who parties examples The countries. the of front in riddles political complicated the all solve and come will who leader, the of figure the for looking are nations Republic Czech the and Bulgaria both Third, fairly achiev Both strong. very be to appears threshold small rather have countries subsidy the of because created be to parties small for incentive spe with discussion The subsidy. state receiving for allows that level minimum the reach to least at parliament, the enter to not if elections during votes enough differen and stage political the of infinity of feeling the creates parties small new of number high the Second, trust, later promises political which to gain on is duringelections. inorder through visible votes a fact this capably very use politicians the New in offered arena. is political that change any support to willingness show and quo status the with dissatisfied First, following the to lead conclusions.particular which trends several show interviews conducted the the as well from as findings research primary literature secondary The countries. the in elections parliamentary two last par is and Communism of fall the after started Itlast decades. the in Republic Czech the and Bulgaria in spread widely is that phenomenon a is parties small new of emergence The Conclusion new parties emerge easily because there is need for change. The population in both countries is is countries both in population The change. for need is there because easily emerge parties new pol ih aiu bcgons eie ht hycn il priua nce hpn t get to hoping niche, particular a fill can they that decide backgrounds various with people t able forable thetempting benefits thatthesubsidy for. allows

–

ugra sgiiat xmls NS, EB ad zc Rpbi (significant Republic Czech and GERB) NMSS, examples: (significant Bulgaria

–

1% for Bulgaria and 1.5% for the Czech Republic, which seemswhich Republic, Czech the for 1.5% and Bulgaria for 1% 15

cialists in the field convinces me that, the that, me convinces field the in cialists d xrie hi cetvt i political in creativity their exercise nd

ticularly tangible since the since tangible ticularly

of small of

CEU eTD Collection inthenear future. nowhere is which changed, completely is model the when moment the until quickly fall and rise to continue will parties these that show opinions expressed overall the but predictions, definite with engage not did p interview the of part took who experts the parties, small new of future the to comes it When thereforefarthest reach, setting they can these issuesnot enterthe agenda process. does rea usually parties, Small countries. the in process setting agenda the in say a have parties big the the only that as definitive well were interviewees as literature setting agenda The Republic. Czech the and Bulgaria both in insignificant pa small new the of role the that appears it concerned, is setting agenda the as far As fordeterminant thesuccess afterelections. duringand are qualities its therefore party, any of future the for key is platform the of role The decisions. political curren the of weaknesses the out pointing only of instead solutions, actual offer will which platform, feasible and stable create to experience political and time necessary the have don’t usually elections that usuallypar one is thefact pretty The similar. major countries both in parties small such of away fading quick the to comes it When disappearance. ente to manage they if even life and political long themaintain not could general in parties such that shows Republic Czech and Bulgaria from examples The formation. political new of creation the to lead usually which c different form They dominance. seek who party strong the in several figures between created conflict the is this behind reason the Usually, fragments. several in an Naturally, obvious reason for the creation of new parties is also the breakup of already existing party existing already of breakup the also is parties new of creation the for reason obvious

te alaet te ae o reetd n h eetos wih ed t their to leads which elections, the in reelected not are they parliament, the r

ch the stage of identifying certain problems, but that is usually the usually is that but problems, certain identifying of stage the ch 16

ties that are formed rather quickly shortly quickly beforeties formed thatare rather ircles of influence around themselves around influence of ircles –

the reasons are also are reasons the

rties is rather is rties rocess t CEU eTD Collection ak, lsbt, n Nc Ste. Pten o Saiiy at Competit Party Stability of "Patterns inCentralStrategy Europe 1989." since Sitter. Nick and Elisabeth, Bakke, Intelligence Economist The ." (2013):. Unit standstill a at Democracy 2012 index "Democracy (2012): 11 "Cz The Economist Intelligence Unit Unit Intelligence May 15 (Retrieved: 2013) Economist The Union Politics multi in government and formation "Europeanization Obert. Peter and Müller, Jochen Marc, Debus, Senate Czech 2013) Deputies of Chamber Czech Constitution of Republic of Bulgaria(1991, (1992,Constitution ofamendment Republic last theCzech 2009) Europe." in eastern democracy to transition the and legitimacy regimes, "Communist Monica. Ciobanu, Legal the Leiden Science, on Political Series of Department Paper 29, University (2 Working No. Parties, Europe”, Political Eastern of Regulation in Survival Party and Funding Public Perish! or Subsidy a “Get Spirova Maria and Casal, Fernando Bértoa (2006): 95 Green agendas." policy Christoffer of studies "Comparative R., Frank Baumgartner, References ech Republic Monthly review: January 2012 ." The Economist Intelligence Unit Intelligence Economist The ." 2012 January review: Monthly Republic ech

9 - 14. - 974.

013) 12, no. 3(2011):12, no. 381

http://www.senat.cz/index

- Nationalities Papers ee sses Eiec fo te zc Republic." Czech the from Evidence systems: level

http://www.psp.cz/sqw/hp.sqw - 403.

38, no. 1(2010):38, no. 3

Party Politics - (2013) eng.php

ora o Erpa Pbi Policy Public European of Journal last amendment 1997) - eesn ad ra D Jones. D. Bryan and Pedersen,

(Accessed:4 (Accessed:4 http://www.eiu.com/default.aspx

17 11, no. 2 (2005): 243 2(2005): 11, no.

- 21

April 2013)

Acse: April 4 (Accessed: - 263.

3 n. 7 no. 13,

European o and ion

CEU eTD Collection 12. Setting Agenda How 8 (2010): 2 no. Presence New The Above." from Parties of Political Czech of Formation "The Jiri. Pehe, Study A Policy: Public and Attention Matters." "Political B. Peter Mortensen, integration."European present: the in past "The Wilson. J. Carole and Gary, Marks, Freepress, 7. Vol. 1967. eds. Rokkan, Stein and Martin, Seymour Lipset, Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Woodhouse. J. Edward and Edward, Charles Lindblom, perspectives. Comparative SocietyPolitics and west: and east parties "European G. Paul Lewis, 165 democratization." and Europeanization of patterns Europe: Central in states member EU new the of politics party the in "Changes G. Paul Lewis, electoral on cleavages of effects dissimilar The politics innew diversity? in "Divergence Jóhanna. Birnir, Kristín and Elections." In Bulgarian Parliamentary Yanev, Kostadin Mihail, Konstantinov, Bulgarian the of "Mathematics Boneva. K. system." Inelectoral Juliana and Pelova, B. Galina M., Mihail Konstantinov, Group, 2002. W. John Kingdon, thenumber cleavage, and parties."of political Kim, (eds) (2007) andSidney Miller Cycle” Policy the of “Theories Wegrich Kai and Werner Jann, Martin. Holland, and central in democracy to southeastern Europe." transition in parties political and elections "Free Stanislaw. Gebethner,

Jae

- Scandinavian Political Studies Political Scandinavian n ad Mahn and On,

democracies."

2, no. 3 (2001): 481 3(2001): 2, no. The European Union and the Union Theworld European and third -

Hall, 1968. Hall, gna, lentvs ad ulc oiis Lnmn classics (Longman policies public and alternatives, Agendas,

AIP Conference Proceedings

International PoliticalScienceR International British JournalofPolitical Science

- em h. A hoy f minor of theory "A Ohn. Geum

American Journal ofPolitical Journal American Science

- 33, no. 4(2010):33, no. 356 494.

AIP Conference Proceedings

Journal of Southern Europe and th and Europe of Southern Journal , vol. 1184, p. 235. 2009. 235. p. 1184, , vol.

Social Forces

aia eoa "e Bi "New Pelova. Galina Party systems and voter alignments: Cross alignments: voter and systems Party 18 eview 30, no. 03 (2000): 433 03(2000): 30, no. . New York:Palgrave, 2002.. New

18, no. 4 (1997): 381 4(1997): 18, no. -

380. 70, no. 3 (1992): 575 3(1992): 70, no.

h policy The

51, no. 3(2007):51, no. 602 - , vol. 1293, p. 243. 2010. 243. p. 1293, , vol. party persistence: election rules, social social rules, election persistence: party Handbook of Public Policy Analysis, Analysis, Policy Public of Handbook a cleavage theory of party response to to response party of theory cleavage a - aig proc making

e Balkanse edition) - ‐ 459. Proportional Methods for for Methods Proportional - 399. - 599.

“Perspectives on European European on “Perspectives ess . Longman Publishing Publishing Longman .

10, no. 2 (2008): 151 2(2008): no. 10, . Vol. 4. Englewood Englewood 4. Vol. . -

619. - national perspectives national

Fisher, Fisher, - - . CEU eTD Collection How field: magnetic a Politics in politics "Postcommunist Hooghe. integration."European on competition structureparty accession EU and transition Liesbet and A., Milada Vachudova, 589 democra new in loyalty voter and appeals "Party Gábor. Tóka, 2013) site web Parliament European The CommissionThe site European web Postcommunist Europe." Parti within "Power new Margit. in Tavits, parties new of success and emergence the making: democracies." the in systems "Party Margit. Tavits, in Postcommunist Europe Performance Electoral and Strength Organizational Party Success: for "Organizing Margit. Tavits, Politics Spiro Journalno.7 Research47, ofPolitical "Bulgaria."European Maria. Spirova, London (2012)18:465 College University Politics, Party parties” political new for formula winning a as “Newness Allan Sikk, Societ Politics and on European West." and East Europe, in change system party and strategy party "Cleavages, Nick. Sitter, Bri “Election Election” European PartiesNetwork andReferendums Parliamentary Elections (2009) Stoyanov Dragomir and Lyubka Savkova, PartiesEuropean Elections ReferendumsNetwork, and University ofSussex (2005) No21 Briefing “Election Lyubka Savkova, Services Risk Political Services Risk Political - 610. va, Maria. "Political Parties in Bulgaria Organizational Trends in Comparative Perspective." Comparative in Trends Organizational Bulgaria in Parties "Political Maria. va,

7 601 5(2005): 11, no. , no. 2 (2009):179 , no.2

British Journal ofPolitical Science Bulgaria Czech Republic

- American Journal ofPolitical Journal American Science The JournalofPolitics 212. - y 622.

3, no. 3 (2002): 425 3(2002): 3, no. –

Country Report

– – s Te tegh f h Lcl at ad P needne in Independence MP and Party Local the of Strength The es: –

Country

http://www.europarl.europa.eu/portal/en http://ec.europa.eu/index

38, no. 38, no. 113. 1 (2008):

, East 2012 NY, Syracuse, – 74, no. 1 (2012): 83 1(2012): 74, no. Report, 2012 NY, Syracuse, East

- uoe n te alaetr Eeto i Bulgaria” in Election Parliamentary the and Europe 451. 19

55, no. 4 (2011): 923 4(2011): 55, no. fn No61 efing -

cies." _en.htm 97.

oiia Studies Political

–

(Retrieve date: (Retrieve date: 5 Jan2013) - uoe n te Bulgarian the and Europe 8 (2008): 929 -

936.

(Retrieve date: 5 Jan 5 date: (Retrieve

Comparative EuropeanComparative

46, no. 3 (1998): (1998): 3 no. 46,

- 934.

Perspectives

Party

CEU eTD Collection stay usually parties, 1 for which than in parliament notmore are your predictions8. What thinkthatthisdo you forfuturetrend of new of thenear emerging and passed partygenerous that state every the support for 1%voters followingsupport elections? each party in different voting you would inthe 6. How explain thevolatility preference potential arethe 5. What behind partiesdriving incentives inthecountry? the voters’ supportfor small tobecome Parliament part ofEuropean manage a represented party? more have parliament confidence theirability in toinfluence setting agenda the in MS number representativeparties)growing andthe parties?of small new parties Donewly elected in thinkthereisa 4. Doyou correl process?making theoldestablished intermsBulgaria and democracies actors new decision of the toinfluence allowing toyou, 3. According whatreasons atmosphere thepotential between for are political in thedifference factorchoice that is Europeans)? always important tocontemporary parties of new therethe creation willleast that beat (confidence always some voters’ support/the fi2. Doyou away, politicalhistoryequally abruptly fade Bulgarian/Czech recent inthe (last 8years)? explain the you would How emergence ofa quick large of parties, number which rathersmall also Interview Questions Appendix 7. Do you think that a possible thinkthata 7. Doyou for the creation incentive of small partiesthe be inthecountry might nd the communist past (one ruling party, no actual noactual voting choice)nd thecommunist past (one party, factorinfluencing ruling as a

ation between ation entering (large party EU EU the supporting families their 20

- 2 terms, continue will toexist? s of undecided voters tendto who ’ support threshold?

the country if they the country ifthey

CEU eTD Collection 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.

(Interviews condu Interview List Strmiska, Ph.D. Maxmilian Maria Divizieva Kopecek, Ph.D. Lubomir Andrysova Lenka Kolev Kolyo Pardew W. James Dimitrova Boryana Adelina Marini Name

cted in the period 7May intheperiod cted

Social Studies; Masaryk Social Facultyof Science; Political of Professor the Department at partyof NMSS political Minister Member inBulgaria; of CabinetChief ofthe Prime Masaryk University; Brno ofSocial Faculty Studies; Institute Science; ofPolitical Science and Department of Political Associate professor the at LIDEM party political of member Parliament; intheCzech Deputie of ofMember theChamber Agency Studies Research Social and Marketing Political, sociologistChief atMediana Diplomat US Social and Research Alpha at partner Managing Insidemedia EU online Editor Position - in

- chief Research Research Agency International

–

Marketing

–

21 May 2013)

–

Bulgaria (2002 Former USAmbassadorto Previous (ifrelevant) position 2009) Administrative (2005 Reform Admini Formerof DeputyMinisterState party (until2012) political Former Verejne of member Veci

stration and - 2005)

Bulgaria Bulgaria Bulgaria country Discussed Republic Czech Bulgaria Republic Czech Republic Czech Bulgaria

CEU eTD Collection 13. 12. 11. 10. 9.

TomovTsvetozar Dr. SeanHanley Peter Sto Ph.D. On Nikolay Vassilev drej Cisar,

yanovich

Agency – Manag College London Studies; UniversityEuropean ofSlavonic EastSchool and LecturerSenior inthe Minister of Culture Prague CharlesScience; University; Department of Political Associate Professor atthe Republic;Czech Academy ofSciences of the Institute ofthe ofSociology Review”,Sociological Editor party political Ca atExpat partner Managing University; Brno

Political and Social Research and Political pital; Memberpital; of NMSS - ing sociologisting atSkala

- chief of “Czech ofchief “Czech

(2005 Administrativeand Reform Minister of Administration State (2003 Communications MinisterTransport and of 2003); Minister (2001 of Economy (2001 Former DeputyPrime Minister party (2007 political ofFormer Gergiovden leader - -

2009) 2005);

- 2010) - 2005);

Republic Czech Bulgaria Bulgaria Republic Czech Bulgaria

CEU eTD Collection