Metal-Insulator Transition and Superconductivity in Heavily Boron-Doped

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Metal-Insulator Transition and Superconductivity in Heavily Boron-Doped TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN WALTER SCHOTTKY INSTITUT ZENTRALINSTITUT FÜR PHYSIKALISCHE GRUNDLAGEN DER HALBLEITERELEKTRONIK und UNIVERSITÉ JOSEPH FOURIER GRENOBLE 1 Metal-insulator transition and superconductivity in heavily boron-doped diamond and related materials Philipp Achatz Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät für Physik der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines (Dr. rer. nat.) Doktors der Naturwissenschaften genehmigten Dissertation. 1. Auflage Mai 2009 Copyright 2009 by Verein zur Förderung des Walter Schottky Instituts der Technischen Universität München e.V., Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching. Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Dieses Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Die Vervielfältigung des Buches oder von Teilen daraus ist nur in den Grenzen der geltenden gesetzlichen Bestimmungen zulässig und grundsätzlich vergütungspflichtig. Titelbild: Scaling of the superconducting transition temperature Tc with increasing boron concentration. Druck: Printy Digitaldruck, München (http://www.printy.de) ISBN: 978-3-941650-08-4 Contents Zusammenfassung i R´esum´e iii Summary v 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Metal-insulator transition in doped semiconductors . ....... 1 1.2. Superconductivity: General remarks . ..... 6 1.3. Motivation.................................. 10 2. Heavily boron-doped single crystal diamond (C:B) 17 2.1. Stateoftheartandmotivation . 18 2.2. Sample preparation and structural properties . ....... 23 2.3. Metal-insulator transition and superconductivity (C:B) ......... 38 2.4. Isotopic substitution in heavily boron-doped single crystal diamond: 13C11B, 13C10B ............................... 55 2.4.1. Growth and structural properties of 13C11B and 13C10B diamond 55 2.4.2. Isotopic substitution and superconductivity . 60 2.4.3. Isotopic substitution and existence of boron dimers B2 ..... 62 2.5. Hall effect in heavily boron-doped single crystal diamond . ....... 67 2.5.1. Hall effect in layered structures . 69 2.5.2. Influence of band structure on the Hall effect . 71 3. Heavily boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond thin films 91 3.1. Sample preparation and structural properties of heavily boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond thin films . 92 3.2. Metal-insulator transition in heavily boron-doped nanocrystalline dia- mond..................................... 93 3.3. Magnetoresistance and phase diagram of heavily boron-doped nanocrys- talline diamond thin films . 101 4. Superconductivity in heavily boron-doped cubic silicon 111 4.1. Sample preparation and structural properties of heavily boron-doped cubicsilicon .................................111 i Contents 4.2. Superconductivity of heavily boron-doped cubic silicon at low temper- atures ....................................115 5. Metal-insulator transition in heavily aluminum-doped 4H:SiC 125 5.1. Sample preparation and structural properties . .......125 5.2. Metal-insulator transition in heavily aluminum-doped 4H:SiC . 126 5.3. LO-phonon-plasmon-coupled mode in 4H-SiC:Al . 129 6. Outlook 141 A. Experimental techniques 143 A.1. Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) . 143 A.2. High resolution X-ray diffraction . 145 A.3.Ramanspectroscopy . 146 A.4. Electronic transport, Hall effect, and a.c. susceptibility measurements . 147 ii Zusammenfassung Im Laufe dieser Doktorarbeit wurde der Metall-Isolator-Ubergang¨ und die Supralei- tung in einkristallinem hoch Bor-dotierten Diamant und verwandten Materialien un- tersucht. Die Entdeckung der Supraleitung in diesem Material in 2004 zusammen mit der Idee, dass Halbleiter unter ausreichender Dotierung metallisch werden, haben ei- ne detaillierte Studie des Transports bei tiefen Temperaturen motiviert und initiiert. Daruber¨ hinaus ergab sich neues Interesse am Metall-Isolator-Ubergang¨ und der Supra- leitung in anderen kovalent-gebundenen Gruppe IV Elementen, was zur Untersuchung von hoch Bor-dotierten einkristallinem Silizium sowie hoch Aluminium-dotierten 4H Siliziumkarbid fuhrte.¨ Eine weitere Idee bestand darin, die supraleitenden Eigenschaf- ten von hoch Bor-dotierten nanokristallinem Diamant zu untersuchen, um die Robust- heit dieses Effekts bezuglich¨ Diamant zu best¨atigen. Die Untersuchung des Metall- Isolator-Ubergangs¨ in diesem System zeigte zudem die Wichtigkeit der Granularit¨at dieses Systems. Im Fall von einkristallinem hoch Bor-dotierten Diamant erlaubte das gut kontrol- lierte Wachsen der Schichten eine detaillierte Studie des doping-induzierten Metall- Isolator-Ubergangs.¨ Die kritische Borkonzentration nc erwies sich als dieselbe fur¨ den Metall-Isolator-Ubergang¨ als auch fur¨ den Normalleiter-Supraleiter-Ubergang.¨ Alle metallischen Proben zeigten Supraleitung und es wurde eine Verbindung zwischen dem Auftreten der Supraleitung und der N¨ahe zum Metall-Isolator-Ubergang¨ herge- stellt (mittels Skalengesetz). Daruberhinaus¨ wurde der Ursprung der Supraleitung in einkristallinem Diamant un- tersucht. Zu diesem Zweck wurden isotopisch substituierte Proben (zum ersten Mal in unserer Gruppe) gewachsen. Beide Arten von Substitution (Matrix sowie Dotieratom) wurden durchgefuhrt,¨ wodurch neben den Standard-12C11B-Proben die substituierten Probenserien 13C11B und 13C10B kamen. Allerdings waren die Ergebnisse aus Tief- temperaturtransport und Supraleitung nicht schlussig,¨ aber erleichtern und motivieren eine detailliertere Studie. Raman-Spektroskopie an diesen Serien hat es erlaubt, die Charakteristik um etwa 500 cm−1 auftretend mit einer Phononmode zu identifizieren, die Bor-Bor-Paaren zugeordnet werden kann. Diese zeigten sich als elektrisch inaktiv i Zusammenfassung und spielen eine wichtige Rolle fur¨ Studien in Abh¨angigkeit von der Borkonzentration. Messungen des Hall-Effekts in einkristallinem hoch Bor-dotierten Diamant ergaben eine r¨atselhafte Situation, mit Ladungstr¨agerdichten bis um einen Faktor 10 h¨oher als die Borkonzentration, die durch Sekund¨arionen-Massenspektroskopie (SIMS) be- stimmt wurde. Basierend auf der Tatsache, dass der Hall-Koeffizient in gestrecktem Silizium stark durch den reentranten Charakter der Fermi-Oberfl¨ache gepr¨agt ist, wur- de ein ¨ahnlicher Vorschlag erbracht, der oben genannte Diskrepanz zwischen Hall- und SIMS-Messungen erkl¨aren kann. Wie bereits erw¨ahnt, spielt die Granularit¨at eine wichtige Rolle in Bezug auf den Metall-Isolator-Ubergang¨ und die Supraleitung in hoch bor-dotierten nanokristallinem Diamant. Der Transport bei tiefen Temperaturen folgt demjenigen erwartet fur¨ ein me- tallisches oder nichtleitendes granul¨ares System, je nach dem Zusammenspiel zwischen intergranul¨arer und intragranul¨arer Leitf¨ahigkeit. Der Metall-Isolator-Ubergang¨ findet an einer kritischen Leitf¨ahigkeit gc statt. Die Granularit¨at beeinflusst auch deutlich die supraleitenden Eigenschaften durch die Einfuhrung¨ der supraleitenden Energie- lucke¨ ∆ und der Josephson-Kopplung J zwischen supraleitenden K¨ornern. Ein Peak im Magnetwiderstand kann durch supraleitende Fluktuationen und die Granularit¨at des Systems erkl¨art werden. Hoch Bor-dotiertes einkristallines Silizium gilt als Modell-System und der Metall- Isolator-Ubergang¨ wurde ausgiebig in diesem System untersucht, mit einer kritischen Borkonzentration von n 4 1018 cm−3. Fortschritte wurden auf dem Gebiet der B ≈ × Herstellung erzielt und Laser-Doping-Techniken ergaben Zugang zu Proben mit viel h¨oherer Borkonzentration (n 1021 cm−3). Der Transport bei tiefen Temperaturen B ≈ solcher durch gas immersion laser doping hergestellten Proben zeigten einen supralei- tenden Ubergang¨ bei sehr tiefen Temperaturen. Der Metall-Isolator-Ubergang¨ wurde schon in n-Typ 4H Siliziumkarbid untersucht, metallische Leitf¨ahigkeit wurde noch nicht in p-Typ 4H Siliziumkarbid gefunden. In unserem Fall wurden hoch Aluminium-dotierte Siliziumkarbid-Proben durch ei- ne vapour-liquid-solid (VLS) Technik hergestellt, mit Konzentrationen bis zu n Al ≈ 8.7 1020 cm−3. Transportmessungen bei tiefen Temperaturen und temperaturabh¨an- × gige Raman-Spektroskopie geben experimentellen Nachweis fur¨ den Metall-Isolator- Ubergang.¨ Daruberhinaus¨ werden vorl¨aufige Ergebnisse uber¨ die LO-Phonon-Plasmon- Kopplung in aluminium-dotierten 4H Siliziumkarbid (erstmalig) gezeigt. ii R´esum´e Au cours de cette th`ese, la transition m´etal-isolant et la supraconductivit´eont ´et´e ´etudi´es dans le diamant monocristallin fortement dop´eau bore et des mat´eriaux voi- sins. La d´ecouverte de la supraconductivit´edans le diamant fortement dop´eau bore en 2004 a motiv´e, avec l’id´ee de rendre un semiconducteur m´etallique en le dopant suffisamment, l’´etude d´etaill´ee du transport `abasse temp´erature dans ce syst`eme. Cela a ´egalement donn´eun regain d’int´erˆet pour la transition m´etal-isolant et la supracon- ductivit´edans d’autres ´el´ements du groupe IV `aliaisons covalents, ce qui conduit `a l’´etude du silicium monocristallin fortement dop´eau bore ainsi du carbure de silicium 4H fortement dop´e`al’aluminium. Une autre id´ee ´etait de tester les propri´et´es supra- conductrices dans le diamant nanocristallin fortement dop´e au bore afin de confirmer la robustesse de cet effet. En outre, l’´etude de la transition m´etal-isolant dans ce syst`eme a mis en ´evidence l’importance de l’aspect granulaire sur les propri´et´es de transport `a basse temp´erature. La synth`ese bien contrˆol´ee des ´echantillons de diamant fortement dop´eau bore nous a permis d’´etudier en d´etail la transition m´etal-isolant induite par le dopage. La concentration critique de bore nc pour la transition m´etal-isolant s’est av´er´eˆetre la mˆeme que pour la transition
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