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Name P_2015 UrbClas PChClas DenClas Trajectories Abakanskiy Khrebet 51773 5 5 4 554 Absaroka Range 6388 6 1 4 614 Adamawa 4179507 1 2 3 123 Agri Dagi 3253 6 4 4 644 Ailao Shan 2301549 2 2 3 223 Air Mountains 26224 6 4 4 644 Al Hajar Mountains 678829 1 4 4 144 Ala Dag 32153 1 4 3 143 Ala Daglari 38850 6 5 4 654 Alayskiy Khrebet 1057504 1 2 3 123 Albertine Rift Mountains 23647008 1 3 1 131 Alborz Mountains 6080078 1 4 3 143 Ali Shan 50841 6 1 4 614 Allahu Ekber Daglari 39589 6 1 4 614 Altai Mountains 357455 2 5 4 254 Altiplano 1251606 1 3 4 134 Altiplano de Mexico 1375858 1 2 4 124 Anaconda Range 8876 5 2 4 524 Anamas Dagi 42345 6 5 4 654 Andringitra Mountains 766654 6 4 4 644 Ankaratra Mountains 1884601 2 2 3 223 Anti-Atlas Range 661787 6 1 4 614 Anyemaqen Shan 1411185 2 3 4 234 Apennines 3717875 3 5 3 353 Appalachian Mountains 3473059 3 2 4 324 Arakan Yoma 461372 5 4 4 544 Aravali Range 952817 1 3 2 132 Asahi dake 19519 6 1 4 614 Asir Mountains 2911684 1 4 3 143 Aur Mountains 1525474 1 3 2 132 Aydin Daglari 74300 6 4 4 644 Babatag Khrebet 249446 1 3 3 133 Balaban Daglari 61248 2 5 3 253 Balkan Mountains 722117 2 5 3 253 Bangma Shan 1410357 2 1 3 213 Banyan Har Shan 575241 6 3 4 634 Barguzinskiy Khrebet 11119 5 1 4 514 Barisan Mountains 6451484 2 2 3 223 Bashchelakskiy Khrebet 32948 6 1 4 614 Big Plateau 1562821 1 4 3 143 Binboga Daglari 67262 4 2 4 424 Bingel Daglari 28499 4 1 4 414 Bismarck Range 781320 1 4 3 143 Bitterroot Range 120001 6 1 4 614 Black Forest 524102 2 1 2 212 Blue Mountains 46614 5 2 4 524 Blue Mountains (Congo) 65295 6 4 3 643 Bogda Shan 190558 3 3 4 334 Bolkar Daglari 130069 6 1 4 614 Borohoro-Shan 593443 6 2 4 624 Borshchovochnyy Khrebet 295948 1 1 4 114 Botu Dagi 142350 1 4 3 143 Boz Daglari 82992 1 4 3 143 Cambrian Mountains 101557 4 5 4 454 Cantabrian Mountains 490066 3 5 4 354 Cariboo Mountains 15871 6 1 4 614 Carpathian Mountains 6829686 2 1 3 213 Cascade Range 554773 2 2 4 224 Central Brahui 77924 2 5 4 254 Central Highlands 3766360 3 2 1 321 Central Makran Range 7909 4 5 4 454 Central Range 1158485 1 4 4 144 Central Volcanic Zone 65205 4 2 4 424 Chagai Hills 15127 4 4 4 444 Chaine des Matheux 48536 6 4 3 643 Changbai Shan 232793 2 1 4 214 Changhai Shan 214269 1 2 3 123 Chatkal'skiy Khrebet 259922 1 3 4 134 Cherangani Hills 671590 6 4 3 643 Chin Hills 3530098 1 3 3 133 Chola Shan 65527 6 3 4 634 Chugach Mountains 5147 6 1 4 614 Chugoku-sanchi 374012 3 1 4 314 Chungyang Shan 169469 5 1 4 514 Coast Mountains 86589 3 2 4 324 Coast Range 213505 3 1 4 314 Coastal Range (Chile) - Central 421858 1 3 4 134 Coastal Range (Chile) - North 280021 1 4 4 144 Cordillera Azul 52112 2 4 4 244 Cordillera Central 1516020 3 4 3 343 Cordillera Central Colombia 8522982 1 2 2 122 Cordillera Central Costa Rica 1171986 1 3 1 131 Cordillera Central Dominican Republic 1036510 1 4 3 143 Cordillera Central Ecuador 8799280 1 2 3 123 Cordillera Central Peru 320462 6 2 4 624 Cordillera Chontalena 363069 1 2 3 123 Cordillera Dariense 51935 4 4 3 443 Cordillera de Aguarag├╝e 226991 1 2 4 124 Cordillera de los Frailes 90528 4 4 4 444 Cordillera de Talamanca 1771888 1 2 3 123 Cordillera de Tilaran 211237 4 3 3 433 Cordillera del Merendon 255003 6 3 3 633 Cordillera dipilto y jalapa 237806 5 4 3 543 Cordillera do Merida 3056940 1 3 3 133 Cordillera Domeyko 78196 2 2 4 224 Cordillera Frontal 190266 2 5 4 254 Cordillera Isabella 533959 1 4 3 143 Cordillera Occidental Colombia 3425772 1 2 3 123 Cordillera Occidental Peru Bolivia Chile10395535 1 2 4 124 Cordillera Oriental (Argentina) 924921 1 2 4 124 Cordillera Oriental Colombia Venezuela13140222 1 2 2 122 Cordillera Oriental Peru Bolivia 6755553 1 2 4 124 Cordillera Patagonica Sur 15676 6 4 4 644 Cordillera principal 2813679 1 3 4 134 Cordillera Septentrional 61471 2 1 3 213 Cordillera Subandina 270824 5 1 4 514 Coro region 95093 5 3 4 534 Corsica 45901 6 1 4 614 Cosan Daglari 73577 5 5 4 554 Coxilha Grande 337598 2 2 3 223 Croker Range 261554 5 4 4 544 Daba Shan 5219185 2 1 3 213 Daban Shan 894481 2 1 2 212 Dabei Shan 672419 5 1 3 513 Dahei Shan 7247 4 2 4 424 Daiyun Shan 2662822 2 2 3 223 Dalou Shan 7193293 1 5 2 152 Damaqun Shan 1825405 1 2 3 123 Daqing Shan 1577920 1 2 2 122 Datong Shan 549278 2 3 4 234 Dawna Range 288812 3 3 4 334 Daxiang Ling 5248641 2 1 2 212 Daxue Shan 701216 6 3 4 634 Dayao Shan 63571 3 3 4 334 Dayu Ling 41961 3 1 4 314 Deer Lodge Mountains 48261 4 1 4 414 Delyun Uranskiy Khrebet 12634 6 3 4 634 Dinaric Alps 3412211 2 1 3 213 Diuat Mountains 316876 6 4 3 643 Dix-Huit Montagnes 327855 1 4 3 143 Doganli Daglari 34526 6 3 4 634 Donggan 2381829 3 1 3 313 Drakensberg 10071090 3 2 3 323 Dupang Ling 108466 3 2 3 323 East Usambara 123039 5 3 2 532 Eastern Ghat 3053246 2 2 3 223 Eastern Highlands 879251 1 3 3 133 Eje Volcanico Transversal 25738271 1 3 2 132 El Dorado Mountains 2796 5 4 4 544 Elk Mountains 26734 5 2 4 524 Emei Shan 8712 6 4 3 643 Erciyas Dagi 288968 1 4 1 141 Erenler Dagi 94444 6 1 3 613 Esh Shara 162070 4 4 3 443 Ethiopian Highlands 57563064 1 3 2 132 European Alps 11471440 2 1 3 213 Fangdou Shan 3121248 1 5 2 152 Ferganskiy Khrebet 636845 1 3 4 134 Finisterre Range 60715 4 4 4 444 Flat Tops 24417 6 3 4 634 Front Range 307792 3 1 4 314 Funiu Shan 2286218 2 1 2 212 Futa Djalon 1921720 1 3 3 133 Gamshadzai KBh 8744 4 4 4 444 Gaoligong Shan 2636181 2 3 3 233 Gavur Daglari Mediterranean Sea 93443 1 4 3 143 Gissarskiy Khrebet 1371028 1 4 3 143 Gjere 3663 5 1 4 514 Gongwan Shan 1752867 2 2 2 222 Gore Range 28192 6 1 4 614 Gory Baysun Tau 113524 4 3 4 434 Gran Canaria 78839 5 2 3 523 Grand Mesa 49125 2 3 4 234 Greater Caucasus 4037967 2 1 3 213 Groot Bruintjieshoogde 16083 4 1 4 414 Groot-Swartberge 24151 6 3 4 634 Gros Ventre Range 10716 4 5 4 454 Guiji Shan 19302 6 3 4 634 Gulgel Dagi 83359 5 1 4 514 Haanhlhiy Uul 110609 6 5 4 654 Hacres Daglari 122743 1 4 2 142 Hakkari Daglari 97572 1 3 4 134 Haleakala 22079 6 1 4 614 Hamgyong-Sanmaek 749401 2 2 3 223 Harmonie Mountains 41040 2 1 4 214 Hazaribagh Range 1118734 1 3 3 133 Hejaz Mountains 1329002 1 4 4 144 Helan Shan 360662 1 2 3 123 Heng Shan 942999 2 2 2 222 Hengduan Shan 1091251 1 2 3 123 Hentiyn Nuruu 1362341 1 4 4 144 Hexrivierberge 23136 3 3 4 334 High Atlas Range 2145260 2 2 3 223 Himalaya 43620511 2 2 3 223 Hindu Kush 16490291 1 3 3 133 Hoang Lien Son 944031 2 4 3 243 Horo Shan 438970 1 3 4 134 Hsuen Shan 290797 2 2 3 223 Huaying Shan 1470772 1 5 1 151 Ilgaz Dalgari 123452 5 5 4 554 Imatong Mountains 324031 1 4 3 143 Iri Dagh 92631 6 4 4 644 Ispiriz Daglari 55454 4 4 4 444 Itombwe Mountains 562091 1 3 3 133 Jabal an Nusayriyah 434414 6 3 2 632 Jabal Tuwayq 25982 4 4 4 444 Jablanica 66458 5 1 3 513 Japanese Alps 2623757 1 1 3 113 Javadi Hills 698900 1 3 1 131 Jebel esh Sharqi 2692605 1 3 1 131 Jebel Liban 1217074 1 2 1 121 Jing Shan 869013 2 1 3 213 Jinggang Mountains 1728494 6 2 3 623 Jingping Shan 70033 6 2 4 624 Jiri Massif 92899 6 5 4 654 Jiulian Shan 272191 2 3 3 233 Jiuling Shan 170949 6 3 4 634 Jos Plateau 711064 1 4 2 142 Jotunheimen 328674 3 1 4 314 Jundu Shan 121855 2 4 3 243 Jura Mountains 1646527 1 1 2 112 Kabir Koh 110568 1 4 3 143 Kammanassieberg 16639 5 3 4 534 Kangnam Mountains 525383 2 2 3 223 Karakorum 288668 2 3 4 234 Kargapazari Daglari 52593 6 5 4 654 Kesis Daglari 118279 1 5 3 153 Khote-Alin 47822 6 1 4 614 Khrebet Cherskogo 67419 6 5 4 654 Khrebet Dzhidinskiy 36898 5 1 4 514 Khrebet Dzhungarskiy Alatau 159533 5 1 4 514 Khrebet Ketmen' 185807 5 1 4 514 Khrebet Khamar Daban 123827 5 5 4 554 Khrebet Kokshaal-Tau 114189 5 2 4 524 Khrebet Kungey Alatau 184826 4 2 4 424 Khrebet Listvyaga 24098 4 1 4 414 Khrebet Nuratau 95994 1 3 4 134 Khrebet Saur 20924 6 2 4 624 Khrebet Suntar Khayata 10304 4 1 4 414 Khrebet Synnyr 32156 4 1 4 414 Khrebet Talasskiy Alatau 178160 5 2 4 524 Khrebet Terskey Alatau 167333 4 1 4 414 Khrebet Tukuringra 2809 4 2 4 424 Khrebet Tumat-Tayga 21448 1 2 4 124 Khrebet Ulan-Burgasy 47769 2 1 4 214 Khrebet Zailiyskiy Alatau 1393405 1 3 3 133 Khun Tan Chain 69466 6 3 4 634 Kii-sanchi 147887 3 1 4 314 Kilimanjaro 722302 3 3 1 331 Kipengere Range 449353 5 2 3 523 Kirgizskiy Khrebet 321167 2 2 4 224 Kirthar Range 16033 4 2 4 424 Kmh-e haye Sabalan 117534 1 4 3 143 Kocakatran Dagi 11432 6 4 4 644 Kopet Dagh Moutain Range 123972 3 4 4 344 Korab 33107 6 5 3 653 Koroglu Daglari 597707 2 5 4 254 Kr-e Sahand 33534 6 4 4 644 Krh-e Aliabad 31732 6 4 4 644 Krh-e Binalud 78038 5 4 4 544 Krh-e Birag 47080 1 4 4 144 Krh-e Bozqush 59094 6 4 4 644 Krh-e Jebal Barez 222796 1 4 4 144 Krh-e Karkas 107947 2 4 4 244 Krh-e Mishab 64058 2 4 3 243 Kugitangtau Khrebet 28513 4 4 4 444 Kuh-e Aladagh 420663 1 4 3 143 Kuh-e Shah Jehan 244811 1 4 3 143 Kunlun Shan 278600 6 3 4 634 Kuraminskiy Khrebet 283904 1 3 3 133 Kuzey Anadolu Daglari / Pontus Mountains1067268 2 5 4 254 Kuznetskiy Alatau 34188 6 1 4 614 Kyushu-sanchi 238760 3 1 4 314 La Palma 39805 5 2 3 523 Ladakh Range 83441 4 1 4 414 Laguna Mountains 98667 2 2 3 223 Lang Shan 56931 5 1 4 514 Langeberg 31751 5 3 4 534 Laobie Shan 1073679 2 2 2 222 Laramie Range 2879 5 3 4 534 Lenglong Ling 585439 5 1 4 514 Lesser Caucasus 4191945 1 1 3 113 Lhliang Shan 4051760 1 3 2 132 Liangwang Shan 761189 2 2 2 222 Liupan Shan 318478 2 5 3 253 Longgang Shan 2252413 1 1 3 113 Longshou Shan 49197 6 2 4 624 Luang Prabang Range 363785 6 2 4 624 Lunan Shan 805998 3 2 2 322 Madeira 95416 1 1 2 112 Madran Baba Dagi 11631 6 4 4 644 Mahadeo Hills 329173 1 3 3 133 Maikala Range 623214 1 3 3 133 Maitland Range 49044 5 4 4 544 Malakand Range 9056150 1 4 2 142 Malatya Daglari 185739 1 1 3 113 Malendiz Dagi 64406 6 1 3 613 Malesevske Mountains 45685 5 1 4 514 Manzano
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  • Ethnic Armed Actors and Justice Provision in Myanmar

    Ethnic Armed Actors and Justice Provision in Myanmar

    Ethnic Armed Actors and Justice Provision in Myanmar Brian McCartan and Kim Jolliffe October 2016 Preface As a result of decades of ongoing civil war, large areas of Myanmar remain outside government rule, or are subject to mixed control and governance by the government and an array of ethnic armed actors (EAAs). These included ethnic armed organizations, with ceasefires or in conflict with the state, as well as state-backed ethnic paramilitary organizations, such as the Border Guard Forces and People’s Militia Forces. Despite this complexity, order has been created in these areas, in large part through customary justice mechanisms at the community level, and as a result of justice systems administered by EAAs. Though the rule of law and the workings of Myanmar’s justice system are receiving increasing attention, the role and structure of EAA justice systems and village justice remain little known and therefore, poorly understood. As such, The Asia Foundation is pleased to present this research on justice provision and ethnic armed actors in Myanmar, as part of the Foundation’s Social Services in Contested Areas in Myanmar series. The study details how the village, and village-based mechanisms, are the foundation of stability and order for civilians in most of these areas. These systems have then been built through EAA justice systems, which maintain a hierarchy of courts above the village level. Understanding the continuity and stability of these village systems, and the heterogeneity of the EAA justice systems which work alongside them, is essential for understanding civilians’ experiences of justice and security across Myanmar, as well as the opportunities for positive change that exist in Myanmar’s ongoing peace process and governance reforms.
  • Chapter 6 South-East Asia

    Chapter 6 South-East Asia

    Chapter 6 South-East Asia South-East Asia is the least compact among the extremity of North-East Asia. The contiguous ar- regions of the Asian continent. Out of its total eas constituting the continental interior include land surface, estimated at four million sq.km., the the highlands of Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and mainland mass has a share of only 40 per cent. northern Vietnam. The relief pattern is that of a The rest is accounted for by several thousand is- longitudinal ridge and furrow in Myanmar and lands of the Indonesian and Philippine archipela- an undulating plateau eastwards. These are re- goes. Thus, it is composed basically of insular lated to their structural difference: the former and continental components. Nevertheless the being a zone of tertiary folds and the latter of orographic features on both these landforms are block-faulted massifs of greater antiquity. interrelated. This is due to the focal location of the region where the two great axes, one of lati- The basin of the Irrawady (Elephant River), tudinal Cretaceo-Tertiary folding and the other forming the heartland of Myanmar, is ringed by of the longitudinal circum-Pacific series, converge. mountains on three sides. The western rampart, This interface has given a distinctive alignment linking Patkai, Chin, and Arakan, has been dealt to the major relief of the region as a whole. In with in the South Asian context. The northern brief, the basic geological structures that deter- ramparts, Kumon, Kachin, and Namkiu of the mine the trend of the mountains are (a) north- Tertiary fold, all trend north-south parallel to the south and north-east in the mainland interior, (b) Hengduan Range and are the highest in South- east-west along the Indonesian islands, and (c) East Asia; and this includes Hkakabo Raz north-south across the Philippines.