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ASSESSMENT OF TOURIST SITE POTENTIAL AND APPLICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR ECOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT
IN SRI NAN NATIONAL PARK. NAN PROVINCE
Miss Tatsanawalai Utarasakul
A Dissertation submitted in Partial Futfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Doctorof Philosophy program in Environmentalscience
(l nterdisciplinary Program)
Graduate School
Chulalongkom Univeaity
Academic Year 2007
Copyright of Chutatongkom University
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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR ECOTOURISM
DEVELOPMENT IN SRINAN NATIONAL PARK. NAN PROVINCE
By Miss Tatsanawalai Utarasakul Field of Study Environmental Science
Thesis Advisor Associate Professor Kumthorn Thirakhupt, Ph.D.
Thesis Co-advisor Assistant Professor Art-ong Pradatsundarasar, Ph.D.
Accepted by the Graduate School, Chulalongkorn Universig in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Doctoral Degree htTfi: Dean of the Graduate School (A.ssistant Professor M.R. Kalaya Tingsabadh.Ph.D.)
THESIS COMMITTEE
e. 1,6 ;. ;.h.r4p. :l.|- ...... chairman
(Assistant Professor Chamwit Kositanont. Ph.D.)
Thesis Advisor
(Associate Professor Kumthom Thirakhupt. Ph.D. )
?d"b Thesis Co-advisor
(Assistant Professor Art-ong Pradatsundarasar. Ph.D.)
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Member
(Associate Professor Thavivongse Sriburi, Ph.D.) It.. i-'
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^! # # 4689667020 : MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
KEYWORDS : ECOTOURISM/ SRI MN NATIONAL PARI( TOURTST S|TE ASSESSMENT/
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
TATSANAWALAI UTAMSAKUL: ASSESSMENT OF TOURIST SITE POTENTIAL AND
APPLICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR ECOTOURISM
DEVELOPMENT lN SRI NAN NATIONAL PARK, NAN PROVINCE. THESIS ADVISOR: ASSOC.
PROF. KUMTHORN THIMKHUPT, PH.D., THESIS CO-ADVISOR: ASST. PROF. ART-ONG
PRADATSUNDARASAR, PH.D., 151 pp.
The assesgment of tourist site potential and the application of environmental management system for
ecotourism development in Sri Nan National Park (SNNP) was investigated from December 2005 to December
2007. Twenty indicators of tourist site potential assessment for 5 types of tourist sites which are mountrain.
landform. rapid. reservoir. and cave are proposed and categorized based on 4 components of ecotourism. Of all
the identafied 20 indicators that indicate tourist site potential, 6 indicators represent nature-based tourism, g
.ndicators represent sustainable management tourism, 4 indicators represent environmentally educative tourism.
and 2 indicators represent people participation. The results shorved that 2 nature sites of SNNP, "pha Chu Clift'.
and "Sao Din Landform". were ranked as very high potential for ecotorrism. Doi Sa Mer Dao Mountiain was
ranked as good potential, whereas Pak Nai and Kang Luang were ranked as moderate potential site for : ecotourism.
The integration of envirorimentral management system for ecotourism development was applied and
investigated in SNNP. Tourists needed the space for at least 2 square metery person for camping, consumed
water about 10.8 literJ persorv day, and generated waste for 0:6kg/ persorv day. ln order to minimize
snvionmental impact, eco{ampinQ guidebook. garbage bins, waste separation program and environmentral
friendly cleanser were aranged to the park. Tourists were highly interested and coflaborated in provided
materials and this circumstarrce can indicate that the successfulof ecotourism development in SNNp is due to suitrable environmental management s!6tem for tourists.
Results shored that 85.8% of tourists visited SNNP for relaxing follorlrred by admiring sea of mist, scenery.
and photography witich were 59.1, 58.6. anct 47.3o/o, respectively. 49.15o/o of tourists stayed ovemight camping
br 1 night. The maior appreciation that the tourists visited SNNP included sea of mist, beautifu! tandscape and
the staffs friendliness. The recomrnendations for ecotourism development in sNNP such as keeping the park as it is being in natural way, provictang more area of camping site and car park, amproving landscape scenery by
olanting more trees and ffowers, increasing camping and accessories for renting, and limiting number of tourists are proposed _, Field of study ...Envirpnmentat. Sciengp.... Student,s signature l^t,fana wcki. Academic year
Co-adMsor's sienature..M.kfi . vl
ACKNOWLEDGEAAENTS
Fint and foremost, I woutd like to owe a debt of gratitude to Associate Professor Dr. Kumthorn Thirakhupt who not only served as my advisor but also highly encouraged, provided valuable opportunlties, and gave treasure suggestions throughout my study and for my life. I wish to express my sincere thankfulness to Assistant Professor Dr. Art.ong Pradatsundarasar, for his precious s.rggestions, wonderful guidance and encouragement. My thesis can not be complete without preclous recommendations and lnvaluable guidance from Assistant Professor Dr. Charnwit Kositanont, chairman of thesis committee, Associate Professor Dr. Wasin lnkapatanakul, Dr. Songtam Suksawang, and Associate Professor Dr. Thavivongse Sriburi, member of thesis committee. Speciat dppreciations extend to Associate Professor Chariya Lekprayoon, Assistant Professor Dr. Doungkhae Sitthicharoenchai and Asslstant Professor Yongyooth Chanyarak for their valuable comments, kindness and errcouragement.
My meaningful tlme during field study in Sri Nan National Park could not happened without many helping hands from staff. Especially, trtr. Sombat Wiangkum Head Officer, lrtr. Thani Changwang, Ivlr. Thanim Yatui, lG Kunnikar Bohkum, lrtr. Boontan Hongha, lilr. Rachun and lrts Sompit Sriprom, lris Pimprapai Sorntet, trtr. Wattana Thurayong, l.tr. Veera Panyakaerv, lG Chanldaporn Wichayam, lG Narumon.Khemtong, fils Suthasinee Rodhluem }ir. Narongsak Sutham, lrtr. Khuenmongkot, Mr. Pichit, Mr. Prasertsin, and many tourists.
I deepty appreclated to ,rts Thitiya Saramoon for her vattnble suggestions in indicators, Dr. Narumon Wiangwang for her lrrcredibte supports and revierved my manuscript, Dr. Prachumporn and Dr. Komsorn Lauprasert, their preciors affections and suggestions are very appreciated, lrtr. Knavoot Jiamwattanapong for valuable suggestions in statistks, lrts Sasitapat Phonlawan for her creatiye mind ln environmental conservation. Especiatly, ilr. Tawit Poopradit, llr. Wong Tian Sang, tG Arunee Supasinsatit, lrtr. Narongsak Chaiyasit, lG Sunantha Chatthaiwathana, l,ts Anchatee Aowphot, fits Sirlnaree Ngoncharoen, lrtr. Prachayapom Wanchal, Thai Turtle Laboratory, and atl friends at lnter-department of Environmental Science for their hetping hands, supports and spirits thro4hant my study. My tife can not reach to this step without precious friendship from Dr Pit.apa JamJan.
Finally, I world tike to express my genuine thanks to my famity, especiatly to my mother, lG Ladda Utarasakul, for her love, understanding, encouriagement, and supported throrghout my study. I woutd like to dedicate this study to my father who fitted my tife with love and inherited me to be nature lover.
Thls reserch was suPportd by Korean Foundation for Advanced Studies and Graduate School, Chutatongkorn University. CONTENTS
Page ABSTMCT IN THAI...... iv msimcr N ENGLTSH v
ACKNOWLEDGEI,TENTS yi
CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES..... ix
LIST OF FIGURES... xi
LrsT oF ABBREV!AT|ONS...... xii
1
1.1 Theoreticat background...... 1
1.2 Objectives...... 3
1.3 Anticipated benefits..:...... 3
CHAPTER I LMRATURE RN4EWS 4
2. 1 Sustainabte devetopment and ecotourism...... 4
2.2 Tourist site assessment...... 18
2.3 Sustainable tourism indicators... 21
2.4 Environmental management system.. 33
2.5 Nan Province and Sri Nan Nationat Park...... 36
CHAPTER III AIETHODOLOGY 4
3.1 Determination of indicators to indicate the potentiatity of tourist 4
3.2 Assessment of tourist site indicators in Sri Nan Nationat park 49 - Page
3.3 The devetopment of management ptan for ecotourism in Sri Nan 49 National Park based on environmentat management system..
CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS...... 54
4.1 Determination of indicators to indicate the potential of tourist 54
4.2 Tourist site assessment in Sri Nan Nationat Park...... 65
4.3 Environmentat management s)rstem for ecotourism devetopment... lz
4.4 Tourist characteristics and perceptions based on specific 85 questionnaire.....
4.5 SWOT Anatysis for ecotourism devetopment in Sri Nan National 96 Park......
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOTTITUIENDATIONS-,-...... 1Oz
5.1 Assessment of tourist site potentiat...... 102
5.2 Environmentat management system for ecotourism devetopment... 1(N
5.3 Recommendations on ecotourism devetopment in sri Nan Nationat 1(B Park......
111
119
APENDIX A Generat information of Sri Nan Nationat park..... 120
APPENDIX B Evaluation form for indicators...... 122
APPENDIX C Questionnaires...... 144
APPENDIX D Eco-camping guidebook...... 150
151 ix
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Table 2-1 Prirriptes for Sustainabte Tourism...... 8
Tabte 2-2 Definitiom of Ecotourism...... 12
Tabte 2-3 Numbers of lndicators...... 26
Table 2-4 Basetine indicators of sustainabte tourism 28
Table 2-5 Tourist statistics in Nan Nationat Park...... 41
Table 4-1 Totrrist site ctassification and tourism actiyities in SNNp...... 57
Table 4-2 Assessment of nature site potential for ecotourism in Nan 60 National Park......
Table 4-3 Risk assessment analysis in national parks of Nan...... 61
Table 4-4 lndicaton in tourist sites of Sri Nan Nationat park...... u
Table 4-5 Criteria and potential level of tourist site...... 65
Table 4-6 lndicator assessment form...... 66
Table 4-7 Tourist site assessment in Sri Nan Nationat park...... 68
Table 4-8 Environmental aspects in Sri Nan National park...... 73
Table 4-9 Data of tourists at Doi 5a fiter Dao during new year 2006-2C/|/7 76
Table 4-10 Resource consumption of tourists in camping site at SNNp...... 78
Table 4-11 General information of tourist,s characteristics in SNNP...... 86
Table 4-12 Reason of tourists for visit sri Nan Nationat park and their 89 activities...... x
Tabte
Table 4-13 Tourist's behavion and attitudes in Sri Nan Nationat park...... 90
Tabte 4-14 Tourist's attitude in infrastructure...... 92
Table 4-15 Tourist's appreciation and suggestions in Sri Nan Nationat park 93
Table 5-l Environmentat managlment system for specific tourist sites 107 xl
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
Flgure 1-l Location of Nan Province and Sri Nan Nationat Park, 4 Thaitand...
Flgure 2-1 Sutainable tourism and ecotourism.
Figure 2-2 Basic key etements of ecotourism...... ::...... t7
Figure 2-3 Geography of Nan...... 38
Flgure 2-4 Land use in Nan...... 39
Flgure 2-5 Average temperature in Nan Province 40
Figure 3-l Schematic diagram for ecotourism site assessment framework 48
Flgure 4-l Prominent tourist sites tocated in Sri Nan Nationat park...... 58
Flgure 4-Z Potential of tourist sites in SNNP...... 69
Flgure 4-3 Average Sun rise and Sunset time in Nan province 2007...... lz
Figure 4-4 Tourist statistics in sri Nan National park from zool-2001...... ls
Figure 4-5 Camping site and car park at Doi Sa Mer Dao ft1ountain...... 76
Flgure 4-6 Environmentat friendly cteanser for staff and tourists gO
Flgure 4-l Percent of waste generated in Sri Nan Nationat park...... gO
Flgure 4-8 Garbage bins provided for Sri Nan Nationat park...... g1
Flgure 4 -9 Telescopes, star maps and environmentat friendty games ...... g4
Flgure 4 -1O Local people setl food and locat prodtrcts at tourist site...... g4 nt LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
DNP Department of Nationat park
Etts Environmental l/lanagement Sy:tem
ERIC Environmental Research lnstitute of Chutatongkorn University
EU European Union g gram
GDRC Gtobal Devetopnrent Research Center
L Liter
SNNP Sri Nan National Park
TAT Tourism Authority of Thaitand
UNEP United Nations Environment programme currerry Exchange Rate I USD - 11.16 Baht (Bank of rhaitand, Aprit 10, zoog) CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Theoretical Background
Nan Provirce was estabtished around 8fl) years ago at the same time as
Sukothai Province. The fascinating history of Nan invotves wlth many intertwining
stories of Nan peopte presented in unique Lanna culture, memorabte history,
archeotogy, iod various ecosr6tems that brought Nan become treasured hidden destination for tourists.
Nan is located in the northem part of Thaitand (Figure l.t). Nan currentty has seven naHonal Pork, covering approximatety 4,863 square kilometers. Most areas of Nan are predominantty mountainous and covered by foress. About 44% of the areas are ctassified as lA-watershed zones, which'die neaawaters for many important rivers sr.rch as Nan, Wa, Sa, Haeng and pad rivers.
Even mountains and iorests at the Phi Pan Nam Range and the Luang Prabang Range serye as naturat fortress hiding Nan from outsiders. The appreciation of beauty and fascination of its natural environment is currentty the prime interest among tourists. As with this aspect of interest, irrcreasing numbers of tourists seem to reatize the importance of nature conservation, and ecotourism has beconre more poputar recentty (Department park of Nationat [DNPJ, z@41.
ln 2004, 445,988 tourists visited Nan and 94.53N were Thai (tourism Authority of Thaitand ffAU, 2@5). Among alt tourists who visited Nan, 61,30g or
13.75% visited Sri Nan Nationat Park (SNNP) which was the highest number of tourists compared to other national parks (DNp, 2oo5). The area of sri Nan, covering 1024 square hlometers, made up with massive mountains and hi1 ralges with several spectacutar naturat environments. lrtany types of forests and
tremendotts species of flora and faunas exist within the park. ln addition, the Sao
Din, a naturat earth pitlan formed by erosion tocated at the south of the park,
creates an amazing appearance destination.
One of the ideas for ecotourism is catning minimat environmental damage
to the torist sites (cebaltos - Lascurain, 1996; page and Dowting, z00l; Green
Gtobe 21 lnternationat Ecotourism Standard,_ 2OO4). Especialty in mountain tourism,
tourists are attracted to the mountainous destination for many reasons, irrctuding
cool ctimate, ctean air, unique landscapes and witdtife, scenic beauty, tocal
cutture, history and heritage, and nature-retated activities and sports.
conseguentty, tourism may have a Mde impact on mountain ecosystems, communities and economics (United Nations Environment Programme 1UNee1, 2007|..,t).
To date, the tourist's number in SNNP has been increasing and some negative impacts on its natural environment have appeared but the study on the potentiat of totrrist sites and the management ptan for ecotourism has never been condtrcted. Therefore, this research aims to identify and assess appropriate paramete6 that can indicate the potentiat of each tourist site and to appty environmentat management system (Etis) for ecotourism management in sNNp.
ln this study, some appropriate parameters were identified and assessed in each tourist site. iloreover, EAIS was apptied as a method that integrate functional elements to achieve the principtes of Ecotourism which further evatuate, manage, and redrce the negative environmental impacts in the tourist area.
I
I 3
1.2 Objectlves
1.2.1 To determine parameters that indicates the potentiat of each tourist site.
1.2.2 To assess the potential of each tourist site in Sri Nan Nationat Park.
1.2.3 To devetop the management plan for ecotourism in Sri Nan National Park.
1.3 Anticlpated benefits
1.3.1 This research witt provide the appropriate parameteru that can indicate
potential of tourist sites for Sri Nan Nationat Park.
1.3.2 The resutt of tourist site potentiat witt be a useful standard for the
monitoring program of Sri Nan Nationat Park in the future.
1.3.3 This research witt provide ecotourism manageqent ptan for Sri Nan
Nationdt Park and may be useful to the ecotourism devetopment of other
nationat parks in Nan Province. 4
Figure l-t Location of Nan Province and sri Nan Nationat Park, Thaitand
i
! 'l CHAPTER II
LITEMTURE REVIEWS
2.1 Sustalnable Development and Ecotourlsm
Sustainabte devetopment is a concept that has been at the forefront of
lntemational development. ln the early 197G, the Ctub of Rome had presented for the
first time how limited resources could set limits to growth in 'our common future,,.
The undertying prlrciptes that make up sustainabte development have been around for
centuries but it was not untit 1987 that official use of the term "sustalnable
development" recelved intemationat recognition in the Brunttand Commlssion. Basic
definition of sustalnable development was "developm"nf tn.t meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future gener:ations to meet their own
needs" (wortd commission on Environment and Devetopment [wcEDI, 1997).
Slnce the first definition of sustainable development by the Brunttand
Commlssion, the concePt has continr.rcd to gain popularity and has evotved to
represent much more than it's originat definltlon (&lchsbaum, 2OO4). Environmental protectlon topic became a major lssue in the 199G after the concept of sustainabte developrnent has been introduced. The 2@2 Wortd Summlt on Sustainabte
Devetopment expanded this definitlon identlfylng the three over archlng obJecgves of sustalnable devetopment to be eradicating poverty, protectlng natural resources, and changing unsustalnabte production and consumption pattems.
f nuor{m I 1rr,oonroiuurinar& I 6
A number of such sustainability concepts have been devetoped for different
Purposes, targeted at different stakeholders but each eventuatty leading to a
sustainabte future. Such concept is often associated with the sustainable agriorlture,
sustainabte forestry, sustainable community devetopments, and sustainable to,rism
Osaur et ol., 2006). Sustalnable development ls vial for continued suMvat and viability of the tgtrrism industry and for protection and nurturing of the natural and culturat environment on wtrich totlrism depends. A more appropriate and conscientious approach would be to use tourism as a means to protect the environment and turn sustain biodiversity (Page and Dowling, 2@2).
Nature'based tourlsm (which lnclude sustalnable and ecotourism), is rapldty growing sector of the tourism industry. So it has often proved to be powerfut lncentive for conservation in many parts of the world. But ln the same time, uncontrolled mass tourism has and contlnues to contribute to the degradation of many areas of natural and cuttur:at signlficance, entalling the toss of blotggicit and cutturat diversity, as well as of lmportant sourcB of lrrcome. Clearly, rftat ls needed ls an environmental responslble approach to turrism, or "sustainabte tourism" (Cebatlos.Lasaraln, 1996).
ln 1995, the Wortd Trade organlzation (vfIO) stated the meanlng of sustalnable .sustalnable tourism ln Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism lndustry tourlsm development meets the needs of present tourists and host regions wtrite protecgng and enharring opportunity for the future. lt is envlsaged as teading to management of resources alt ln ilch a way that economic, sociat, and aesthetic needs can be futfitted wtrite maintalning antturat lntegrity, essential ecotogicat processes, biotogicat diversity, and tife support systems,,. 7
ftlany groups have proposed sets of guldelines or principles for sustalnable tourism and ecotourism. Tourism Corrcem and the Wortd Witdlife Fund for Nature develoPed a well known list of prirrciptes and guidetines ln 1991 wtrich are presented in
Tabte 2-1.
ln the 4s lnternationat Borneo Tourlsm Conference 2007, Hector Cebalos-
Lasctrrain (20071noted that sustainable tourism ls an umbrella concept embracing att types of tourism which maintain the environmentat, sociat and economical integrity and wetl being of naturat aM cuttural resources ln perpetulry. Quite often, ecotourism is atso confused with sustalnabte tourism. ln comparison to ecotourism, sustainable tourism ls much more comprehenslve and covers alt forms of tourism. Ecotourism ls a sub-component of sustainabte torism as shown in Figure 2.1.
tour1
Flgure 2-1 Sustalnable tourism and ecotourism (UNEP, 2OO2) 8
Table 2-t Prirrciptes for Sustainabte Tourism (Btamey, Z0O1)
Principtes Components
l.Using The conservation and sustalnable use of resources (natural, social,
resources wlth cultural) is crucial and makes tong-term buslness sense sustainabte ways
2. Reducingover Redrctlon of over-consumption and waste. Avoid the costs of consumption and restoring long-term envlronmental damage and contribute to the waste quatlty of tourism
3. lrtaintalnlrg lrtaintaining and promotlng natural, soclal, and cultural diverslty is
Biodiversity essential for long-term sustalnabte tourism, and creates a resitient
base for the lndustry
4. lntegratlng Tourism development ls lntegrated rnto a national ano-Ei tourism lnto strategic ptan which undertakes envlronmental lmpact assessments ptannlng and lrrcrease the tong.term viablUty of tourism
5. Supportlng Tourism that supports a wlde range of tocat economlc activities local economles avoids envlronmental damage
6. lnvotving The futt invotvement of tocat communities ln the tourism sector not tocal onty benefits them and the envlronment but also lmproves the communitles quallty of the tourism prorect 9
able 2-l
Principles Components
7. Consulting consuttation between the tourism lndustry and locat cornmunities
stakeholders and organizatiom and institutions is essentiat lf they are to work
the pubtic atonplde each other and resolve potenfial conflicts of lnterest
8. Training Staff staff tralning which integrates sustainabre tourlsm lnto work
practices, atong with recruitment of personnel at all levet and
improves the quality of the tourisrn product
9. lrtarketing lrtarketlng that provides torlss wlth futt and responsible
tourism lnfonnation, lncreases respect for the natural, social and cultural
responsibly environments of destination areas and enhances customer
satisfactlon .,.
10. Undertaklng ongolng researdr and monitorlng usrng effecfive data coltection
research and analysls ls essentiat to hetp solve probtems and brlng benefits
to destinations, the industry and consumers
Ecototlrism has been growing rapidly over the last decades and defined as a
form of sustainable tourism wtrlch was expected to serve as a toot for both conservatlon and development (Cebattos-Lascurain, 1993). Ecotourism has atso often percelved as an excetlent tool for promoting $stainable development ln developing countries. White ecototrrlsm has the potentiat to create posltive envlronmentat and soclal lmpacts, it can unfortunately be as damaging as mass tourism lf it ls not done property (UNEP, 2N21. United Nation designated the year 2002 as the lntemational
Year of Ecotourism. Commlssion on Sustainabte Devetopment has requested 10
international agencies, govemment and the private sector to undertake supportive activities.
lrtany definitions of "Ecotourism" have emerged since the originatly term was
coined in 1983 by Hector Cebatlos-lascurain who is a lGxican architect and
environmentalist. Cebatlos-lascurain noted that there was the pr$ence of an every-
growlng number of tourists, especiatty North Americans who were interested mainly in
blrd watchlng. He betieved such peopte coutd play an lmportant rote ln boosting the
tocat rural economy, creating new Jobs and preserving the ecotogy of the area, and oecotourism" began uslng the word to describe thls pherrcmenon (Cebattos-lasctrrain,
1996; Page and Dowting,2@21.
Therefore, Cebatlos.lascurain started that "ecotourism is the tourism that
invotves traveting to relativety undisturbed natural areas with the specifii obJective of
studying, adrnlring and enJoying the scenery and lts wltd ptans and anlmals, as welt as
any existing cultural aspects (both past and present) found in these areas." He added
that the term atso lmpties a scientific, aesthetlc or phltosophicat approach atthough
the ecotourist ls not required to be a professionat sclentist, artist or philosopher.
ln 1993, the eartier ecotourism definition was revlsed and modified to
'Ecotourism ls envlronmentalty responsibte travel and visltation to retatively undisturbed natural areas, in order to en oy and appreciate nature (and any accompanylng cutturat features-both past and present) that prornotes conseration, has low negatlve vlsltor lmpact, and provldes for beneficlatty actlve socio-economic lnvotvement of tocal poputations". This definltion was officlatty adopted by IUCN during its First Wortd Conservation Congress hetd ln lilontreat, 1996 (Page and Dowting,
2(x)2). 11
Slnce then, the concept of ecotourism has taken on a more scientific .
character, focusing on environmentat management concerns and devetopment of
sustainable totlrism methods. Currently, there is no specific consensus on the
definitlon of ecotourism. There are many well recognized definitions that have formed
a ctear plcture of its core prirciples, wtrich are shown ln Tabte 2-2.
Ecototrism is usuatty consldered to be not only nature-based tourism, but also
responslble travel to natunl areas that conserves the envlronment and improves the
wett'being of locat people. Scace et. ol (1991, cited ln Ceballos-Lascurain, 1996) have
identified 35 terms that may tink to ecotourism. Among the best known of these are:
nature tourism, nature-based or nature-oriented tourism, wildemess tourism,
adventure totlrism, green tourism, alternative tourism, sustalnable tourism,
approprlate tourlsm, nature vacations, study tourlsm,. scientific totrism, cultural
tourism, low'lmpact totrrism, agro tourism, rural tourism ,and soft tourism. ln addition, ecotourism appears to have much ln common with the concept of
'alternative tourlsm" or "approprlate tourism" wtrich has been discussed within the tourlsm lndustry for over a decade. For exampte, lt provides lts great6t benefits throryh pursult of a widespread but controlled "smatl is beautifut" phitosophy. 12
Table 2-2 Definitions of Ecotourism
Sources
Hector Ecotourism rs tourism that invorved traveling to ,"r"G Ceballoss. undisturbed natural areas with the specific obJect of studying, Lascurain admirlng, and enJoying the scenery and its wild ptanls and (1ee6) animals, as weu as any existing cutturar aspects (both past and present) founded ln this area.
Conservafion Ecotourism rs a form of tourisrn rnspired primarity by the **"r history of an area, rncluding lnternational its indigenous cultures. The ecotourrst vrsrts reratively undevetoped areas rn the spirit of (Zlfter,1989) appreciafion, parucipation and sensitivity. Tte,-ecotorrist practices a non'consumptive use of witdtife and natural resources and contributes to the visited are6 through labor or financlal means armed at directly benefiting the conservation of the site and the economic welt-being of the rocar residents.
World Ecotourlsm rs envrronmentatty responsrbte travel and visitatlil' ConservaUon relatively undisturbed natural areas, in order to enJoy and Unlon [|UCNI appreciate nature that promotes conserva*on, has tow negative (Cebatlos. visitor rmpact, and provides for beneficia[y active socio. tasotraln, economic lnvolvement of locat poputations. 1ee6) 13
Table 2-2 (Cont.)
Martha Honey Ecotourism is a travel to fragile, pristine, and usually protecE (Honey, 1999) areas that strive to be row impact and (usua[y) sma[ scare. rt helps educate the traverer; provides funds for conservation; : directty benefits the economic development and political emporrcrment of local communities; and fosters resped for different cultures and for human rights.
lnternational Ecotourism is a responslble tr:avel to natural "r.*T]i Ecotourism conseryes the environment and sustarns the wett-being of locar Society peopte
Tourism Ecotourism rs responsible travet rn rdentified naturat Authority "E of lncluding any culturar and historicat component rerated to the Thalland ecosystem, wtrich intended is to raise ecologicat and oAT, 19971 envlronmental awareness by means of a learning process and community participation in ways that are sustainable and involve envlronmentat management
Honey (1999) ldentlfied the true form of ecotourlsm characterisilc that shoutd invotves travel to natural desUnations, mlnimize impact, build environmental awareness' provide direct financial benefits for conservation, provlde financial benefits and empowerment for local people, respect tocat culture, and support human rights and democratlc movements.
tr 14
UNEP (2@21 defined the principles of ecotourism in Ecotourism principles, practices, and policy for sustainability. Principtes of ecotourism compose of mainly components as follow;
f ilinimize the negative impacts on nature and curture that can damage a destlnation.
2. Edr.rcate the traverer on the importance of comervation.
3. stress the importance of responsible business which work cooperatively wlth locat authorities and peopre to meet locar needs and detiver conseryation benefits.
4. Direct revenues to conseryation and management of naturat and protected
5' Emphaslze the need for regional tourism zoning and for vlsitor management ptan designed for either regions or natural areas that are slated to become eco-destinations.
6' Emphasize use of environmental and social-base tine studies, as wel as tong term monitoring progr:am, to assess and minlmlze lmpacts.
7' strive to maximlze economic benefit for the host country, local business and communities, partlcutarty peopte living ln and adJacent to natural and protected areas.
8. seek to ensure that tourism devetopment does not exceed the sociat and environmentat llmlts of acceptable change as determined by researcfiers in cooperation with tocat residents. 15
9. Rely on lnfrastnrcture that has been devetoped ln harmony with the
environment, minimizing the use of fossil fue[, conserving local ptants and
witdlife, and btending with the naturat and cultur:al environment.
Furthermore, the lnternational Ecotourism Society (Zo0fll determined an outline prirrciptes for the of ecotourism in Gto Statement of Ecotourism 2()o7. The principles of ecotourlsm includes minimizing environmental lmpact, buifding an environmental and cultural awareness and respect, providing positive experiences for both visitors and hosts, providing direct benefits for conservation, providing financiat benefits and empowerment for local peopte, and raising sensitivity to host countries political, environmentat, and social climate.
It was found that the ldea and the theme of ecotourism has spread r:apidty worldwide because of the lmpact of tourism occurred Jn many countries on many aspeds such as social, economic, and environment (Nelson, 1994). The definition of ecotourism has been devetoped to satisfy some practitionen, depending on nature sites, geography of the sltes and management obJecilves.
Based on variety of ldeas of ecotourism from different people and organizatlons, Thaitand lnstitute of Sclentiflc and Tectrnotogical Research [flSTRl and Tourism Authorlty of Thaltand ITATI, 1997 have determlned the definition and key elements of ecotourisrn. The fottowing ideas are:
"Ecotourlsm ls responsible travet in ldentified naturat areas, lnctuding any cuttural and historical component related to the ecosystem, whlch ls intended to raise ecotogicat and envlronmental awareness by means of a leamlng process and community participation in ways that are sustainable and lnvolve environmentat management" 16
There are 4 basic key elements that can be considered in terms of ecotourism
area, turrism activities and processes, management system, and participation as follows:
Tourism area: Ecotourism takes place in naturat tourism areas, wtrich have
endemic characteristics, including culturat and historical resqrrces that are closely
connected to the ecosystem of an area. This component can be catted ..nature-based tourism".
Actlvlties and Processes: Ecotourism provides and opportunity for tearning about the conditions of the envlronment and the function of the ecosptem in a tourism resources area. The result will increar knowtedge, experience, appreciation and deeper awareness on the part of tourists, tocal peopte and entrepreneurs about
the need to promote conservatlon values. This can be consldered as ,environmentally education-based tourism ".
llanagement System: Ecotourism involves responsibte travel that has no or low lmpact on the environment and society. The management system ls comprehensive and addresses lssues of resource conservation, environmental management, pottution control, pottution disposat and the control of tourism development. This can be referred to as "sustainable tourism management".
ParHclpaHon: Ecotourism emphasizes the lnvolvement of local communities and local government ln organizing and managing tourism programs to give direct benefits. Beneflts include lncome generation, enharrcing peopte,s quatity of life and provlding economic retums that can be used to malntain and manage tourism resources. The tocat community woutd participate by supeMsing tourism development 17 to ensure that it is appropriate. This can be referred to as "communlty participation. based tourism".
These four elements ptay an important role together to create the unique character of ecotourism (Figure 2-2). This form will be lncomptete and cannot be catted ecotourism, if any etement is missing.
Figure 2-2 Basic key etements of ecotourism (TISTR and TAT, lggll
Ecotourism beconres an alternative approach to the traditlonal tourism under the assumption that it mlnimizes negative impacts but maxlmlzes benefits for the tocat peopte and their environment. As a result, tnany researches and sustalnabte techniques have been condtrcted on tourism topic in order to reduce its negative impacts and prornote sustalnable tourism development
Theefore, ecotourism is epected to provlde lncentlves for conservation of natural areas. lt witt atso provide resources, both financlat and phy:icat, for naturat conservation, maintenance against environmental degradation, improvement in 18
biodiversity through breeding programs or gene bank, etc. Ecotourlsm wi* help to promote environmentat awareness and ethics to the visitors.
However, ecotourism may cause the negative impact on the environment such as plant damage, forest clearance, disturbing anlmal habltats, creating soil compaction' and marine resource destruction. overcrowding or unmanaged ecotourism can also increase poltution in the form of garbage, arr pouution, and water pottulion. It ls atso Possible that ecotourism can lntroduce new specres to an ecos)6tem; and rt can increase the frequency of fire. Briefly, it is necessary to recognlze that the negative lmpacts can be the result from lnadequate pranning and mismanagement of ecotourism' rhese lmpacts can be redrrced with well-deslgned ecotourism activities, a control of ttre volume or frequency of visits, proper pricrng technrques and careful environmental assessments by using lrdicators. These management itrategies w1t be discussed ln the next topic.
2.2 Tourist Slte Assessment
Rapid growth and development ln gateway communlues for protected areas, such as national park and wltderness areas, threaten the sustainablity of protected area ecosystem. (Howe et o1.,1997; Baron parks et o1.,2000; and Harcorft, zooz clted in Prato, 2oo7l.
one way to determine the extent to which growth and devetopment adversety affect protected area ecosystems ls to assess their sustalnabltity. lf the assessment indicates the ecosl6tem ls sustainable, then there is no need to cfiange management practices and poticies' o'r the other hand, lf the assessment lndicates the ecosystem is not sustainable' then we can rank management altematives and select a preferred 19
management Ptan for adrieving sustainabitlty (Prato ,2W71. An evaluation and rating
system may hetp tourist to select sites, enhance their satisfaction, and encourage
them to act responsibty (Deng, King, and Bauer, zol/zl. Therefore, the need for
evaluating the sustainabitity of ecotourism ls important not onty to measure its
effectiveness as a development strategy but atso as a way to ldenfify and reurard
companies wttich practice responsible ecotourism rather than those that are merely
green washing (l,tacautay lnstitute, 2007).
A number of tourism attraction rating systems or modets used etsewtrere were
examined, inctuding those used or proposed by academics, pr:actitioner, and state
tourism authorities in Austratia, Canada and the USA. Tarmen et ol. (20011provided a
basis for assessment and comparison tourism attractions ln Kuching, Sarawak based on
10 categories. These irrclude uniqueness, accers, quatity, iiarking/staging area, public
supPorting, lnfrastructure, commercial supporting facltities,' seasonality, lnformation
and lnterpretation, on-site activitles, and accommodation.
Teh and Cabanban (2007) presented an o prlorl evaluatlon of the potential for
developing sustalnabte within the biophysicat context of Putau Banggi, and
undeveloped lsland off the northern Sabah, ilatapla. A set of blophyslcal criteria hfiich conctude marine blodivenity, seasonali$ and oceanographlc conditions, water
resources and distribution, and waste management was apptied as the criteria for assessment. The blggest constraint in this lstand ls the tack of inadequate water and sanitation infrastructure. Btast fishing, atthoryh ocorrring less than once per hour, can potentiatty destroy the maJor attractlon for tourist.
Ecototlrism is usualty considered to be more than Just nature.based tourism and seen as a tool for conservation and sustainabte devetopment. So, how to maintain 20 sustalnabte devetopment for an ecotourism site has become a critical issue. The use of indicators and standards is increasingly common among managers who monitor sociat and blophysical changed ln naturat resources settlng. This may be the first time such an approach has been used to evaluate ecotourism operation. lt should be noted that indicators are intended to be site specific and, in an ldeat evaluatlon or monitoring procedure, shotltd be setected and Detphi tested by peopte who know the area and setting belng evaluated, and wtro understand the principtes (Watlace and Pierce ,1996;
Lin et ol., 20061. iloreover, it should be remembered that indicators are not comprehensive but can yietd an evaluation that is lndicative of overall conditions, if carefully setected. lt ls posslbte to devetop standards for each lndicator that enabte a mudr hlgher degree of preclsion ln measuring the indicators that are associated with ecotourlsm principtes.
Farrett and ftiarion (2OOl ) identified ecotourlsm vlsltor lmpacts at "nO "rr"rr.j elght protected areas ln Costa Rica and Betlze. The impact assessment procedures lnctuded quatitative condition ctass sptems, ratlng system, and measurement-based system applied to trails and recreation sites. Standardized assessment procurg were devetoped and apptied to record trait recreation slte lmpacts. lmpacts affecting the study areas lncluded trall prollferation, eroslon and wldening, muddiness on trails, vegetatlon cover loss, rcll and root exposure, and tree damage on recreation sites.
Emphadhu and Ruschano (2(X)7) studied the assessment of nature.based tourism slte potentiat at ChiarB ttrtal province. lndicators and evatuative standards for site potentlat asscsment were determined. The lndicators divided lnto 4 groups wtrich are tourism res(rurces, facitlties and service, envlronmental and social impact management and tocal community participation ln tourism and also ldentified into 2t twenty'two parameters. The results reveated that 121 nature tourism slte ln Chiang ftlal are currentty managed for nature appreciation tourlsm, 56 sites for adventure tourism and only 6 for ecotourism.
Bhattacharya and Kumari (2004) determined the criteria and indicator for sustalnabte ecotourism ln Sikkim, lndia. Several criterla were proposed with the group of lndicators wttlcft are composed of maintenance of heatthy ecos)6tem, conservation of cuttunt heritage, enabtlng environment for ecotourlsm prornotion, tivetihood generation and poverty alleviation, tourist satlsfactlon, carrying capacity and peopte particlpatlon and awareness generation.
2. 3 Sustalnable Tourlsm lndlcators
Sustainabte devetopment has become the mct popular catchwords on the world's Poticy agenda. Nearty all govemments have committed themselves to sustainabte devetopment by integrating economic welfare, environmentat quality and soclal coherence. }lonitorlng progress towards sustalnable devetogment requlres in flrst ptace the ldentification of operationat indicators that provide manageable units of informatlon on ecorrcmlc, environmentat, and sociat conditions (Bohringer and
Joechem, 20071and hour these retatlonships change over time.
The Gtobat Development Research Center (GDRC) defined the term of lndicator as "An lndkator ls defined as parameter, or a vatue derlved from parameters, whidr polnts to provide infonnatlon about the state of a phenomenon/environment/ area. lt ls a means to reduce large quantlty of data down to the slmptest form" (GDRC, 2007). lndicators of sustainabitity for ecotourism are different than traditionat devetopment indicaton because they take lnto consideration the web of complex lnterretationships
I a",ornrofiuurinor& J 22 and lnterdependencies of resorces and stakeholders involved (Sirakaya et o1.,2001). lndicators have been propoced to date to meet the criteria of poticy relevance, analytical soundness and measurabltity (Briassortis, 2001 ).
ln the mld 198G, ecotogicat indicators were proposed, wtrlch were quantitative, descriptive measures of either human pressures on the environment or of environmental conditions (Briassoutis, 2001). An environmental lndicator can be broadly defined as a parameter, or value derived from parameter, wtrldr provides information about a phenomenon (OECD, 1993 cited ln ADB, 2002). ilcCool (1996) noted that lndicaton should be easy to measure quantitativety. lacking warnirg indicators, retrlevat attempts are made mostty after the environment has been seriousty lmpacted upon and fragite ecosystems are lost (Ll, 2(XX)
Broadly, park agencles use environmental indicators lntorder to determine wtrat impact tourists and other visltors are having on the park's natural envirorunents; compare them with lmpacts from other sources; and undertake and evaluate management responses. To lrtonitoring visitor lmpacts needs ecotogicat basetine data that lncorporate seasonat cycles, tong-term trends, extreme events, and internat patterns, lt needs lndicators that reflect the priority conservatlon values of the protected areas concerned, and the types of r.re not merety management process. lt atso needs specific lndicators that are discriminating, quantifiabte, actionable, sensltive, ecotoglcatty slgnlflcant, integrated, and feasibte ln practlce. And it needs exPerimentat deslgn that distlnguishes tourlst impacts from other sources of variation
(Bucktey,2003).
Since the earty 199G, more environmental indicators have been developed
(Briassotrlis, 2(X)1 and WTO, 2004). The compendium of sustalnabte devetopment 23
indicator lnitiatives mentlons more than 5fi) sustalnabte indicator efforts (Parris and
Kates, 2(X)3 cited in Bohringer and Joechem, 2@71. The World Tourism Organization
ffffO) has pioneered the derretopment and apptication of sustainabitity indicaton to
tourism and to destinations. Since the Rio conference, planners and academlcs in
many natlons and specific destinations have been working to devetop indicators
suitable for their management needs. These lndicatqrs have focused both oh issues of
lmpact and sustainabitity for tourism, and more traditional management indicators
that respond to partlcutar needs at many scales (WTO, 2004).
The many generic guldetines, cfrecktists, indicaton and accreditation schemes
for sustainabltity ln tourism overall, therefore are of tittle use of tourism and
recreation in the park. A very different set of indicators is needed, focusing on tocal
scale green rather than gtobal scale brown impacts. [ta1V eotentlal lndicators have
been ldentified but rarely have they been implemented in practtce (Buckley, Z{)03);
but rarely have they been imptement in practices.
Besides, lrtanoliadis (2002) noted that there ls no unlversal set of lndicators
that ls equatty appticable ln all cases. However, the fottowing criterla are appropriate
to moet lndlcator setectlons. The lrdicator setectlon must be ctosety tinked to proJect
oblectives and the envlronmentat probtems belng addressed; part of a smatl set aimlng
to an effectlve approach; defined ctearty in order to avold confuslon ln their
development or lnterpretation; practical and realistlc, and their cost of coltection and
development therefore needs to be considered; high quatity and retiabitity;
approprlate spatial and temporal scale.
I 24
There are varlous lntemational lnitiatives that provide the rationale for indicators of sustalnabte devetopment and atso suggest particular measure which may be of use at many scates. These lnctude:
' The Agenda 21, defined at the Rio Earth Summit, in chapter 40 defines the
need for appropriate lnformation that supports decision-making, and
suggests the elaboration of indicators of sustalnable development;
' The agenda 21 tor Tourism 0yfO, WTTC, EC, 1995), presents indicators as
one of the priorlty action areas, and a prlnclpal tool for monitoring;
- The UN Commlssion on Sustainabte Devetopment has devetoped a Theme
lndicator Frameurork, which address overatl sustainabitity issues, with
specific subsets that may be directly applieabte to tourism destination or
to key assets. lt atso definai guidetines for devetoping a nationat indicator
programs;
- The Gtobat Reporting lnitiatlve (GRl) attempts to set wortd standards on
environmentai reporting for pubtic and private organization;
- Base on GRl, the Tour Opention lnltiatlve has etaborated guidetines for
sustalnabllity reportlng thra4h performance lndicators for tour operators.
There are different qpes of lndicators, each with different utitity to decision- makers. Whlte the most directly usefut maybe those that help to predict problems, several other genres exlst (WTO, 2004):
- earty waming lndicators
indicators of stresses on the system 25
measures of the current state of lndustry
measures of the impact of tourism devetopment on the biophysicat and
socio-economic environment
- measures of management effort
- measures of management effect, results or performance
White att categories of indicaton can be valuabte ln supporting sustainable
totlrism, the earty waming indicators are frequently most useful to tourism managers
and may provide the ability to anticipate serious negative effects on the destinafions,
or on the overall tourist experience.
ldeatly, indicaton can enabte actiom to be taken wetl before serious threats to ''-
sustainability occur. lt shoutd atso be notd that the same lndicator can frequentty
serve different purposes and its use can change over the tlme. Slrikaya et ol. (ZOOI)
atso renowned that "to evaluate the past, guide the action of the present, and plan
for the future, we need to know urhat to monltor, wtrat data to cottect and wtrat to
measure. ln other words, to track changes ln social, naturat, ctrttural, economic, and
potltkat arenas of ecotourism destlnatlom, we need severat sets of sustalnablllty.
centered ecotourlsm lndicators b6ed on thelr potlcy retevarrce, anatyficat soundness
and measurabitity".
Good indicators provide decislon makers with lnformatlon that enabtes them to
ldentify, evatuate and rnake timety decislons on critical dranges being caused by
ecotourism to the natural environment, communltles and other resources. ln theory,
atl forms of ecototrrism can be differentiated as elther sustainable or unsustalnable
but there is stitt a great deal of uncertainty regarding indicators for measuring and
b 26 monitoring sustainability. Furthermore, ecotourism, whidr appear to be sustainable ln the short-term, may prove otherwise in the long run (Weaver, 1999).
WTO (2004) recommended that too many indicators can overwhelm users with too much lnformation and can also overextend resources to support them. lrtost practitioneE agree that lt ls essentiat to prioritize issues and the indicators that correspond to them do hetp create as shorter tist without lmportant gaps. The number of lndicaton witt depend on the size of the destinatlon, the number of critical lssues, the lnterests of the ttser group, the information and the resources available to track and report on the indicators. The number of indicators for different proJects is shouring the Tabte 2-3.
Tabte 2-3 Numbers of lndicators
Organlzation Purpose Number of lndicator
Department of Culture, ItJteasure the smallest set of 2t
Media sport, UK sustalnable tourism
The British Resorts lGasure tourism's lmpacts and 12
Assoclation good management practlce
amongst tocal authorities
Samoa lrtonitor destination 20
Kangaroo lstand, Australia ilonltor and manage tourism 17 27
ln short, most practitionen agree 12-14 indicators are optimal and a central
chaltenge in the indicators development process is to end up with consensus on a strort
tlst withottt lmportant gaps. Howeyer, number of indicators are required .enough" to
respond to the established priority issues. WTO (zflX) atso purposed baseline
lndicators for sustainable tourism ln Tabte 2-4.
, hong the different resotution indicators, many organlzations ard reseirdrers
have been determined varlous kinds of sustainabte indicators. Green Globe 21
lnternatlonal Ecototrrism Standard (2004) provided lnformation to the operato6 to
understand ecotogicat sustainabltlty by categorizing the princlptes of ecotorrrism lnto
11 toplcs as foltows: ecotourism poticy, pedormance and framework, naturat area
focus, lnterpretation and education, ecotogicalty compatibte infrastructure, ecological
sustainable practice, contribtttion to conservation, benefiting local community,
cultural respect and sensltivity, customer satisfaction, responslble marketing, and
minlmal lmpact codes of conduct
Abldin (1999) ldentified sustainabitity criteria and lndicators for evatuating
sustainabte ecototlrism devetopment in Taman Negara Natlonal Park, mataysla. He
used Detphi method and pubtic $rrvey to solicit oplnlons from lnterdisciptinary panel.
The methodotogy lnvotved the ldentification setection, evaluation of measurable
criterla and lndlcators for ecotourism sustainabitity. 28
Table 2-4 Basetine lndicators of sustalnable tourlsm
Baseline lssue Basellne lndicators
Local Local sausfaction tever wrth tourism (euestionnaire) satisfaction with tourism
Effects of Ratio of tourist to locat (average an! peak period/days) tourism on % wtro belleves that tourism has hetped bring ner,r services or communlties lnfrastructure (questionnaire-based)
Number and capaclty of sociat seMces avaitable to the community (s whlch are attributable to tourism)
Sustalnabte Levet of satlsfactlon by visitor (questlonnalre-based) tourist perception of value for money (questionnalre-based) satisfaction Percentage of return visitors
. Totlrism Tourist arrivals by month (distribution throughout the year) seasonality ocorpancy rates for licensed accomrnodation by month
% of business estabtishment open all year
Number and % of tourist lndustry Jobs wtrich are permanent
Economlc Number of locat peopte employed in tourism benefits of Revenues generated by torrism as lbf total revenues generated in tourism the community
Energy Per capita consumption of energy from all resources management Percentage of businesses participating ln energy conservation programs or apptying energy saving poticy and techniques
S of energy consumption from renewabte resources
Water Water used (total volume comumed and liters per tourist per day) avaitabltity and water saving (% reduced, recaptured or recycted) conseryation
-l 29
Baseline lssue Baseline lndicators
Drinking water Percentage of tourism estabtishments wlth water treated to quatlty internatlonat potabte standards
Frequency of water.bome diseases: number/percentage of visitors reporting water-bome lttness during thelr stay
Sewage Percentage of sewage from slte receivlng treatment (to primary, treatment secondary, tertiary levels)
Percentage of tourism establishments (or accommodation) on treatment system (s)
Sotid waste Waste volume produced by the destination (tones/month) management Volume of waste recycted 1mr;/ totat votume of waste (mrxspecify by different t1pes)
QuantlU of waste strewn in public areas (garbage counts)
Devetopment Bdstence of-land use or development ptanning proc6s, lrrctuding controt tourism
S of area subject to control (density, design, etc.]
Controtting use Total number of tourist arrivals (mean, monthly, peak periods) lntensity Number of tourist per sguare meter of the site (e.g., at beaches, attractions), per square kilometer of the destination, mean number/peak period average
Source: WTO (2004) 30
The office of national tourism Austratia (2005) also described that
environmental indicaton are physical, chemicat, biotogicat or socio-economic
measurG that can be used to ass6s natural resources and environmentat quatity. They
defined the core indicators of sustainable tourism and specific measure as folows:
- site protection: category of site protection according to lucN index
: - stress: tourist numbers per visiting site (per annum/peak month)
- use intensity: intensity of use in peak period (persons/hectare)
' Sociat impact: ratio of tourists to locals (peak period and over time)
' D,evelopment controt: existence of environmental review procedure or
formal controls over development of site and use .i
' Waste management: percentage of sewage from slte receiving treatment
' Ptanning Process: exlstence of organized regional ptan for tourist destlnation region
. Criticat ecooystems: number ol rarel endangered specles
' Consumer satisfaction: level of satisfactlon by consurnem (questionnaire
based)
' Locat satisfaction: tevet of satisfaction by locats (questlonnaire based)
' Tourism contributlon to tocat economy: proportion of total economic
actlvity generated by tourism only
o 31
Llm and lrtcAteer (2004) studied ecologkatty sustainable tourism management
and proposed five t1ryes of environmentat indicators for the detaited cfrecklist;
lncluding of indicators for fr:agitity of ecosystem and biodiversity, waste disposat,
water consumption, intensity of land use and phnicat impact, and protection of the
atmosphere. Ll (2004) also proposed environmental management indicators for
ecotourlsm in China's nature reserves. For ecotorlrism management, a set of warning
lndicators ls important to indicate environmental change at tourism sites.
Georgesce and Nilson (2004) identified key issues and lndicators for North Cape
Breton ln 4 groups irrcluding:
' a control of environmental impact (perception of tevel of cleanliness of
areas frequented by torrist, clean image of the region, water quatity in
beach/rivers/stream areas, environmental practd and attitudes of tourists);
economlc benefits to the region (employment staUsHcs, amount spent per day per tourist);
marketlng the reglon (oplnion for quatity/value, prlce of accommodation,
repeat vislt to same accommodation);
community impacts (tocat attitudes and perception on tourism benefits or non-benefits);
lnfrastructure (road condition, percentage of puttoffs per km of hlghway,
Length of maintalned trait system)
I 32
Ecototrrism maybe more environmentally benlgn option than other extractive resource uses. However, withotrt sufficlent plannlng and management, ecotogrism may also resutt in signlficant envlronmentat impacts (Leung and Farrelt ,2otr,21. Therefore, an environmental management system will be considered in next topic as the sustalnable management tool to integrate environmental, management, and ecotourism together. 33
2.4 Environmental lrlanagement System
An Environmentat ftlanagement System (E*tS) is a voluntary management toot
that provides a framework for an organization to pro-activety manage its potentiat
and actual environmentat risks and opportunities (Globat Devetopment Research
center [GDRC], 2@71. Whitst content and coverage of an Efis varies depending on scope and organization type, each ElrtS does have common etements. The Urban
Environmental fttanagement EitS Training Resource Kit notes that each EitS shoutd:
Both the lnternational Standards Organisation (lSO 14OOO) and the European
Union (EU) Eco'lrtanagement and Audit Scheme (Ei4AS) have devetoped standards for the prodr.rction of an ElrtS. Certification to either scheme is votuntary and is dependent upon assessment of an accredited third party body.
The benefits of an E\tS inctude: redrced environmental impacts and risk; reduced operating costs; market advantages; enhanced reputation; irrcreased efficiency of o.perations; improved retatiomhips (improved . with regutators comptiance) and other stakehotders; cheaper insurance; the creation of an environmentat early warning system; and the tracking of trends and the abitity to make predications.
Obstacles to implementing and EllS irrctude tack of time, human or financial resources; lack of senior management support; and lack of understanding of the
Er\[S process.
The key stakehotders of an El/6 are emptoyees and persons/organizations directty affected by the EJttS strch as supptiers, temporary staff, contractors and distributons. Other stakeholders include government; environmentat groups; the tocat community; regulators; non-government organizations; and industry groups.
EAIS can be apptied to any govemment or non-government organization, site or activity. ? 34
ln addition, the concept of environmental management system (ElvlS) was
apptied to encourage environmental friendty activities not onty in industrial sector
but atso in natural resource management and tourism. The ElrtS method has been
widety used, particutarly in large hotels or hotel chains, to help condrct baseline
studies, train staffs, and set up an achievement and monitoring sy:tem for the
selected environmental targets such as redrction of potlution, and usage of water
and etectricity (Honey,2@41. Consequentty, EI S concept, when integrated,with
' variots environmentaf aspects, is absotutety appticable for devetoping ecotourism
in the national park. There're various types of research and projects relevant with
Ellts.
For example, Commonweatth Department of Tourism, Austratia (1995)
devetoped best practice of ecotourism related energy and waste minimization
initiatives in Austratia and ovenrcas. The twenty five activities were identified 'in"rry inctuding tand transport, water transport, suppty, energy-efficient
buitdings, heating and cooting buitdings, heating water, recovering heat, lighting,
toitets, coohng, clothes washing and drying, dishwashing, hand washing, showering
and bathing, refrigeration, office equipment, office pipff, sotid materiats, building
materiats, newspaper and cardboard, glass, ptastics, metal containers, food and garden materiats, pumping water, and marketing energy and waste minimization.
wood and Hatpenny (200r cited ln uNEp, 2oozl, exptained the key to
achieve ecotourism management. They suggested that the significant sustainable index shoutd come from researches, which have been devetoped from the best
Practices. At'Sayed and At'tangawi (2003) studied blotogicat resources conservation through ecotourism development in Kuwait. This research noted that ecotourism is one way to ensure the process of conservation and suggested the successfut techniques to conserve the biotogical resources and biodiversity in the arid environment. These technigues irrctude ecosystem identification, witdlife resource 35 identification, geotogical aspecs of land rse, and environmentat feasibitity of conservation and rehabilitation.
ln Thaitand, Environmental Research lmtitute of Chutatongkorn University
(ERIC) and Bumi Kita Foundation (2007) condrcted the research throughout
Thaitand in order to pubtish the naturat guide of Thaitand. The study was integrated principtes based on the general framework of sustainabte devetopment.
For each principte detait criteria were further etaborated based on existing certification system and international guidetine for sustainabte tourism (for exampte the uNwro, slffi, UNEP, Green Gtobe 21, lHEl, the European Eco-tabtes for tourism). The eco-rating principtes used in this guidebook, which are:
' Traveter.friendty: is the criteria based on the perception of tourists, the hotet or activity provides and enjoyabte experience for traveters who appreciate nature and locat cultures. lmportant criteria are pristine and aesthetic environment; safe, ctean and comfortabte surroundings and.facititi"r; friendty and efficient staff; and discovery of'locat nature and culture.
- Nature-friendty: the operation is designed and managed in a way that redtrces negative environmental impact and enhances environmentat conservation.
Environrnental management for smatl-scate tourism enterprises can be divided into four qspects: environmental ptanning; water and energy conservation, reduction of chemicals use; solid waste and waste water treatment; environmental education and conservation.
' Community-friendty: the operation contributes to the wetfare of locat peopte and enhances the local culture and focus on retationships with emptoyees; retationships with cornmunities; participation and economic opportunities for communities; and support of local culture.
{9A6q \Abo 36
2.5 Nan Province and Sri Nan National park
2.5.1 Nan History
Nan, the tand of eastem Lanna Kingdom has become city state more than 7
centuries (Charoensin,2@71, is as old as the Sukhothai Kingdom and had 64 kings
in totat. Formerly, known as "Nantaburi" or "woranakhon,,. The city was built by
King Phu kha around the 12th century A.D. on the ptains know today as pua District.
ln 1359, King Kanmueang obtained the Buddha retic from Sulihothai Kingdom
and had it enshrined on a hitt called "Doi Phu Phiang Chae Haeng". The city was
tthen moved to the foot of this hitt. tater in 1368, then Nan River changed
direction, urging King Phakong, the son of King Kanmueang, to retocated the city to
Ban Huai Khai on the west of Nan River, where the city has remained till today (TAT,2005).
2.5.2 Geography ...r
Nan Province is tocated in northern Thaitand, covering an area of
approximatety 11,427 square kitometers (N 18' oo'45' - 1g'll'51" and E
100'20'34" - 100'06'29"1. The province is presently divided into 14 districts of
which the northem and eastern parts are next to Laos's border whereas the
southern and the westem Parts connect to Uttaradit, Phrae, and Payao Provinces,
respectivety. lrtost areas of Nan Province are predominantty mountainou with the
stope of more than 30 degrees, covered by forests. About 44% of the areas are
ctassified as lA'watershed zone's, which are headwaters for many important rivers
such as Nan River, Sa River, Pua River, and Long River, etc.
Nan's geographicat position has resutted in many terrestriat and aquatic ecosystems. lulost of these varytng ecosystems or naturat resources are in pristine condition and resutt in the province being one of potentiat tourist sites. Nationat
Parks in Nan Province have severat spectacutar naturat environments, coverirq of 37
many types of tropicat forests, streams, waterfatts, hot springs, caves, fossil of 2OO hundred year'old marine moltusk, tiving fossit of a patm species, and varieties of witd flora and fauna. A rare species of plant which has a very beautifut flower,
"Chompoo Phuka" Bretschneldero sinensis Hemst., discovered only at Doi phu Ka
Nationat Park and some rare species of witd animats srch as the Serow
Noemorhedus gtmotrensis, the Banteng bs jwonicus, the Gaur B. gourusand the
Big'headed Tyrtte Plotllsternon megocepholum are attractive for tourists. The advantage of having these natural resources has brought more than 37 major tourism destinations in 7 national parls. ln addition, Nan atso has more than 27 maJor cutturat tourist sites. Both natural and cultural sites have caused the increasing number of tourists annua[y (DNp, 2004).
The appreciation of beauty and fascination of its natural environment is currentty the prime interest among tourists. As with this aspect of interest, increasing numbers of tourists seem to reatize the impoftance of nature conservation, and ecotourism has become more and more poputar recentty.
GlsrHAl of chutatongkom university (2006) was devetoped the 3D map showing geography of Nan (Fig 2.3) and Land Use in Nan (Fig 2.4). hI=#gIIffiI
lil;d;'., ' i-+r-.'br-
-1. -r-b I--*a Irc.b',.',ht- '.-i,F \.. -A I ru4r.r !f +-,r k-&,b-Eba >,
Flgure 2-3 Geography of Nan
ow l.,--,-l:- [-+ j', i I - -1=,J I L' 'rl lil:;,1:d| &:.
fr*rrrilt*r' L. .-A,a . S,b . lE,* . it,F .{*d..L..Dil--, n u-- lgE- reI- Bg--s'J- 2--.a, * .,,d.._ -r I,l"'** IF:' itjr:s: Ia: ,&.':.td-bt Dh. >,
Flgure 2-4 Land Use in Nan Province
t, \o 40
2.5.3 Cllmate
Figure 2-5 shors the average temperature in Nan during year 20fi)-2006.
During November - February, the average temperature was lower than 25 degree
celciors.
Tsnperature in i,lan Prwince 20@ - am
T (c) a6- o- s- o. 6. n- 6. fl). 5. o. 67te0tra #t.arl --+AEao +AtEaS A'D|S +Arsl6 -'tsAroa7 --a-AEa8 - - ff,oas ffta6 - -- llilnaT ff,na8 ' ffrio -.-'llhl3 llall
Flgure 2-5 Average temperature in Nan Prorince
Source: The r$eteorotogy Nan, Northern ftleteorotogy Station (2007)
-l 4t
2.5.4 Tourist Statistic in Nan
Department of Nationat Park Witdtife and Ptant (2006) recorded the tourist
statistics visiting nationat park in Nan during 2005-2006 as shown in Table 2.5. Sri
Nan National Park has maximum number of tourists, follow by lrtae Cha Rim, Doi
Phu Ka, Nantaburi, Khun sa Than, Tam Sa Koen, and Khun Nan Nationat park,
respectivety.
Table 2-5 Numbers of tourists visiting national parks in Nan during October 2OO5 -
September 2U}6.
Numbers of tourlsts Netlonel
Prrt Oct Nov DCC Jan Fcb tLr Apr ilry Jun Jul Art scP r-+.t o5 o5 05 06 06 06 06 06 o6 06 o6 06
Dol Ptr,I ttae 2,939 3,91t2 6,94 +3n 4,3E0 3,560 ,,6'n 2rru 2,z$t 2,11, t,zEE 2,529 12,llE Ourlm Srl Nan 2,310 2,U2 13,34E 9,7E2 2,617 l,tE6 2,4Y 59tt ,5,11 t,313 1,t73 t,376 13!e3! .t30 N.nbburi 255 2,012 2,019 2,021 629 5,13 5.10 512 350 35t 35. to,oaE Trm I t7t r56 rg, 2m r29 92 r25 t95 !65 rt0 90 E5 l,llt lben l0rrrN{l 56 91 217 281 t53 58 67 512 .13 4 50 {;6t3 lCxrn S. 3U' l,l7l 2rfi l,G)9 94 121 6(t(, y7 323 1t6 sEE 61 9,!Oa Tan I r 42 2.5.5 Sri Nan National Park ln 2flX, 445,988 tourists visited Nan and 94.53% were Thai (TAT, 2005). Among att tourists who visited Nan, 61,308 or 13.75% visited SNNP which was the highest number of tourists compared to other national parks (DNP, 2005). The area of Sri Nan, covering 1024 square kilometers, made up with massive mountains and hilt ranges with severat spectacutar natural environments. iiany types of forests and tremendor species of flora and faunas exist within the park. The poputar destinations in Sri Nan are Doi Sa ller Dao llriontain, Pha Chu Ctiff, Sao Din and Kok Sua Landform, Kang Luang Rapid, and Pak Nai Fishery Viltage Reservoir. At Sao Din, Bunma (2004) studied diversity and utilization of planS and found 134 ptant species were identified into 113 generat and 57 families. The interesting ptant was Gordenio Turgido Roxb. There were 17 useful ptant species, among this 9 species used as food, 5 species for medicine, and 3 species used in another purposed. ..!t Graduate students from Chiang Mai University condr.rcted research retated with tourism in Nan Province as foltows: Waritt (2001) investigated the community potentiats in ecotourism promotion of Lam Nam Wa community. The resutts show that physicat and environmentat resources in this study had high tevet of potentiat, whereas the community potentiat for naturat resource conservation was at a middte levet, as same as the community potentiat for community participation-based tourism, the community potentiat for tourism serice, and the community potentiat for income generation from tourism. The recommendation from this str.rdy is to estabtish a community committee to diatogue together with ousiders that arrange the tourist activities, the gwernment and NGG to find the way for community's potentiat income from ecotourism. a ? 43 Jittrawongnun (2002) studied tourism changes in the Fotk Ways atong the Numwa River Bank, Nan Province. Ttre key finding of the study noted that community had tourist site with diversity of natural rqiources strch as forest, cataracts, and fish nurturing area. The fotlarays invotved with these natural resources, in return, they have been preserved with trees, plants, wild animats and aquatic animats. The lmportant putt factors were strch as nature and soft adventure tourism sources, which caued tourism into the community. Chankham (2003) conducted research in the potentiat of Tai Lue cornmunity in resource managernent for ecotourism at Don Mun viltage, Tha Wang Pha District. The resutts of this research sttowed that Tai Lue Community of Don Mun Vittage had tong historicat backgromds. Irtany tourists always vislted, the community ecosystem, and stttdied the culture, creating the community's pride and awareness of the viltage's resource conservation atong with their tradition, cutture and tife styte. From the literature reviews, onty a few of ecotorrism researches have been condtrcted in Nan, especiatty in nationat park. Neverthetess, currentty, Nan is stitt being one of the virgin popular destinations for totrrists to admiring natural, cuttural, and historical which are very sensitive areas. The mass tourism or even ecotourism may disturbed the pristine environment if lack of suitabte management plan. Ecotourist impacts could have more serious ecologicat consequetrces as most visitor activities occur in environmentalty sensitive or ecotogicatty significant communities (Leung and Farrett, 2002). Conseqr.rentty, this research is aimed to investigate tourist site potentiat and apptied environmentat management system for ecotourism devetopment in Sri Nan Nationat Park. L CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 3.1 Determination of indicators to indicate the potentiality of tourist site 3.1.1 The data of physicat and natural resources, environmentat conditions, and tourism of Sri Nan Nationat Park was coltected from secondary sources; 3.1.2 The present tourism situations were cottected by interviewing officers, tgurists, tour company operators, and tocat peopte with pecific designed questionnaires; l.i'.3 lndicators that indicated potentiat of each tourist site were determined by; 3.1.3.1 Tourist sites of Sri Nan National Park were ctassified based on the definition of the Office of the National Environment Board, Thaitand and the present tourism activities of each tourist site were surueyed. , 45 3.1.3.2 Nature site potentiat ior ecotourism of sri Nan National park was assessed and compared to the other national park in Nan Provirrce. Potentiat of nationat park for ecotourism was evaluated by the fottowing formula of the weighted score method (Forest Research, 1995): : EP = wrrr + wrh + wrh + ...... wnrn Wt + W2* Wt+...... Wn Where: EP = potential level of ecotourism r t-n = scores of variabtes, from 1 to n W t-n = weight scores of variables, from 1 to n sorne parameters for evatuating tlrc potential are presented as foltowing, The attractiveness of each site for tourists is one of the most significant parameters. There are many factors deating with the potentiat of attractiveness for touriss strch as the chance for witdtife sights. These factors depend on species diversity, poputation abundance, rare species, endangered specles, ptant community diversity, ptant community status, eco6y6tem unigueness, physical uniqueness/characteristics, cultural uniqueness, landscape characteristics, outstanding antique, ancient remains and naturat art object. The vatues from the calcutation range from the 0 to 3 (from non - potential to high potentiat) 46 3.1.3.3 Tourisrn impact assessment was anatyzed in alt national parks of Nan Province. ln this study, risk assessrnent analysis was condrcted in order to determine the impact tevet that may be occurred in the nature site by weight score method. lP= W1R1 + W2Rl + $Rl + ...... WnRn Wr + Wz* Wr+...... Wn Where: lP = the level of environmental impacts R t-,, = the potential score of variabtes, form 1 to n W r-, = the weight of variable, from 1 to n Some parameters for evatuating environmentat impacts are presented as fotlowing, The possibte impacts on ecosystem are considered as the first parameter. This impact irrctude possibte effects to witdtife diversity, the species abundance, the ecotogical diversity and size of habitat, and also the possibte impact on ptants or other environmental factos. The second parameter is the impact on cutture and way of tife of native peopte in tho6e areas, and the last parameter is the impact on art objects, ancient remains and antique in those areas. The values from the calcutation range from 0 to 3 (no irnpact to high impact). t I 47 I 3.1.3.4 indicaton that involved with the potentiatity of each tourist site I were identified based on 4 components of ecotourism which include: i I - lndicators of nature based tourism - lndicators of sustainabte management l - lndicators of environmentally educative tourism - lndicators of peopte participation 3.l.4 rhe criteria to assess each indicator were adapted from Handbook of Ecotourism site standard Assessment (ERlc, 2005). The tourist site potentiat assessment was developed for staff and tocat peopte to evaluate by themselves using simptified methodotogy. 3.1.5 Systematic evatuation form was designed to assess indicators that indicate potentiat of tourist sites in sri Nan Nationat park. The schematic diagram for ecotourism site assessrnent framework was presented ln Figure 3.1. I r 48 Evaluate ecotourism Select suitable naHonat park potential Welght Score of national park in Nan Province l,lethod Tourism impact assessment ldentify impact lssues and concems of prominent tourist sites in SNNP Select lndicators based on ecotourism component SlecifV criteria and standard for lndicators s llonltor lndicators ! Compare lndicators to criteria level I llediurn and Lower I "'n""T-t@ tlfy lysis for Ecotourism E | | lmptement rrlanagement I Figure 3'1 fthematic diagram for ecotourism site assessment framework (Adapted from Farrett, 2002) I B 49 3.2. Assessment of tourist slte lndicators ln srl Nan National park 3.2.1 The indicators including nature-based tourism, sustainabte management, environmentauy educative tourism and peopte participation were assessed in each tourist site. 3.2.2 The data was cottected in high tourist season (December) compared with tow tourist season (April) for 4 days atso covering the weekend period. 3.2.3 Standard of each tourist site was determined and the results were ctassified into 5 levels (excellent, very high, high, medium, and low potentiat for ecotourism). 3.3 The development of management plan for ecotourism in Sri Nan National Park based on environmental management system' 3.3.1 Prominent environrnental aspects were identified in Sri Nan National Park based on the concept and methodotogy of the environmentat managernent system (Chankaew, Z00Zl. 3.3.2 Ecotourism managernent plan for Sri Nan Nationat Park was devetoped based on the information obtained and the 4 components of ecotourism. 3. 3.2. 1 Nature-based Tourism 3.3.2.1.1 The data of attractive flora, faunas, and landforms at tourist sites, such as Sao Din Na Noi landform, pha Chu ctiff, and Doi Sa Mer Dao Mountain, was co[ected. l 50 3.3.2.1.2 Tourist's nature appreciation was surveyed using a specificatty designed questionnaire. 3.3.2.2 Sustainabte lrtanagement 3.3.2.2.1 lnformation of tourist activities, tourist statistics and tourist behaviors in Sri Nan Nationat park was cottected tning a specificalty designed questionnaire. : 3.3.2.2.2 Water consumption and water quatity at the setected tourist sites were evatuated. 3.3.2.2.3 The guantities and quantities of sotid wastes generated at each tourist site were investigated. 3.3.2.2.4 Specificatty criticat parameters for evatuation of the carrying capacity of the tourist sites in Sri Nan National Park were determined. 3.3.2.2.5 The carrying capacity at each camping site was determined. The information of camping site area, tourist statistics, and tourist satisfaction was cottected. 51 : following formuta (Cebattos.Lascurain, 1 996) : PCC=AxV/aXRf Where A = availabte area for public use Yla = one visitor per m2 Rf = rotation factor Rotation factor is the number of permissibte daity visits to a site, and is determined as Rf = Opening period/ average time of one visit 3. 3. 2. 3 Environmentatty Edr.rcative Tourism 3.3.2.3.1 The data of flora, fauna and landform of Sri Nan Nationat Park was cottected. 3.3.2.3.2 A media coverage program of Sri Nan Nationat Park was devetoped. 3.3.2.3.3 Ecotourism activities in Sri Nan National Park were studied ; and devetoped. 3.3.2.3.4 Nature trail at Sao Din Na Noi Landform was proposed. 3.3.2.3.5 Eco-camping sites at Doi Sa Mer Dao and Pha Chu were devetoped by providing eico-camping guide book and eco- friendty activities. t- ? 52 3.3.2.4 Peopte Participation 3.3.2.4.1Participatory Action Research (pAR) technique was applied in order to support peopte participation in Sri Nan Nationat Park. The process begins with selected 2 target stakehotder groups including: A: local peopte: tourists and park officen : B: poticy makers: government, sub-district administration organization, torrist agency, NGOS, and tocat academic institute. 3.3.2.4.2 Retevant stakeholders were inteMewed with ecotourism aspects and their needs. , ,! 3.3.2.4.3 The meeting with locat people was arranged and discussed about the outcomes of the research and ecotourism management plans in Sri Nan National Park. 3.3.2.4.4 Ecotourism monitoring program for tocal peopte in Sri Nan National Park was devetoped. 3.3.4 Provision of appropriate environmentat management ptan for ecotourism in prominent tourist sites of sri Nan Nationat park by swor Anatysis. I ! 53 Conceptual Framework Cotlect the physical, naturat resources, environmentat and tourism data of Sri Nan Nationat Park Setect indicators for tourist site potentiat assessment Nature-based Sustainabte Environmentatty Peopte Tourism lutanagement Educative Participatory tt Tourism Tourism Assess tourist site potentiat (lrtountain, Rapid, Landform, and Reservoir) Devetop ecotourism management ptan in Sri Nan National Park a CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Determination of parameters to lndicate the potential of tourist site 1.1.1 current sitwtion of Prmrinent Sites in sri Nan Notiotrot park The generat information of tourism in Sri Nan nationat park was cottected by reviewing att hnds of pubtished materiats. The questionnaire was designed for park authorities in order to compite the data of the current situation of totrism and facitities in national park. Severat aspects of information gathered were grouped into physicat, naturat resource, environrnental and tourism data as fottows (Appendix A); Physicat data: geography, tocation, distgnce from Nan province, contact address and tetephone, head officer, suitabte duration for traveting, weather condition, road condition, and electricity Naturat resource data: nature traits, prominent species and prominent t@rist sites Environmentat data: water suppty, waste separation, sotid waste and wastewater management Tourism data: tourism activities, number of tourists, accommodation, car park (location and capacity), pubtic retation, restaurant, restroom, security for tourists, staff, research and current probtem. 55 Sri Nan National Park is tocated 60 htometers from Nan Provirrce, has Nan River flows in nofth-south direction through the vattey surrounded by intricate mountain range. Mixed decidrcus and dry dipterocarp forests are cornrnonty fornd along both banks of the river while hitt orergreen, dry evergreen, and pine forests are dorninantty on the mountain. The infornation of popular tourist sites in SNNP was thoroughly reviewed and investigated as fottowed; Pha Chu Ctiff covers 2,775 square metersof camping site and provides good viewpoint overtooking at the sea of mist and Nan River below. The flagpote on the ctiff is the highest pote in Thailand. ilore than 500 tourists stay overnight camping during long weekend particutarty in winter season. Due to the massive tourists visiting Pha Chu for camping without timit regutation, some probtems srch as the lack of camp site and car park, and water shortage occurred in the area. Doi Sa Mer Dao camping site covers area approximatety 1,520 square meters. Doi Sa Mer Dao is presently a popular tourist destination, especiatty during new year festivat 2@6, more than 700 tourists stayed overnight camping in order to admiring sea of mist, sunrise and beautifut sunset. Sao Din Na Noi Landform is the natural wonder, resembting a smatt version of the Grand Canyon, covens 32,(n0 square meters. Sediments from the streams flew past the basin, created by the drift and cottapse of the earth crust or the erosion by the rain, accumutated and formed into pinnacte shapes. Geotogicat evidences showed these pinnactes dated back to the tate Tertiary period, about 30,000-10,0fl) years ago. This site was presumabty seabed at the time. The discovery of stone bracetets and ancient axes, now kept at Nan Nationat lAuseum, imptied that the Otd Stone Age peopte had tived there. Moreover, Sao Din was recorded in the Unseen in Thaitand due to the remarkabte species, Gordenlo Turgido Roxb. (in Thai "Dig Diam"), which atways shake itsetf when touched at any 7 56 branches. Conseqtrently, during high season, more than'1,5(X) totrrists visit Sao Din daity. Kaeng Luang Rapid contains natural istets carved by ttre Nan River. Rock knotl and tong white beach reveal themsetves in summer. At Kaeng Luang many fishes species have been found such as Hemlbogrus filomentus, Puntllus brevis, Ir|lorullus drysopttykodion, Hemibogrus filomentus, Pongoslonodon hypophthotmus, Hlnlcorhynchus lfutus,Hinicorhyndrusslomensls, ltlicronemo oryon, Chanm mlcrqe ltes, and' Oryeleotris mormorotus. Pak Nai Fishery Vittage was orrce a smatl vittage by tlre Nan River, tocated 60 kilometers from the park Headquarters. Constnrction of Sirikit Dam has changed Pak Nai into a fishery viltage by creating the intand lake encircted with green rnountain ranges. Restaurants on the rafts serve freshwater fish from the reservoir. Irtany fish's species have been recorded in Pak Nai, strch as Rosbola sp., ompk krottensls, Pongoslardon gigos, lthstocembelus armot s, Syncrosxts helodes, Yosnhtkotokto Nigrollneotus (Vidthayanm, 2005) and rcme of these are rare species. The information on biodiversity, attractive flora, faunas and tourist sites, tourist site classification and tourism activifies in SNNP were ctassified based on the definition of the Office of the National Environment Board as shown in Tabte 4-1. The tocatiom of each totrist site located ln SNNP are shown in figure 4-1. I : I I I I t! .l : JfE': : Table 4-lTourist site ctassification and tourism activities in SNNP Type Tourlst sites Site characterlstlcs lrtaior Tourists activities Sao Din Admiring scenery, and flora Na Noi watching Kok Sua Rapid Kang Luang Admiring scenery and picnic Cave Tam Luang il Cave exptoring I Mountain Camping, ItAer Dao Admiring sea of mist, sunset, and sunrise scenery Pha Chu Ctiff Reservoir Pak Nai Admirlng scenery and Fishery retaxing Vittage 58 tt lor? 5o , Tol:ru2 r tQt ).lo ].lol (D i I , , I t a, No llcn a To Nam Pod To Phu Soi Doo' Figure 4-l Prominent tourist sites tocated in.Sri Nan Nationat p"rf. I I 59. 4.1.2 hrdicotors of Twrist Siite Potentiol and parameters ln order to identify specific indicators, the review titerature of site : assessment and ecotogicat indicators inctuding researches condrrted in specific i tourist site were thororghty concemed and evaluated. The assessment of nature , sites potential for ecotot rism in 7 Nationat Parks of Nan were investigated as : presented in Tabte 4-2. lrioreover, tourism impact assessment was condtrcted to i . determine the impact tevet that occurred in the nationat park by:weight score method (Tabte4-3). .{ Table 4-2 Assessment of nature sites potentiat for ecotourism in Nan Nationat Park National Park twr Errwr rrwr EP Ctass E E a, E lw I Co .H he EE gE .E -ct v E.9 a^ o 5.2=0, 5ir IA la i9 EE o |E 6q orJ U tt > !., d, ttt .!o t EE rft .9U EE tt; |E Fi t .d ?ated score Errwr 111 r12 r13 114 r15 E rrwr W wl i1-3) tletghted score Zwr47 wllt5 w12t4 w13t1 w1414 w15/5 fwr'66 Doi Phu Ka 107 2.28 3 2 2 2 2 150 2.27 H lrl Nan 101 2.75 3 1 :3 3 2 145 ,i,:2.20 ':'H' [iae Cha Rim 89 1.89 3 2 3 3 2 137 2.08 H [am Sa Koen 94 2.00 3 2 1 2 2 136 2.06 H Gun Nan --l 64 1.36 2 2 1 2 2 101 1.53 i,l ,lantaburi ---_] u 1.79 2 2 1 ^2 2 121 1.83 ,1 Khun Sa Tan 74 1.57 2 2 1 2 2 111 1.68 t H = High potentiat for ecotourism M = Moderate potential for ecotourism oo\ Table 4-3 Risk assessment analysis in national park of Nan Nationat park l|E fWr IRrWr c tW tR'W lmpact Class o c q.E of c c 5 oE tourism o o 5E 3ea Ug te Iu 8: lE Bg EE cCL =8 EgE E*E EE tl.9 -u "iAg H ?ated score Rl6 Rl7 Rl8 t&wr. Rl9 R20 ERrWr W W t1-3) fletghted score w1615 w17t4 wlE/5 EWr' 14 w19t5 w20/5 EWr'24 IP )oi Phu Ka I 3 2 27 1.92 2 37 1.54 M i;. &l:r.;'-\ :l.ii.er rr' i r #illl'tr -.ii.e.:.f,i.i ffi{ffi 4i,:3,$* ffi,}fliii fi,eiffiJi _813"i f.?Il9.F,i rSfitii ftae Cha Rlm 2 1 3 29 2.07 2 39 1.63 M lam Sa Koen 2 1 2 24 1.71 i 2 34 1.42 M Gun Nan 2 2 2 28 2.00 1 33 1.38 M {antaburi 2 1 2 24 1.71 2 34 1.42 M (hun Sa Tan 2 2 2 28 2.00 1 33 1.38 M M. Moderate lmpact from Tourism o\ t 62 The resutts showed that, Sri Nan Nationak Park was rated in high level for ecotourism as same as Doi Phu Ka, lrtae Cha Rim and Tam Sa Koen Nationat Park where as Khun Nan, Nan Ta Bu Ri, and Khun SaThan Nationat Park were rated in moderate levet. Sri Nan was rated as high potentiat tevet due to the efficiency of environmentat awareness, accessibitity, and safety indicators. itrloreover, from tourist statistics, Sri Nan had the highest number of tourists visited compared with other national park because of the variety of natural tourist sites and beautifut naturat scenery. This attractiveness may cause unexpected effects to the natural environment if proper management ptan tackey. Therefore, risk assessment anatysis was atso condrcted in order to determine the impact level that occured in each national park by foctring on 3 mainty impacts inctuding of impact on ecosystem, cutture and community, and ancient remain. The resutt showed that, att national parls were rated as having moderate risk from tourism activities. Among this, Sri Nan Nationat Park had the highest impact compared to others. The serious impact was the impact on environment wtrich occurred in major tourist sites in high torist season. Consequentty, sri Nan was setected to study particutarty in assessment of tourist site potentiat and apptication of environmentat managernent system for ecotourism development. ln addition, the significant indicators from proriols data was apptied and investigated in the prominent tourist site of Sri Nan. Recentty, Sri Nan National Park has 5 types of tourist sites ctassified based on the definition of Office of Nationat Environment Board, Thaitand. The indicators that indicate the potentiat of tourist site for ecotourism in Sri Nan Nationat Park have been categorized based on 4 components of ecotourism. The resutt of this stndy estabtished 20 indicators which can indicate tourist site potentiat for ecotourism as shown in Tabte 4-4. Six irdicators of nature based tourism, T 63 8 indicators of sstainabte management touism, 4 indicators of environmentatty educative tourism, and 2 indicators of peopte participation were identified. The setected indicators were separated in two groups which are common indicators for every types of tourist site and specify indicators for each tourist site. Berrchmark for identifying the levels of indicator's significant and critbria was fottowed by Thaitand Ecotourism Site Standard (ERIC, 2006), Nature Site Evatuation Techniques (ERIC, 2003), WTO indicators of grstainabte Devetoprnent for Tourism Destinations (WTO, 2@41, related researdres and titerature reviews. The evaluation form for comrxln indicators was developed and shown in Appendix B.l. The evatuation form to determine indicators of mountain, landform, reservoir, and rapid was devetoped as presented in Appendix B-2 - 8.5, respectively. I r u Table 4-{ lndicators of tourist sites, Sri Nan Nationat park Tourist sltes Landform Rapld Cave l{ountaln Reservolr lndlcators Nature-based tourlsm Uniqueness of the site s s s s s Occaslon for vlslt c c c c c Aesthetic value s s s s s Diversity of flora and fauna s s s s s Popularity of the site c c c c c Route scenery c c c c c sustahable management Road condition c c c c c c Distarce from the maln road or c c c c Headquarters Safety s s s s s Environmentatty negative impact s s s s s Waste management c c c c c Water quatity 5 s Pad(lng area c c c c lnfrastrrcture and accommodatlon c c Envlronmental EducaEn Environmentalty educative activities s s s s s Envlronmentatly edtrcative media c c c c c Knowtedge ln environment and s s s ecology of staffs and tour guides Rerearch and database c c c c c People Partlclpatlon lncome from tourism to local peopte c c c c c Local people lnvolved wlth planning c c c and tourism management Note: C = Commonindicators, S = Specificindicators I T 65 4.2 Tourist Site Asessment in Sri Nan National park 1.2.1 The d*igrcd of form ond methodology for tourist site ossessment in this study The ranhng criteria for tourist site potentiat were identified as shown in Tabte 4-5. For evatuation or to assess tourist site potentiat, the evatuation form and scores were estabtished for each indicator as show in Tabte 4-6 and divided into 4 major groups. When the evatuation process is comptete, totat scores witt be compared with the standard levet. Table 4-5 Criteria and potential tevel of tourist site Scores Level Symbol 80 - 100 Excetlent @@@@@ 71 -80 Very high 9@ @@ 61 -70 High @@@ 51-60 Medium @o s51 Low @ 66 Table 4-6 lndicator assessment form TYPE INDICATORS scoREs TOTAL Nature - based Tourism Common Occasion for visit 5 Common Poputarity of the site 5 Common Route scenery 5 Specific Uniqueness of the site 5 Specific Aesthetic vatue 5 Specific Diversity of ftora and fauna 5 Total 30 Sustalnable management Common Road condition 5 Distance from the main road or Common Headquarters 5 Common Waste management 5 Common Parhng area 5 Specific Environmentally negative impact 5 Specific lnfrastructure and accommodation .'5 Specific Safety 5 Specific Water quatity 5 Total 40 Environmental Education Common Envi ronmentalty edr.rcative media 5 Common Research and database 5 Specific Environmentally educative activities 5 Knowtedge in environment and Specific ecotogy of staffs and tour guides 5 Total 20 People Participation Common lncome from tourism to locat peopte 5 Locat peopte invotved with ptanning and Common tourism management 5 Total 10 Total score of indicators 100 67 ; 4.2.2 Turist Site Asessment in Sri t{an Notional pork The evaluation forms for totrist site assessment in SNNP have been designed ' andwereevatuatedinprominenttouristsite.Tabte4.7showsresultofeva[uation scoresatDoiSalGrDao,PhaChu,SaoDin,KangLuang,andPakNaiFisheryVittage whichhavebeenevatuatedduringlowtouristseasoninsummerarrdhightourist season in winter. The resutts from tourist site assessment were evaluated and identified the potential tevel for ecotourism as presented in Figure 4.2. Table 4-7 Tourist site assessment in Sri Nan National Park TOURIST SITES TYPE INDICATORS scoREs Sa lrter Dao Pha Chu Sao Dln Pak Nal ]Gns Luang Low Hleh Low Hlgh Low Hlgh Low Hlgh Low Hlgh Nature - based Tourlsm Common Occaslon for vlslt 5 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 Common Poputarlty of the slte 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 Common Route scenery 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 pciflc Unlqucness of the site 5 3 3 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 pclflc Aesthetic value 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 ;peclflc DiveniW of flora and fauna 5 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 5 5 Total 30 21 21 23 23 24 24 20 20 23 23 Sustalnable managemcnt Common Road condltlon 5 2 2 4 4 3 3 4 4 5 5 Common Distance from thc main road or l{eadquartes 5 4 4 5 5 4 4 0 0 2 z Common waste management 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 z z 2 z Common Parklnq area 5 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 Common lnfrastructure and accommodation 5 3 3 4 4 4 4 2 2 3 3 Safety 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 2 2 'eclfic rcclfic Environmenta lly negatlve impact 5 4 4 4 4 3 z 3 3 3 3 pclflc \^/ater quatlW 5 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 Total 40 27 27 32 32 30 29 22 22 24 24 Envlronmenta I Educatlon Cqmmon Envlronmentally educative media 5 3 3 4 4 5 5 2 2 1 I Common Research and database 5 3 3 3 3 4 4 2 2 3 3 Soeciflc Environmentally educatlve actlutlel 5 1 1 5 5 5 5 I 1 0 0 Speclfic Knowtedee ln envlronment and ecologr of staffs 5 Q,t 4 4 4 5 5 3 3 2 2 Total 20 11 11 16 16 19 19 8 8 6 6 People Partlclpatlon Common lncome from tourlsm to local peopte 5 1 2 1 2 2 2 2. 3 1 0 Common Loc lpeopte invot'ved with planning and tourism 5 2 2 3 3 3 3 7. z 3 3 Total 10 3 4 4 5 5 5 4 5 4 3 ' presented in Appendix B Note: The detait of evaluation forms oo\ o il :l t1 Doi Sr llcr Phe Chu Sao Din Prt Nai Keltg LuaO i Hlgh Very hlgh Yery hlgh lledlum Itedlum i_ Flgure 4-2 Potentiat of tourist sites in SNNP Pha Chu Clift and Sao Din Landform were rated as having very high potential for ecotourism, white tbi Sa iier Dao was in good potential and Pak Nai and Kang Luang were in medium potentiat. The tourist season has tittle effect for ecotourism potentiat in tourist site; most are equal elcept Pha Chu, Sao Din and Kang Luang. The significant indicators varied by tourist seasonal are environmentat impact and income from tourism to tocat peopte. ln tourist season, especiatty long weekend in December, some tocat geopte bring their food, crafts, tocat fruits and rcuvenirs for setting to tourists. At the same tinre, negatiye environmentat impact such as garbage appearance at Sao Din during high tourist searcn was occurred. 'When tooking in detait for each group of indicators, Doi Sa Mer Dao was rated onty 21 from 30 in nature-based tourism indicators due to occasion for visit, uniqueness of the site and diversity of ftora and fauna indicators. ln the past, Doi 70 Sa Mer Dao was corn fietd'and the owner donated this mountain to the park as a consequence of the beautiful scenery for camping, and admiring beautifut sea of mist, sunrise and sun set. For other indicators of sustainable management, environmental education, and peopte pafticipation, Doi Sa Mer Dao is possible to have more potential if the road condition, car park and more environmentat activities are improved. At Pha Chu Ctift, it was rated as very high potentiat for ecotourism because this area has been devetoped for more than 10 years to promote tourism. Therefore, accommodation, road condition, infrastructure, information center including media have been provided for tourists. To devetop Pha Chu for better potentiat, it has to improve waste management system, estabtish more activities for tourists and searching alternative ways to enhance the cottaboration of tocat peopte and nationat park. Sao Din Landform waS atso rated in very high potentiat levet. Sao Din is very ,.Dig unique by itsetf. ln addition, with the interesting ptant species Diam,, and "Yah Khem Na Ri Ka", it can be a magnet for tourists to visit and add the higher scores for nature-based indicators. Environmentat education indicators of Sao Din were rated in very high scores of 19 from 20, because of appropriate management. Nature trait with the interesting spot, map and information of plant species, archeotogy, especiatty staff who's very famitiar in history of Sao Din made this ptace worthy to visit. Another atternative to devetop Sao Din more attractive and has more potentiat for ecotourism is to estabtish the tinkage activities between tocat peopte and tourists. Pak Nai Fishery Viltage was rated as medium potentiat due to many reasons. The significant indicators are distance because Pak Nai is tocated 60 kitometers far from headquarters. Aloreover, Pak Nai is stitt lachng of environmental friendty -71 activities and media. So, feasibitity to improve Pak Nai's potentiat is to develop some tourism activities for tourists, providing map and information of species by enhancing research conducted in biodiversity of the reservoir. Kang Luang was also rated in medium potential. The prominent reasons are because of inappropriate waste management, few information and caution about safety for tourists, none of environmental educative activities and media. However, most tourists onty need to retax and admiring the scenery, therefore the park officer is encouraged to take care of this area in naturat way with more concerning on safety and waste management. T2 4.3 Envlronmental ltanagement System for Ecotourlsm Development An environmental management system was apptied for ecotourism devetopment in SNNP. ln this study, EMS was apptied as a method that integrate functional etements to achieve the principtes of ecotourism which further evatuate, manage, and reduce the negative environmentat impacts in the tourist area. Eris was apptied to SNNP from December 2005 to December 2@1. Environmental aspects in SNNP were identified and ecotourism management plan was devetoped based on the four components of ecotourism as fottowing; 4.3. I Nature-based Tourlsm The data of attractive ftora and fauna found at the tourist sites were cottected and the tourists' appreciation in nature was surveyed using specificatly designed questionnaire (Appendix C). Environmental aspects in SNNP were identified in this study (Tabte 4-8). One of the attractiveness in SNNP for tourists is to admiring sea of mist, sunrise and sunset, so the ayerage sunrise and sunset time is recommended to disptay at prominent camping sites (Figure 4-3). SunrlseTlnre SunsetTime 22:at 22:tlt 2l :16 2l:16 l0:2{ 20:2{ l9: l2 SunsetTlnr l9: l2 rtso lt:rl4 lt:54 18:55 rtoo tS2C lt:3,1 lt:{, f iiC l6:{t 17:14 17:19 l7:1! l5:lt I l:16 I t:16 l1:21 Irl:2rl l3: l2 ! !:12 r200 t2:lX) t0:.t SunrlseTlme l0:at 9:t5 9:36 t:2a t:24 7:12 7:12 6:fl) 6J0 a:at aat t:16 3:15 2iza 2:21 Jan Feb lrtar Apr May Jun Jul tug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure 4-3 Average Sun rise and Sunset tirne in Nan Province 2007 Source: Thaitand Meteorotogicat Departrnent, 2OO7 73 Table 4-E Environmentat aspects in Sri Nan National Park. Environmentat Type of Tourist Sites in Sri Nan Nationat Park C .9 Aspects Landform Rapid Cave liountain Reservoir l|u c !,o .E E oE .E, E o o t, UI u va o l., o E G, Number of tourists o o o o o a Garbage o o o o o a e water usage o o a t Wastewater o o a e a Energy ? t t Car park o O Carrying o capacity Some environmental aspects such as number of tourists and garbage are proposed to concern in enrery types of tourist site, whereas water usage, waste water, energy, car park, and carrying capacity were suggested in specific areas. Mountain was highty recqnmended for monitored every environmentat aspect. The information on biodiversity, attractive flora, faunas and tourist sites were focused. At Sao Din, 134 ptant species were found and hane been identifiert into 113 genera and 57 famities (Bunma, 2004). There were 17 useful plant species, among these 9 species are used as food, 5 species for medicine, and 3 species used in another purpose. 74 Based on questionnaire surveyed, tourists were interested in unique species such as Dig Diam 'Gordenlo Turgida Roxb" and Yah Khem Na Li Ka "Heteropgon contortus (L.) Roem&Schutt' at Sao Din, and Chan Pha "Drocoeno lureisi Gagnep" at Pha Chu Ctiff. There are a lot of witd animats inhabiting in the park such as banteng, gaur, serow, muntjac, binturong, pheasant, monitor lizard, etephant, bear, deer, barking dear, tiger, wild pig, witd dog, big-headed turtle, birds, snakes, and peacock which ve been recorded nearby Nan River. At Kang Luang many fish species have been fciund sr.rch as Hemibogrus filomentus, Puntilus brevls, hlorulius chrynphykodion, Hemibogrus filomentus, Pongosionodut hllpophtholmus, Hinlcorhynchus lofutus,Hinicorhynchus sfomensis, lAicronemo oqgm, Chonno micropeltes, arrd Oryeleotris mormorotus. As same as Pak Nai Fishery Vittage, many fish species have been recorded, such as Rosbolo sp., Ompok &rottensis, Pongoslonodon gigos, Mostocembelus ormotus, Syncrossus helodes, Yosuhlkotokto Nigrolineotus and'some of these are rare species. 4.3.2 Sustalnable lianagement The information of tourist activities, statistics and behaviors were cottected. Some environmental aspects such as water usage, waste management, garbage loads, number of vehicles, parking area, infrastructure, accommodation, and carrying capacity were thoroughty investigated. The information of tourist activities, statistic and behaviors has been cottected. More than 7E% of turists visited SNNP between December and Aprit (Department of National Park, 2006) for camping, admiring sea of mist, sunrise and sunset (Figure 4-4). 75 Sd ilan ToufttShBtits 2001.2007 30000 o ;25fln 3 2moo F E 1s000 3 10000 5 som - 0 &n Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul At4 Sep Oct No, Dec fonh +2o1 +N2 2O3 +-2004 +2005 +2006 -+2007 Figure 4-4 Tourist statistics in Sri Nan Nationat Park from 2001-ZUll Among this, 49.15S stayed overnight campirig. Presently, SNNP has two main camping sites, Doi Sa Mer Dao and Pha Chu, covering 4,295 square meters and the car parks ctose to camping sites are not enough to support the tourists during high season (Figure 4-5). Examptes of environmentat problems caused by tourist impact are the lack of camping site and car park, water shortage, waste management, and overcrowding. Therefore, behaviors and resources consumptions of the tourists were atrc investigated (Tabte 4-9). Furthenrxrre, this research was condtrcted to assess the optimum carrying capacity of the camping sites and car parks (Tabte 4-10). 76 1.,, Figure 4- 5 Camping site and car park at Doi Sa lrter Dao l,tountain Camping area - I(1+2+3) = t (5fl) + 435 + 43) = 1,520 m2 Car park area = 1,551 m2 Table 4-9 Data of tourists at Doi 5a Mer Dao during new year 200,6-2007 Number (maximum) 2006 141 211 r30 Tourists u3 811 T n Determinotion of Carrying Copoci ty Physlcol Carrying Capocity (PCC) is defined as the maximum number of visitors that can physicatty fit into a defined space, over a particutar time and can be expressed according to the foltowing formula: PCC=AxV/aXRf ln this study. optimum space for tourists for relaxing is approximatety 2 square meters per penson (Ftorida Department of Environmentat Protection, Division of Recreation and Park) and the average tength of stay for tourists which are approximatety 1 night (tourist's statistics). Therefore, the phy:ical carrying capacity at Doi Sa i{er Dao and Pha Chu was catcutated as foltow: Doi Sa Mer Dao = 1520 x 0.5 x | = 760 tourists PhaChu =2775x0.5x1 =l,3il7tourists 78 Table 4-10 Resource consumption of tourists in camping site at SNNP Aspects Average Standard Current Situation Status camping area Doi Sa l\ier Dao =760 Doi Sa Mer dao = 811' Exceed (2m2lperson)' Pha Chu = 1187 Pha Chu = 561 Lower Area of tent 10 (3 persons)' 7( 4 persons) (m2/tent) Doi Sa Mer Dao = 152 Doi SaMerDao = 211 Exceed Pha Chu = 277 Pha Chu = 120 Lower Water consumption One -day trip: 19 (titers/person) Camping: 114 b 10.8 Lower Camping: 145 c Doi Sa riter Dao = 250 Doi Sa Mer Dao = 811 Exceed Pha Chu = 312 Pha Chu = 561 Exceed Waste generated One day trip: 0.60 Exceed (Kg/person ldayl 0.02-0.06 b Camping: 0.()6-0.45 b Car area(m'l carl > 12" 1Z.E Normal Numer of cars Doi Sa Mer Dao = 129 Doi Sa luter Dao = 130 Exceed Pha Chu = 60 Pha Chu = 65 Exceed Sources: 'ilaximum number of tourists ' Ftorida Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Recreation and Parks. b The study of Carrying capacity in Khao Yai Nationat Park. Asia Lab and Consuttant. Finat Report. c German Federal Agency for Natural Conservation (GFANCI. 1997. t 79 Study resutts slpwed that tourists need the space of at least 2 square meters per pemon. From the physicat carrying capacity, Doi Sa lvter Dao is possibte to support 760 tourists and 1,387 tourists at Pha Chu. During New Year, Doi Sa lter Dao had tourists visited exceed the capacity. However, due to the water shortage problem during high season, limiting factor of the optimum number of tourists is the water suppty. At present, water suppty in the water storage tanks for tourists at Doi Sa l{er Dao is 27fi) liters ard 3370 titters at Pha Chu. The meter was estabtished at each camping site for catcutating the water consumption of tourists. Water consumption of toffists at camping sites are different based on the location, in lutediterranean re$on tourist consumes water approximatety 145 titers/ tourist/ day (Gossting, 2001) while at Khao Yai Nationat Park, the water consumption of tourist is 114 liters/ tourist/ day. ln this study,.mo€t tourists tike to visit SNNP during winter urhen the weather is very cotd (5-20 degree Cetsius). As a resutt, they consumed water onty for necessary activities strch as cteaning dishes and toitet use. Only 10.8 titers of water was estimated to be consumed per person per day. As a consequent, the suitable number of tourists that shoutd stay overnight camping in SNNP is approximatety 550 persons per night. However, wastewater from canteen and toilets are discharged straight to the environment without wastewater treatment system. Therefore, to redrce the environmental impact to fragile protected area, usage of chemical detergent shoutd be avoided. Thus, the environmentat friendty cteanser was provided to SNNP staff and tourist during high tourist season (Figure 4 - 61. 80 Figure 4-6 Environmental friendty cteanser for staff and tourists Waste management system is atso considered in the study. Waste characteristics in SNNP showed that 49% of the totat waste generated by tourists was organic. Recyctabte wastes such as plastic, g;ss bottte, potyethytene, and atuminum can comprised to another 51% of the total waste (Figure 4'7). Therefore, waste separation should certainly be imptenrented in the nationat park. IPlastic trPaper Glass Aluminium. ClPolyethylerr Figure 4-7 Percent of waste generated in Sri Nan Nationat Park 81 Currentty, sotid waste from SNNP was transferred to open buming in Na Noi District; therefore the waste separation was established. The organic wastes and non-toxic shoutd be transferred to tandfitt and open burning, white other wastes should be transferred to the recycte proc6s. ln addition 20 garbage bins, bags and environmentat awareness sign for encourage tourists to separate waste were inaugurated for SNNP (Figure 4 - 8). Flgure 4-E Garbage bins provided for Sri Nan Nationat Park From observation after waste separation imptementation to the Park, some tourists cottaborated to separate their wastes. However, some of them can not notice the symbot when they disposed the garbage in night time. many tourists improved their behaviors and had responsibitity to bring garbage back, especiatty for the recycte such as bottls and aluminum can. Environmentat friendty cleanser was also received good attitude from staff and tourists. They were used this product instead of their own cteanser during their stay in the park. Therefore, this imptementation was abte to reduce some se\rere environrnentat impacts to national park and nearby ecosystern during high tourist seaion. Irloreover, the mitigation can atso appty to other national parks in order to initiate tourist's environmental awareness for ecotourisrn devetopment. 82 4. 3. 3 Environmental educatlon Baseline information on flora, fauna, and tourist sites in SNNP were cottected. Additionally, the enhancement of ecotourism activities, nature trail, eco-camping sites, and media coverage program were atso devetoped in the prominent tourist sites. The information on prominent flora, fauna and tourist sites were cotlected in SNNP. The attractive tourist sites are Sao Din Na Noi, Pha Chu, Doi Sa ftler Dao, : Kaeng Luang and Pak Nai Fishery Vittage. The major purpose of tourists visit in SNNP is for admiring sea of mist and retaxing in naturat beauty environment by staying ovemight camping at Pha Chu and Doi Sa Mer Dao. Tourist activities in SNNP are presentty focused on camping and admiring the beautifut scenery. As a result, some environmentat friendly activities such as eco-camping, star observation, landscape interpretation, bird watching, environmentat youth camp shoutd be devetoped in SNNP. These actividies encourage tourists and young generation to discover beyond the nature. The way to increase naturat resources protection awareness among tourists is to enhance their understanding on retationships between living species in the ecosystem because they can not save and conserve the nature without toving and understanding the vatue of natural environment. Some materiats and book were arranged to the park such as eco-camping guidebook, bird guide, stream detective's package, tetescopes, star maps, and environmentat friendty game (Figure 4- gl. Eco-camping book was initiated awarencs of tourists and staffs about enhance their alternative ways to reduced environmentat impacts with simptified techniques (Appendix D). Irtany tourists were interested in eco-camping guidebook and some of them witt spread this idea to their famity, friends and cotteagues. Tetescope for star observation is suitabte environmentatty edrcative activity for tourists to discover 83 beyond the universe, especiatly at Doi Sa lrler Dao and Pha Chu. From provided materials to support the idea of eco-camping site in SNNP, tourists are errcouraged to leam more in environment and ecosystem and can be changed their behaviors from tourists to beconre eco-friendty tourists. This circumstance can indicate that the strccessful ecotourism devetopment in SNNP is due to suitabte environmentat management sy:tem. : 4.3.4 People Partlcipation The stakehotden participated in this research were divided into two groups, tocat peopte (tourists, tocal peopte and park officers), and policy makers (government, sub-district administration organization, tourist agency, NGOs, and locat academic institutes). Retevant stakeholders were interviewed for the suggestions on ecotourism development. The stakehotders in SNNP who participated in ecotourism development include national park officers, tourists, tocal people, tourism operator, and tocal academic institutes. The in-depth inteMew and questionnaire reveated that peopte understood the concept of ecotourism and took human impact on environment into consideration. Currentty, the park officers come from the area ctose to the nationat park. Locat peopte also involved with tourism activities by setting their tocat food, seasonat fruits, and tocat handicraft to tourists (Figure 4- 10). Some of them have invotved throughout the ecotourism process beginning with ptanning and participating in tourism activities, evatuating tourism impact, and monitoring situation of naturat resources in the national park. u Figure 4- 9 Telescopes, star maps and environmental friendly game for sNNp Figure 4 - 10 Locat peopte sett food and tocat products at tourist site 85 4.4 Tourist characteristlcs and perceptions based on specific questionnaire Tourist characteristics, behaviors, and perceptions in Sri Nan National park have been condrcted by specific designed questionnaire. The data was co[ected at prominent tourist sites in Sri Nan which are Sao Din, Doi Sa Mer Dao, pha Chu, Kang Luang, and Pak Nai Fishery vittage during New year 2006, zool, and 200g. A Totat of 372 qtrestionnaires were evaluated, tourist's characteristics were ctassified in Tabte 4 - 11 86 Table 4 - ll Generat information of tourist's characteristics in sNNp Characteristics Tourlsts Percentage Gender llale 193 51.9 Femate 179 48.1 Total 372 100.0 Age (years) Betow 15 12 3.20 15-20 37 9.90 21 -25 50 13.40 26-30 r00 26.90 31 -40 98 26.30 lrtore than 40 75 20.20 Total 372 100.00 Level of Primary school 10.. 2.70 Education Secondaryschoot. ' 60 16.10 Bachelor degree 248 66.70 lrtaster or higher degree 46 12.40 Othen 8 2.20 Total 372 100.00 Occupation Student 70 18.80 Government officer 35 9.40 Organization 12 3.20 Research 3 0.80 Setf employed 71 19.10 Company officer 169 45.40 Other 12 3.20 Total 372 100.00 87 Table4-11(contJ Characterlstlcs Tourists Percentage Comlng from Bangkok 175 47.04 Nan 43 11.56 Samut Prakarn 21 5.65 Chonburi 21 5.65 Pathumthani 15 4.03 Uttaradit 12 3.22 Suphan Buri 11 2.96 Othen 74 19.89 Totat 372 100.00 Time Flrst time 254 73.4 2 times 56 16.2 3 times 18 5.2 ftlore than 3 times 18 5.2 Totat 346 r00.00 Transportatlon Car 184 50.70 Pick up ,4 14.90 Four-wheet 47 12.90 Van 4 12.70 Public transportation 15 4.10 }lotorcycle r3 3.60 Bus 3 0.80 Other 1 0.30 TotaI 363 [email protected] 88 Among 372 tourists, 51.80 percent were mate and another 48.10 percent were femate. The ages of prominent tourist groups were between 26 - 30 years; fottowed by 31- 40 years, and more than 40 years which are 26.90, 26.30, and 20.30 percent, respectivety. The education information showed that 66.70 percent graduated bachelor degree and the major group has been working as company officer as much as 45.40 percent. iWh"n focus at the place of tourist coming from, it is very interesfing that percent atmost 50 of tourists came from Bangkok and nearby provinces such as Samut Prakarn, Chonburi, and Pathumtani where as onty few tourists 11.56 percent came from Nan. lt showed that Sri Nan Nationat Park is very poputar for tourists from Bangkok and most are office peopte who came to retax during long weekend. ln addition, more than 70 percent of tourists visited Sri Nan for the flrst time, showipg that the pronotion and advertisement is very imp6rtant to encourage the new coming tourist. The percentage of tourist return is 26.60 even Sri Nan is guite far from Bangkok. The information of transportation was showed that 78.5 percent of tourist traveted by private transportations which are cars, pick up, and four . wheet vehictes. Onty 4 percent were traveted by pubtic transportation. The reasons to visited SNNP and tourism activities were classified into 12 topics which are relaxing, witdtife watching, ftora watching, bird watching, rafting, research/study, admiring sea of mist, admiring scenery, bicycte riding, trekking, photography, waterfatl retaxing, and other reasons (Tabte 4 - 1Zl. 89 Table 4 - ll-Reason of torrists for visiting Sri Nan Nationat Park and their activities Actlvltles Reason to vlslt Tourism's activities Frequency $of cases Frequency %of cases Relaxlng 319 85.E 296 79.6 Admlrlng Sea of mist 222 59.1 250 67.2 Admlrlng scenery 218 58.6 245 65.9 Photography 176 '47.3 230 61.8 Flora watching 40 10.8 61 16.4 Trekking 2t 5.6 34 9.1 Witdtife watching 17 4.6 18 4.8 Bird watching 16 4.3 28 7.5 Rafting r.6 2.2 Studying 1.1 t.6 Bicycte riding 1.6 0.8 Waterfatt relaxing 0.5 r.6 Others 12 3.2 9 2.4 l{ore than 85S of tourists came to SNNP for relaxing fotlowed by admiring sea of mist (59.1%), admiring scenery (58.6%), and photography (41,3%l which was corretated with their activities at SNNP. Therefore, to enhance ecotourism activities, passive ecotourism shoutd be devetoped based on tourist's behavior and interest. Tourist's behaviors and attitudes were representing in tabte 4 . 13. 90 Table 4 - 13 Tourist's behaviors and attitudes in sri Nan Nationat park Tourist's behavlors and attitudes Tourists Percentage Overnight Yes 337 90.60 No 35 9.40 Total 372 100.00 Length of stay One day trip 35 9.40 I nlght 262 70.40 2 nighs 51 13.70 3 nights t7 4.60 4 nights 4 1.10 5 nighs 2 0.50 8 nights 1 0.30 Totat 372 100.00 Average 1.33 day Crowded High impact 1& 37.90 lmpact lAoderate impact 167 45.30 Low impact 37 r0.80 No impact 25 6.80 Totat 369 100.00 Garbage bln Enough 160 44.20 Not enough 202 55.80 Total 362 100.00 Wllingness to Agree 260 72.9 brlng garbage Disagree 97 27.2 back Total 357 100.00 91 EDle4-t3(cont.) Tourist's behaviors and attitudes Tourists Percentage Willingness to t0 Baht 18 23.70 pay for waste 20 Baht 28 36.80 management 30 Baht 6 7.90 40 Baht 4 5.30 50 Baht 12 15.80 100 Baht 7 9.20 150 Baht 1 r.30 Totat 76 100.00 lrtode 20 Baht Average 33.29 t 3.33 lnterestingly, more than 90 percent of tourists stayed overnight in SNNP with average tength of stay approximatety I night by camping. When asking about the perception of crowded situation during high tourist season, more than 82.20 percent answered that it had moderate to high impact. Therefore, the carrying capacity, and regutations at the camping site shoutd be considered especiatty during high tourist season. 55.80 percent of touriss suggested that the garbage bin stilt was not enough and 72.80 percent was witting to bring garbage back after their visit otherwise tourists recommend panng for waste management. Thus, opened questionnaire was designed for their attitudes, tourists witting to pay average 33.29 t 3.33 Baht/person and major group of tourists agreed to pay at 20 Baht/ persoll which is simitar rate as the nationat park fee. Therefore, the environmentat fee for tourists who visit natiqnal park shoutd be set between z0 - 40 baht. The resutts of tourist attitude and infrastructure in SNNP were show in Tabte4-14. : 92 Table 4 - 14 Tourist's attitude in infrastructure Attitude High ftledium Low Appreciatlon Accommodation 161 185 14 ot h 44.7 51.4 3.9 Restaurant 53 231 59 % r5.5 67.3 17.2 Visitor center 186 164 13 % 51.2 45.2 3.6 Necessary of Restaurant 142 163 51 infrastructure % 39.9 45.8 14.3 Accommodation 119 158 7t ot to 34.2 45.4 20.4 Tetephone 132 121 88 % 38.7 3s.5 25.8 Tent for rent 170 146 34 % 48.6 41.7 9.7 Car park 250 96 16 ub 69,1 26.5 4.4 Etectric r50 140 59 % 43.0 40.1 16.9 ilore than 50 percent of tourists had rnedium appreciate in restaurant and accommodation where as 51.20 percent had highty appreciate in visitor center. Most necessary infrastructure in the nationat park shoutd compose of tetephone or signat of mobite phone, tent and accessories for rent, car park, and etectric, while restaurant and accommodation aspects were evatuated in medium necessary. The suggestions and recommendations from tourists were grouped in Tabte 4-15. 93 Table 4 - 15 Tourist's appreciation and suggestions in Sri Nan Nationat Park Toplcs Frequency Percentage Tourlst's (n = 324) appreclation Sea of mist 111 34.26 Panoramic scenery 88 27.16 Staff frlendly and seMce mind 49 75.12 Beautifut atmosphere, landscape 4l 13.27 Fresh, cool, and ctean air 43 11.27 Ctean toitet 40 12.35 Natural environment 32 9.88 Catm, few tourists, unique of Sao Din 21 6.48 Sunrise, sunset, comfortabte 17 5.25 to stay and camping Coffee corner service 12 3.70 Star observation, Pha Hua Sing 2.16 Pha Chu, Doi Sa Mer Dao, viewpoint 2.16 Others 11 3.40 lmpact to (n = 142) ecosystem Constructlon of infrastructure 40 28.17 Garbage 22 15.49 Road t6 11.27 Restaurant l4 e:86 94 Table4-15(cont.) Toplcs Frequency Percentage lmpact to Untimited tourists 10 7.U ecosystem (cont.) Etectricity 6.14 Ittegat togging 5.63 Over development 4.93 Car park 3.52 Others (e.g. noise, camping site) 12 8.45 Recommenda (n = 188) tlon for Keep lt natural as present 38 20.21 devetopmentr^---.^__^_^ Enlarge camping site, fine new one. 33 17,55 Enlarge car park area 23 12.23 Develop tandscape, plant more tree, 22 11.70 cotorful ftower, garden Promotion in tourist magazine, 16 8.51 website lncrease and check quatity of toitet 14 7.45 Llmited number of tourists, enhance 12 6.38 tourism activities Add more signs to the park, devetop 8 4.26 new view pornts, improve road condition, prepare sleeping bag for rent, zoning at camping site Others t7 9.(X 95 Tourists highty appreciated sea of mist, panoramic scenery, staff's friendty and seryice mind, beautifut landscape, cool and fresh air, ctean toitet, natural environment, calm, the uniqueness of Sao Din, the comfortabte to visit and camping, coffee service, respectively. ln tourist's opinions, th major impact to ecosystem is construction of infrastnrcture strch as home and unnecessary buitdings which contrast to the nature. Garbage is the second impact foltowed by road construction, restaurant, unlimited number of touriss, electricity, ittegat togging, over development and car park. The precious recommendations from tourists to devetop SNNP are very interesting and contrast. 20.21 percent would like to keep it natural and do not need any artificiat development, whereas 17.55,percent recommended to develop new camping site and car park. Some of them suggested ptanting more trees and flowers. The tourism promotion is atso recommended especiatty in internet and tourism magazine. Limited number of tourists, increasing tourism activities, adds more sign to the park, devetop new viev.'points, improve road condition, prepare steeping bag for rent, zoning at camping site are very valuabte comments from tourists. From entire studied inctuded staff's interviewed, and tourist's questionnaires, several interretated aspects that inftuerrced the potentiatity and success of ecotourism within a nationat park, as wetl as the tinks between naturat areas, locat peopte, and tourism have been hightighted in the SWOT anatysis. t 96 4.5 SWOT Analysls for ecotourism development ln SNNP The SWOT anatysis witt be described in detait on strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat of the high potential tourist site for ecotourism which are Sao Din, Doi Sa Mer Dao and Pha Chu. The idea of how to enhance cottaboration, maintain environmentat quality, iod increase potential of SNNP for ecotourism development by SWOT anatysis were described betow: The assessment of naturat resources value, tourism potential, and tourism impact evatuation can be used in SWOT anatysis for ptanning and devetopment of ecotourism in prominent tourist site of SNNP. The four major components were considered: Strength: the strength of nationat park in terms of natural resources and '' tourist site diversity, flora. and fauna attraction, route scenery, tourist activities, environmentht edtrcative media, aeriat utilizing ptan, cuttrr., O,r"rrity, proper time to visit (tourism calendar), government poticy, environmental and waste management; Weakness: the weakness of national park inctudes road condition, safety, Proper time to visit, tourist activities, edtrcative media, todging capacity, camping sPace, restroom availabitity, waste management, local community participation, and staff capacity; Opportunlty: the opportunity of a nationat park to be developed as a suitabte tourist site composes of potential suitabte tourism activities, locat community participation, government poticy, site advertisement, todging management, environmental condition, and educative media development ability; 97 Threat: the threat for ecotourism devetopment irrctudes natural resources conservation, optimum tourist amount, road condition, financiat support, government poticy, and staff capacity. SWOT onolysis for tuo Din Strength Remarkabte species at Sao Din "Gordenio Turgldo Roxb", in: Thai 'Dig Diam", which atways shakes its top when totrched at any branches, and another species is Heteropqon Contorlus (L.) Roem & Schutt or in Thai ..ya Khem Na Ri Ka", which twists itsetf clochrise when touched by the water. These species are very attractive for tourists. Sao Din has a distinctive geotogical landform, resembling a smat[ version of the Grand Canyon. Geotogical evidences showed these pinnacles dated back to the tate Tertiary period, about 30,q)O-10,0fl) years ago. Fossit and ancient toots were atso discovered. Sao Din has a nature trail that is avaitable for tourist to appreciate the beauty and history of the area. The local park officer at this site is an expertise on Sao Din history and geography Weakness: Due to there's no specific route, tourists are attowed to walk and touch and disturb the natural tandform. Car park location is ctosed to the landform site and may disturb the fragite landform. 98 Opportunlty: Provide the touriss with the guide book for nature trail and Sao Din with the information on history and background of the area, prominent species, geotogy, and naturat resource conservation. Devetop shuttte bw or a pubtic transportation seryice at the junction to Sao Din for tourist season. ln addition, non-fuet transportation srrch as rental carriage or bicycle is also recommended. Tourists can appreciate tocat tife style and experierrce activities strch as tamarind picking, weaving practice, and purchase locat products. This coutd hetp tocal community to anticipate in tourism industry. Threat: - Attitude of tocal peopte and the park staffs on promoting tourism nearby national park. SWOT onolysis for Pllr Chu Strength: Pha Chu Ctift has the longest ftag pote in Thaitand and provides good viewpoint to overtook the sea fog and Nan River. The tocation of camp site and todging is convenient for famity and senior tourists. Especiatty, ovemight camping during winter season is very impressive for the nature tovers to admire beautifut sea of mist. Based on the questionnaires, tourists were impressed by the park officers at prominent tourist sites for their hndness, seruice mind, and expertise on history and important aspects of the area. I I eel i ' Weakness: - Camp space and car park area has limitation during high tourist season. - Wastewater discharge to natural environment. Opportunlty: - Encourage astronomy observatory with cosmic guide map and book for rent or sate. The profit made frotn this activity can be used for national park maintenance and improvement. - Devetop eco-camp training, such as tent set-up workshop, first-aid techniques. - Estabtish waste management campaign, especiatty in high tourist season, by "- encouraging torrirt to separate and minimize waste. - Devetop booklet, brochure, or website on environmentat youth camp in SNNP at information center. - Environmental friendty cteansers are recommended for tourists and staffs especiatty in high tourist season. - Estabtish a votunteer program for the experts on bird watching, trekking, and camping to work with the park especiatty in high tourist season. - Set the earty booking program for camping site and zoning into quiet zone, ; cooking zone, and famity zone. Threat: - Progressivety increment of uncontrotted mass of tourist in the nationat park. 100 SWOT onolysis for Doi fu hler Doo Strength: - Surrounded by rich biodiversity among massive mountains and hitt ranges with severat spectacutar natural environment and forest habitat. - Camp site at Doi 5a lyter Dao is a magnificent spot for admiring sun rise, sun set, and sea of mist with a 360 ddgree view angte. Weakness: - Road condition to Doi Sa ltier Dao, Sao Din and Kok Sua are gravel-paved, which are not appropriate for commuting in rainy season. - Staffs and financiat support for promgting tourist activities are insufficient because it is a newly announced national park. Opportunity: Encourage astronorny observatory with cosmic guide map and book for rent or sate. The profit made from this activity can be used for national park maintenance and improvement. - Develop eco-camp training, naturat photograph short course workshop. - Estabtish waste management campaign, by encouraging tourist to separate and minimize waste. - Devetop shuttte pick up for tourists to and from Doi Sa lrter Dao and Pha Chu in peak seasons such as New Year celebration and Father's day holiday, which can redtrce the traffic probtems, air potlution, and increase camping area by converting the parking space to camp sites. 101 The area of Doi Sa Mer Dao is surrounded by corn field, therefore camping site area is not possibte to expand. Human-caused forest fire occurs in dry seasons. Logging occurs around national park border. Progressivety increment of uncontrotted mass of tourist in the national park. ln order to increase the number of tourists at camping site, the proper wastewater treatment system should be imptement and provide more water suppty tanks for tourists. CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOI I,IENDATIONS The study was condtrcted in Sri Nan Nationat Park from 2@5-2OOl. primary objectives of this study are 1) assessment of tourist site potential and 2) application of environmental management system for ecotourism development in Sri Nan National Park. : 5.1 Assessr"nt of tourist site potential Proper indicators that imply the potentiat of tourist site for ecotourism in Sri Nan National Park were estabtished and categorized based on 4 components of ecotourism. Of alt the identified 20 indicators that indicated tourist site potential, 6 indicators represent nature-based tourism, 8 indicators represent sustainable management tourism, 4 indicatom represent environmentally educative tourism, and 2 indicators represent peopte participation The nature'based tourism indicaton consisted of visiting occasion, site poputarity, route scenery, site uniqueness, aesthetic value, and flora and fauna diversity. The sustainabte management tourism indicators inctuded road condition, distance from the main road or headquarters, waste management, parking area, infrastrtrcture and accommodation, safety, environmental impact, and water quatity. Environmental edrcation indicators invotved environmentatly educative media, environmentatly educative activities, research and database, and staff's environmentat and ecological knowtedge. The last component was the indicators of peopte pafticipation, which irrcluded an income from tourism to tocat people, and an invotvement of tocat peopte with ptanning and tourism. The setected indicators were separated into two groups; common indicators for att tourist site evaluation, and specific indicators for each tourist site. I' t03 Setected indicaton may be used to assess the status of relationships between peopte and protected areas. Retationship indicators are measurabte variables which may be used to reflect antagonistic or symbiotic link between peopte and resources. An evaluation emptoying such indicators can provides insight into the chaltenges and possibitities for locat devetopment, environmentat management, and ecotourism. The results showed that 2 nature sites of SNNP, "Pha Chu Ctift" and 'Sao Din Landform", were ranked as very high potential for ecotourism because of their fascinating natural appeararce. Doi Sa Mer Dao Mountain was ranked as good potentiat, whereas Pak Nai and Kang Luang were ranked as moderate potential site for ecotourism. The benefit of increasing potentiat tourist sites in SNNP was to enhance the tourism activities and develop interpretation program. Sustainable management mitigation atso recommended for an 'establishment of waste management system such as preparing more bins in high season and errcouraging tourists to be aware of waste separation However, the recommended indicators could be changed depending on tourism activity and shoutd be continually monitored by the nationat park staffs. Panicutarty, the environmental aspects srch as water suppty, water quality, and waste management shoutd be examined annuatty, especiatty around camping sites and popular tourist destinations. 1U 5.2 Environmental management system for ecotourism development EIrAS can be tred to solve some environment impacts from tourism in SNNP by integrating the hotistic approaches. The major problems occurred during high tourism season are camping site and car park timitation, water shortage, and waste management. To sotve such probtems and maintain tourist site potentiat, the integration of environmental techniques has been apptied and investigated in SNNP. A basetine of tourism in the protected area was estabtished by reviewing the current provision of services and facitities in SNNP, as well as the interactions between tourism, conservation and the tocat community. The specificatty designed questiorrnaire was used to cotlect attractive flora and fauna species information found at tourist sites and the tourists' appreciation for nature. ln addition, basetine information gn carrying capacity, sotid waste management, water consumption, and eco-camping site were thoroughty studied. From tourist's statistics, more than 78% of tourists visited SNNP between December and Aprit for camping, admiring sea of mist, sunrise and sunset. Arnong these, 49.15% stayed overnight. Tourists had a strong interest in unique species such as Gordenla Turgldo Roxb "Dig Diam' and Heterqogon contortus (L.) Roem&schutt "Yah Khem Na Li Ka" at Sao Din, and Drocoeno loureisi Gagnep "Chan Pha" at Pha Chu Ctiff. The study on camping site areas shoured that a tourist needed the space of at least 2 square rneters. Dr.re to the water shortage during high season, limiting factor of the optimat amount of tourists is the water suppty. As a consequent, the appropriate number of tourists that shoutd stay overnight camping in SNNP is approximatety 550 perons per night. t05 The study on tourist behaviors intiicated that the tourists consumed water onty for necessary activities such as cteaning dishes and toitet use. Thus, onty 10.8 liters of water was estimated to be consumed per person per day. Without wastewater treatment, in effort to reduce environmentat impact on fragite ecosystem, the environmentat friendty cteanser was provided to SNNP staff and tourist during high tourist season. Waste characteristics stttdy in SNNP showed that 49% of the totat wastes generated by tourists were organic. Recyctabte garbage such as plastic, glass bottle, potyethytene, and atuminum made up another 51%. At present, sotid waste from SNNP was transferred to Na Noi District for an open-air burning. As a consequence, waste separation program rias estabtished at the camP sites. Organic and non-toxic wastes shoutd be cottected in the same bin and transferred to a tandfitt site or an open-air burning tocation, while other wastes shoutd be cottected and transferred to the recycte process. Twenty garbage 'bins, bags and environmentat awareness sign were prepared for SNNP in order to errcourage tourists on waste seParation. : The study on tourist's perceptions and behaviors was based on specific questionnaire qnestiom. From tourist demographic age and behaviors, the appropriated activities for soft ecotourism were recommended. Soft ecotourism identified the appropriate ecotourism activities for short visit, mutti'Purpose trip, physicat passive, and emphasis on interpretation (Weaver, 2001 oted in Atampayand and Libosada, 2003). Therefore, some environmental friendty activities such as eco-camping, astronomy obsewation, landscape interpretation, bird watching, and environmentat youth camp shoutd be devetoped in SNNP. As a result, some books and materiats were arranged'to the park such as eco'camping guidebook, bird guide, stream sampting kit, tetescopes, cosmic ooP6, and 106 environmentat friendly games. The environmental management system for specific tourist sites in SNNP was summarized in Tabte 5.1. The basetine data of visitor profite inctuded numbers, age-group, tength of stay, mode of travet, activities, perceptions in environmental impact, and behaviors. This profite woutd be usefut in anatyzing and separating visitors into different tourist types and their needs. The questions imptied the additional facitities and leisure opportunities that the tourists woutd tike to see at the site. : The questionnaire also reveated that tourists drive their own transportation to SNNP. Therefore, car park was ranked as a cnrciat facitity. Furthermore, maJority of the tourists, over 7t%, visited SNNP for the first time. ln order to increase amount of tourists visiting SNN?, advertisement on websites or tourism magazines were recommended. However, tor.rrists amount shoutd not exceed the carrying capacity of the ecos)rtem and the park facitities as mentioned before. The major reasons that the tourists visited SNNP, when asked about their appreciation in this national park, inctuded retaxing, admiring sea of mist, and admiring scenery. Particularly, the staff's service mind and friendtiness at every prominent tourist sites had made more impression on them. Approximatety 70ft of the tourists agreed on the same opinion to bring the garbage out of the park, whereas some of them preferred to pay for the waste managelnent fee of 20 baht per Person. Study on the tevel of participation between locat peopte and tourism activities in SNNP suggested that the park office6 are currentty from the surrounding area of the national park. Locat peopte got invotved in tourism activities by selting their tocal food, seasonat fruits, and locat handicraft to the tourists. 107 Table 5-1 Environmentat minagement system for specific tourist sites Tourist site Environmentat Probtem in SNNP Mitigation aspects - tourism - Tourists disturb - Recommend tourists to follow impact tandform the trait white wathng and do not - Garbage touch the fragile landform. - Car park - Prepare soil sampte and specimen of dominant ptants. - Arrange telescope at the high Sao Din area which can view surrounding. - Set the photography corner. - Littering - lnform tourists to avoid tittering by putting sign board and slogan. - Distance of car - Zoning: car park, education, park to tandform sowenir and retaxation zone. - Number of - Limitation of - Set capacity of camping site and tourists camping site and car park and provide another - Garbage car park suitabte area in tourist season. - Water usage - Waste - Devetop waste separation - Wastewater management program for staff and tourists. Doi Sa Mer - Car park - Wastewater - Encourage tourist and staff to Dao, - Carrying use environmentat cteansers. Pha Chu capacity - Tourist activity - Devetop more tourist activities such as star observation and eco- - Carrying camping guide book for tourists. capacity - Set the boohng system for camping sites before high season. 108 Table 5-l (cont.) Tourist site EnvironmentaI Probtem in SNNP Mitigation aspects - Garbage - Prepare separate bins. - Water management - lnform tourists to avoid tittering quatity by putting sign board and slogan. - Safety - Disptay safety sign, do and don't Kang Luang - Training tife gtnrd skitt, first aids for staff and prepare staff to stay during totrist season. - Water quatity - Set the toitet and washing corner away from water body. - Tourism - Prepare waste separation bins. impact management - Garbage - Water quatity - Avoid discharge of waste water - Wastewater into the reservoir. - Encourage floating restaurant to Pak Nai use environmentat friendty cteanser and grease tap. - Prepare sanitary septic tank for park's bungatow. - Monitor water quatity annually. 109 5.3 Recommendations on ecotourlsm development in Sri Nan National Park 5.3.1 The appropriate indicators to assess the potential of tourist sites may be varied due to the characteristic and uniqueness of the site. The method used to determine the indicators shoutd be divided into 2 groups; the scientists/or experts group by using scientific method with sample test ht or taboratory techniques, and the tocal staffs group by integrating the simptified techniques with tocat technotogies. : 5.3.2 Various studies on nationat park visitors around the wortd have shown that nature tourists generatly accept conditions different from their home more than other types of tourists. They do not demand international gtamour, but are satisfied with or want to use local goods and materials and eat tocal foods, and that they are more demanding in seehng information about their destination (Boo, 1990). Some recommerdations from tourists presented in the similar way to keep the nationat park as it's being in naturai way. 5.3.3 According to the evatuation on uniqueness of the tourist sites, Nan Province was found significance for its aquatic ecosystem (waterfatts, naturat water bodies, rapids and hot spring). Thus, ecotourism activities should avoid massive tourism on white-water rafting, and shoutd prepare wastewater treatment system at some potentiatly impacting areas such as canteens, camp areas, and bungatows (Thiraktupt et. a(, 2007). 5.3.4 SNNP has severat poputar tourist sites such as Sao Din Na Noi, Doi Sa iler Dao camping site, Pha Chu Cliff, Pak Nai Fishery Vittage, and Kang Luang which are easity to visit in 1 - 2 days. The alternative travet routes with nearby national parks are highty recommended especiatty in high tourist season. 110 5.3.5 lnvestigate water quatity at Iong Luang or at Nan River, compare before and after provided environmental cleamer for staffs and tourists. 5.3.6 Estabtish the earty boohng system for camping at Doi Sa Mer Dao and Pha Chu in high tourist season. From this study, Doi Sa Mer Dao can support T60 tourists or 152 tents and 129 can. Pha Chu (inctude area nearby Headquarters) availabte for 1387 tourists or 2Tl tents and 60 cars. According to early boohng, camping site zoning shoutd bd imptementing in SNNP and divided into quiet zone, cooking zone, and famity zone. 5.3.7 Ctosed the park during rainy season from tourism activities are highly recommended in order to keep the ecosystem recovery and for safety transportation. Finally, to achieve the tong term ecotourism devetopment, SNNP needs to continue evaluating and monitoring tourism situation and its impacts on the prestigious environment on a regutar basis by the park staffs and the tocat stakeholders. I I ! .t REFERENCES Abidin, Z.Z. 1999. The identification of criteria and indicators for the sustainable maniqement of ecotourism in Taman Neeara National Park. Matavsia: a delphi consensus. Doctor of Phitosophy in Forest Resource Science. West Virginia University. ADB. 2002. Handbook on environmental statistici. Devetopment lndicators and Poticy Research Division Economics and Research Department. Aian Development Bank. Alampay, A. B., and Libosada,Iul. C. 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Our Common Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wortd Tourism Organization (WTO). 2004.lndicators of sustainabte devetopment for tourism destinations: a euidebook. World Tourism Organization. filadrid. Ziffer, K. A. 1989. Ecotourism: The Uneasv Altiance. Conservation lnternationat/Ernst & Young. APPENDICES 120 APPENDIX A General lnformaffon of tourism in Sri Nan National Park Table 1 - A General information of tourism in Sri Nan Nationat park Data Sri Nan National Park Dectaration 2@7 Location (Amphoe) Na Noi Distance from Nan 70 km. Contact address P.O. 14, A. Na Noi, Nan 55150 Tetephone 054-701 -106, 081 -020-6655 no.(Headquarters) Head Officer Mr. Sombat Wiangkum Area (km2) 934 Suitabte Duration to Visit November - April, Sea fog viewing Speciat Events Aprit'13-15 Songkran festival at Sao Din Weather Condition Average 24C, avoid going in rainy season Prominent Faunas Peacock, birds, Asian witd dog, Pig-taited macaque Prominent Flora GordenioTurgida Roxb., Dracoeno loureisi Gagnep Nature-trait Doi SaMerDao - Pha Hua Sing 1 km Trait Pha Chu - Headquaters, 3 km Prominent Tourist Sites Sao Din Naturat Earth Piltars, Rapid, Pha Chu Ctift, Doi Sa liler Dao Hitttop, Pha Hua Sing , ctiff, . Tourism Activities Environmentatty educative trekking , sea fog viewing Number of Tourists(20O7) 4,236 Accommodation 4bungalows,2campgrounds Tent for Rent 31 121 Table I Data Sri Nan National Park Road Condition Roads to Kock Sua and Sao Din are taterite, Roads to Headquarters are asphalt and concrete. Car park 2 car park at Doi Samer Dao supported 120 cars, (tocation and capacity) Pha Chu supported 65 cars lnterpretation Brochure, Yisitor lnformation Center Etectricity 24 hrs, except at Doi Sa iler Dao Water suppty Sao Din: artesian well, Headquarters, Pha Chu and Doi Sa ltler Dao: raw water from mountain Restaurant Headquarters: suppoft 50 tourists Sao Din, Doi Sa lier Dao: none (sale food in tourist seasons) Pubtic rest room 12 rooms at Sao Din, 24 rooms at Doi Sa Mer Dao Plan for timiting number of tourists Pets Attow Number of Checkpoints 3 Locat guide provided Yes Waste separation No Waste disposat site Outside at Na Noi by open air burning Wastewater treatment No Staff Burearcracy l,Permanent 1, Non-permanent 60-70 Researches Ftora and Fauna , Peacock Sao Din: Ftora and Gordenlo turgido Roxb. Current Probtem 1. lnfluentiat group is ctrtting forest in protected area. i 2. Tourists are very crowded during the festival and i i weekend. 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E t(F lc IE ? l -E l'3 lcr c t@ l= t* Il's .i, li 7 IS lrc hlE h o l'= lg C l'G ? rac th l.E rtr= l,E I .i, la c It lu.El8 l= E t=IE lr) , ns c lE,* l'G IC e I'E IE lo l'et7 N l= o c lc =r -E l.E le = hE ri t= IG rF lcl6 IE E Ittart€ lar l= l= .U l= G IF llE |P le e l!E le lc, e! IG IG lc e IE IB.E l€€q = h==.. le la c t? lc lo E l.c rz IG It .\, I 'E I .i, lrE I t4 ls- l'H l-E 5 a l8 7 IC l-rF l-D t5l.P oC? I'g Z l'g g IF l@ ICl ir lB.3 I'E i I.EP t= fr IG l'z lE.g IE IE lCtr a tb t l€ Fr= ar lrz l= c 'F lrz lrz @ lur€ l:i 3 IE L tb F ll,l.= l^ o E l.. l^ l^ E h h o It-l= IF Il- .E llE-? - F lo. r= I' IE E t' 126 (,o t \o \o o o o vt GI {{ tJ L., d, d, = lr, lrl t)= C E (,o )l vt IE aFc lDtc .s; o A E= e -r=d ra. q, (p c 6 E g 16 c oJ e c 1, E c$, !t 1= tf 5: ? 5i Sa .Fe C lt e .= = .8' .G7 =l) c'r tl ; Cr G e! '3= G 3 = aFc ? E= - atc (F ; q F t= t F a c te = -r= 'tF }J -E e .Gc e (F e = 1l 'l== e .a € rE e #.a e 1, r7 .i, |E' = L I= = t) e )t 16r IS ? c .G=-@* G .S _a* .E ? .Fc C -c e )G @ -, GQ ; F i= .Gq )) c -c '52 F Cr c, gE .@, t= c 5 )) .G q J- ai c Cr .&E )F ar TG a 'C c c ? l) {q, 7 c f- -rr c C eGt c c cL c .cg F cC c I .c Jt d at )) E .GG @ -ct ,a tr ,ag.= vt 46, J C. tE I(tr= att.a-E tt t= C c e (p hG ? It c l) o o 7c G f, 5 Or $l ol o tP ir -lS G'= ti C .E c c )) o .E J C q ,E q= IF fi 0r E u rE q; 7 )l e 3 t o E r3A c gr G IST IF It (g = c FE rE, E GN t6r 7 7 ,)F .o = e l) l, iz. F c c c U c= .Fe G t € F rF E c2 = 3, e lP c E tg .EE F c -fsL c te az e ? IC fi 5 r= G FI= )) c B r= o .!E-31 c. c ? )) 13 'i5 a-r C q == E @ o lE ,ii rF c r: hE e C= G C .= 1, tZ c 't E ur= G A'= a: lE .(ra, F E glg = € rc-Gl * IA )? .(r G o T'= C c c = 7= lnE u Oi. c tz rF .i,r rB€ ll c = te-= Cr CC =:s ,rrcl e ar= e ar c o bG c = EI= A tS C r C S .= -E G C ? G o? C! .= lf t c 'ls c= .G G 3 c :.H c 5 C'G qi = acr v ial . c l) -7 9 5 .oV € ar € o os a! .g ll xl= C )F .z= trE T7 Gl e c at g.E @ El ar F e- 7 lE7 G e.= C I l) E rE: EC )) gd G 7 cr tr o ar tE @ # C= ar I L, f;,E Cr GC e €i. )F q eG 7 .E c '= =e C c =E r5: I = 5 5 5 ar q = 3'=G.C IE =ar .= C E E3 C C C ;1 (a rE--t t-E e IS tnE lnE lnE tc t6 I 2'E -ta C E:g ar G. Cr tr ar lrl or= (p@ lg'sC t7 5 .E? (- C e C tst= tr3 t7 (p C C c C c L a E- cZ 6 t7 lz 'Gt r7 lT c Ur,c rz r7 r= tz t7 o bE a. l, l, 6= .1 a. l, 6 .=.5 ^. ^. OH ^, 6 c a', F lrl rz Et=o- 127 go ,I ,l II \o \o 5 rrl o o vto CI ({o =t (\o ;ltGl !2 u @I d d, )Fl lr, € El lr, 'rESI -g sI o ."1I 6'rs l o(, 'slCI E el IA cl 6'St-3t EI E IPc ,E o .i, I A =lcl EI HI I .F.gl clEI el AI al cl rEl et E EI el e15S] ? 'El a= r\7c rs6i EIGrI qrh ,B cl @, rE@ iE €I cl q, 60 ? rlF ,e r€r EEI 'El l='t, xt= EI ,e =? .E.EI @l F G (p 'rl lclf; E ar F \G sl .F e I.E E = )a7:. )E € El 5I @ t6 c 5t e c sl lc-ts e .. -rs I g, 1, I l, r!: g 'r= 'rt rzl=l aE .7 I I.E E .i, c E (p7 rFl IPC (p -r=d lp .E a la rE .E E lE f I '5 lo tsl 'ac I .F c C irs =l.:, I 7 c € lr Et c @l e I.E c 7 ar N== tt gt F ,E tt e )sl c = at7 C cl o o 7 tr rE C .C .ta6 cl 7= o tp IE E F C )6r IE EI )or lc sl .lU ? l, ar gl at IF 'tc.i,= GI tt UI t g rs IC C c le c acl G l:' c larl7 @ o E : ,lS -rs I tr rE= C ,E lar 'aG .U € ?= lrl IG ?= rl (, lE E e = ler .i, I s C 7 lrE 7 l@ lc @ € cl T' 18.'F lG .F c lc .s G 'El c l- , 3 r!! t€ t3 IEEIItE I iir I ? rrl t) .=) gDc ns t= ar @ c E G lE f l3 tti o I8 ar t= t== l,E GI IF ,E )) c lt lq ls t- E car G C l€ ':r IE € lrt l@ E C lai G IF l5 ta= l7 Itr o F e C lq .C 'E l7 lrc le lc l;g c -I C I'E l.l IE u lyr 3 c t? IE 1.2 lo e Ol ifE t= l,= IC ICLE IG l5 nr lar o lE 3 c l@ lc ICl{ It t= e l16 IG, l# leIC E l'H IE lart:, lc lCr lCr IE l6 c, c lq l= tq IC' le le IE E C tlz IE le E lc IC la o IlE :D C tc l@ lc lc IFl€ l.a l.e FE l'H c c lc IClc lE le l= l.= o € l.E lrGl'* l.GIF lrc l2 t IF la lzl€ l; .E t'_€ t? It' = a? l€ l-s IE l@ L lEr t@ l= l= !! IE q lcta lc IE ta le le L'E Io E lar ICD Il- IE IE E IE Ir IE IE lo .g r7 lru lrz Irz l17 lrz lr= lCrIZ F IE l= I= lrh l'E ,i I; IFt= IFt= IFt= IFt= IF IF lc lc lF.g E=* l= lz lz l= ls l,E lu lz la IC a t€ € F IF IF IF' l8 'g lrz IF lFs lfc lrz 6 la.3'E o lE.5 lr h lr .1, tl E iU a?1l8 IE ,E F l= F I' lJ r= l^ l^ l^ l^ ; i 128 APPENDIX B-2: R/ALUAflON FORl,t FOR INDICATOURS OF IAOUNTAIN Table B-2 lndicators of mountain. lndicators Polnt Score Source Uniqueness of the slte Adapted from amufiaguirteluui$ialrdsr (iom 1 aruuu) T ER|C (2003) I ) rflufiufirriororfruriT drot fiuudrrir 1 ) rfl urlrnurpni u?ofi acru rfl uornrmf, 1 ) fi ruutyladuarnuars ulioromvfiu 1 ) nuir uiio orril{rugru riio lrnf,ndrunr{ 1 ) rfnrlo.r rdsr 6uilr${r rfi ouromumf, 1 e J- 3 utoilnufliYtutt2auu- acBuu Aesthetic value Adapted from a21ra?s,qrutoluudsrielrdar (toas t avuuu) ER|C (2003) ) Groru4nr fiu?rcrufi nrurnlurTafisnril 1 and ERIC lo{ilt;o1xn0tu-J-e iltvoltngnn rSmuron (2006) ) 4uraerug taauiunrnuSrr ruf;umu 1 ) turirnndr dio oriifiruSruu?t2u{pn1 1 ) finrrulrturlrv ronr;fi rv lfiaondecumu 1 ) frr4nrfigrJdnnrilccsrrrr uilnnnr 1 asuuu Diverslty of flora and fauna Adapted from a21ilua1 nuolsao{tfi af, t uacdnidnulu#ud (fionv t n vuuu) Forest (1995) ) finnrub?fra6du.u.n 1 ) finrrub?frndillnftrgfiud 1 ) nunarrulfilfrn{tonrcfi u 1 ) rufirunvfrn6drirnulq nurfiulf,irs 1 ) firsuutrcaduarnunrGlurnn'ir g rio 1 asuuu 129 Table B-2 lndicators of mountain lndicators Polnt Score Source Safety amuilaoarYalunreriolrdsc (ioo; r a;uuu) ) fi ntf, a#.rfl rauliofrrgdnnni doudunns 1 ryu'i r.tilrl unsluuu tir rio.r rdsc ) fi nrrlfrrir uwrirrinrior rduilunrnJfir3f, nu 1 otir.rqnf,o.rriountr{nunr ulioriurJr ) fi uricurJ5unsrurnuiioqrJnrnirJSurslulo 1 rdm fru rn?uillfluu?rc rudr{ntito 6utirjlntrinrio.r rd uc ) qrtnrnidBrJrcnountr{nuru rdu rf, uri 1 qrl nrnlrn?ldu1 o glunn.ndd Liir p fi r{ru rirdo{rJrv{ rluuu d r rio.r rd srod r.r 1 fios t au tasroilr;lrdrlruanrario.rrdur ilrornul7ttlnaa1lJn'lire--U RCIIUU Envlronmental impact lrJtrel Adapted from Hn nfi ilun1ud{u? anoilq1 n nltyto{tytt!2 UNEP (2007) eanrvuuoiouudwiorrdsc 1uf,ru il,v irrds rdslruncu unf,wrr.r o1n1il ntruncufindrJr nrrT irnrsf,run;ufirf,ugnrirnroilnnlt - a - a Je . I a arul ar muul ltto n1{l ouriia nurx (rn nrJilulios Iavuuuur n ) ) ruannr;nu1ur1n1f,ru 1 ) ruannrvnu 4-s f,ru 2 ) ruannrvnu 2-3 dru 3 ) trunanrynurfifi t f,ru 4 ) lrinuannrnrd.o.ofioulurlnl dru 5 auuuu r30 Table B-2 lndicators of mountain Polnt Score Source lndicators water quality Adapted from Aomrrrfl lioav 1 asuuu) UNEP (2007) I ) fi ntrrur.r dlfirinrior rdscl{ah nfirudrir 1 Commonweatth I (1e9s) I nclroial rd rfl ufi nroiofr'.r uc adou n o nrrl{ -!- -- . . u , I I u1NUYt101U1t U0;rllr Ruurvug- au1 I ,( 4 !, : ) 4r,rnrntlrm.ruur{uirluriircrulndrdsr 1 t -i lriru nr njuriouuiio frnfiir nr sfi n il n fi I I { 1 otitfioa 1oo uln, u?o otirlrios so un, druiuntfir{tnrlu, ) fi ntf, nft rio frnhriuritiarird.rq r nfio.r aFr 1 ua;huorutriouilr{os(omrlrf, ) fi rvuuritiaritfsqrnfirur{n Inair ua; 1 fioqtr riourJtioaduurimerumfi asBUU Environmentally educative activities Adapted from ilqnrrrnrarie+daonafacruffirudrucaial(ionslayuuu) wTo (2004) ) finqnrudun.nunrstfiiinilo.rrds2(u1rn 1 riuuf*uutrca umruf,r frn{rlr ntrarnni rJn n3 n r rrilnr.r o rnrl r f, hh{urin rior rd u c ) 1 e.J., unYto{rilcr?ilntrl ) firfiuy,r.rllnurotrumf, u?r {fiofr0 1 R2 1 llu ll 1u 6 rtum f, lfr rTurinrior rd u ctf, I nlrr 131 'able B-2lndicators of mountain (cont. lndicators Point Score Source ) fi ooudnea{to1lu1rnn la(ulc {o4auud.r 1 riorrdsc f,luns{n{liarriudnulufrud ) fi nT rtrlamlfun;druuvirlunrnJfr rif, nu 1 e.J.e)-q rouinriol rfr sc riou n r nf,n uruulio rdu]r nguuu lhowledge ln environmental and ecology of staff and guide q aar ntfi amlilu irufi m eiilsr uacd r ur niol (ion ; t avuuu) ) fir{rufirdf,ruirc;iru. don nf,ou u?o 1 n.rdurr.ruurstttulrfi ) fi nrrounrq nnrnrtudruntoqinf 1 il?flu1nt6rflIn1ne- ) rtrurndnrurnoGurufi raorudrfirgror 1 uudrrior rdsc d{fr r;uuimalufrud ) fi nt{afi q nru rirsf nvro?mtr1ilufrud 1 ) fi ntf nu,ri{sua;mureufloXnfiru 1 irc ain sr un an nruf, r un s{n{ilrla s fi drufi rd rfl wl c uufi ra o.rfi ui{u asBuu asBuut2lr 132 APPENDIX 8.3 R/ALUATION FORII FOR INDICATORS OF LANDFORIA Table B-3 lndicators of landform I i lndicators Point Score Source ; I Unlqueness of the site Adapted I from i.' a?lilfiaildrtasuuisrio+dao (iony 2 aruuu) A t ) ur6tdarn 2 ER|C (2003) : ) fi druruuiio actr riorio.rhufi fi sclor fru 2 I I J 601UYt it t ) fi rlro g1ufi ud oroifrrugru 2 * ) fi uuri$un ruadu?anuudn5rudfi actrdr 6'19 2 nrujrvdh;reni ) fi nnfi urnlumruu?wr nf, ndrumr{ 2 nsuuu I Aesthetic value ao1il(oGr{utesuudrriasrdsr ({ooc t a;uuu) ) fificfr'ariccssrulasrou 1 ) fiornirlunairu 1 Adapted from ) fi lroqlufrudorriifrrugru 1 ER|C (2003) ) fi rlro{rouf; ufi ord{rugru 1 ) rnrudfi aolu{rxrluungtaauriunruorrumf, 1 ac]tuu 133 Table B-3 lndicators of landform (cont.) lndicators Polnt Score Source Diversity of flora and fauna I R?1rua1 nilolsro{rrfi afh uncdn6dnulu#ud 6uu r 1 nrruu) i i ) nuiltunrsrialufrud 1 i ) rrufitorryfiu vrulAluu?,crudrrirr?u 1 1 I f, i ) fi rdtndq;6 ryr{u{uiianuldsr n i 1 ? ) rufln{rlrunrsria t11' ) rtuiouourorfrn{unrurfi au3m*rrdud 1 i ecuuu Safety I nmujnoalialuntrioudsr (ionv 1 aruuu) I ) rinrios dscfi ncruilnoarTrrqr n ntrio.r rdsc 1 i ) hinuruqnrmihundu u?o uaiuiulurlu 1 u?n ruft uialnf, rf, u{lurou s id airulr ) bifi ntrfi nqrJhruq rluo?rrltrf, mn ntqufic 1 ru.rfrrd lurau silddrurn ) hinuiououu?aufrntrrun r n{uaru vrpfir uliouJdsuuilamnrulurou s fl dairur.nmn 1 ,J nlrYro{[Ytu2 ) biio.rrouu?rudngrunrnft mrs np frr u?oujdsuuilnmnrnlumu s itfi airuur 1 nruomnrh RsUUU t34 Table B-3 lndicators of tandform (cont.) lndicators Polnt Score Source Environmental impact ,r.SV.rl Hn n8ilu nlud{t u2aooilq1 n n1f yto{tfi g1 I $ (ions 1 nvttuu tasaonrilufioa qcfiasuuurzilxln) I ) lrinurfi uiouosnrrilurtroodifirugru 1 I ) hinurfi uiorrogntA nniou rTnrlrvdufi aqrn 1 i x{lnjJ $ ) fi droGuruunsioaonJfr rihluntriuluorrii 1 firugruu{.rlfirinrior rds I Yr rlu I ) lrinurfi i.rrJ[4n luu3rcruorfifrrugru 1 I ula; ) Cudqsnro oliril{i1norfifiru5ru > 1oo uln, 1 I asuuu Environmentally educative activities fi q nrru nrcrio*darntam uffirudr ur niol (ion y r avuuu) ) fi nT r{ar{uvrrsllntnonr.mrf,ludufi 1 ) fi rhsoGurslfiindol rdsctf,ilnudujry{H ^- -.- --- 9-y- t ) -. I Q3un1 a11il61aruio'iiluil utoio{tosaruri1il1.! 1 ilryifiarnniunvlunruad ) iintoGulsannrryruql n nlnuncuorfit{rugru I 1 t hhinriorrdurlf,ilnu ) fi nnulnlfirinrioudaclf,l nur 1 I 1 ) fi r{rufirdfiorAuu?oria q wr n rffios irru uuri.r : 1 yto{rYtuc.J ecBuu 135 I i T"ble B-3 lndicators of tandform (cont.) t lndicators Polnt Score Source Local knowledge t in environmental and ecology of staff and guide I :.1 1 qaarnelr'ncrufluiruinairnsruaciiruoaieu6onvlaruuu) ) rlaornrelxrrnoGulsnlruE unrdu.toon,,r 1 rfi noxfi {rugrulfirinri o.r rd sctf,il mu ) 1 orriir{rugru ) qanrnrnrrtorirsiloa rJr;,if,aroni #urc 1 q ruri r ramrfi frru5 rulf,oti r.r fi .,- ) UfO ?I1 .. t) 1 iuamuluiluYr- ) !) 1 ilull asuuu a3]tuut?lt 136 I APPENDIX B-4: INDTCATORS OF RESERVOIR I Table B-4 lndicators of Reservoir t i I l lndicators Point Score Source i Uniqueness of the slte Adapted from (too;1 aJuuu) ERIC ) ruramrfiufi iiorrutrnnh{til1nndr s0 q1fl{t 1 (2003) fitouar. - ) fimrvruraoirq oglufrud 1 ) rirfi qomrrdn rutnritnl{qrJtn ntf, 1 ) fi acrurdoulu.rriuuud.rrlrdu 1 ) fiqrudrluf,rumrar ndlmu arular riorrdsc 1 asuuu Aesthetic value R?1rd?s,rt1illo{ruudfliostdgr (ionv r oru*) ) drf,unmunf, 1 ) firfiacru1n6so1a 1 ) lrifi ndurufi uuiialriilu ntfr ltsstuuud.rrir 1 ) hinurJorriiofia{urlliia nrsluuur{rrir 1 ) vTaibntntastoufi acru rfl uomn rf, 1 asuuu Diverslty of flora and fauna I i u#udt{oas 1 aguuu) i > 1 ) irucuriarooiirrir to r0a I ) ,{rucuriamular > to rio 1 ) {rucurfinruounri. > to ria 1 1 ) 3 l0a 1 I ) _ : aguuu I 137 I Tabte B-4 lndicators of Reservoi r lndicators Polnt Score Source I tt Safety i t n21ililnoarYg lunt?iosrdsr (i'onv 1 Raruu) ' ) trirasiluntrhoqrlf, ,rqr.orl..rnfiqnrrunt .J 1 lro{r1tu2 ) hinuntrfi nqrihruqyrtirqrnnlrailular 1 ) fiqrJnrnftIorfiuftr 1in u?odr{sr{ uu6o G - e - v y) 1arJ61' Uroufllulugu3i Unrnnlrourur{1ull1fi 1 1uf,runrr1fiao1rd2s ru6o{rurir ) lrinuruqntnlftromlmf,ulorirriculurou s ild 1 airum ) 1 uncu?rcrulndrds.t aSuuu Environmental lmpact 9.iv.rl aanailualu(su2 naoilq1 n nltvro{wrg? (tonc 1 aluuu las flnnrsilufiouqvfinJuuuroxxln) ) ilarursrfiadraufiuluodn d.rauyrurfi uU 1 ),irururjnT dmcrJruras{uldtdrir.rtr.lqrnilriou 1 ) trifi nt{uilnr{ruruurnur{rudrsrfluror drsdnlfifiurinriorrdsc tnsrqilrujnrdu.s.n 1 unvtnfi6rgriuf ) ti.fi.ti.tfi... ndtYn uilo1u1, airuryuuritia 1 rlr rds riouJt{ood uur{.rrh ) trirrutr,"u?rc ruuur{ulr 1 RsUUU I ; 138 ! Table B-4 tndicators of Reservoir I lndicators Point Score Source I Water quality Adapted from q*n.rrth (ioo;1 asuuu) ERIC (2003) ) nurjnric ilara;Lfisu rjnrnrsd 1 ) drflumrumf, drisc flrtiou 1 ) fi amu1n61il1r0uo{r rfi urJnrdoqlurirlf,i'n nu 1 ) ti.bieonhurufiu 1 ) lrinurJoruruianrsodtfi arJnf,luu'uqqnrn 1 acuuu Environmentally educatlve activlties Adapted from (ion; t nsuuu) BBEC (2003) ) fi nrr{afi q nnulfirinrio.r rdscUA ntn 6.r drfiiinluuuduir un f,rrir rdu dorriioqun ) rinrlo.rdaclf,icuf ntnidiiinro$rcfiru las nr nirfi q nrnricu riu rdu 6uufi6 nt{ufin{rlr nrnj:tnouorurrfiorfiu ) fifiqnrrudrn.nrn.s tfiiindorrdscfnm rdu riuruorrumf, rrrsiion"g Cin..u ) fi 6fiooGurofu 4rurirunvacrudrfrrlpou;uu ur2fltuut]2ilu-.-3 ) fi flrsueroorud unvdrfiiinriauiudrrurfiu l, tf,tuuur{uir aguuu il t * ! I 139 Table B-4 lndicators of Reservoir lndicators Point Score Source Local knowledge in environmental and ecology of staff and guide q anr nrfi amlflu irui n aiyrar uncAi s uc nie u ({on v t nyuuu) ) fiqnnnarlrc,{ruudr?ioodu.nuretnrnlfr l,ae- az1IF{nnlrrun1{n1gn1il i?n1fl uny 1 urcrl2ilt--.3 1!o{[un{u1 ) qanrnrv,mudr6nftiorriu rJordv,ulufrud 1 ) 1 am nrgmuf,rudr uc adoldv,ulufrud ) qanrnnJrg{'luudwiorrdscmslf,iu nrmuru 1 iluut'li2vtm)r--eJe- n1'o{rnEiltilg1n?ft Ni1n y y \ r 9 .a ta9 - e l tl 7 tJll.lu1u UrO { tuutnlelu$Oruq1{tyt61r1rn 1 asuuu asuuut?lr I I I i 140 i APPENDIX 8.5: INDICATORS OF RAPID Table B-5 lndicators of rapid lndlcators Point Score Source Uniqueness of the site Adapted from ({oa; t a;uuu) ERIC ) aml n{r.rro.rdrriru?rc rud rfl uurirrr n n,ir 50 u nr 1 (2003) ) 4cruarctosirriru?rc rud rfl uurirur n n,ir so u nt 1 ) rirtunumlr nuocfi ilir1 rurln 1 ) uri.rfi actruntorirrirurnuayfi ao1ilrnnd1{r 1 rvudrs rufio uri{ uacMuriur n ) rlrtfitasraufi acruqamllrnl 1 aguuu Aesthetic value a21il(isslxro{ruudrrio+dsc ({on; t a;uuu) ) rirfi dsmltrfi orqfi f, rirnrnluqqalu 1 ) rirtrifinduruiiu 1 ) lrifi d.rrionhmqjrouriilcruuuduir 1 ) $nriltosroufi actrrf, uorrulrf, 1 ) fi amlncsmuTfluurirrir ua;urir udr 1 esuuu I I 141 I , I I i fable B-5 lndicators of !n lndicators Polnt Score Source Diversity of flora and fauna a?1iluo1 nualsro{rifi afi r uagfnidrulu#ud (fons r avuuu) ) runnrubl{uluu?rc ruurirunrsrila 1 ) nnrnrJrtasroufi acruqalnurgrnl 1 ) uuilnrunrsriauovfiacrulnlu 1 1 ) rurJar#ru?rc ru#l rufi o uri.r un y1fi urk' ) nuunuarffiialufrud 1 asuuu Safety .uU e m u d a e alTg ?Trqr n flq{snrslu uacnr guo n (io n s t a v uuu) ) fiqrJnrnibincrudcsrudordudcssrl 1ir rfi on 1 oqluu?rc ruuu d.r rior rd sc ) fi rlrs rfi oulfirinriol rdsm;{ramurjaoarftr 1 ) 1 ) lri rasfi ilriB rim ntfi aruqdunno 1 ) fi ntouauqaa nrluf,runtntdorurhuavnrr 1 dcaru6o{rJreurTuilNir auuuu 142 I Table B-5 lndicators of lndicators Polnt Score Source Environmental lmPact t, .i l- - aa nfi ilu n1uf, rt u? nio xq1 n n1'do{tfi s2 (ionc 1 auuuu u1 nfi am nrvilurios qsfi avuuutcltrl n) ) trifi ntrionhl nmtluu?tc ruuutilria't dur 1 I ) fi ntrk{osirift tastuniurirufrudomllrf, 1 - . - ! 1 . -t^r^--^-r-.-^-'-!.- u5or;uuuluour rds riourldoool( uutilu't ) lrin, n.rd.lrsvtuuut{$ir 1 ) lrinutw Mtso1urr luiltoiluur{{dolrdsc 1 ) trinunrr{ufin{ir do nrnior rdsc 1 aEuuu Adapted Water quatity from qn n.r,ti. (fioav 1 atruu) BRT (2007) ) nuurnlrlrurufia rdu frctiouru'rmrnrvfiu fir 1 tiouru.rasirjarc f,cdouulnluuoujuun,i,t ) fi.trnvoratf,umrulrH orqfif,rlT onoluqqalu 1 ) tittri o{. dr ulionjdsurfl uf fiscotit'i'atqu 1 ) ti. tri*.rn6urufi unhrfr s 1 ) nurJnr un orf,oodnruorulrf, 1 trivruntnrsodrsfiailnf, aSttuu 143 I t : Table B-5 lndicators of lndicators Point Score Source ; Environmentally educatlve activities fi q n aer nrfliosrd gcfr faztrifiruds ur afeu (fionv r a vuuu) ) iiflrs' 1 rvuuirca f,t {n6dnuhdufi ) fi {fionrarioruri{firinriorrfisctf,ilnm 1 ) rinrio.rrdsclf,firnrrounrloacnJfi ritsnu 1 riounrxiourir ) fi hqnmrdru. nuu.r,hirinrioudartf,iiouflu 1 f,ruirc aivrs 1 un!fl a n Evruoiodruc adou ) iinqnru l, 1 n1un1il orumf, ro{nrgirunvuri'r RCIIUU " Local knowledge ln environmental and ecology of staff and guide u aar nrfi aoru ilu firui n siilsr uacais ur aiol (toa v t nsuuu) ) 1 ,tl ncr uf fi r dnuu;ll n 1sn 1il fi rc aivrs r ) qanrnnrmudr{nftinuriu f,r frnflufrud 1 ) .l ..1 e 1 rilo n a ar a n tyvru noe{ Bc anoll ) fi ntounn ;nnnrr1uf,'runtnrxio.ruris rTGr 1 ) 1 asuuu RJUUUt2lt I t14 t I i APPENoTx c i n udracqaoruharfiureuinrietdaeienreriortdarririma lueparuuristrA...... isudcriru I drduqr :tjranouriT ntrlasldriooru.u /n.rludovirrufirdrnoufirirufion uriolduuramt una.rt{rfrudndudo$rrdnr.rriuncruharfi uro.trirulrndqa f,eXafictl 1. rnn- O ma Ourll 2. olrl Oirn'ir rs il O rs-zo il Ozr-zs il Ozo-so it Ogr-aoil O urnn'iraoil 3. rvfruntflnur OrJroufntn Orioauilnm OrBqJryrn? O6.rn,itJiqryrn? Odu1lrJrarq..... a. orin Orinfiuuninilnm Oiumtnrr OiSinrufir Odna{s Oqrfirdcud'r Onrinlruu?fvr Odul tJrarr1..... arAu...A tailama2nunltlro!rua?iu s.lrJra6ardrduru4eammtfiumrrurriorrfiu.ddtru tf,rd'ud t uuradr ruqandrduurn , tirfiud 2 urrs6{ ruq nndrfru d z ..... (rirunrurm 16o n r?a.rdt{rfru filf,) ocrrl teA rilQae t,lauYr ruaHa alauYr t) rindou 7) lltmJmuxon z1q{n{rlr 8) luficr{ari .)- g) unnrub?aonbi 9) ntnfl1u 4) Qun to) riujr s) riorurh tt) rirapJ I o) intnAftr tz) rdurirnn ra) dul Llrar;q..... nE r9lslo n$rlo uwn$Llo rFF[ (e nBrrlFlo n$wo uwn$t}o usrrsbpnp (s nE rlFlo nBrt}o uLnn$wo rFrlumgn (t nE t}tqo nBrLlo uwn$rlo r^rysr^I (e nE t}Iqo nErrlo uLmn$t}o ulmql (z n$rlFlo nEtrlo uum$wo su{rsnq (t utn^rr:3nln$LlmrouErpugnqpFlopur,rJ:unLcuBcnLglu'e! 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(rio) t l. riruf, a'ir{rucufiira;dqnarurnisrl{rf, s.rrrouliolri Olfis{il0 O1rirfis.rilo ts. riruriiuf,cuutiobidqvrarur;firuualfirinrio.tdscfrffi;ndutJoonfr.ruonqmulu Olrirfiuf,cs druEudfur{rsritir{oru;1firluqnsruflu{rucuriu .. ul1 Orfiuf,ca : t o. riruJryr{uhd.rhluqvrsruu}iri = t o. riruhnd'r ur;;;;;;;#;;;;;;r. tz. f,amuouwdul tereuqorfi riru{agrcerbif,eXefi lfl urJrlstridefi r-a 1uvt....-) 147 QUESTIONNAIRE FOR ECOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT tN _ NATTONAL PARK, NAN PROVTNCE Please answer the question and/or mark ({y in the blank General lnformation 1. Gender O uap O Femate 2.Age : O . ts O rs-2oyears O 2r-2syears Ozosoyears O gr-4oyears O rnoyears 3. EducaUon O erimaryschoot Osecondaryschoot OBacnebrdegree O Masterdegreeorhigher O Otners.. 4. Occupation OstrOent Ocorernrent officer O State Enterprises OResearcner O Entrepreneur O Company emptoyee O otners.. Tourism lnformation 5. Please identifo the priority of reason to visit this nationat park (1. 2. 3. ...) Reason No. Reason 1) Relaxing 7) Admiring sea fog 2) Wldlife watching 8) Admiring scenery 3) Flora watching 9) Bicycle dding 4) Bird watching 10) Trekking 5) Rafting 11) Photography rN 6) Study/research 1 2) alertal I relaxi ng 13) Others.. I ,. i I I i I I 148 L Tourism lnformation (cont.) | 6. Where are you from?...... 7. How many times have you visited this national park? ...... time 8. Do yol plan to spend the nights over (lf yes, how many)? O yes...... night O No (One - day Trip) : 9. What's your mode of travel? puutic o car o transportation ogus ovan o eict-up O Four-wheet OMotorcycte O otners.. 10. What're your activities in this nataonal park? t )1 activity) O Rehxing O wiutre watching O rbra warching O eiro watching o nanir,g O st oylresearch O eoriring sea fog o aoriring scenery Bicycle O riding O Trekking O errotograprry O waterr"l retaxing O omers.. 11. How does number of tourist during high season impact your leisure time? o no impact O o* impact o moderate impact o nign impact 12. What's your satisfaction toward nationalpark services? 1) Accommodation O nqn O ueotrm O un, 2) Food, restaurant O npn O ueoium O n 3) Msitor information O nign O ueoium O O* 13. How are the following infrastructures necessary in this national park? 1) Restaurant O nigr, O ueoium O U, 2) Accommodation O nign O ueoirm O O* 3) Telephone. signat O Hisn O ueoium O n* 4) Tent for rent O nisn O ueoium O o* 5) Car park O xisn O ueoium O o* 6) Electricity O Hisn O Medium O nn, 149 Toudsm lnformation {cont.) 14. Do you think that the park provide enough garbage bin? O Yes.enough O No. notenough 15. Do you agree to take garbage back to outside of the park when you finished your trip? O Rgree : O Disagree. and willingness to pay.forwaste management to the park...... Baht 16. Please inform your impression and appreciation in nationalpark. 17. How to develop national park to support the increasing of tourists? Comments and Suggestions Thank you very much, have a nice jo.rmey! Date. I I I 150 APPENDIX D Eco-camping Guidebook 09sz ltuLsttP BprBritgtKlsl$suoutsb guuuuua[EEttsusplt L u g n1u ulun Bng me$ Lu?t$pmepn gr,unr U i $B Reguctop gtopt ptnt gtsgunuururuDuptt ^ulp SL! S1 a rtrlUb pel8,o8lcBplotsl,tBtuttutsfstustus3ut But EP@@ NNN nryb ,,l,ylygttbynnrub i--...-.-...... -.| r',' gL/,,tc t t s b c b b a y, u$FLgtl^Llt LMIFIL} ul LcI bf, pt ult ! i reep6&B G.s[rssu'ugpru],r i B L3 U?r-B Ig[ M! B3 B fi rt86u8 ,li gunur,r ^UtrL rr,.i! cuursu$Buu i gLl,ttBfllrl L------:------: L- u/rlgFz sBfruBn?ty B r,& sB0u sLU R g^u u,r u .u1e cpn: u --gBc*Brur ngBret{ug ururBggn eErrgnl$ruuuR6srg[trlr pc.Fnp ru $!,ncsRwLF utttuO ttg r rguutnnuugrBtr cBptt.gFuuuuullrpnl I sdlI 6uldulec-oca prpr{tnpDenpuBuen"'q,nulnrsuru pcltrsglBsruFrruBpcBl]rffi FFeg $u91t0pr ""'lt!l[\. 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She received a Bachetor of Science degree in Environmentat Science and Technotogy in 1999 from Faculty of Environment and Resources Studies, Mahidot University and Master of Environrnentat Science in 2002 from lnter - department of Environmental Science, Graduate Sc'noot, Chutatongkorn University. She worked as research associate in Thaitand Environmental lnstitute during 2OO2.2OO3 and continued her study in lnter ' department of Environmental science, Graduate school, chulalongkorn University in 2003. She received the scholarship for her ph.D. study since 2005 from suan sunandha RaJabhat University and witl be lecturer at the Department of Environmental science, Faculty of Science and Technotogy after her graduation. t I I I i_