A Review of the Neoproterozoic to Cambrian Tectonic Evolution
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Index Page numbers in italic refer to tables, and those in bold to figures. accretionary orogens, defined 23 Namaqua-Natal Orogen 435-8 Africa, East SW Angola and NW Botswana 442 Congo-Sat Francisco Craton 4, 5, 35, 45-6, 49, 64 Umkondo Igneous Province 438-9 palaeomagnetic poles at 1100-700 Ma 37 Pan-African orogenic belts (650-450 Ma) 442-50 East African(-Antarctic) Orogen Damara-Lufilian Arc-Zambezi Belt 3, 435, accretion and deformation, Arabian-Nubian Shield 442-50 (ANS) 327-61 Katangan basaltic rocks 443,446 continuation of East Antarctic Orogen 263 Mwembeshi Shear Zone 442 E/W Gondwana suture 263-5 Neoproterozoic basin evolution and seafloor evolution 357-8 spreading 445-6 extensional collapse in DML 271-87 orogenesis 446-51 deformations 283-5 Ubendian and Kibaran Belts 445 Heimefront Shear Zone, DML 208,251, 252-3, within-plate magmatism and basin initiation 443-5 284, 415,417 Zambezi Belt 27,415 structural section, Neoproterozoic deformation, Zambezi Orogen 3, 5 Madagascar 365-72 Zambezi-Damara Belt 65, 67, 442-50 see also Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS); Zimbabwe Belt, ophiolites 27 Mozambique Belt Zimbabwe Craton 427,433 Mozambique Belt evolution 60-1,291, 401-25 Zimbabwe-Kapvaal-Grunehogna Craton 42, 208, 250, carbonates 405.6 272-3 Dronning Mand Land 62-3 see also Pan-African eclogites and ophiolites 406-7 Africa, West 40-1 isotopic data Amazonia-Rio de la Plata megacraton 2-3, 40-1 crystallization and metamorphic ages 407-11 Birimian Orogen 24 Sm-Nd (T DM) 411-14 A1-Jifn Basin see Najd Fault System lithologies 402-7 Albany-Fraser-Wilkes -
© Cambridge University Press Cambridge
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87733-6 - Sandstone Landforms Robert. W. Young, Robert. A. L. Wray and Ann. R. M. Young Index More information Index A-tent phenomena 92 bedrock profiles (thalwegs) 202, 205–208, accordant structure 252 213–214 Adrar, Mauritania 218 benches see also stepped slopes 29, 40, 41, 95, aeolianite 20, 155 213, 219, 254 Africa 174, 189, 211, 221 biochemical weathering 214 caves in 165–167 biofilms 127 alcoves see also apses 88 bioturbation 185 algae 127, 148, 181 bioweathering 124–127, 180, 185 aluminium and silica solubility 123 Black Forest, Germany 233 Amazon Basin see also Roraima block gliding 73–76 silica load in streams 130 block sliding 66, 68–71 amorphous silica 134 Blue Mountains, Australia see also Three Sisters amphitheatres 83–87, 196, 199 57, 181, 194, 249 Andes Mountains 247 Book Cliffs, USA 45–47 angle of repose of debris 81, 224 Borkou, Saharan Africa see Tassili Antarctica 80, 127, 147, 234, 237, 239–241 Borneo 216 anticlinal valleys 253 breached anticline see also topographic inversion Appalachians, eastern USA 19, 39, 82, 156, 205, 252, 254 252–253 Britain see also Millstone Grit; Ardingley, New apses see also alcoves 101 Red, Old Red and Torridonian Sandstones aquifer see also nappes 162 156, 167, 233 aquifer 69, 146, 209 Brooks Range, Alaska 253–255, 269 arches see also natural bridges 88, 101, 102–108 Bungle Bungle Range, Australia 5, 82, 97, 121, Ardingly Sandstone, England 25 127, 143, 178, 195, 199 arenization 115–117, 143 buttressing 60, 80, 95 arenites 20, 226 arkosic 29 calcareous -
The Position of Madagascar Within Gondwana and Its Movements During Gondwana Dispersal ⇑ Colin Reeves
Journal of African Earth Sciences xxx (2013) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of African Earth Sciences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jafrearsci The position of Madagascar within Gondwana and its movements during Gondwana dispersal ⇑ Colin Reeves Earthworks BV, Achterom 41A, 2611 PL Delft, The Netherlands article info abstract Article history: A reassembly of the Precambrian fragments of central Gondwana is presented that is a refinement of a Available online xxxx tight reassembly published earlier. Fragments are matched with conjugate sides parallel as far as possible and at a distance of 60–120 km from each other. With this amount of Precambrian crust now stretched Keywords: into rifts and passive margins, a fit for all the pieces neighbouring Madagascar – East Africa, Somalia, the Madagascar Seychelles, India, Sri Lanka and Mozambique – may be made without inelegant overlap or underlap. This Gondwana works less well for wider de-stretched margins on such small fragments. A model of Gondwana dispersal Aeromagnetics is also developed, working backwards in time from the present day, confining the relative movements of Indian Ocean the major fragments – Africa, Antarctica and India – such that ocean fracture zones collapse back into Dykes themselves until each ridge-reorganisation is encountered. The movements of Antarctica with respect to Africa and of India with respect to Antarctica are defined in this way by a limited number of interval poles to achieve the Gondwana ‘fit’ situation described above. The ‘fit’ offers persuasive alignments of structural and lithologic features from Madagascar to its neighbours. The dispersal model helps describe the evolution of Madagascar’s passive margins and the role of the Madagascar Rise as a microplate in the India–Africa–Antarctica triple junction. -
Upper Mantle P and S Wave Velocity Structure of the Kalahari Craton And
RESEARCH LETTER Upper Mantle P and S Wave Velocity Structure of the 10.1029/2019GL084053 Kalahari Craton and Surrounding Proterozoic Key Points: • Thick cratonic lithosphere extends Terranes, Southern Africa beneath the Rehoboth Province and Kameron Ortiz1, Andrew Nyblade1,5 , Mark van der Meijde2, Hanneke Paulssen3 , parts of the northern Okwa Terrane 4 4 5 2,6 and Magondi Belt Motsamai Kwadiba , Onkgopotse Ntibinyane , Raymond Durrheim , Islam Fadel , • The northern edge of the greater and Kyle Homman1 Kalahari Craton lithosphere lies along the northern boundary of the 1Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA, 2Faculty for Geo‐information Rehoboth Province and Magondi Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands, 3Department of Earth Sciences, Belt 4 • Cratonic mantle lithosphere Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands, Botswana Geoscience Institute, Lobatse, Botswana, 5 6 beneath the Okwa Terrane and School of Geosciences, The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Geology Department, Faculty Magondi Belt may have been of Science, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Egypt chemically altered by Proterozoic magmatic events Abstract New broadband seismic data from Botswana and South Africa have been combined with Supporting Information: existing data from the region to develop improved P and S wave velocity models for investigating the • Supporting Information S1 upper mantle structure of southern Africa. Higher craton‐like velocities are imaged beneath the Rehoboth Province and parts of the northern Okwa Terrane and the Magondi Belt, indicating that the Correspondence to: northern edge of the greater Kalahari Craton lithosphere lies along the northern boundary of these A. Nyblade, terranes. -
World Map Showing Surface and Subsurface Distribution, and Lithologic Character of Middle and Late Neoproterozoic Rocks
World Map Showing Surface and Subsurface Distribution, and Lithologic Character of Middle and Late Neoproterozoic Rocks By John H. Stewart1 Open-File Report 2007-1087 2007 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey 1 Menlo Park, Calif. U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 2007 Revised and reprinted: 2007 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Suggested citation: Stewart, John H., 2007, World map showing surface and subsurface distribution, and lithologic character of Middle and Late Neoproterozoic rocks: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1087. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. ii Contents Introduction......................................................................................................................... 3 Sources of information ........................................................................................................ 2 Africa [AF] -
Pan-African Orogeny 1
Encyclopedia 0f Geology (2004), vol. 1, Elsevier, Amsterdam AFRICA/Pan-African Orogeny 1 Contents Pan-African Orogeny North African Phanerozoic Rift Valley Within the Pan-African domains, two broad types of Pan-African Orogeny orogenic or mobile belts can be distinguished. One type consists predominantly of Neoproterozoic supracrustal and magmatic assemblages, many of juvenile (mantle- A Kröner, Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany R J Stern, University of Texas-Dallas, Richardson derived) origin, with structural and metamorphic his- TX, USA tories that are similar to those in Phanerozoic collision and accretion belts. These belts expose upper to middle O 2005, Elsevier Ltd. All Rights Reserved. crustal levels and contain diagnostic features such as ophiolites, subduction- or collision-related granitoids, lntroduction island-arc or passive continental margin assemblages as well as exotic terranes that permit reconstruction of The term 'Pan-African' was coined by WQ Kennedy in their evolution in Phanerozoic-style plate tectonic scen- 1964 on the basis of an assessment of available Rb-Sr arios. Such belts include the Arabian-Nubian shield of and K-Ar ages in Africa. The Pan-African was inter- Arabia and north-east Africa (Figure 2), the Damara- preted as a tectono-thermal event, some 500 Ma ago, Kaoko-Gariep Belt and Lufilian Arc of south-central during which a number of mobile belts formed, sur- and south-western Africa, the West Congo Belt of rounding older cratons. The concept was then extended Angola and Congo Republic, the Trans-Sahara Belt of to the Gondwana continents (Figure 1) although West Africa, and the Rokelide and Mauretanian belts regional names were proposed such as Brasiliano along the western Part of the West African Craton for South America, Adelaidean for Australia, and (Figure 1). -
“Modern-Type Plate Tectonics”?
SILEIR RA A D B E E G D E A O D L Special Session, “A tribute to Edilton Santos, a leader in Precambrian O E I G C I A Geology in Northeastern Brazil”, edited by A.N. Sial and V.P. Ferreira O BJGEO S DOI: 10.1590/2317-4889202020190095 Brazilian Journal of Geology D ESDE 1946 Dawn of metazoans: to what extent was this influenced by the onset of “modern-type plate tectonics”? Umberto G. Cordani1* , Thomas R. Fairchild1 , Carlos E. Ganade1 , Marly Babinski1 , Juliana de Moraes Leme1 Abstract The appearance of complex megascopic multicellular eukaryotes in the Ediacaran occurred just when the dynamics of a cooling Earth allowed establishment of a new style of global tectonics that continues to the present as “modern-type plate tectonics”. The advent of this style was first registered in 620 Ma-old coesite-bearing Ultra-High Pressure eclogites within the Transbrasiliano-Kandi mega-shear zone along the site of the West Gondwana Orogeny (WGO). These eclogites comprise the oldest evidence of slab-pull deep subduction capable of inducing con- tinental collisions and producing high-relief Himalayan-type mega-mountains. Life, prior to this time, was essentially microscopic. Yet with increasing Neoproterozoic oxygenation and intensified influx of nutrients to Ediacaran oceans, resulting from the erosion of these mountains, complex macroscopic heterotrophic eukaryotes arose and diversified, taking the biosphere to a new evolutionary threshold. The repeated elevation of Himalayan-type mega-mountains ever since then has continued to play a fundamental role in nutrient supply and biosphere evolution. Other authors have alluded to the influence of Gondwana mountain-building upon Ediacaran evolution, however we claim here to have identified when and where it began. -
Mafic Dyke Swarm, Brazil: Implications for Archean Supercratons
Michigan Technological University Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech Michigan Tech Publications 12-3-2018 Revisiting the paleomagnetism of the Neoarchean Uauá mafic dyke swarm, Brazil: Implications for Archean supercratons J. Salminen University of Helsinki E. P. Oliveira State University of Campinas, Brazil Elisa J. Piispa Michigan Technological University Aleksey Smirnov Michigan Technological University, [email protected] R. I. F. Trindade Universidade de Sao Paulo Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/michigantech-p Part of the Geological Engineering Commons, and the Physics Commons Recommended Citation Salminen, J., Oliveira, E. P., Piispa, E. J., Smirnov, A., & Trindade, R. I. (2018). Revisiting the paleomagnetism of the Neoarchean Uauá mafic dyke swarm, Brazil: Implications for Archean supercratons. Precambrian Research, 329, 108-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2018.12.001 Retrieved from: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/michigantech-p/443 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/michigantech-p Part of the Geological Engineering Commons, and the Physics Commons Precambrian Research 329 (2019) 108–123 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Precambrian Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/precamres Revisiting the paleomagnetism of the Neoarchean Uauá mafic dyke swarm, T Brazil: Implications for Archean supercratons ⁎ J. Salminena,b, , E.P. Oliveirac, E.J. Piispad,e, A.V. Smirnovd,f, R.I.F. Trindadeg a Physics Department, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box -
Non-Cylindrical Parasitic Folding and Strain Partitioning
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2018-6 Manuscript under review for journal Solid Earth Discussion started: 6 February 2018 c Author(s) 2018. CC BY 4.0 License. Non-cylindrical parasitic folding and strain partitioning during the Pan-African Lufilian orogeny in the Chambishi-Nkana Basin, Central African Copperbelt Koen Torremans1, Philippe Muchez1, Manuel Sintubin2 5 1KU Leuven, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Geodynamics and Geofluids Research Group, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001 Leuven, Belgium. 2Present address: Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland. Correspondence to: Koen Torremans ([email protected]) 1 Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2018-6 Manuscript under review for journal Solid Earth Discussion started: 6 February 2018 c Author(s) 2018. CC BY 4.0 License. Abstract. A structural analysis has been carried out along the southeast margin of the Chambishi-Nkana Basin in the Central African Copperbelt, hosting the world-class Cu-Co Nkana orebody. The geometrically complex structural architecture is interpreted to have been generated during a single NE-SW oriented compressional event, clearly linked to the Pan-African 5 Lufilian orogeny. This progressive deformation resulted primarily in asymmetric multiscale parasitic fold assemblages, characterized by non-cylindrical NW-SE elongated, periclinal folds that strongly interfere laterally, leading to fold linkage and bifurcation. The vergence and amplitude of these folds consistently reflect their position along an inclined limb of a NW plunging megascale first-order fold. A clear relation is observed between development of parasitic folds and certain lithofacies assemblages in the Copperbelt Orebody Member, which hosts most of the ore. -
Variations in the Thickness of the Crust of the Kaapvaal Craton, and Mantle Structure Below Southern Africa
Earth Planets Space, 56, 125–137, 2004 Variations in the thickness of the crust of the Kaapvaal craton, and mantle structure below southern Africa C. Wright, M. T. O. Kwadiba∗,R.E.Simon†,E.M.Kgaswane‡, and T. K. Nguuri∗∗ Bernard Price Institute of Geophysical Research, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa (Received September 17, 2003; Revised March 3, 2004; Accepted March 3, 2004) Estimates of crustal thicknesses using Pn times and receiver functions agree well for the southern part of the Kaapvaal craton, but not for the northern region. The average crustal thicknesses determined from Pn times for the northern and southern regions of the craton were 50.52 ± 0.88 km and 38.07 ± 0.85 km respectively, with corresponding estimates from receiver functions of 43.58 ± 0.57 km and 37.58 ± 0.70 km. The lower values of crustal thicknesses for receiver functions in the north are attributed to variations in composition and metamorphic grade in an underplated, mafic lower crust, resulting in a crust-mantle boundary that yields weak P-to-SV conversions. P and S wavespeeds in the uppermost mantle of the central regions of the Kaapvaal craton are high and uniform with average values of 8.35 and 4.81 km/s respectively, indicating the presence of depleted magnesium-rich peridotite. The presence of a low wavespeed zone for S waves in the upper mantle between depths of 210 and about 345 km that is not observed for P waves was inferred outside the Kaapvaal craton. -
The Phanerozoic Thermo-Tectonic Evolution of Northern Mozambique Constrained by Ar, Fission Track and (U-Th)/He Analyses
THE PHANEROZOIC THERMO-TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF NORTHERN MOZAMBIQUE 40 39 CONSTRAINED BY AR/ AR, FISSION TRACK AND (U-TH)/HE ANALYSES Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften am Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Universität Bremen Vorgelegt von Matthias Ch. Daßinnies Bremen, 2006 Tag des Kolloquiums: 22.12.2006 Gutachter: Prof. Dr. J. Jacobs Prof. Dr. W. Bach Prüfer: Prof. Dr. T. Mörz Prof. A. Kopf Contents CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................... v SUMMARY........................................................................................................................ vii ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ......................................................................................................... x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Scope of thesis.................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Research objectives and methods..................................................................... 3 1.3 Outline of thesis ............................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER 2 THERMOCHRONOLOGICAL METHODS AND ANALYTICS ...................................................... 6 2.1 40Ar/39Ar dating method................................................................................... 6 2.1.1 Argon isotope measurements -
Detrital Zircon Provenance of North Gondwana Palaeozoic Sandstones from Saudi Arabia
Geological Magazine Detrital zircon provenance of north Gondwana www.cambridge.org/geo Palaeozoic sandstones from Saudi Arabia Guido Meinhold1,2 , Alexander Bassis3,4, Matthias Hinderer3, Anna Lewin3 and Jasper Berndt5 Original Article 1School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK; Cite this article: Meinhold G, Bassis A, 2Abteilung Sedimentologie/Umweltgeologie, Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum Göttingen, Universität Göttingen, Hinderer M, Lewin A, and Berndt J (2021) Goldschmidtstraße 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; 3Institut für Angewandte Geowissenschaften, Technische Detrital zircon provenance of north Gondwana 4 Palaeozoic sandstones from Saudi Arabia. Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 9, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; Eurofins water&waste GmbH, 5 Geological Magazine 158:442–458. https:// Eumigweg 7, 2351 Wiener Neudorf, Austria and Institut für Mineralogie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität doi.org/10.1017/S0016756820000576 Münster, Corrensstraße 24, 48149 Münster, Germany Received: 12 February 2020 Abstract Revised: 18 May 2020 Accepted: 18 May 2020 We present the first comprehensive detrital zircon U–Pb age dataset from Palaeozoic sand- First published online: 24 June 2020 stones of Saudi Arabia, which provides new insights into the erosion history of the East African Orogen and sediment recycling in northern Gondwana. Five main age populations Keywords: U–Pb geochronology; sediment provenance; are present in varying amounts in the zircon age spectra, with age peaks at ~625 Ma, detrital zircon; Palaeozoic; north Gondwana; ~775 Ma, ~980 Ma, ~1840 Ma and ~2480 Ma. Mainly igneous rocks of the Arabian– Saudi Arabia Nubian Shield are suggested to be the most prominent sources for the Ediacaran to middle Tonian zircon grains. Palaeoproterozoic and Archaean grains may be xenocrystic zircons or Author for correspondence: Guido Meinhold, Email: [email protected] they have been recycled from older terrigenous sediment.