Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(04): 736-744

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 10 Number 04 (2021) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1004.075

Pest Complex of CV. Assam Lemon ( limon L. Burm) in Terai Region of West Bengal, India

Tanuj Debbarma* and T. K. Hath

Department of Agricultural Entomology, Uttar Banga Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, UBKV, Pundibari, West Bengal, India

*Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

In a two-year study conducted in 2013 and 2014 in terai zone of West Bengal, India, 18 pests and 2 mite species were recorded from the lemon tree of CV. Assam Lemon (Citrus limon L. Burm). Among the insect pests, six species belonged to order K eyw or ds , seven species to Hemiptera while five species were from Coleoptera. The studies revealed that major insect pests of the region were citrus leaf miner orange (Citrus sinensis), lemon (Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton), citrus psylla, (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) and (Citrus limon), lemon butterfly ( Linnaeus). Other important insect pests include leaf grapefruit (Citrus mining flea beetles (Podagrigomela nigripes Medvedev), leaf roller ( paradisi) zizyphi Stainton), citrus aphid (Toxoptera citricida Kirkaldy), citrus whitefly (Dialeurodes citri Ashmead), citrus blackfly (Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby) and ash Article Info weevils (Lepropus lateralis F. and Deiradolcus sp.). The two mite species, citrus red Accepted: mite (Panonychus citri McGregor) and citrus rust mite (Phyllocoptruta oleivora 18 March 2021 Ashmead) belonged to Tetranychidae Eriophyidae respectively. Besides, as many as Available Online: 10 April 2021 15 different species of natural enemies consisting of 7 species of coccinellid predators, 3 species of hymenopteran parasitoids, 2 species of spiders, one species each of lace wing and unidentified hoverfly were identified from the citrus plants. This was the first ever study in the region.

Introduction (Citrus limon), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), lime (Citrus aurantifolia) and mandarin Amongst fruit crops, citrus (Citrus spp.; (Citrus reticulata). India ranks fifth in the ) occupies a chief place and owing to world in area and production of citrus and its wide adaptability to various climatic lime and lemon are considered to be the most conditions they are grown in different parts of important fruits under citrus in the country the world including tropical, subtropical and (Anonymous, 2018). In India, Lime and temperate regions. The most popular citrus are the most important citrus crops comprises orange (Citrus sinensis), lemon after oranges and mosambia (Citrus limetta

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Risso). Among the various reasons limiting Assam. Terai region of West Bengal which is the production of citrus in India, prevalence of adjacent to Assam is a vast area, suitable for pests and diseases is the major one. As many cultivation of lime and lemon due to as 823 insect and mite pests inflict damage to prevalence of conducive climate and soil and citrus species throughout the world (Ebeling, people in this large area grow lime/lemon as a 1959) of which 250 were reported to kitchen garden plant for meeting their be occurring in India (Butani, 1979). domestic need as well as for commercial However, Pruthi and Mani (1945) earlier purposes. In West Bengal, citrus is cultivated reported that citrus crops were infested by 165 in an area of 11.71 thousand hectare with a insect pests in India causing 30% yield loss. production of 109.40 thousand tons From Darjeeling district (in West Bengal), (Anonymous, 2013). Though scanty which is an important orange growing area of references on the pests of oranges of the North-East India, Nath (1969) for the first Darjeeling district are available, practically no time documented 82 species occurring on information about the pest complex of any of citrus, of which 37 species were new record. the citrus crop in the terai zone of West Later studies indicated that citrus crops are Bengal, are available. Accordingly the studies ravaged by varying numbers of insect pests were undertaken. and mites during different years. Patel et al., (1970) reported eleven species of insect pests, Materials and Methods being serious in Gujarat, which included citrus leaf miner, citrus butterfly, citrus psylla, citrus The experiment was conducted in the existing leaf roller, citrus whitefly, citrus fruit sucking lemon orchard of the University located at , mealy bug, citrus aphids, red and white Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India ants. Nair (1986) listed about 179 different and lies between 25°57’ N to 27° N latitude species of insects and mites. Reddy et al., and 88°25’ E to 58°54’ E longitude in two (1989) recorded about 55 species of insect and consecutive years viz. 2013 and 2014. Four mite in Southern Andhra Pradesh, where citrus plants with equal vigour were selected at leaf miner was noted to be an important pest random in the orchard. The tree canopy was in nursery as well as main field. Donkersley divided into three segments, viz. top, middle (2018) reported that lime trees were infested and lower and from each segment, three by 15 different insects, mites and nematode. branches were selected and tagged whereas from each branch, four shoots were randomly Although numerous pests assault citrus plants, considered for recording the insect pests. The the citrus butterfly (Papilio demoleus eggs, immature stages/ larvae and adults were Linnaeus), citrus leaf miner (Phyllocnistis collected and identified under stereo- citrella Stainton), leaf folder (Psorosticha microscope in the laboratory and assistance of ziziphi Stainton), ash weevil (Myllocerus the taxonomists was taken to identify the discolor Fab.), psylla (Diaphorina citri insect pests. Identification keys of Martin Kuwayama) and rust mite (Phyllocoptes (1987; 1996; 2000) and Martin et al., (2000) oleivorus Ashmead) are considered to be the were consulted for identification of the most notorious pests and leaf miner and citrus whiteflies and blackflies. Counting of the butterfly occur regularly in nurseries, young natural enemies was also done from the plantation and on new flushes of grown up selected branches/ shoots from each canopy of trees. Barua and Bharadwaj (2017) described the selected plants. Infested leaves (by insect Assam Lemon, locally known as ‘Kazi pests) were plucked and kept back in Nemu’, to be the most common citrus fruit in polythene bags and non-absorbent cotton was

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(04): 736-744 used to plug for aeration of inhabiting natural Aleyrodidae; two species scale insects, enemies. The collected leaves were examined Aonidiella sp. and Coccus hesperidum twice a week and two weeks later, the samples Linnaeus under Diaspididae and Coccidae, were meticulously studied under microscope respectively; one species of mealy bug, to record the natural enemy. Data on the insect Planococcus citri Risso under Pseudococcidae pests were collected at weekly intervals from family. the tagged plants/ branches/ shoots during three major flush periods a year, i.e., in the Among Coleoptera, one species of leafmining months of February-March, May-June and beetle, Podagricomela nigripes Medvedev October-November in each year of studies. under Chrysomelidae; two species of ash weevils, Lepropus lateralis Fabricius and Results and Discussion Deiradolcus sp. under Curculionidae; one species of citrus tree borer, Oemona hirta Pest complex of Assam Lemon Fabricius and one species of trunk borer, Anoplophora versteegi Ritsema under The results presented in table no.1 illustrate Cerambycidae were recorded. that during the different seasons of the year a total of 18 different species of insects and 2 Besides the above, two mite species namely, mite species occurred on Assam Lemon citrus red mite, Panonychus citri McGregor plants. Insect species belonged to fourteen under Tetranychidae and citrus rust mite, families under three different orders namely, Phyllocoptruta oleivora Ashmead under Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Hemiptera. Eriophyidae family were recorded from the Among these, Lepidoptera constituted six lemon tree. species, Coleoptera five species and Hemiptera seven species of insects. In the present study, a total of 20 different insects (18 species) and mites (2 species) Among Lepidoptera, two species of lemon species were recorded in Assam Lemon from butterfly under Papilionidae, Papilio demoleus terai region of West Bengal. Various workers Linnaeus and Papilio polytes Linnaeus; one reported varied number of insect pests, mites species of citrus leaf miner, Phyllocnistis and nematodes from different parts of the citrella Stainton under Phyllocnistidae; one country and abroad from citrus trees viz. species of leaf roller, orange, lime and lemon. Nath (1969) from Stainton under ; one species of Darjeeling District of West Bengal (North- Indian Lime Blue, Chilades lajus Stoll under East India) reported a total of 82 species of Lycaenidae and one species of bark-eating insects from orange trees. Patel et al., (1970) caterpillar, Inderbela sp under Cossidae were recorded 11 species of insect pests on citrus recorded. trees in Gujarat region, which included citrus leaf miner, lemon butterfly, citrus psylla, The Hemipteran insect pests of lemon citrus leaf roller, citrus whitefly, mealy bug, recorded in this area comprised one species of citrus mites and fruit sucking moth and two citrus psylla, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama ant species. Koli et al., (1981) under under Liviidae; one species of citrus aphid, Maharashtra condition recorded 24 insect and Toxoptera citricida Kirkaldy under Aphididae; mite species on sweet orange trees and they one species of whitefly, Dialeurodes citri observed citrus psylla as an important pest. Ashmead and one species of citrus blackfly, From southern Andhra Pradesh, Reddy et al., Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby under (1989) recorded 55 species of insects and

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(04): 736-744 mites on citrus plants and according to them two species of spiders (Phintella vittata and citrus leaf miner was the most important pest Hibana sp.), chrysopids (Chrysopa sp.) and in the nursery and main field as well. Hussain hoverflies were also recorded during the et al., (2017) from Keren, Eritrea recorded the period of investigation. infestation of five insect pests which included woolly whitefly (Aleurothrixus sp.), cottony In the present study, a total of 15 different cushion scale (Icerya purchasi), citrus leaf species of natural enemies (table no. 2) were miner (Phyllocnistis sp.), diaspine black scale recorded from lemon trees which comprised 7 (Parlatoria sp.) and brown scale (Coccus sp.). species of Coccinellid predators, 3 species of Donkersly et al., (2018) from Brazil reported Hymenopteran parasitoids, 2 species of that 15 different insects, mites and nematode spiders, one species of lace wing and one infesting lime trees and citrus psylla, aphids unidentified species of hoverfly. and thrips were the important ones. In citrus ecosystem, natural enemies Thus the results of the present study are in predominate and various studies revealed that conformity with the above works. The number natural enemies operate their activities during and species of insect pests varied from region different seasons and they also play an to region. The occurrence of insect pests important role in keeping the pest population depends upon the type of plants, geographical at a lower level. locations, climatic conditions and seasons. Narayan et al., (1957) reported that 3 larval Difference in the number and species of insect parasitoids namely, Amatellon sp, Tetrastichus pests may be due to variation in the sp and Elasmus sp caused 33% parasitisation geographical area, climatic conditions and the of citrus leaf miner whereas Ding et al., type of citrus species studied. (1989) observed 67.6% parasitisation of citrus leaf miner by Tetrastichus phyllocnistoides. Natural enemy complex of Assam Lemon Schauff et al., (1998) mentioned that more than 80 species of Chalcidoid parasitoids The recorded natural enemy complex in the attack citrus leaf miner worldwide. Atwal lemon plants included Coccinellid predators, (1964) and Ramzan and Singh (1979) reported Spiders, Hymenopteran parasitoids, Chrysopid that the pupae of Papilio demoleus were predators and Hoverflies. The Coccinellid parasitized by Pteromalus puparum. Singh predators comprised seven different species (1967) reported two hymenopteran parasitoids viz. Menochilus sexmaculatus Fabricius, namely, Charcops sp. and Brachymeria sp. Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus, from the larvae of Papilio demoleus while Cryptogonus bimaculatus Kapur, Cryptogonus Krishnamoorthy and Singh (1986) recorded quadriguttatus Weise, Jauravia pallidula two egg parasitoids namely, Trichogramma Motschulsky, Micraspis discolor Fabricius chilonis and Telenomus sp. on the larvae of and Chilocorus sp. Papilio demoleus and P. polytes and they observed that Trichogramma chilonis had high The Hymenopteran parasitoids consisted of level of parasitisation (75%). Jalali and Singh Aphytis sp. and Encarsia sp. under the family (1990) recorded three parasitoids namely, Aphelinidae and Pristomerus sp. under the Ooencyrtus papilionis apart from Telenomus family Ichneumonidae. Apart from the sp and Trichogramma sp. from the eggs of P. Coccinellids and hymenopteran parasitoids, demoleus.

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Table.1 Pest complex of Assam Lemon (Citrus limon L. Burm) in the terai region of West Bengal

Sl. Common Scientific Name Family Order No. Name Citrus leaf Phyllocnistis citrella 1 Phyllocnistidae miner Stainton 2 Lemon Papilio demoleus Linnaeus Papilionidae 3 butterfly Papilio polytes Linnaeus 4 Leaf roller Psorosticha zizyphi Stainton Depressariidae Lepidoptera Bark eating 5 Inderbela sp. Cossidae caterpillar Indian Lime 6 Chilades lajus Stoll Lycaenidae Blue 7 Citrus psylla Diaphorina citri Kuwayama Liviidae 8 Citrus aphid Toxoptera citricida Kirkaldy Aphididae 9 Whitefly Dialeurodes citri Ashmead Aleyrodidae Aleurocanthus woglumi 10 Blackfly Aleyrodidae Ashby Hemiptera 11 Aonidiella sp. Diaspididae Scale insects Coccus hesperidum 12 Coccidae Linnaeus 13 Mealybug Planococcus citri Risso Pseudococcidae Citrus leaf Podagricomela nigripes 14 mining flea Chrysomelidae Medvedev beetle 15 Lepropus lateralis Fabricius Ash weevil Curculionidae 16 Deiradolcus sp. Coleoptera Citrus tree 17 Oemona hirta Fabricius borer Cerambycidae Anoplophora versteegi 18 Trunk borer Ritsema 19 Citrus red mites Panonychus citri McGregor Tetranychidae Trombidiformes Citrus rust Phyllocoptruta oleivora 20 Eriophyidae Prostigmata mites Ashmead

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Table.2 Natural enemy complex of Assam Lemon (Citrus limon L. Burm) in the terai region of West Bengal

Sl. Common Name Scientific Name Family Order No. Menochilus sexmaculatus 1 Fabricius Coccinella septempunctata 2 Linnaeus Cryptogonus bimaculatus 3 Coccinellid Kapur Coccinellidae Coleoptera predators Cryptogonus quadriguttatus 4 Weise Jauravia pallidula 5 Motschulsky 6 Micraspis discolor Fabricius 7 Chilocorus sp 8 Phintella vittata Koch Salticidae 9 Spiders Marpissa sp. Araneae 10 Hibana sp. Anyphaenidae 11 Aphytis sp. Aphelinidae 12 Hymenopteran Encarsia sp. parasitoids Ichneumonida 13 Pristomerus sp. e 14 Green lacewing Chrysopa sp. Chrysopidae Neuroptera 15 Hoverfly Syrphidae Diptera

Bindra (1970) and Nair (1975) reported five quadriguttatus Weise was the most abundant. species of coccinellid beetles namely, Sanda (1991) observed Marpissa tigrina as an Coccinella septumpunctata L, C. rependa, efficient spider predator of citrus psylla while Chilomenes sexmaculata F., Chilocorus Van den Berg et al., (1991) reported Hibana nigritus F. and Brumus suturalis F. a syrphid velox preying on the nymphs of citrus psylla. and a Chrysopa sp. preying on the nymphs Sarada et al., (2014) observed that ants, of citrus psylla. Rao (2004) recorded four spiders, small parasitic wasps and lace wings coccinellids namely, Chilonemus sexmaculata were acting as predators of citrus leaf miner F., Coccinella septumpunctata L., Brumus and among these, lace wings caused upto 90% suturalis F. and Chilocorus nigritus F.; one mortality of larvae and pupae. Aruna et al., lacewing, Chrysopa sp. and one praying (2017) also recorded that spider activity was mantis predating on citrus psylla. Ramya et maximum during April and lower during al., (2016) recorded 12 species of coccinellids November and December. from Assam of which Coccinella transversalis and Harmonia dimidita were the most Thus the results of the present study abundant. Gurung et al., (2019) recorded 6 corroborate the works as elaborated above. species of Coccinellid beetles from citrus Various workers studied the diversity of orchard of West Bengal where Cryptogonus natural enemies and their hosts, rate of

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(04): 736-744 parasitisation and stage of the hosts where the Citrus Caterpillar. Papilio demoleus L. parasitisation or predation occurred. Since the (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Punjab above consideration was beyond the scope of Horticultural Journal, 4: 40-44. the present study, the result has been presented Barua, B. C. and Bharadwaj, S. (2017). Assam only on the diversity of the natural enemies as Lemon - A Prospective NPD Initiative well as the host wherever the parasitoids could Aimed at Global Market Positioning. be identified from the specific host. International Journal of Research, 4 (14). It may thus be concluded that in terai zone of Bindra, O. S. (1970). Citrus decline in India - West Bengal, India, lemon plants were causes and control. Joint Publication of infested by 18 species of insects and 2 species P.A.U. and OSU/USAIO, Ludhiana, of mites. On the other hand 15 different Punjab. pp. 64-78. species of insect predators and parasitoids and Butani, D. K. (1979). Insect pests of citrus and spiders occurred as natural enemies. This was their control. Pesticides, 13 (4): 15-21. the first ever report from the region. Ding, Y. M.; Li, M. and Huang, M. D. (1989). Studies on biology of two species of Acknowledgements parasitoids Tetrastichus phyllocnistoides and Cirrospilus The authors thankfully acknowledge the quadristriatus and their parasitization assistance rendered by Dr. K. D. Prathapan, on the citrus leaf miner, Phyllocnistis Dr. J. Poorani and Dr. P. R. Sashank for citrella Stainton. In: Studies on the identification of the specimens of citrus leaf Integrated Management of Citrus mining flea beetle (Podagricomela nigripes Insect Pests (in Chinese, English Medvedev), ash weevils (Lepropus lateralis summary). Ed. by Huang, M. D. Fabricius and Deiradolcus sp.) and indian Beijing: Academic Book and lime blue (Chilades lajus Stoll), respectively. Periodical Press. 1989; 1063–113. Donkersley, P.; Silva, F. W. S.; Carvalho, C. References M.; Al-Sadi, A. M. and Elliot, S. L. (2018). Biological, environmental and Anonymous (2013). Area Production socioeconomic threats to citrus lime Statistics. National Horticulture Board. production. Journal of Plant Diseases http://nhb.gov.in. (Accessed on and Protection, 125: 339-356. 10.05.2018). Ebeling, W. (1959). Subtropical fruit pests. Anonymous (2018). Area Production University of California Press, Statistics. National Horticulture Board. California, USA. 436p. http://nhb.gov.in. (Accessed on Gurung, B.; Ponnusamy, N. and Pal, S. 05.02.2019). (2019). Species diversity of Aruna, J.; Jagginavar, S. B.; Karabhantanal, S. predaceous coccinellids in different S. and Huilgol, S. N. (2017). Seasonal crop ecosystems under the hilly and incidence of citrus blackfly, terai region of West Bengal (India). Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby and its Ecology, Environment and natural enemies on Acid Lime. Journal Conservation, 25 (2): 152-158. of Experimental Zoology, India, 20(1): Hussain M Abid, Tufail Ahmad, Mical 1519-1523. Tekeste, Nahom Teklemariam, Nardos Atwal, A. S. (1964). Insect pests of citrus in Abraham and Niyat Mehari (2017). A the Punjab - Biology and control of case study of insect pest complex of

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How to cite this article:

Tanuj Debbarma and Hath, T. K. 2021. Pest Complex of Lemon CV. Assam Lemon (Citrus limon L. Burm) in Terai Region of West Bengal, India. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 10(04): 736-744. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1004.075

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