Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2020), 3 (1): 215 - 236

Egyptian Journal of Plant Protection Research Institute

www.ejppri.eg.net

Taxonomy of genus species (: ) in Egyptian fauna Mohammed, Abd El-Salam¹; Fawzy, F. Shalaby²; Eman, I. El-Sebaey¹ and Adel, A. Hafez² ¹Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. ²Faculty of Agriculture, Banha University , Egypt. ARTICLE INFO Abstract: Article History Brachymeria Westwood (Hymenoptera: Received: 29/ 1 / 2020 Chalcididae) is widely distributed and it considered the Accepted: 26/ 3/2020 most common genus of chalcid parasites of many pests of Keywords agricultural importance in Egypt. The valid species of Chalcididae, Brachymeria which are studied : B. aegyptiaca Masi, B. Brachymeria, parasitoid, albicrus Klug , B. ancilla Masi, B. brevicornis Klug, B. hosts , distribution, excarinata Gahan, B. femorata Panzer , B. fonscolombei description keys, Dufour , B. kassalensis Kirby, B. libyca Masi as the first Egyptian fauna and record in Egypt , B. minuta Linnaeus, B. somalica Masi , Polymerase chain B. vicina Walker , and recorded from Egypt. This study is reaction (PCR) . including description which support by illustration photography; distribution data and key of 12 Brachymeria species. The hosts of some species in Egypt are showed .DNA sequences of B. femorata obtained. Introduction Chalcidids comprise a very of this genus are primary important beneficial group of parasitoids endoparasitoids of families ; .Many species of the family are important Diptera and Coloeoptera. On the other parasitoids that have been used hand , sometime hyperparasitic species successfully for the biological control of are found on parasitize on Diptera many pest species. The genus (Tachinidae) and Hymenoptera Brachymeria Westwood , belongs to the (ichneumonid). Therefore the subfamily . Apparently, there identification of the species concerned are almost 300 species of Brachymeria in are highly important of many host- the world (Noyes, 2011). Brachymeria parasite which study for biological parasitize of the mature larvae and pupae control involving this genus (Joseph et with wide range species of various al., 1973). Accurate techniques to detect orders. They play significant role in the and identify parasitoids are a prerequisite ecosystem of various economic important for understanding and managing host– crops. In Egypt Brachymeria includes the parasitoid needed to interactions: for most common and wide taxa distributed example, they are measure and monitor of the family Chalcididae .Many species parasitism rates (Agusti et al., 2005).

215

Abd El-Salam et al., 2020

Today parasitoids have been detected 2.Genetic method: within hosts of Diptera, Lepidoptera, Due to the relative numerical Heteroptera, and Coloeoptera by DNA- abundance of B. femorata parasitoid in based methods. These studies, utilizing the field and their accessibility in some the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) areas were used in the genetic experiment ,have shown that parasitoid detection is as fallow: possible at high specificity and sensitivity 2.1.Collected the parasitoids : level (Greenstone, 2006). Studies on the Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera : , ecology and genetic of Pieridae) pupae collected from the fields parasitoids can be supply the basic of cabbage , (1/2 Fadden) , located in information which necessary for Qaha , Qalyubia during September and biological control and for its efficient october, pupa stages of cabbage worm operations as strategy point undertaking were collected in cloth bags, closed with integrated control plan in Egypt. rubber band and transferred to laboratory. Materials and methods The collected parasitoid pupae were 1. Morphological methods: confined individually in test tube (1.5× The taxonomic study of family 1.5 cm.), covered by muslin cloth and Chalcididae in Egypt depending on tighted with a rubber band . A droplets specimens which collected from the field of pure bee honey were put inside the survey and as well as the materials which glass tube wall for feeding by emerged kept in the main reference insect parasitoids and kept under laboratory collections in Egypt . The Egyptian insect condition . Six live individuals from the collection included, Ministry of parasitoid were used for the experiment. Agriculture, Ain Shams University , All the follow steps are specific to Cairo University , and Al-Azhar protocols of each of GeneJET Genomic University. The identifications or DNA Purification Kit #K0721, #K0722. compare of specimens and terms were, (Zilinskiene, 2012) and PCR Purification mostly, carried out using Bouček (1952, Spin Protocol (QIAquick Spin 1956 and 1988); Habu (1960); Masi Handbook03/2008). (1929 and 1936); Nikol’skaya (1952); 2.2. Primer28s : Joseph et al. (1973) and Narendran and F(GACCCGTCTTGAAACACGGA3’)R Achterberg (2016). Descriptions of all (5’ TGCGAAGGAACCAGCTACTA 3’) specimens were based mainly upon 2.3. Machines used: external morphological characters of the The PCR machine used is “Veriti adult males and females whatever 96 Well Thermal Cycler” from Applied available . Some parts of Biosystems. The sequencer details is measured by the gradual lens, then “3500 Genetic Analyzer” Applied compare them. Using the Sony lens 20.1 Biosystems. Gel documentation (G:BOX) Mega pixels .The different body (SYNGENE model 680XHR) Made in orientation of the insects were UK. Species and related species were photography as well as the parts in the identified by the GeneBank. description object. All examination, Results and discussion descriptions, distinction, measurement 1. Key of Brachymeria species in Egypt: process and Photographer operations 1- Preorbital carina and postorbital carina for specimens were made by use of a present……………………….………….…3 stereoscopic binocular microscope. - Preorbital carina and postorbital carina absent…………………… B. albicrus Klug.

216

Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2020), 3 (1): 215- 236

2-Preorbital carina present and postorbital 2.1. Brachymeria aegyptiacae Masi, carina absent…………………………...….7 1931 (Figure ,1) : - Preorbital carina absent and postorbital Body : Length 4.0 mm, black, with carina present…………………….....…8 short erected silver hairs. 3-Sixth abdominal tergite weakly pitted and Head: Flat dorsally ,provided with three sparsely bristled………………………...... 4 bright yellow ocelli, compound eyes - Sixth abdominal tergite with coarse dense punctures and covered with dense yellow, dim , ovate and protruding ; face bristles…………………………………6 with minute sculpture ; scrobe area deep 4- Hind femora length more than or at least dark; epistoma tubercle obliterate, 1.80-2.00 times of width, with apical patch; clypeus margin motivate ; postorbital hind tibia red, with sub basal and apical carina thin and perpendicular. occiput patches. apical patch of hind femora ;sub little oblique behind eyes and narrow; basal and apical patches of the hind tibia ocelli small ,circular and scattered, whitish.……….…….B. fonscolombei Dufour. compound eyes small developed and into - Hind femora length equal or less 1.80 circle; width of ocellar area equal three times of width, mostly black, apical fourth of inter-ocular space width at level yellow; hind tibia mostly black. Apical of hind ocelli; scrobe cavity narrow; and subbasal part yellow or brownish- yellow. …………………..…………….5 interorbital space high equal wide ; 5-scape, mostly light color, hind femur with antenna black yellowish ;radical strong, expanded yellow spot apically, and dark parts small and yellow , scape brown ;pedicel of tibiae reddish …….B. brevicorinis Klug. bright brown, ball shaped and elongate; -scape dorsally dark color and tibiae dark flagellum dark brown and 9 parts brownish black ……..B. minuta L. flagellomeres, 1st and 2nd flagellomere 6- Hind femur less elongate ,shiny, covered elongate, other seven flagellomeres long with pubescence, with one big reddish patch, equal width ; club rounded end. and apical with yellowish ring ; provided Thorax: Long equal one and half times with 12 black teeth ……...B. vicina Walker of width with dense shallow punctured ; -Hind femur more elongate, weakly pronotum black, basal ridge, interrupted shining , outer part pubescence, brownish red and yellow; provided with 11 dark in middle with angle apically and brown teeth ……….…...B.ancilla Masi rounded in median third ; parapsidal 7-Hind tibia black with basal slightly reddish furrows deep ; scutellum convex , and clear yellowish patches subbasally and flatten, with rounded apical; scutellum apically , scrobe extended to front with complete apex ; scutum and ocellus.………….…..….. B. excarinata Gahan scutellum contiguous and symmetrically; - Hind tibia yellowish, scorbe slightly distant propodeum plated; thorax sloping from front ocellus…...... B.somalica Masi gradually behind scutellum ; tegula 8 -Hind coxae dentate below. B. kassalensis yellowish and triangular shaped with Kirby. silver short hairs distally; forewing with - Hind coxa not dentate below…….…9 marginal vein length equal one-half of 9- Antenna, mostly black….……….… 10 -Antenna completely orange - reddish sub –marginal vein , three times of post …………………….………B. libyca Masi marginal vein , and equal four times of 10- Hind femur black in median dorsal stigma vein length ; veins brown and ……………….…..……..B. femorata Panzer submarginal base yellow ;leg yellowish - Hind femur black, opaque with small and brown, covered with soft short hairs yellow mark apically....B. aegyptiaca Masi ; femur apex yellow with short spot; 2. Description: anterior tibia black, proximal and distal

217

Abd El-Salam et al., 2020 thirds yellow with black median or dorsal bright black ; 1st and 2nd segments proximal half yellow and distal half black glazy dorso-ventrally;3rd and 4thtergites brownish; tarsi yellow, rufous with five covered with one row of bristled ; from segmented , ended with two black thinly 5thtergite to last segment covered with claws; hind legs enlarged; hind coxa silver hairs, 5th segment with punctures fusiform, hairy and blackish; trochanter and bristles ; tergites 2-5 with finely brownish, rounded and covered with hairs reticulate and covered with scales; ; hind fumer strong , black ,dorso- 6thtergite small , last two segmented venteral bright ,covered with small formed genital capsule. silver soft hairs, distal yellowish, external Specimens margin with dense , punctuate and examined:1♀,Alexendria,5.9.2013; provided10 teeth perfectly clear; teeth of 1♀,Faiyum, 10.2016 ; 1♀ Giza 30-11- distal margin small and convergent, last 2014; 1♀ ,Giza 23.11.2014; 1♂, two teeth invisible; hind tibia yellowish Mitghamer , 16.11.2014; 1♀ ,Wadi Al- brown, equal femur in length, curved Arish 9.2014; 2♀, Wadi El Natrun, shaped ,proximal and distal yellowish , 10.2015 and 11.2017 on Olive , large with reddish black ring in ventral Pomegranate from Virachola livia and median, apex truncated, arolium Palpita unionalis pupae. Geographical brownish and short. zone: Costal stripes, Lower Egypt and Abdomen: Glazy ,spindle, conical and Sinai. with pointed apical consisted 7 segments Distribution: Cyprus (Bouček, 1956), , first 4 segments separate and rest of Iraq (Al-Maliky and Al-Izzi, 1986) and conjunctivitis; 1st tergite smooth and Palestine.

a b c

Figure (1): Brachymeria aegyptiacae Masi (1931) ♀ . a. orsal b. Ventral c . Lateral

2.2.Brachymeria albicrus Klug, 1834 distance between median and lateral (Pseudochalcis indica Mani, 1935) ocellus equal 0.4 times of interoceller (Figure ,2): distance; face covered with dense velvet Body: Female length 5 - 5.5 mm ; short silver hairs; height of compound black with reddish; fatness; covered with eyes equal 2.3 times of width; scorbe small silver and pubescence . length 1.5 times of width; inter antennal Head: Flat ; punctuate; vertex with projection triangular ; malar space height interspaces between pits rugose; occiput equal 0.22 times of eye height; frons with strong sloping; ocelli brownish ; without preorbital carina , postorbital

218

Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2020), 3 (1): 215- 236 carina absent; antennae stout; scape not size ; hind tibia curved , equal femur in exceeding to front ocellus; club length; tarsi yellowish , 5th tarsomeres biarticulate. claws dark brownish . Thorax: Punctuate, width equal two Abdomen: Reddish, ovate .smooth 6th thirds of length, pronotum plano concave; covered with dense tuft hairs; mesoscutum less half of length thorax; hypopygium smooth; ovipositor short. scutellum rounded ,bilobate raised Specimens examined: 2 ♀, Aswan, proxmally, wide equal long , 21.6.2013; 1♀, Wadi El Natrun, 9.2014 perpendicularly declined posteriorly; on pomegranate by Danais chrysippus metathorax scabrous; propodeum with pupae. acute lateral tooth ; tegula triangular Geographical zone: Upper Egypt and shape and light yellowish. Wings limpid; Western Desert. veins brownish .First and second legs Distribution: Ethiopia (Azerefegne, light yellow, third legs reddish. Hind 1999), India (Gowri et al., 2016), Iran coxae hairy , ventral with densely (Lotfalizadeh et al., 2012), Nepal minute punctured; hind femora red, (Walker, 1846), Pakistan (Fry, 1989) enlarged, strong, equal 1.75 times of wide Papua New Guinea (Narendran and , with minutely punctured, distal margin Joseph, 1975) and Somal. with a row of 13 black teeth not equal in

a b c

Figure (2): Brachymeria albicrus Klug (1834) ♀.

a. Dorsal b. Ventral c. Lateral 2.3. Brachymeria anecilla Masi, 1951a right mandible with two blunt teeth; (Figure , 3): antennae brownish red and stout ; torulus Body: Length 4 mm width 0.8 mm circular; scape slightly yellowish and ,black; covered with short white hairs and short; pedicel length equal width; ring some fuzz. segment narrow and transverse; flagellum Head: Blackish; equal thorax width with coarse, thickened towards apex, first dense punctures; dorsal pitted, ocelli basal segments long and narrow , small , circular and dark brown; distance segments 3-7 transverse; club semi spire. between lateral ocelli equal three times of Thorax: Curved; densely punctured, distance between compound eye and hairy; pronotum long laterally and short lateral ocellus; scrobe cavity touching medially ; scutellum nearly rounded, madian ocellus; eyes leather texture, moderately convex, divided in two lobes; color black brown and convex shaped; propodeum provided laterally with small malar space trapezoid form; preorbital triangular tooth; tegulae yellowish and carinae, genal carinae , clypeus triangular shaped, wings hyaline; veins and inter-antennal projection distinct; dark brown, forewing covered abdominal

219

Abd El-Salam et al., 2020 segmented; marginal vein of hind wing middle brownish red; hind tarsi yellowish yellowish and equal two times of post- red. marginal vein or equal one half of sub- Abdomen: Conical shaped , shiny black marginal vein or equal one and half and brown on ventral side; female end stigma vein ; 1st coxa blackish; pointed, as small funnel, nearly as long as trochanter black, fumer brown yellowish; thorax; with dorsal white prominent tibia yellowish with spurs; tarsus specks, 1sttergite shiny and enlarged yellowish with 5 tarsomeres, 1st followed by second tergite; 2nd tergite tarsomere length large; arolium and claws equal one- quarter of 1st and covered with brown; second leg brownish and long bristles; each of 3rd ,4th and yellowish; third legs enlarged and robust 5thtargites equal quarter of second ; hind coxa spindle shaped , black with tergite; 6th tergite hairy with densely simple yellow ring distally, trochanter punctured; segments 7-8 compressed oblong, with circular bit, and dark laterally; ovipositor sheath blackish brownish; hind fumer enlarged, elongate, ,more visible in dorsal and ventral . weakly shining , outer side with Specimens examined: ♀, Giza, pubescence, brownish red with yellow; 15.10.2013, Sweeping lower margin with small dark brown Geographical Zone: Lower Egypt with 11 teeth; hind tibia yellow with

a b c

Figure (3): Brachymeria anecilla Masi (1951) ♀. a.Dorsal b. Ventral c. Lateral

2.4. Brachymeria brevicornis Klug, 1834 teeth; clypeus conspicuously transverse, ( brevicornis Klug, 1834) (Figure ,4): with piliferous points; postorbital carina Body: Female length 3 - 6 mm, male present; gena with sparse puncturation, length 3-4 mm . body black covered with frons with preorbital carina; eyes small silver hair. ;scape not reaching to median ocellus, Head: Wide equal 2.5 times of long; long 3.6 times of wide ,pedicel distance between lateral ocellus and transverse; flagellum dark brown to black compound eye equal 0.88 times of , fusiform ;funiculars transverse and median ocellus diameter; mandible decreasing progressively in length; club elongate, brown and red ,with two black

220

Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2020), 3 (1): 215- 236 red yellowish ; tapering from base to laterally. 1st tergite smooth with concave apex. posterior margin; 2nd tergite with Thorax: Long equal 1.37 times of broad; piliferous points basally and setae mesonotum with golden setae and laterally; tergites 3‒5 with setae punctures; scutellum long 0.88 times of subapically; 6th tergites covered with broad; propodeum steeply sloped. Fore setae and piliferous points; ovipositor wing long equal 2.8 of broad; marginal sheath short. vein long equal 2.38 times of Specimens examined: ♂, Cairo, 11-10- postmarginal vein; hindcoxa moderately 2016; ♀, Cairo, 27.10. 2016; ♀, Giza, slender; hindfemur long 1.8 times of 8.2016 ; ♀, Qaha, 9.2015; ♀, Nag broad ; ventral margin with 12 teeth Hamadi, 20.9.2017 on Cotton from progressively closer to each other; tarsi Earias insulana pupae yellowish. Abdomen oval shape, equal Geographical zone: Lower Egypt and 1.79 times of broad; punctured anterior Upper Egypt.

a b c

Figure ( 4): Brachymeria brevicornis Klug (1834) ♀. a. Dorsal b. Ventral c. Lateral

2.5. Brachymeria excarinata Gahan, less half of compound eye height; 1925 (B. apantelesi Risbec, 1956) postorbital carina absent; fronto-genal (Figure, 5): suture complete; front and hind genal Body: Length 3 mm, shiny; black with angle rounded; clypeus shining with few yellowish, reddish or brownish spots; shallow punctures; right mandible with covered with silver pubescence and three pointed tooth ;antenna blackish , not bristles. stout; scape elongate ,brown , smooth Head: Width less thorax width ;dorsal ,equal combined segments 4 to 7 in with weakly pitted; vertex umbilicate length and apical one-third contracted; punctate; width of ocellar area equal 0.75 pedicel black; flagellum with same of interocular space at level of hind thickness; segments 4 - 10 equal in ocelli; interocellar distance equal 2.33 length; club brownish red equal two times as wide as hind ocelli major axis; times of segment 10 . eyes brown and convex , width of eye Thorax: Pronotum with apical rounded, equal 0.75 of height; dorsal frons lateral carinate; parapsidal furrows as irregularly carinate and ventral faintly shallow grooved ;scutellum apical narrow carinate; preorbital carinae distinct explanate and reflexed , outer margin ;scrobe polished , reaching to front covered with long silver hairs, posterior ocellus and deep; inter – antennal margin slightly declined, not bilobed; projection narrow; malar space height wide equal 1.2 times of long ;propodeum

221

Abd El-Salam et al., 2020 powerful declined ; tegulae yellow with segments and yellowish ; claws and basal reddish brown ; wings hyaline; arolium dark reddish brown. veins dark reddish brown , length of fore Abdomen: Black, shiny with partially wing equal 1.6 times of width; brownish, short, covered with silver postmarginal vein less one half of hairs; width less length; pointed marginal vein; legs black with yellow ; posteriorly; 1st tergite smooth and long; hind tibiae curved, black with reddish 2nd tergite finely dense punctate and basal and subbasally, apex with long bristles dorsally, lateral with distinct yellow patch ,with brown outer side microsculpture ; 6th tergite very rough ,inner side with patch becoming brownish with shallow bristled pits and distinct and attaining both ventro-lateral carina microscupture; epipygium fairly and apical margin , equal hind femur compressed form sides, with middle length; hind coxae with distinct dense carinate; genitalia elongate. punctures, pubescence and distinct Specimens examined: 2♀, Helwan 27.9. microsculpture ventrally; hind femur 2014, Sugercane enlarged , width equal 0.4 of length ; Geographical zone: Lower Egypt outer side with dense pubescent, distinct Distribution : Cameroon (Narendran reticulate and minute punctures ; inner and Achterberg , 2016) , China, India , side with less pubescent, and distinct Iran, Japan, Papua New Guinea, punctures ;outer ventral margin with 12 Philippines (Herting, 1975), Taiwan teeth; basal with one large tooth; tarsi 5 (Chien et al. ,1984) and Vietnam. a b c

Figure (5): Brachymeria excarinata Gahan 1925 ♀. a.Dorsal b. Ventral c. Lateral

2.6. Brachymeria femorata Panzer, eyes glabrous, black, with yellow or dim 1801 (Chalcis ornatipes Cameron, brown and convex; preorbital carinae 1906) (Figure,6): not existing; postorbital carina distinctly; Body: Length 4.2 - 6.5 mm, black ; with antenna black and stout , funicle with yellow brown, batches and covered with trichoid sensillae on ventral side (male) ; silver pubescence hairs. club long equal 2 times of segment 10th Head: Black , half-shiny; triangular with slight red end. shaped ; width of head converges with Thorax: Thick structure, dorsal with pits, thorax width; vertex flat ; scrobe deep inter spaces between pits narrow and and smooth faintly rugose ; ocelli carinate; pronotum irregular shaped; rounded and dark brownish ; width of scutum width approximates the length; ocellar area equal 0.75 of interocular scutellum fairly high laterally, semi- space at level of hind ocelli ; compound circular and less scutum, strongly, with

222

Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2020), 3 (1): 215- 236 declined towards apex , apical widely small not visible from above and explanate and reflexed and bilobate ; punctuated. Propodeum with one blunt protuberance Specimens examined: ♀, Damanhor , behind spiracle. Tegula bright yellow 11.2017 ; 2♂ and 6♀ ,Giza , 3. 2013 ; with basal dark reddish-brown , ♀, Kafr Alaym ,8.2013; ♀, Kom Halin triangular and smooth ; wings semi- ,11.2016; ♀,Kotor 10.2015 ; transparent and hyaline, veins dark ♀,Mansoura,10.2016; ♀,Qaha , 9.2015 brown; legs yellowish black and brown; ♀; ♀,Quesna ,10.2014; ♀, Shibin El hind femora enlarged , bright yellowish Kom, 9.2013; ♂, Tokh Tanabsha with black spot in middle; equal 1.7 times ,7.2013; on Cabbage and Cauliflower by of wide , outer side with densely sweeping and Pieris rapae pupae. punctuate and pubescent, inner side with Geographical zone: Lower Egypt and punctuate; outer ventral margin with Costal stripes. eleven teeth . Distribution: Bosnia Hercegovina Abdomen: Short ; pearly shaped, 1st (Bouček, 1977), Caucasus (Nikol'skaya, tergite smooth,; 2nd tergite large , with 1978), China ( Baltazar, 1966), Europe , bristled punctures, except ventro – lateral India (Bhat and Bhagat, 2009), and basal areas; tergites 3 - 5 with Indonsia, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, densely pitted and bristled except ventro- Mongolia, Pakistan, Palestine, Russia lateral and basal area; tergite 6th covered and Turkey . with densely pitted ; ovipositor sheath

a b c

Figure ( 6 ): Brachymeria femorata Panzer (1801) . a. Dorsal b. Ventral c. Lateral 2.7. Brachymeria fonscolombei Dufour, postorbital carina distinct , front genal 1841 (B. podagrica Fabricius, 1787) angle and hind angle rectangular; (Figure,7): mandibles dark brown, right mandible Body: Length 6 mm, black with short with two blunt teeth; antennae black and silver brownish hairs and pubescence, brown , stout; radical small and half –shiny and shiny. brownish; scape yellowish red ; length Head: With flat vertex, pitted; scrobe equal segments from 4 to 7 combined; deep, smooth, width equal more 1.5 times pedicel dark brownish ,club length more of interocular space wide and reaching to two times of 10thsegment and brownish . front ocellus; ocelli round, brownish; Thorax:Width less length by 16,67%; width of ocellar area equal 0.6 times of pronotum narrow, smooth, interocular space of hind ocelli; microsculpture , interspaces pits carinata; compound eyes glabrous, convex; scutum almost as wide as long ;

223

Abd El-Salam et al., 2020 scutellum declined with long silver hair length, equal thorax width; 1st tergite posteriorly, apical part widely and smooth; 2nd tergite with sparse minute reflexed , apex emarginated and bilobed; punctures on dorsal base except middle, propodeum slope, coarsely sculptured 6th tergite with weakly pitted and distinct with one sharp protuberance; tegulae microsculptures. Genital copsoul covered white yellowish and blackish base; wings with long hairs laterally and 2 yellow hyaline with small black particles and line; hypopygium copper; epipygim sides beginnings orange color; fore wing compressed; ovipositor sheath visible length equal 2.7 times of wide ; veins above. yellowish and dark red brown , margin Specimen examined: ♀., Cairo, vein equal 0.55 of submarginal , post 27.8.2014 Grasses. margin equal 0.25 of marginal; legs Geographical zone: Lower Egypt. shiny, black brown and yellowish; hind Distribution: Afrotropical, Australasian, legs strong, hind coxa spindle shape, Bangladesh (Chowdhury and reddish brown with basal black; hind Howlader,1978), Brazil (Marchiori et femur enlarged ,reddish brown with al., 2003), China, Europe, India , yellowish white spot distally ;length Indonesia (Heller and Günther, 1936), equal 1.9 times of width ,ventro-distally Indopacific, Iran, Jamaica (De Santis, with one small protuberance; ventral 1979), Japan (Pujade, 1994), Malaysia, margin saws shaped with ten brownish Mexico, Mongolia (Bouček, 1952), red and black large and acute teeth; hind North Africa, Palestine ,Philippines, tibia reddish brown with yellow spots Somalia (Masi, 1938), South Africa ,inner margin dark brown ; tarsus (Cameron ,1911), Thailand , Vietnam brownish and 9 segmented . and Zambia. Abdomen: Semi-conical, smooth and shiny, pointed posteriorly, less thorax

a b c

Figure ( 7 ): Brachymeria fonscolombei Dufour (1841)♀. a. Dorsal b. Ventral c. Lateral

2.8. Brachymeria kassalensis Kirby, Head: Black and brownish distally, 1886 (B. bengalensis pulchellae Joseph, width slightly more thorax width; occiput Narendran and Joy, 1972) (Figure,8): sloping behind compound eyes; width of Body: Length 5- 6 mm. dark black with interocular space equal 2.5 times of silver hairs, some parts half shiny and interocellar distance, latter equal 3.2 other shiny with finely and densely times of ocellocuar distance ; compound puncture. eyes large, convex , brown yellowish,

224

Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2020), 3 (1): 215- 236 height equal 2.5 times of width; scrobe slightly more three- fifth of marginal deep , smooth and reach to front ocellus, veins length, stigma vein equal one- length equal 1.78 times of width ; frons quarter of postmarginal veins ; hind without preorbital carina; postorbital coxae obclavate shape , hairy, black, carina reaching to genotemporal margin ; minute dense pitted ; hind femora genal carina bifurcate; malar space equal thickened with minute pitted, one-third of compound eye height; denticulated (12 black teeth), reddish- mandible black with brownish end; brown, tip with large yellow spot, length antenna geniculate , brave, elongate; equal 1.75 times of width; hind tibiae scape black; radical brownish and black, light yellow, with reddish-brown ring scape not exceeding to front ocellus , basely and long ventral carina, equal longe equal one to three combined with fumer length,curved and thickness; flagellomeres; pedicel small , length tarsi yellowish , 5th segments , with equal approximately width, semi claws black. rounded; funicle black ; 1st flagellomere Abdomen: Ovate; length less pronotum ; less thicker; 1stto 3rdflagellomeres with scutum and scutellum combined, width long more wide, 4th to 6th flagellomeres less three- fifth of length, middle high , roughly square, 7th flagellomere venteral side black brownish ; 1st tergite transversed ; club divided in two shagreen dorsally ; 2nd tergite middle segments and with reddish round end. with small sparsely minut punctures, base Thorax: With high level of head and and proximal part glazy , lateral sides abdomen, width equal abdomen width with dense pitted and bristls; 3rd tergite and more long; rounded reticulate; with completely pitted ; tergite 4 _5 punctured densely umbilicate and close pits; pits at proximal half; the 6th tergite with interspaces curly shaped; pronotum plano dense punctured and bristled. Ovipositor concave; parapsidal furrows sheath clearly visible from dorsal side. shallow;scutellum convex,width equal Specimen examined: ♀ , Halayeb approximately three - quarters of length; 22.1.2014 and ♂, Halayeb,4.2.2016. propodeum coarsely sculputured; tegulae Geographical zone: Upper Egypt triangular shape, with blackish base; fore Distribution: Ethiopia (Masi, 1951b), wing length equal 2.7 of width; base of India (Narendran, 1986), Senegal , submarginal veins yellowish ; marginal South Africa, (Prinsloo, 1980), Sudan veins length equal 0.6 of submarginal (Kirby, 1886) and West Africa. veins length, postmarginal veins length

a b c d

Figure ( 8): Brachymeria kassalensis Kirby (1886) ♂ and♀. a Dorsal♀ b Ventral♀ c Lateral ♂ d Lateral ♀

225

Abd El-Salam et al., 2020

2.9. Brachymeria libyca Masi , 1926 sculptured with laterally into acute teeth (Chalcis libyca Masi, 1926) (Figure,9): ; tegula whitish yellow and triangular Body: Length 5 mm ,black, some parts shaped ;wings hyaline ,veins yellowish covered with whitish hairs and orange forewing length equal two times pubescence. of hind wing length and width equal 3 Head: Densely punctured, smooth and times of hind wing width ; submarginal some parts rough; length slightly less vein equal three times of marginal, width; sloping straightly behind eyes in marginal vein equal two times of post front, upper as two lobes, one high and marginal. legs some parts whitish yellow other reduced; vertex pitted , middle part , orange and others copper color ;third slightly thin ; ocelli oval shape, bright legs strong and large , hind femur brownish and oblique ; width of enlarged , length slightly less two times interocular space at level of hind ocelli of width , with few fine hairy, punctures equal one time and two- thirds of ocellar , first two-thirds orange and last third area width ; compound eyes black yellowish-white cream , ventral orange yellowish; eye height slightly less double with teeth , inner margin with small eye width , width equal of height malar tooth and external with nine black teeth, space; postorbitals carinae not clear , equal in size , first three closed together; preorbital carinae not present; scrobe hind tibia curved , strong , equal hind obovata ,deep and smooth, extended to femur length, color orange, with pale front ocellus ;inter antennal projection yellow stripes, margin lower black and elongated triangle ; fronto genal suture more wide near the tarsus, tarsus margins distinct ,gena immensity and extend uneven ; tarsi yellowish with pubescence; below orbit ; clypeal sulcus deep ; 5 segments, and not equal in size , spur mandible bidentate; antennae completely with two orange and short seta; claws orange – reddish ,thick and short; scape dark brownish. smooth, less one- half of flagellum length Abdomen: Oval shaped , approximately and unequal thickness; pedicel semi- conical reddish black , shiny and smooth rounded ; anellus small ,flagellum ; with small white protuberances and increased in width parts and covered whitish bristle ,tip blunt; equal thorax with small yellow hairs ; funicle 8 width and height; dorsal reddish black; segments , 1stflagellomerewidth equal last four segments depression ; ventral length, each rest segments width slightly copper blackish; 1st tergite large ,smooth; more length ,club 2 segments and large of 2nd tergite with punctures on laterally; other funicle segments. tergites 3-6 with row bristles and Thorax: Strong, glazy with silver short punctures on laterally; 6th tergite coarsely hairs and densely punctured, width equal and gently pressed with dense punctures . one-sixth of length and elevated with Specimens examined: ♀, Cairo, curve; pronotum reduced and planer 3.6.2014. concave ; parapsidal furrows shallow ; Geographical zone: Lower Egypt. scutum bell shaped ; scutellum with two Distribution: Libya and Syria. lobes and convex laterally; propodeum

226

Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2020), 3 (1): 215- 236

a b c

Figure ( 9): Brachymeria libyca Masi (1926)♀. a.Dorsal b. Ventral c . Lateral

2.10. Brachymeria minuta Linnaeus, equal 2.5 times of wide; veins brownish; 1767 (Brachymeria putturensis Joseph, hind femur oval , enlarged , length equal Narendran and Joy, 1971) (Figure,10): 1.77 times of width ,punctate, pubescent Body: Length 3.5 - 6 mm, black, punctures on inner side, with small blunt streamlined shape, shiny and half- tooth at inner ventral side near base and shiny, covered with grayish white usually 12 brownish teeth on outer pubescence. ventral margin. Abdomen point posterior, Head: Pitted with carinate ,except 1st tergite shiny; tergites 2-5 with distinct scrobe; ocelli rounded , yellowish ,width microsculpture except apical, on ventro- of ocellar area equal 0.67 wide of inter- lateral parts and basal 2nd tergit; tergite 6 ocular space at level of hind ocelli; weakly pitted pipygium compressed from compound eyes enlarged , glabrous ; sides; ovipositor sheath visible dorsally, convex; black light brownish; compound with weakly dense punctuate and thick eyes high equal one-third of width; hairs. preorbital and postorbital carinae distinct; Specimens examined:. Alexandria right mandible with two blunt teeth; 13.7. 2013 ; ♀, Baharia Oasis, antennae black, brave, club long and 20.3.2017 ; ♀ , Cairo, 3 .2014 ; ♀, Giza equal two segments of flagellum , slightly , 5.5. 2014 ; ♂, Giza 8.6.2014 reddened; antennae of male narrow Watermelons ; ♀, Giza, 17.11.2013 apically . maize ; ♀, Matrouh,28.9.2017 and ♀ , Thorax: Inflected , with long silver erect Zigazig, 4. 2014 . hairs , with shallow pitted dorsally and Geographical zone: Costal stripes, interspaces pits carinate; scutum wide Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt. equal 1.2 times of long; Parapsidal Distribution: Australia, Europe, India, furrows distinct; scutellum apically Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, extending outward in flat form and fold Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands back, rough and consisting of two lobes; (Gijswijt, 2003), Papua New Guinea, propodeum distinctly incline downward Russia , Syria, Thailand, Turkey, posterior. with one hurt indistinct tooth Uzbekistan (Sychevskaya, 1964) and behind spiracles at sides. Forewing length Vietnam.

227

Abd El-Salam et al., 2020

a b c

Figure (10): Brachymeria minuta Linnaeus (1767)♀. a.Dorsal b. Venteral c. Lateral

2.11. Brachymeria somalica Masi,1929 shiny and reticulate ;from dorsal with (Figure,11): regular shallow and dense punctures ; Body: Black, length 3.7 – 5 mm, male pronotum angled with distinct produced length less female , covered with white lateral carinae, interrupted medially with hairs , pubescence and punctuate , some upper edge, looks like planoconcave; areas glassy and smooth. parapsidal furrows marked; scutum width Head: Strongly ; with dense and small larger than length; scutellum semi punctures ; vertex scarcely round ;ocelli circular with long silver hairs, high rounded , bright brownish and gleaming ; laterally, length equal width , edges not distance between median and lateral crenulated ,apical edge complete; ocelli equal twice distance between metathorax protuberant laterally ; compound eyes and lateral ocellus ; propodeum glazy and coarsely sculptured occiput sloping steeply behind eyes; eyes ;tegulae yellow and triangular shape ; convex and brownish ; face covered with wings hyaline, fore wing with marginal fine velvet hairs and pitted, genae vein less half submarginal vein, and sculpture distinct; fronto- genal suture increase twice postmarginal veins; stigma quite distinct; preorbital carina visable , equal one-third of postmarginal vein; postorbital carinae absent ; scrobe not hind legs strong ; hind coxae black and deep, glazy, nearly reaching front ocellus; glazy, with fine punctures ventrally ; scape length equal 0.33 of flagellum ; trochanters reddish; hind femur enlarged, malar speace expanse above the temple; width equal three- fifth length, black with epistomal groove sides indeterminate small yellow space near tibiae ; clear with ;clypeus punctuate producing hair dense and finely punctured, ventral numerous enough impressed; geno margin with ten black triangular teeth, temporal margin incomplete prominent, different in thickness and interfaces, first ;antennae blackish, pedicel more wide ; lateral significantly greater, last four flagellum cylindrical, length equal 0.8 of apical teeth very close to each other; hind head breadth, in male thicker; first to tibia yellowish ,equal femur in length; third funicle segments elongate, 2nd tarsi yellow with trifle brown, five square; 4th-6th segment slightly wide ; 7th tarsomeres and last long , ended with trifle abbreviate; club black brownish brown black claws. ,equal 1.7 times of preceding segment . Abdomen: Short , ovate, curved , less Thorax: Higher than abdomen and head thorax length , with pointed end ,1st ;curved dorsally ; mobilized and tergite, large , shiny, finely and densely expanded ; short coarse areas and other pitted, carinate laterally and bristle; 2nd

228

Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2020), 3 (1): 215- 236 tergite finely and coarsely punctured, abdomen reddish laterally, male genitalia sculpture with bristles at lateral or yellow with taper end. piliferous ; tergites (3-6) coarsely Specimens examined: ♀,Cairo , punctured and bristled at upper half, 18.10.2014; ♀, Giza , 29.10. 2014; ♂, sternite pitted producing hair; ovipositor Giza, 5.12.2014 on halfa Geographical sheath short , invisible from top ; male zone: Lower Egypt Distribution: Somalia (Masi ,1929).

a b c

Figure (11): Brachymeria somalica Masi(1929) ♂ and♀. a. Dorsal♀ b. Ventral♂ c. Lateral♀

2.12. Brachymeria vicina Walker, 1834 ;legs black brownish and yellow ; hind (Chalcis obtusata Foerster, 1859) (Figure, 12): coxae large with densely punctured and Body: Black, length 4-5 mm, shiny, silver hairs; hind femora elongate , shiny punctuate and hairy. , with one big reddish patch, followed by Head: Heart shape; ocelli yellowish; apical yellowish ring ; length equal one distance between each compound eye and and half times of broad ,with 12 black lateral ocellus equal distance between teeth closed apically; hind tibiae arched median and lateral ocellus; eyes brown; ;black with different spots, tarsi 6 fronto-genal suture distinct; pre and segments , white red ; claw and arolium postorbital carinae existent; malar area black brownish . triangular shape,; scrobe smooth; Abdomen: Oval and elongate; 1st tergite interantennal projection elongate; smooth ; 2nd tergite smooth with fine mandible red brownish with black teeth; punctures and bristles laterally; tergites 3- antennae black brown, short, thick and 5 punctured with bristles apically; 6th width increasing at apex; pedicel tergite with coarse dense punctures and brownish and rounded; flagellum with covered with bristles; 7th tergite short soft hairs. compressed laterally and with coarsely Thorax: Black ; shiny, shallow densely punctured . and coarsely pitted .Pronotum scapular; Specimens examined: ♀, Giza scutellum flatten and slopin posteriory ,24.10.2013; ♀,Ismailia , 10.10.2018. ;metanotum lateral blunted ; propodeum Geographical zone.: Lower Egypt. coarsely sculptured; tegula yellow and Distribution : Austria, Europe , Iran, triangular shaped ; wings hyaline; in Iraq, Japan, Moldova, North Africa , forewing submarginal vein equal more Palestine, Turkey and Turkmenistan. two times of marginal vein, marginal vein length equal twice of postmarginal vein

229

Abd El-Salam et al., 2020

a b c d

Figure (12): Brachymeria vicina Walker, 1834 ♀. a. Dorsal b. Ventral c and d. Lateral

Remarks: instead of four. B. minuta Linnaeus is B. ancilla Masi with weak very close resemblance with B. elongate posterior femur, provided with a fonscolombei in structure especially in small long and acute inner tooth; nearly femora, The typical form with reddish the whole basal two-thirds of the femora femora is easily recognizable, but the red; hind tibia some parts yellow and hind femora sometimes turn into black middle part brownish red. B. femorata even in the female, being very often black Panzer and B. minuta Linnaeus is a very in the male. in this case the identification divers or extremely variable species with is more or less difficult, but B. variations in colouration of hind femora fonscolombei Dufour hind femora in , the nature of punctuation on the narrow, more than or at least 1.80-2.00 thorax and size especially B. minuta and times as long as wide, with apical patch; are known as a common species in hind tibia red, with subbasal and apical Mediterranean region as pupal parasitoid patches. In typicaly form this apical patch of various Lepidoptera. B. kassalensis of the hind femora and the subbasal and Kirby features in having ,a tooth ( not apical patches of the hind tibia are very prominent ) on the inner ventral side whitish in B. minuta hind femora not of hind coxa in female ; the lateral ridges more than 1.80 times as long as wide, of scrobe only faintly produced in front mostly black, apical yellow; hind tibia of the annal toruli ; frist tergit shagreened mostly black. Apical and prebasal part ; abdomen of female trifle longer than yellow or brownish-yellow. B. minuta , pronotum, mesosctum and scutum B. fonsclombei and B. vicin presence of combined seems to be related to B. only two teeth in each mandible, the albicrus Klug, but B. kassalensis differs antennal flagellum fusiform, ; the from B. albicrus in having the postorbital posterior femur with tubercle on the inner carina present and lateral ridges of scrobe side, at the base; the median dorsal part distinctly produced in front of the of the fourth targite smooth. Right antennal toruli. B. libyca Masi claws of mandible of B. excarinara Gahan with the first pair of legs differ from those of three teeth at apex; fronto-genal sutures the B.minute to have the distal tooth completely carinate; genae flat below obtuse at the apex, and not truncated, and compound eyes; basal area of hind tibia the other teeth, in number of three acute black.

230

Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2020), 3 (1): 215- 236

3.Genetics study and discussion: reaction (RAPD-PCR). Traugott et al. The DNA extraction of (2006) establised the parasitoids key of Brachymeria parasitoid in Egypt was lepidopteran pests by multiplex PCR. The diagnostic by PCR in detecting and use of diagnostic polymerase chain identifying parasitoids. The DNA reaction (PCR) avaluable approach to sequences of B. femorata was obtained study the host–parasitoid interactions. included 327 nucleotide (Figure,13) . The The inherent problems of rearing amino acid Guanine was the most amino parasitoids from the collected hosts was acid found and followed by Adenine, a new idea to identify parasitoid and Cytosine and Thymine, respectively. The hosts by molecular markers. The useful DNA appeared with amino acid Guanine identify of the host based on multiplex and ended with amino acid Adenine. The PCR , and screening of field-collected amino acid was arrangement within the caterpillars. Also they found the Pl. DNA in the form of bundles and xylostella, P. brassicae, and P. rapae consisting of 10 amino acids. The parasitism rates of 33.4% by D. information of the sequences was used of semiclausum, 52% by C. glomerata, and congeneric species in GenBank to made 53.4% by C. rubecula, respectively. relative evaluation of these data. The Gariepy et al. (2007) recorded that the DNA sequences of B. femorata were PCR-based techniques today with similar to the available corresponding applications in medical, veterinary, sequences of congeneric species and the forensic and botanical sciences. sequence similarity was 99% with Molecular techniques had generally used Brachymeria sp. alignments .The DNA for insect identification and systematic; sequences of Cheiropachus quadrum , however, PCR-based techniques were eupelmus sp., Platynocheilus cuprifrons, increasingly becoming recognized as Nasonia vitripennis, Epitranus sp., valuable tools in ecological studies. Neochrysocharis formosa, Nasonia Munro et al. (2011) studied a molecular vitripennis and Pteromalus sp. were also phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea some different (98% sequence similarity) (Hymenoptera). Either (Table,1) , According Greenstone (2006) Mymarommatoidea or Diaprioidea were determined that the problem of insect the sister group of Chalcidoidea parasitism rates was due to the small size depending on the analysis. Likelihood and difficult of distinguishing analyses place Rotoitidae as the sister morphological characters for many group of the remaining Chalcidoidea after parasitoid taxa.To solve this problem, Mymaridae. Jenkins et al. (2012) use entomologists have employed one of four molecular techniques for the detection general methods to detect parasitoid and differentiation of host and parasitoid protein or nucleic acid markers: species of the implications for fruit serological assay; random amplified management, Parasitoid rate and polymorphic DNA–polymerase chain identification was a necessary step in the

231

Abd El-Salam et al., 2020 development and implementation of fruit considerable advantage over traditional fly in biological control strategies which morphological methods of fruit fly and employing parasitoid augmentive release. parasitoid discrimination as well as Molecular techniques was also within-host parasitoid identification

1 GAACTCTGTA CGCGAGTCAT TGGGACTTGT TATAAGCCTA AAGGCGCAAT GAAAGTGAAG GTCGGCCATA 70 71 GCGTCGACCG AGGGAGGATG TCTCGCGTCA CGATGCGAGT CCGCACTCCC GGGGCGTCTC GTGCTCATTG 140 141 CGAGCAGAGG CGCACCTAGA GCGTACACGT TGGGACCCGA AAGATGGTGA ACTATGCCTG GTCAGGACGA 210 211 AGTCAGGGGA AACCCTGATG GAGGTCCGTA GCGATTCTGA CGTGCAAATC GATCGTCGGA ACTGGGTATA 280 281 GGGGCGAAAG ACTAATCGAA CCATCTAGTA GCTGTTCCCT TCCGAAA 327 Figure (13): Polymerase chain reaction and Sequence data of Brachymeria femorata.

Table (1): Sequences producing significant alignments in Egypt. Description Max Total Query Ident E value Accession score score caver 520 - Brachymeria sp. 520 - 503 100% 99% 8e-144 JN623581.1 503 Cheiropachus quadrum 501 501 100% 98% 3e-138 JN624260.1 Epitranus sp. 496 496 100% 98% 1e-136 JN623602.1 Eupelmus sp. 501 501 100% 98% 3e-138 AY599307.1 Nasonia vitripennis 496 496 100% 98% 1e-136 JN623821.1 Neochrysocharis formosa 496 496 100% 98% 1e-136 HM364979.1 Platynocheilus cuprifrons 496 496 100% 98% 1e-136 JN623838.1 Pteromalus sp. 492 492 98% 98% 2e-135 AY552170.1 It is concluded that many had seen a tremendous increase in species of this genus spread in the number of studies by using different places in Egypt and are diagnostic molecular markers for mostly primary parasitoids in pupae parasitoid. the diagnostic molecular of holometabolous insects, markers had been used to identify especially of Lepidoptera, but some morphologically similar parasitoid species attack Diptera, Which species. contain many of the pests that are References harmful to humans, Therefore the Agusti, N.; Bourguet, D.; Spataro, T.; precise determination species Delos, M.; Eychenne, N.; concerned is highly important in Folcher, L. and Arditi, R. any host –parasite study for (2005): Detection, identification biological control. The previous and geographical distribution of studies cleared that the molecular European corn borer larval diagnostic tools had earned their parasitoids using molecular place in taxonomy and biological markers. Mol Ecol. , 14:3267– control research. The last few years 3274.

232

Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2020), 3 (1): 215- 236

Al-Maliky, S.K. and Al-Izzi , M.A.J. Entomologica (1986) : Parasites of Ectomyelois Jugoslavica 13(Supplement):9. ceratoniae with biological studies Bouček, Z. (1988) : Australasian on Apanteles sp. group ultor in Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A Iraq. Entomophaga J. , 31(3):313- biosystematic revision of genera 319 of fourteen families, with a Azerefegne, F. (1999) : The sweet reclassification of species. pp.72 potato butterfly Acraea acerata in CAB International, Wallingford, Ethiopia. Ecology and economic Oxon, U.K., Cambrian News Ltd; importance. Acta Universitatis Aberystwyth, Wales. Agriculturae Sueciae Cameron, P. (1906) : On the Agraria, 195:1-62 Tenthredinidae and parasitic Baltazar, C.R. (1966) : A catalogue of Hymenoptera collected in Philippine Hymenoptera (with a Kashmir. Bombay Nat. History bibliography, 1758-1963). Pacific Soc. J., 17(2):290. Insects Monograph, 8:147 Cameron, P. (1911) : On the parasitic Bhat, D.M. and Bhagat, R.C. (2009 ) : Hymenoptera collected by Mr. Natural parasitism of Pieris A.J.T. Janse, Transvaal. Ann of rapae (L.) and Pontia daplidace the Transvaal Mus. Pretoria, 2 : (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) on 214. cruciferous crops in Kashmir Chien, C.C. ; Chou, L.Y. and Chiu, Valley (India). Amer.-Eurasian S.C. (1984) : Biology and natural Agric & Environ. Sci., J., enemies of Hedylepta indicata in 5(4):591 Taiwan. Agric. Res. J . , Bouček k, Z. (1952) : The first 33(2):181-184 revision of the European species Chowdhury, S. H. and Howlader, M. of the family Chalcididae A. (1978) : Biology (Hymenoptera). Sborník of Brachymeria podagrica F. Entomologického Oddeleni (Hymenoptera : Chalcididae) , Národního Musea v endoparasites of the flesh Praze, 27(1):26 fly Sarcophaga dux Thomson. Bouček, Z. (1956): A contribution to Bangladesh Zool. J. , 6 (1) : 15 - the knowledge of the Chalcididae, 21 Leucospidae and Eucharitidae De Santis, L. (1979) : Catálogo de los (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) of himénopteros calcidoideos de the Near East. Bull Res Council América al sur de los Estados of Palestine, 5B:231. Unidos. Publicación Especial Bouček, Z. (1972): On some European Comisión de Investigaciones Chalcididae (Hymenoptera) with Cientificas Provincia de Buenos the description of new Euchalcis Aires pp. 62 Dufour. Entomologist's Dufour, M.L. (1841) : Histoire des Gazette, 23(4):241. metamorphoses des Chalcis, et Bouček, Z. (1977) :A faunistic review description d'une espece peu con of the Yugoslavian Chalcidoidea nue de ce genre d'Hymenopteres. (Parasitic Hymenoptera). Acta Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 10:11-19

233

Abd El-Salam et al., 2020

Fabricius, J.C. (1787): Mantissa Habu, A. (1960) : A revision of the insectorvm sistens eorvm species Chalcididae (Hymenoptera) of nvper detectas adiectis Japan with description of sixteen characteribvs genericis, differentiis new species. . Bull. Nat. Inst. specificis, emendationibvs, Agric. Sci. Tokyo, Ser. (C), 11: observatioonibvs. Tom.I.Hagniae. 131-363. Förster, A. (1859): Zweite Centurie Heller, K. M. and Günther, K. neuer Hymenopteren. (1936) : Ueber einige von H. Verhandlungen des Overbeck 1933/34 auf Java Naturhistorischen Vereins der gesammelte Insekten. Tijdschrift Preussischen Rheinlande und voor Entomologie, 79 (1/2): 73- Westfalens, Bonn, 16:95. 74. Fry, J.M. (1989) : Natural enemy Herting, B. (1975) : Lepidoptera, Part databank, 1987. A catalogue of 1 (Microlepidoptera). A catalogue natural enemies of of parasites and predators of derived from records in the CIBC terrestrial arthropods. Section A. Natural Enemy Databank. pp.115 Host or Prey / Enemy. 6:166 CAB International, Wallingford, Commonwealth Agricultural Oxford, UK. Bureaux, Commonwealth Institute Gahan, A. B. (1925) :A second lot of of Biological Control. parasitic Hymenoptera from the Jenkins, C. ; Chapman, T.A.; Philippines. Philipp Sci. , 27: 83- Micallef, J. L. and Reynolds, O. 109 L. (2012) : Molecular techniques Gariepy, T.D.; Kuhlmann, U.; Gillott, for the detection and C. and Erlandson, M. (2007) : differentiation of host and Parasitoids, predators and PCR: parasitoid species and the the use of diagnostic molecular implications for fruit fly markers in biological control of management .Ins. , 3 : 763-788. Arthropods. Appl. Entomol. J. , Joseph K. J.; Narendran, T.C. and 131 (4): 225–240. Joy, P.J. (1971) : Two new Gijswijt, M.J. (2003) : Naamlijst van species and three new subspecies de Nederlandse bronswespen ( of Brachymeria Westwood ( Hymenoptera : Chalcidoidea ) Hym. , Chalcididae) from the Nederlandse Faunistische Mysore region. Oriental Mededelingen, 18 : 29 Insects, 5:229-231. Gowri, P. ; Manickavasagam, S. and Joseph, K.J.; Narendran, T.C. and Kanagarajan, R . ( 2016) : New Joy, P. J. (1972) : New species of records of chalcidid Brachymeria Westwood (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) in pupal parasitoids from the collections of Indian India. Biodiversity Data Agricultural Research Institute, J., 4(e6900):3 New Dehli. Oriental Insects, 6(4): Greenstone, M.H. (2006) : A review of 422-424. molecular methods for assessing Joseph, K.J. ; Narendran , T.C. and insect parasitism. Bull Entomol Joy, P.J. (1973) : Amonograph Res. , 96: 1–13 on the Oriental Species of

234

Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2020), 3 (1): 215- 236

Brachymeria ( Hymenoptera : etiopichedi Brachymeria Chalcididae). Calicut , India (Gen.Chalcis auct. Memorie della Kirby, W.F. (1886) : A synopsis of the Società Entomologica genera of the Chalcididae, Italiana, 8:134 subfamily Eucharinae, with Masi , L. (1931) : Surquelques descriptions of several new genera Brachymeriinae de l'Egypte and species of Chalcididae and (Hymen.-Chalc.). Bull. Soc. Roy. Tenthredinidae. Linnean Ent. Egypt. ,24: 216 -217 Society J. , 20:36. Masi, L. (1936) : On some Chalcidinae Klug, F. (1834) : Pars zoologica. from Japan ( Hymenoptera , Insecta. (In: Ehrenberg, C.G., Chalcididae). Mushi 9:47-51. 1829-1845.) Symbolae physicae, Masi, L. (1938) : Imenotteri seu icons et descriptions Chalcididi. Annali del Museo corporum naturalium novorumaut Civico di Storia Naturale di minus cognitorum, etc. Dec.:iv Genova, 58:210. Berlin Masi, L. (1951a) : Missione biologica Linnaeus, C. (1767) : Systema naturae Sagan-Omo diretta del Prof. (Ed. 12) , 1(2): 952. Edoardo Zavattari (1939) Lotfalizadeh, H. ; Ebrahimi, E. and Hymenoptera . Delvare, G. (2012) : A Chalcidoidea. Annali del Museo contribution to the knowledge of Civico di Storia Naturale di family Chalcididae (Hymenoptera Genova, 65:178 : Chalcidoidea) in Iran . Ent. Soc. Masi, L. (1951b):Materiali per una Iran J. , 31 (2) : 73,91 monografia Mani, M.S. ( 1935) : New Indian delle Brachymeria paleartiche Chalcidoidea (Parasitic (Hym. Chalcidoidea ). Eos. Hymenoptera). Records of the Revista Española di Entomologia. Indian Museum, 37:249 Madrid. Tomo extraordinario : 39 Marchiori, C.H.; Pereira, L.A. ; Munro, J.B. ; Heraty, J.M.; Burks, Silva Filho, O.M.; Ribeiro, R.A.; Hawks, D. ; Mottern, J. ; L.C.S. and Borges, V.R. (2003) Cruaud, A. ; Rasplus, J. Y . and : Parasitoids of Ophyra Jansta, P. (2011) : A molecular aenescens (Wiedemann) (Diptera phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea : Muscidae) : fly of medical- (Hymenoptera). Plos One, 6 (11) : sanitary importance collected in 1-27 State of Goias, Brazil. Revista da Narendran, T. C. and Joseph, K. J. Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina (1975) : New records and new Tropical, 36 (5) : 629-631 host records of some Masi, L. (1926) : Nuova specie Brachymeria species di Chalcis della (Hymenoptera, Cirenaica. Bollettino del Chalcididae). Agric. Re.s Kerala Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale. J. , 13 (1) : 70-73 Agraria della R. Scuola Superiore Narendran, T.C. and Achterberg, d'Agricoltura, Portici, 18:300 C.V. (2016): Revision of the Masi, L. (1929) : Contributo alla family Chalcididae conoscenza delle species (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea)

235

Abd El-Salam et al., 2020

from Vietnam, with the of medical importance in central description of 13 Asia. Entomologicheskoe species. ZooKeys, 576 :49 Obozrenie, 43 (2) : 391- 404 Narendran, T.C. (1986) : Family Traugott, M. ; Zangerl, P. ; Juen, A.; Chalcididae. (In: Subba Rao, B.R. Schallhart, N. and Pfiffner, L. & Hayat, M. (Eds) - The (2006) : Detecting key parasitoids Chalcidoidea (Insecta: of lepidopteran pests by multiplex Hymenoptera) of India and the PCR. Biol Control, 39: 39 – 46. adjacent countries.) Oriental Walker, F. (1846) : List of the Insects,20:16 specimens of Hymenopterous Nikol'skaya, M.N. (1952) : the insects in the collection of the Chalcids fauna of the USSR British Museum. Part 1 (Chalcidoidea). Opredeliteli po Chalcidites pp.83 London Faune SSSR, 44:91-101 Walker, F. (1834) : Monographia Zoologicheskim Institutom Chalciditum. (Continued.) Ent. Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow Mag., 2 (1) : 13-39. and Leningrad . Zilinskiene, J. (2012) : GeneJET Nikol'skaya, M. N. (1978) : Genomic DNA Purification Kit Hymenoptera II. Chalcidoidea.1. #K0721, #K0722.Thermo Fisher Chalcididae. Opredeliteli Scientific Inc.pp1-12 Nasekomykh Evropeyskoy Chasti SSR, 3:45 Noyes, J.S. (2011) : Universal Chalcidoidea Database http://www.nhm.ac. uk/chalcidoids Panzer, G.W.F. (1801) : Faunae Insectorum Germaniae initia oder Deutschlands Insecten, 84:84 Nürnberg Prinsloo, G.L. (1980) : Annotated records of economically important Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) from South Africa. I. Phytophylactica, 12:161 Pujade, J. (1994) : Chalcididae (Hym., Chalcidoidea) deposited in the Museu de Zoologia of Barcelona| Miscel-lània Zoològica, 17:174 Risbec, J. (1956) : Hyménoptères parasites du Cameroun (3e contribution). Bull de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire, 18:806 Sychevskaya, V.I. (1964) : Hymenopterous parasites of

236