MINISTRY OF WATER & IRRIGATION
Environmental and Social Assessment Disi-Mudawarra to Amman Water Conveyance System
Main Report – Part A: Overview
June 2004
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM TABLE OF CONTENTS
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT
MAIN REPORT – PART A: OVERVIEW
Page
TABLE OF CONTENTS i LIST OF ANNEXES ii LIST OF TABLES iii LIST OF FIGURES iii
1 INTRODUCTION A-1
1.1 Background A-1 1.2 Project Objectives A-2 1.3 Organization of the ESA Study A-2 1.4 Description of Parts A, B and C of the ESA Study A-4 1.5 Relationship between Parts A, B and C of the ESA Study A-6 1.6 Consultations during the ESA Study A-6 1.7 ESA Disclosure A-8 1.8 Maps to Support Environmental and Social Management Plan A-8
2 LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK A-10
2.1 Introduction A-10 2.2 Institutional Framework A-11 2.2.1 Overview of Governmental Organizations A-11 2.2.2 Universities and Research Institutes A-21 2.2.3 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) A-22 2.3 Major Stakeholders A-24 2.4 Applicable National Environmental Legislation A-24 2.4.1 Laws A-25 2.4.2 Regulations (By-laws) A-32 2.4.3 Strategies A-36 2.4.4 Related Environmental International and Regional Conventions and Treaties A-38 2.5 Applicable Policies of the World Bank A-41 2.6 Legal and Institutional Issues A-44 2.7 Recommendations A-46
3 PROPOSED PROJECT A-47
3.1 Origin and Scope A-47 3.2 Location A-48 3.3 Major Elements A-50 3.4 Project Segmentation A-53 3.5 Construction and Operational Phases A-54 3.5.1 Project Implementing Organization A-54 3.5.2 Operation of the Project and its Benefits A-54
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LIST OF ANNEXES
Annexes Related to Part A: Overview
A1- Interim Law No. (68) for the Year 2003 - The Investment Law A2- Instruction for Protection of Employees and Workers against Occupational Risks of 1998 A3- World Bank Operational Policy 4.01 A4- List of project team members who prepared the ESA Study and Supporting Documents
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page Table 1: List of project related maps A-9 Table 2: Fees (paid to WAJ) A-32 Table 3: Selected international environment agreements A-38 Table 4: Summary of the key elements of the project A-52
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page Figure 1: Schematic diagram linking the three parts of the ESA study A-6 Figure 2: Optimised alignment of the Disi-Mudawarra to Amman water conveyance system A-49 Figure 3: Segmentation of the project area A-53
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MAIN REPORT – PART A: OVERVIEW
1 INTRODUCTION
The proposed Disi-Mudawarra to Amman Water Conveyance System is being undertaken by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The development and implementation of this project pose a range of significant environmental and social issues since it will be based on the use of a non-renewable fossil groundwater aquifer and require changes in the existing patterns of water use. While justified under the unique water resources management situation in Jordan, such a development was subjected to a detailed environmental and social impact study that allows decision makers and stakeholders to understand the potential impacts at the sectoral and project specific levels over the short-, medium-, and long-term.
1.1 Background
Jordan is known for its scarce water resources. Throughout history, the people in Jordan have suffered from water shortages due to the semi-arid climate that is associated with limited annual rainfall. Over the past few decades, the problem was enormous due to high natural population growth, rural to urban migration and major influxes of population in response to political and economic crises in the Middle East. These trends have resulted in increased demand from domestic and industrial users.
The main water resources in Jordan are groundwater sources, surface water resources and treated wastewater effluent. The variability in the surface water resources left no choice but the use of groundwater resources to cover part of the shortage.
The total renewable safe yield of the groundwater resources in the whole of Jordan is 277 MCM/year, which does not include the Disi aquifer as this is a non-renewable source. Although extraction from these sources exceeded this safe yield by more than 200 MCM/year in recent years, Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ) was unable to meet the substantially increasing demand. The declining per capita water availability in Jordan, the limited storage capacity and projected future water deficits are presented in Section 3 of the Main Report - Par B.
Continuation of this overexploitation of groundwater sources at these high levels will lead to mining these sources as well as deteriorating the quality of abstracted water, which will lead at the end to an extensive damage of the aquifers. Therefore, the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) and WAJ laid out planning strategies for utilising water resources to ensure optimum use in conjunction with municipal demands. The water resources strategy included existing and potential sources. Investment programs were developed to implement new projects such as water harvesting, dams and rehabilitation and restructuring water systems to minimize the unaccounted for water (UFW). Concentration was made on demand management and public awareness programmes. New sources were identified to relief the existing groundwater source and allow the natural recharge of these sources and to restore their water quality which shall relief part of water shortage in Greater Amman area.
One of the major water demand centres is Greater Amman area. The water supply in the area has been outstripped by the demand and rationing program was implemented by WAJ during the summer months since 1988. This situation is deteriorating each year by the increase of demand and therefore, MWI had to consider the option of implementing the Disi Project by conveying water from the southern part of Jordan to Amman.
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The contract for preparation of the feasibility study and preliminary design for the Water Conveyance System from Disi-Mudawarra to Amman was awarded by MWI to Harza Group. The feasibility study and preliminary design were submitted to the Ministry in 1996 and the detailed design and tender documents in 1997. An optimisation of the design was later awarded to Brown and Root North Africa who submitted their report in 2001.
The Disi Aquifer, also known as Rum aquifer system, is a transboundary aquifer that extends from south of Jordan into Saudi Arabia where it is known as Saq Aquifer System. However, both the Rum and the Saq actually form one aquifer system with the larger portion located within Saudi Arabia. Generally, the groundwater flows from the Saudi Arabia in the south towards north east Jordan and in Central Jordan it deviates to north west and lastly towards west where it discharges its water in the Dead Sea and in the deep wadis draining the eastern highlands towards the Rift Valley.
1.2 Project Objectives
The main objective of this project is to supply additional high quality water to Greater Amman region from the deep fossil Disi Aquifer by conveying the water a distance of approximately 325 km from Amman. For a number of years water has been outstripped by demand in the Greater Amman Region and MWI has no option but to implement a water rationing program during the summer months. This situation has been ongoing since 1988, and is becoming more complex each year as water demand in this area increases. The provision of this reliable additional water supply would provide an opportunity for Jordanian authorities to reduce groundwater abstractions in the Greater Amman Region and allow for partial restoration of renewable resources in this region.
The project has also a secondary objective and that is to provide five emergency turnouts from the conveyance pipeline that will run from the water well field in the south of Jordan due north to the south of Amman. These turnouts will be located at key locations to ensure reliable water supply to secondary urban areas along the pipeline under emergency conditions and for short durations.
1.3 Organization of the ESA Study
The ESA process has consisted of the following main preparation activities:
• Consultation and Communication Program • Three Rapid Diagnostic Field Reports • Annotated Outline of the ESA Study - Parts A, B, and C • Preliminary Draft ESA Main Report - Parts A, B, and C • Draft ESA Reports - Executive Summary and Parts A, B, and C • Final ESA Reports - Executive Summary and Parts A, B, and C
The Consultation and Communication Program was prepared in the planning phase of the ESA study. This program provided the framework of principles and approaches for the communications of social and environmental concerns and information to diverse audiences. It is planned for the study team and the proponent to respond to public concerns about exposure to social and environmental impacts and risks. The overall advantage of this communication program is to ensure that the anticipated adverse impacts and risks can be effectively mitigated.
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The purpose of this program is to ensure the involvement of the best available information, experience and knowledge within the local and national community in the assessment. Local communities’ communication and active public participation is an important tool in the ESA and in the implementation of the project-specific environmental and social management. This tool ensures that the proposed project messages are constructively formulated, transmitted, and received and that they result in meaningful feed back by the recipient, this would result achieving the following:
• Better understanding and appreciation of target groups to the proposed project conditions and benefits. • Project communications more credible by local communities and affected populations. • Community participation in helping and making choices to develop suitable and acceptable avoidance/mitigation scenarios.
Also, early at the beginning of this study the Consultant conducted rapid diagnostic assessment for both biological and archaeological settings within the project corridor, this preliminary assessment served as the basis for the impacts assessment of the project-specific impacts on biological, archaeological and cultural heritage resources, and as a framework of requirements to be reviewed by the MWI and considered for the Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) terms of reference and for other parties involved in the project. The three submitted Rapid Diagnostic Reports are as follows:
1- Social, Resettlement and Land Acquisition Issues in Abu Alanda to the airport highway water pipeline segment: This report investigated in a diagnostic manner four main tasks of the TOR in order to verify available data and to design and conduct relevant surveys and investigations that might lead to proper analysis of each task. 2- Ecological Issues in the areas close the Wadi Rum Protected Area: This revised the previous designs, updated information on previously conducted assessments and considered new areas, which were recently proved to be of great ecological values, and are important for the survival of threatened species or containing characteristic and unique communities. It addressed the current ecological status of the project alignment. It also indicated the hot spots identified along the proposed alignment. 3- Archaeological and Historic Issues in the northern and southern water pipeline segments: This diagnostic report provided a diagnosis of the main archaeological and cultural heritage sites and issues along the project locations of all facilities related to the pipeline.
The Annotated outline consisted of the full table of contents used for the ESA in each of Parts A, B and C.
The Final Report is the sixth and the final of the required technical reports and its purpose is to provide the complete details of all work performed, analyses made, and justification of options and recommendations proposed. This report builds upon the reports completed previously and the comments raised by MWI. The Final Report is submitted in five separate sections which comprise the executive summary and the three parts of the study. These sections are as follows:
• Executive Summary which is prepared in both Arabic and English languages. • Main Report- Part A which presents an overview of the Disi-Mudwarra to Amman Water Conveyance System project. More specifically, this section of the study addresses the following issues: • Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework in Jordan • Applicable World Bank Policies
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• Description of the Proposed Project • Main Report- Part B which is the Water Sector Environmental and Social Assessment. It provides a full picture of the water shortage problem in Jordan and the steps taken to reduce this shortage by development of local sources. More specifically, Part B addresses the following issues: • Water resources trends and water balance • Water policies and trends • Water sector management structure • Improvements in water use efficiency and conservations • Use of economic incentives • Environmental and social challenges in the water sector in Jordan • Main Report- Part C (Volumes 1, 2 and Maps) which is the Project Specific Environmental and Social Assessment. Volume 1 of Part C is the main report and Volume 2 includes annexes referred to within Volume 1 except for Annex C5 which is included in the document referred to as Maps. Main Report- Part C assesses the project-specific environmental and social concerns with regard to the following major subjects: • Physical Environment • Biological Environment • Agricultural Resources • Social Settings • Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Sites
Each of these sections stands alone so that it can be reviewed separately from the rest of the report’s sections.
1.4 Description of Parts A, B and C of the ESA Study
Main Report: Part A - Overview addresses the policy, legal and administrative framework in Jordan. It focuses mainly on the institutional and legislative framework related to the institutions involved in the management and monitoring of the environment in Jordan, the institutions concerned with legislation and regulation of the sector, and the institutions tasked with enforcing these, with a view to determine the status of the legal and institutional context and to assess the environmental management capacity of the Kingdom, in particular those of relevance to the project. Also, this section highlight salient features of Jordan’s environmental management capacity, in particular factors that affect the implementation of the project. It also addresses the set of policies and procedures that guide the operations of the World Bank and that are set out in the Bank's Operational Manual and indicates what safeguard policies are applicable to the proposed project.
Main Report: Part B - Water Sector Assessment of the Environmental and Social Assessment Study for the Disi project provides a full description of the background context against which the Disi project will be implemented. More specifically, this section:
1- Places the project and related activities in the context of the broader series of short-, medium- and long-term actions; and 2- Describes the evolving water policy framework in Jordan from 1997 – 2002, the analysis of alternative development scenarios for the water sector, the specific and cumulative impacts and measures to strengthen the water sector.
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In achieving those objectives, Part B addresses the following:
• Water resources trends and water balance; • Water policies and trends; • Water sector management structure; • Improvements in water use efficiency and conservations; • Use of economic incentives; and • Environmental and social challenges in the water sector in Jordan.
Main Report: Part C - The project specific ESA assesses the project-specific environmental and social concerns with regard to the following major subjects:
1- Physical Environment 2- Biological Environment 3- Agricultural Resources 4- Social Settings 5- Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Sites
The assessment process is based on the findings from site investigations, field surveys, consulting affected populations and groups, literature review, and pin pointing sensitive habitat and archaeological sites.
The ESA encompasses analysis and documentation of the existing baseline conditions with regard to the assessed subject areas within the project corridor. Also, the analysis includes evaluation of the alternatives to the proposed project including the “No action” alternative and alternatives to the development of the well field, alignment of the pipeline, and sitting of supporting facilities.
The direct and indirect zones of effect were identified and potential impacts were assessed and quantified whenever possible. The impacts were found to be either temporary or permanent in nature. Cumulative impacts were also evaluated and suitable mitigation and management programs were suggested.
To uphold the Governmental Environmental Policy, a planning phase to identify the shape and framework of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) has been completed during the environmental and social assessment phase. The ESMP is structured as follows:
1- Rational and Justification 2- Planning and Framework of the ESMP 3- Environment and Social Management Plan (ESMP) 4- ESMP Control 5- Implementation and Operation 6- Checking and Corrective Action 7- Management Review
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1.5 Relationship between Parts A, B and C of the ESA Study
The relationships between Parts A, B and C of the ESA Study are recognized in order to understand their inter linkages.
As discussed in the TOR, the proposed project’s development and implementation present a range of significant environmental and social issues since it will be based on use of a non-renewable fossil groundwater and require changes in the existing patterns of water use. This was discussed in “Part B-Water Sector Assessment” and the reflection was considered in “Part C-Project Specific Environmental and Social Assessment” with the help of “Part A-Overview” that presented the legal and institutional tools. Under the unique water resources management situation in Jordan, this development is subjected to detailed environmental and social impact studies to allow decision makers and stakeholders to understand the potential impacts at the sectoral and project specific levels. The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) in Part C provides the proposed framework for mitigation, monitoring, and institutional development actions, as investigated in Part A, to be integrated into the design and implementation of the project. It also provides a sense of the present and future implications on the water sector in Jordan. Figure 1 presents a schematic diagram for the general links between the three parts of the ESA study.
Environmental and Social Assessment Study
Part A Part C Overview: Legal, Institutional Project Specific Environmental & Administrative Framework & Social Assessment
Part B Water Sector Assessment
Figure 1: Schematic diagram linking the three parts of the ESA study
1.6 Consultations during the ESA Study
Public consultation is a powerful tool to ensure the involvement of potentially affected groups and national capacities in the decision-making process with regard to the environmental and social aspects of their concern. The consultations allow the participation of stakeholders so as to identify social and environmental concerns at the beginning of the ESA process. Also it is considered as an important tool for informing and educating the public in order to enhance their understanding and appreciation to the following:
• The need and nature of the proposed development;
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• The need to protect and properly manage our environment; • The potential impacts of the project on the environmental, socio-economical and archaeological settings; and • The public role in protecting their local environment.
During the course of the ESA development, a set of communication and consultation activities have been conducted in order to ensure that the stakeholders’ views, issues of concern, foreseen impacts and worries are taken into consideration while assessing the project related impacts. It is anticipated that the construction of the Disi-Mudawwra to Amman Water Conveyance System will profoundly affect all the current and future social changes of the population in the project area and to a large extent the natural and the built-up environment as well as the status of water resources in Jordan. For elaborating on the social and environmental assessment study, it was decided that two-way discussions of substantive issues must be held with stakeholders from national and local governmental organizations and interested individual citizens. Hence, the Government and the Consultant have undertaken a two phase consultation process; the first phase was when the study was started and the second when the draft ESA was ready.
For the first phase of public consultation, under the auspices of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation, two scoping sessions were held on March 27th and April 3rd 2003 in Amman and Aqaba, respectively. Both sessions have been attended by a wide spectrum of Government, national and NGO's representatives during which background materials on the project have been distributed and discussed by all parties concerned. Scoping sessions identified substantive issues of specific concern and feedback comments and views were collected and classified. These discussions were very helpful in disseminating all necessary information to the public. The outcome of these sessions indicated unanimous support to the project.
In addition to the first phase of public consultation, the Consultant started the consultation process with direct interviews with the Governors and Mayors in the five Governorates of the south in addition to other stakeholders in the region. The objectives of the project as well as the conveyance system alignment and the direct and indirect benefits to the population in the area have been extensively presented. Comments and views of the Governors have been recorded and presented in the procedures to be taken to achieve the study purposes. All views were in fact very constructive and in favour of the project as a major indispensable water project.
As for the second phase of public consultation, the sessions aimed at presenting to the project- affected groups the findings of the Draft Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) Study and the relevant ESA material. Hence, under the auspices of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation, three second consultation sessions were held on November 13th, 18th and 20th in Abu Alanda, Amman and Aqaba, respectively. The sessions have been attended by a wide spectrum of Government, national and NGO's representatives during which Arabic and English summaries of the ESA study were distributed and discussed by all parties concerned. The outcome of these sessions was helpful in pinpointing several issues that needed to be highlighted in the final study. In addition, the second consultation sessions informed the participants that the Executive Summary in both Arabic and English would be made available at a number of locations in Jordan.
Annexes C2 and C3 present the details and significant issues identified during both the first and second phases of public consultation.
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1.7 ESA Disclosure
A complete copy of the Environmental and Social Assessment Study will be disclosed at the following locations:
• Ministry of Water and Irrigation • Ministry of Environment • Aqaba Special Economic Zone
The Executive Summary in both Arabic and English would be made available at a number of locations in Jordan. These locations were selected in coordination with the Ministry of Water and Irrigation and are summarised below:
• Ministry of Public Works and Housing • Ministry of Health • Ministry of Municipal Affairs • Ministry of Agriculture • Royal Society for Conservation of Nature • Department of Antiquities • Governorates of Karak, Tafileh, Ma’an and Madaba
The complete Disclosure list is provided in Annex C4- Part C of the Main Report. The Government will also provide a copy of the Environmental and Social Assessment to the World Bank under a cover letter that authorizes the Bank to disclose these documents to its Board of Executive Directors and at the InfoShop in Washington, D.C. The World Bank will be provided with both printed and electronic copies of the document for this purpose.
1.8 Maps to Support Environmental and Social Management Plan
The developed Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is supported with maps produced at a scale of 1:25,000 to show the route of the conveyor and affected areas as well as proposed mitigation measures (see Table 1). These are included in Part C of the Main Report. The ESMP is also supported by GIS maps elaborated with a set of topographical maps and satellite imageries. This system is prepared to present the project-specific sensitive environmental, social and archaeological settings identified within the project direct and indirect zone of effect. The presented sensitive sites are linked to information sheets listing the anticipated impacts, proposed mitigation measures and monitoring programs.
It should be noted that only one biological hot spot is shown on the maps of scale 1:25000 as the remaining biological hot spots are outside the project corridor and the drawing boundary. However, all the biological hot spots are shown on the GIS maps.
The GIS base maps are reproducible and printable to facilitate maximum usability by users and adaptability to any change in the plans and/or environmental and social conditions. GIS maps are provided on three CD-ROMs included in Annex C5. The contents of these CDs are as follows:
• CD-1: GIS base maps and satellite images • CD-2: Part 1-Topographical maps scale 1:25,000 • CD-3: Part 2-Topographical maps scale 1:25,000
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A list of the available maps along with their respective locations is presented in Table 1. Copies of the base maps showing the conveyor route and hot spots are included in Annex C5.
Table 1: List of project related maps Map Number Map Description Scale Drawing No. (001) From Station (0+000) to Station (6+000) Drawing No. (002) From Station (6+000) to Station (22+000) Drawing No. (003) From Station (22+000) to Station (36+000) Drawing No. (004) From Station (36+000) to Station (50+000) Drawing No. (005) From Station (50+000) to Station (65+000) Drawing No. (006) From Station (65+000) to Station (79+000) Drawing No. (007) From Station (79+000) to Station (93+000) Drawing No. (008) From Station (93+000) to Station (107+000) Drawing No. (009) From Station (107+000) to Station (126+000) Drawing No. (010) From Station (126+000) to Station (143+000) 1/25,000 Drawing No. (011) From Station (143+000) to Station (151+000) Drawing No. (012) From Station (151+000) to Station (174+000) Drawing No. (013) From Station (174+000) to Station (188+000) Drawing No. (014) From Station (188+000) to Station (204+000) Drawing No. (015) From Station (204+000) to Station (219+000) Drawing No. (016) From Station (219+000) to Station (233+000) Drawing No. (017) From Station (233+000) to Station (250+000) Drawing No. (018) From Station (251+000) to Station (266+000) Drawing No. (019) From Station (266+000) to Station (282+675.731) Map C1 The locations of archaeological sites within Segments B and C Not to scale
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2 LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK
2.1 Introduction
This section of the study focuses mainly on the institutional and legislative framework, which includes:
• Review of the institutions involved in the management and monitoring of the environment in Jordan, the institutions concerned with legislation and regulation of the sector, and the institutions tasked with enforcing these, with a view to determine the status of the legal and institutional context and to assess the environmental management capacity of the Kingdom, in particular those of relevance to the project. • Highlight salient features of Jordan’s environmental management capacity, in particular factors that affect the implementation of the project.
Regarding the water sector, Jordan faces challenges in institutional aspects relating to water resource management, and the huge financial requirements of the Capital Investment Program for Water, and the operation and maintenance (O&M) of the water and wastewater network. Donor agencies have an ongoing dialogue with Jordanian officials regarding appropriate water sector reforms to improve the efficiency of the water and wastewater network, industrial users and irrigated agriculture. Faced with these challenges, the Government of Jordan has implemented several groundbreaking policy reforms, with the assistance of donor agencies, and has a future agenda to carry out further reforms, which will make Jordan a pioneer in the Middle East Region in managing its scarce water resources. The Government of Jordan and the donor agencies have invested heavily in the water sector to secure water supplies to municipal, industrial and agricultural users. However, water prices do not cover operation and maintenance and capital costs. Some of the issues related to institutional and management aspects of the water sector are summarized as follows:
• Capacity of the institutions to implement the “National Water Strategy” and the water policies. • The basic conflict of interest in the structure of the water sector, which does not provide a clear-cut between regulatory and service provision functions. • The limitations of the Civil Service Law and regulations that limit the recruitment of highly qualified staff to work in the sector. • High costs of water resources development.
This section provides a general background on environmental conditions in Jordan of relevance to the project. The recommendations identified in the report provide a framework for general improvement.
The principle conclusions of this section are that measures should be taken to:
• Revisit resource management policies to integrate environmental aspects into resources planning by ensuring participation of all sectors including Government, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector in environmental protection. A comprehensive national plan is necessary to achieve this objective. • Make use of the Privatisation Law No. (25) Of 2000 that provides opportunities for private sector participation in the water sector through different investment schemes such as BOT, BOO, BOOT, etc. Significant gains can be realized by bringing the private sector to manage, operate and/or own a utility.
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• Take advantage of the benefits (tax exemptions) provided by the Investment Promotion Interim Law No. (68) of 2003 (see Annex A1), similarly to As-Samra Wastewater Treatment Plant BOT project which was granted benefits, under Investment Promotion Law No. (16) For 1995 and its amendments of 2000 for 10 years, as it was considered water investment. • There is an obvious need to draft and issue clear procedure(s) or instructions on how the private sector, whether Jordanian, foreign or a consortium of both, can implement, manage, lease, etc. developmental projects in Jordan, in particular in the water sector. The procedure(s) should define the general requirements, conditions, etc. • Enhance regional cooperation and coordination with Saudi Arabia that shares the Disi aquifer. • Continue and enhance the coordination between ministries and in particular with new Ministry of Environment (MOE). Where laws and bylaws do not adequately describe coordination responsibilities, separate written agreements should be made to clearly assign responsibilities. • Coordinate with the concerned parties, in particular the MOE to ensure that the contracted firm adheres to environmental requirements and conditions during project execution and operation.
2.2 Institutional Framework
2.2.1 Overview of Governmental Organizations
The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy headed by His Majesty, King Abdullah bin al-Hussein. Jordan became an independent state named “Trans Jordan Emirate” in 1923 and later in 1946 the Kingdom was formed. The constitution was promulgated in 1952 and since then has been amended several times. It outlines the King is the head of state and vested with independent powers: legislative, executive and judicial authorities. There are two houses of the National Assembly: the Senate and the House of Deputies. The King appoints the members to the Senate on the basis of meritorious service or special qualification, while the members of the House of Deputies are freely elected by national suffrage, with men and women over 18 allowed to vote. The King appoints the Prime Minister and the Ministers upon recommendation of the Prime Minister. The country is divided into 12 governorates that are each subdivided into administrative regions.
The Legislative Power resides in the King and the National Assembly. A draft law is normally presented by the Government or by at least 10 deputies is initiated the House of Deputies debated and voted upon which after approved in its final reading by both Houses becomes a law if submitted to the King who has the power to grant consent through a Royal Decree.
The Executive Power is in the hand of the cabinet which consists of the Prime Minister and the Ministers. The King appoints the Prime Minister who in turn recommends to the King the appointment of Ministers. The Cabinet, after being granted the confidence from the House of Deputies being the supreme executive body, presides over and controls the Government.
The Juridical Power is independent from other powers –neither the King nor the Government has the right to interface in its duties. Its essential function is to apply justice by deciding on any dispute case filed by any person against any person whether individual or a governmental body. Cases may go in sequence from first instance court to appeal court to cassation court upon the request of any party of the dispute.
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The role of environmental protection is divided between various governmental institutions, such as the Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Public Health, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Tourism, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources/the Natural Resources Authority, Ministry of Planning, and the Aqaba Special Economic Zone. Each of these institutions has articles in their respective laws granting them the responsibility to maintain and monitor some aspects of environmental quality.
As for the water sector in Jordan, there are three organizations directly related to it. These are Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI), Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ) and Jordan Valley Authority (JVA). The Ministry of Water and Irrigation was established some years after the foundation of the Water Authority of Jordan and the Jordan Valley Authority. The Minister of MWI is the head of the Board of Directors of both organizations. Each of these organizations has its own organizational structure, responsibility area and missions.
The following is the description and main characteristics for each of MWI, WAJ and JVA separately. The ministries and institutions most directly relevant to environmental issues are presented afterwards.
2.2.1.1 Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI)
The Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI), created in 1988, is the only public sector agency at present in the region that integrates the management of different user sectors, thus allowing for a cross-sectoral perspective in water allocation and management. This integration provides MWI the chance to coordinate water resources allocation and management, taking a cross-sectoral perspective that accounts for irrigation, municipal and industrial needs (Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Water Sector Review Update, World Bank, 2001).
In order to establish water resources management and integrate various policies under one entity, MWI main objective is to centralize the national management of substantially insufficient water resources to one ministry in order to improve it. The MWI acquired the comprehensive function to distribute and regulate the water resources in Jordan and the responsible authority to settle any disputes rose between agriculturists and water supply authorities.
The establishment of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation was in response to Jordan’s recognition for the need of a more integrated approach to water management. Since its establishment, MWI has been supported by several donor organization projects that have assisted in the development of water policy and water master planning as well as restructuring the water sector.
The role of the Ministry includes the provision of policy setting and formulating water sector master plans, centralized data collection, a geographic information system, monitoring and national water planning for the water sector of Jordan and water protection related environmental issues and decision-making.
A comprehensive national water data bank has been established and kept at the Ministry of Water and Irrigation and will be aided by a decision support unit. Additionally, this data bank will be supported by a program of monitoring and a system of data collection, entry, updating, processing and dissemination of information, and will be designed to become a terminal in a regional data bank set up.
The main responsibilities and tasks of MWI are (primary source is the MWI website: http://www.mwi.gov.jo):
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• To design and enforce a national water strategy. • To monitor all groundwater resources in the Kingdom. • To establish and keep a data base for water resources. • To coordinate the funding from the international donor agencies. • To develop water strategies and policies with the JVA and WAJ.
The Government has carried some substantial reforms in the water sector. These reforms were mainly focused on resource management, financial management, and institutional and legislative aspects.
2.2.1.2 The Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ)
WAJ is responsible for the construction, operation and maintenance of water supply and sewage facilities and the national water resources management under the Ministry of Water and Irrigation in accordance with the law No. 18/1988. It was established as an autonomous corporate body with financial and administrative independence. It formulates water supply and sewage policies and prepares water resources management plans. This organization also has the responsibility of supervising the water supply and sewage services being implemented and water protection related environmental issues. In recent years, WAJ is moving from policy setting and formulating water sector master plans into services provision.
The main responsibilities and tasks of the Authority are (primary source is the WAJ website http://www.mwi.gov.jo):
• Survey the different water resources, conserve them, and determine ways, means and priorities for their implementation and use. • Develop the potential water resources in the Kingdom, increase their capacity and improve their quality, protect them from pollution, supervise them and administer their affairs and put forth programs and plans to meet future water needs by providing additional water resources from inside or outside the Kingdom and through the use of water treatment and desalination. • Regulate, and advise on, the construction of public and private wells, investigate groundwater resources, drill exploratory, reconnaissance, and production wells, and license well drilling rigs and drillers. • Study, design, construct, operate, maintain, and administer water and public sewerage projects including collecting, purifying, treating, disposing and the use of any other method dealing with water. • Draw terms, specifications and special requirements in relation to the preservation of water and water basins, protecting them from pollution, and ascertain the safety of water and sewerage structures, public and private distribution and disposal networks, and take the necessary action to ensure technical control and supervision, including all necessary tests. • Carry out theoretical and applied research and studies regarding water and public sewerage to achieve the Authority’s objectives including the preparation of approved water quality standards for different uses and technical specifications concerning materials and construction in order to apply the findings to the Authority’s projects in coordination with other concerned departments; and publish the final findings and standards so as to generalize their application by all means available to the Authority.
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• Issue permits to engineers and licensed professionals to perform public water and sewerage works, and participates in organizing special training courses to qualify them in order to improve the standard of such works and to reduce water losses and pollution. All those involved in water and sewerage works are requested to adjust their practice in accordance with the provisions of this Article and to obtain the specified permit accordingly. • Regulate the uses of water, prevent its waste, and conserve its consumption.
There are many Directorates and Sections within the Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ) that undertake the implementation to WAJ objectives and roles. Perhaps two of the most important sections that work on the implementation of water policies are the Wells Directorate and the Laboratories Directorate. The Wells Directorate is in charge of licensing of private wells in addition to groundwater development and utilization. Administratively, it is directly under the supervision of the Secretary General of Water Authority. The Directorate consists of two sections: the License of Wells Section and the Operations and Field Follow up Section.
Although WAJ has a wide mandate that encompass regulatory function in addition to its main mandate of providing water and wastewater services of high quality, WAJ has been able to provide high quality services and achieve good coverage of water in Jordan; hence water and wastewater services in Jordan has to be acknowledged as outstanding in the region. Water supply covers more than 98 percent of the population and the target of full coverage is underway. Wastewater services have been improving in the recent years and WAJ has managed to increase coverage to about 75 percent in urban areas in Jordan.
2.2.1.3 The Jordan Valley Authority (JVA)
JVA was founded in 1977 under the Law No. 18/1977, under which this agency acquired the prime authority to plan and implement water supply services in the Jordan Valley. Subsequently, JVA strengthened the management for the infrastructure development in the valley.
The territory mandated to the Jordan Valley Authority by its governing law, the Jordan Valley Development Law No. 30 of 2001, is extensive covering approximately 5,000 km2, and is home to some 300,000 people. The main activity in the Jordan Valley is agriculture with about 360,000 dunums being cultivated. Tourism and industry are two other sectors with a significant presence in the Valley. The Valley by virtue of the water resources it has, is a major source of domestic water for the Kingdom supplying the Water Authority with 45 MCM of potable water per year. This task is being made increasingly difficult by the drought conditions that have prevailed for the past 10 years as well as the rapidly increasing demand for water. The Government has given priority to supplying domestic water over irrigation water, causing problems for the agricultural sector in terms of water quantity and quality.
A comprehensive master plan based on environmental considerations is necessary to give a holistic vision of the Valley, and shall result in a better use of land for various purposes. It will also bring into close proximity compatible uses that affect each other positively. In addition, the lack of environmental assessments for land use would result in environmental degradation and its further deterioration.
Laws and mechanisms have to be modified to protect the environment; however they are inadequate both on the regulatory side and operational side.
There are two articles in the Jordan Valley Development Law, as it was amended in 2001 that address the issue of the environment. Article 3-b of the above-mentioned law reads:
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“The development, protection and improvement of the Environment in the Valley and to perform necessary works to achieve this objective, to implement the preparation of plans both Master and Detailed Plans for the lands outside the planning boundaries of the municipalities.”
Specifically, the Jordan Valley Authority is in the forefront in protecting the Valley’s environment. The other institutions also mandated to do the same include the Water Authority of Jordan, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs.
Examining the environmental protection status quo, it can be observed that there is no concrete system or mechanism for performing this function in the Jordan Valley. Several institutions, including JVA, are mandated to protect the environment in the Valley, but ambiguity does exist as to who does what. The result is a failure to adequately safeguard the environment from abuse and deterioration.
2.2.1.4 Ministry of Environment (MOE)
The Ministry of Environment (MOE) was established upon the ratification of the Interim Law: Environmental Protection Law (EPL) No. (1) of 2003. Under the provision of article 3, the MOE is the considered the concerned authority in Jordan for environment protection on national, regional and international level. In addition, all sectors, whether governmental, non-governmental organizations or the public, have to implement the procedures, instruction, etc. issued by the MOE. Also, they have to coordinate with the MOE in relation to environmental issues when dealing with the donors.
Before January 2003, the General Corporation of Environment Protection (GCEP) in the Ministry of Municipal, Rural Affairs and Environment represented this ministry. Since 1996 and according to the EPL No. (12) Of 1995, the GCEP was formed as the major governmental agency responsible for environmental conservation and protection. This corporation included four major technical divisions. These are: Land Use, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Water Quality, and Air Quality Monitoring.
The environmental duties and authorities of the new Ministry include but are not limited to:
• Establishing the general policy for protection of the environment, and putting forward, as required, essential plans and programs to implement them. • Developing plans, projects, and programs to ensure sustainable development within the Kingdom. • Establishing the specifications and standards for elements of the environment. • Monitoring and verifying environmental elements in coordination with scientific research centres, and in accordance to the specifications set by the MOE. • Proposing draft laws and regulation related to the Environment. • Inspecting and auditing private and public institutions to ensure compliance with environmental requirements (parameters and specifications). • Conducting and sponsoring research and studies on environment related issues. • Coordinating activities to develop national strategies on environmental awareness and information. • Enhancing coordination between Jordan, and the Arab, regional and international organizations regarding environmental issues.
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• Issuing instructions and resolutions for the execution of articles of the Law and the regulations issued in accordance with the Law. • Issuing conditions and instructions, as required, for agricultural, development, commercial, industrial and housing projects. • Setting basis (essentials) for handling dangerous substances, which is harmful to the environment, including its categorizing, storage, disposal and transport. • Setting basis for and conditions for the establishment and management of natural reserves and public parks. • Preparing plans for environmental emergencies.
Throughout the Environment Protection Law, there are references to working in “co-ordination and co-operation of the relevant authorities.” A significant component of environmental management capacity in Jordan is dependant on the success the MOE has in working in cooperation with other ministries and the private sector that have technical capacity and experience to monitor and verify environmental performance in particular sectors. For example, the Ministry of Water and Irrigation and the Ministry of Health monitor water quality, with some of the data collected by private industry.
It is expected from the newly born Ministry of Environment to initiate co-operation with relevant ministries, authorities and institutions which will result in issuing, through the Jordan Institute for Standards and Metrology, guidelines in different fields of the environment protection.
2.2.1.5 Ministry of Municipal Affairs (MMA)
The Ministry of Municipal Affairs (MMA) is responsible for urban planning, solid waste collection and Common Services Councils development. With respect to the Common Services Councils (CSCs), the MMA is responsible for enhancing the dependence of CSCs on their own resources, assuring free elections for the CSCs, and providing support and guidance to the technical, managerial and financial workforce of the CSCs.
2.2.1.6 Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR) / The Natural Resources Authority
The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR) is responsible for:
• Monitoring all mining activities, and planning and managing the energy sector. • Regulating and managing the use of nuclear energy in all fields. • Cooperating and coordinating with all concerned parties on the issue of prevention and protection against radiation. • Putting forward national plans, conduct studies, and draft laws in order to protect water and public health against dangerous nuclear waste. • Issuing licenses for the production, storage, use and trade of radioactive materials in accordance to the relevant legislation, and have the right to revoke these licenses if the license holder contravenes the licensing conditions or the provisions of any relevant legislation. • Monitoring and inspecting the licensed corporation to ensure that they have effective preventive and protective systems against radiation.
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• Monitoring and inspecting corporations that work in the field of petroleum field. Monitoring and inspection includes their transportation, storage and safety systems.
2.2.1.7 Ministry of Health (MOH)
The Ministry of Health (MOH) is responsible for the following:
• All health affairs in the Kingdom, including the supply of medication, medical services, vaccination programs against epidemics, public awareness campaigns with regards to health issues and health insurance to government personnel. • Monitor the sewerage systems. • Issue instructions, as required, to define rules for the purpose of the entry of food or medications into the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, and to ensure that they comply with national health standards and specifications. • Issue licenses for the construction of hospitals, medical centres and all medical related practices in accordance to the Doctors’ Association rules and regulations. • Set the Ministry’s policy, plans and future projects. • Monitor and control drinking water to ensure its suitability for human use.
2.2.1.8 Ministry of Agriculture (MOA)
The responsibilities of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) include:
• Setting of agricultural policy and future plans and projects in the Kingdom. • Management of public rangelands and forests. • Protection of soil, pastureland and flora. • Pesticide and fertilizers permitting. • Protection and management of wildlife (delegated to Royal Society for Conservation of Nature (RSCN)). • Issuance of fishing and hunting licenses and regulations, regulate fishing and hunting, determine capacity and set take limits (delegated to RSCN).
2.2.1.9 Ministry of Planning (MOP)
The Ministry of Planning (MOP) is responsible for:
• Over-viewing all development projects, from proposals to execution to ensure that environmental impact has been considered in the design and the implementation. • Coordinating with donor agencies and facilitate grants for environmental projects.
The Environment Department within the MOP, that is not a technical department, coordinates general planning for environment related matters.
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2.2.1.10 Jordan Institute for Standards and Metrology (JISM)
Jordan Institute for Standards and Metrology (JISM) is the keeper of standards and specifications. It is linked to the Ministry of Trade and Industry.
2.2.1.11 Ministry of Tourism / Department of Antiquities
The responsibilities of Ministry of Tourism / Department of Antiquities are to:
• Develop and implement the archaeological policy of the country with regards to identification, supervision, protection, maintenance, register and restoration of archaeological sites. • Promote archaeological sites on national and international levels. • Conduct public awareness about archaeological sites in accordance to prevalent laws and regulations.
2.2.1.12 Ministry of Public Works and Housing
The Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MPWH) was created in 1954. The MPWH is responsible for the construction and maintenance of infrastructure in Jordan including the major transportation infrastructure (highways, road, etc) that connect the main cities, towns, residential areas, industrial zones, tourist sites, etc. together. In addition, it is responsible for connecting Jordan to its neighbouring countries by major highways.
Furthermore, the MPWH is responsible for constructing and maintaining Government buildings and the capacity development of the building sector in Jordan.
Specifically, MPWH responsibilities include:
• Setting transportation plans (construction and maintenance) for cities, towns, villages and rural areas. • Designing and supervising the construction of Government buildings. • Conducting testing on construction material to ensure adherence to standards and specification. • Conducting research and studies on roads and buildings. • Drafting legislation and standards related to buildings and roads. • Upgrading criteria and methods for construction design and maintenance. • Coordinating with concerned parties on road and buildings related issues.
2.2.1.13 Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA)
The Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZ) was established in January 2001 to create a regional hub for investment and tourism around the southern port city of Aqaba. ASEZA is the legal successor of Aqaba Regional Authority which was at the level of other governorates where all ministries had departments.
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A Master Plan was developed which envisages an estimated US$6 billion of investment over the next 20 years in the areas of industry, port development, tourism, infrastructure, utilities and services.
The natural environment of the ASEZ is one of its most significant resources, and is of global importance. The waters of the Gulf of Aqaba are home to a variety of fish and other faunal species. Aqaba’s coral reef represents a valuable national tourist resource, and is of international significance, representing the northern latitudinal limit for reef corals in the Western-Indo-Pacific region, and being one of the most diverse in the northern hemisphere. Also, the natural physical and topographical context of the Aqaba area - the Gulf waters set against the sand dunes of the Wadi Araba, and bordered on both sides by mountains running parallel to the coastline and constituting a uniquely beautiful aesthetic resource.
It is imperative that all development of the ASEZ remains environmentally sustainable in the long term, not least because the environmental resources of the area are themselves an integral part of its attraction to investment in tourism, which is expected to account for 50% of the economic growth in the ASEZ over the next 20 years, according to the ASEZ Master Plan.
A board of six commissioners governs ASEZA. One of these Commissioners has the title ‘Commissioner for Regulation and Enforcement’ and his Department is commonly known as the ‘Department of Environment and Health Control’ (DEHC). DEHC is responsible for the environmental management of the Zone.
This Department has responsibility for environmental and health control issues in the Aqaba Special Economic Zone, including the long term environmental management and planning for the Zone in conjunction with the ASEZ Master Plan. DEHC also has responsibility for the regular monitoring and auditing of industrial activities and other activities that may affect the environment of the zone, and ensuring the development of, and compliance with current standards. In addition, following agreement with the Ministry of Health and other bodies, DEHC will have responsibility for the supervision and monitoring of public and occupational health, including health inspection, landfill sites, pest control, and for the supervision of all food and food production related activities.
The DEHC is organized into three Directorates. Each Directorate consists of a number of divisions, each with a division head and a small number of staff. These three directorates are as follows:
• Directorate of Environmental Planning within which there are four divisions. • Environmental Inspection and Audit Division • Standards and Codes Division • Environmental Permitting and EIA Division • Environmental Studies and Monitoring Division • Directorate of Environmental Compliance within which there are five divisions: • Education and Public Awareness Division • Consumer Protection Division • Legal Protection • Maritime Operation Division • Natural Reserves Division (Parks) is responsible for the management of the two reserve zones within the responsibility of ASEZA – Wadi Rum and the Aqaba Marine Park. The management of Wadi Rum is currently contracted out to the
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Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature (RSCN), with a responsible officer/manager based at ASEZA. • Directorate of Health Control which includes: • Food Control Division • Public Health
2.2.1.14 Jordan Investment Board
The Jordan Investment Board (JIB) is responsible for marketing Jordan internationally, creating linkages between national and foreign companies through joint ventures, assisting investors at all stages of the investment cycle, and acting as a contact or liaison between investors and other Government bodies whose services are needed by the investor.
Specifically, JIB provides the following services:
• Identifies investment opportunities. • Facilitates the registration and licensing of investment projects. • Gathers investment data and technical information and shares them with interested investors. • Assists the investor in finding a location for business operations • Arranges meetings between potential private sector partners and Government officials. • Provides ongoing support and problem solving for the project once it is established. • Facilitates arrival and departure of the investor in transit through the Queen Alia International Airport.
The website address is as follows: “http://www.jordaninvestment.com”
2.2.1.15 Executive Privatisation Commission
The Executive Privatisation Commission (EPC) is currently the Government's arm in implementing the privatisation program of Jordan. The Privatisation Law No. (25) Of 2000 mandates the creation of the "Privatisation Proceeds Fund" where all privatisation proceeds shall be deposited and utilized, in virtue of the law, to settle the Government debts, finance feasible socio-economic projects, and to settle issues related to employees and workers of privatised enterprises in terms of rehabilitation, training and compensation.
Attracting new investors to engage in major production projects and utilities and creating more job opportunities while safeguarding the rights of employees are goals of the privatisation program in Jordan. The expansion of the scope of certain enterprises and the entry of new firms to the privatised sectors created new job opportunities and consequently contributed to alleviating part of the unemployment problem. In this context, the Government has taken serious measures to minimize the impact of privatisation on labour.
In implementing the privatisation program, a multi-track approach is usually adopted in order to achieve the goals. The main types of privatisation followed in Jordan encompass Partial and/or total sale; Divestiture of Government shares; Concession agreements; Leases and investment contracts; Management contracts; BOT and its derivatives, and others. According to the nature of the enterprise, the best privatisation method is adopted.
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To enhance the privatisation process and warrant its success without defeating the purpose of its initiation, the way was paved for the creation of a number of Regulatory Commissions, such as TRC (Telecommunication Regulatory Commission) and ERC (Electricity Regulatory Commission) entrusted with monitoring the performance of the enterprises in the post privatisation era while safeguarding the rights of both investors and consumers.
2.2.2 Universities and Research Institutes
There are several universities and research centres in Jordan that work in the environmental field. In this section we will outline few of them.
The Water and Environment Research and Study Centre (WERSC) at the University of Jordan was established in 1982 to help in developing and implementing the national plans for Jordan’s scarce water resources management. The centre has been and is still involved in several activities related to water and environment through projects funded by international and national agencies such as long term studies for water conservation and management in the Azraq Oasis; low cost wastewater treatment and reuse; effect of wastewater treatment plants on water resources; decision support system for drought management; and capacity building in different aspects of water and environment.
The centre has held more than 30 workshops for strengthening the capabilities of personnel working in the area of water and environment. All aspects related to water were covered in an integrated approach. The centre has helped in establishing and strengthening “Environmental Science and Management” graduate program through the different projects that the centre undertakes.
Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST) has an environmental engineering program since 1986, and in 1999 began curriculum in environmental sciences. The faculty and students do testing and modelling of environmental processes on a project basis, and occasionally participate in EIAs. They have identified inconsistent labelling of chemicals as a significant problem in monitoring potentially hazardous material.
Mu'tah University was founded in 1981 by a Royal Decree as a national institution for civil and military higher education. The University started functioning in its military wing in the year 1984 on its permanent site at Mu'tah in the Karak governerate, 135 km. South of Amman. In 1986, the Council of Higher Education decided that a civilian wing be established at Mu'tah University to respond to the needs of the local community in particular and the country's needs in general.
In August 2002, Mu’tah University established an independent Water and Environment Centre. The centre was funded by the World Bank and it is expected to start operation by August 2003. The main goal of the centre is to conduct water and environment related research and studies leading to the improvement of environmental aspects in Jordan.
The Marine Science Station (MSS) is a joint program between the University of Jordan and the University of Yarmouk created in 1974, the MSS is primarily supported by research grants and contracts for services from Government, including ASEZA, private sector, and international donors, including USAID. The focus of MSS is research on ocean sciences, including biological and physical parameters (e.g., waves, currents, water chemistry, etc.). The MSS monitors various parameters for ASEZA and provides it with monthly and annual reports.
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The Royal Scientific Society (RSS) was started in 1970 to provide the private sector and public agencies with information and technology support. RSS is a semi-governmental research institution with financial and administrative independence, largely funded by contracts for services to Government and private sector and occasional international funding. JICA recently funded substantial information technology (IT) infrastructure in RSS. They have scientific centres in engineering, IT, chemistry, environment, and renewable energy among others. The latter is now an independent national program. The environment centre started with projects related to water pollution and later added air and water quality and environmental management. In 1989 the Environment Research Centre was created. Program areas expanded into EIA, solid waste management and noise pollution. In the water sector they test and evaluate water treatment plants, funded by an annual contract with what is now GCEP. The water data is continuous since 1986. For air quality they most test in industrial areas with fixed stations and two mobile labs. Air quality testing is sporadic, but should be continuous. They also do vehicle emissions testing. They have ISO 9000 and 14000 compliance programs. Formatted: Style Body Text + (Complex) 11.5 pt 2.2.3 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) provide an important part of the environmental management infrastructure in Jordan. Their programs often compliment the work of Government, adding to the existing infrastructure or filling gaps in areas where the Government is less active. NGOs sometimes advocate conservation of resources and protection of the environment in cases where the Government focus on providing services fails to protect the resource base. The NGOs discussed below provide significant programs in environmental education and public awareness, complimenting Government services in areas such as solid waste collection and water conservation. Furthermore, the NGOs have been instrumental in drawing public attention to issues of air pollution and negative consequences of proposed development projects, and in some cases their efforts have forced changes resulting in improved environmental conditions. In this section we will outline the most active ones in Jordan.
The Jordan Aqua Conservation Association (JACA) is an independent, private association based in Amman. It was established to assist the Government of Jordan in facing current water challenges by conducting research by its members, who are highly specialized in the following areas of the water sector:
• Re-evaluating water resources and depicting their harsh reality, present and future, and finding and developing new resources. • Finding efficient means in water use in order to reduce per capita consumption. • Inter-basin water transfers. • Tapping deep aquifers. • Preparing and implementing water awareness programs. • Training professional cadre of volunteers on water awareness and rationing programs. • Participating actively in drafting and reviewing of water related legislation. • Putting forward water management strategies and policies that will lead to the efficient use of water in Jordan.
Friends of the Environment (FOE) is an NGO that begun in 1995 and is now with four fulltime staff and a network of volunteers. Their program is funded by member companies and international donors (METAP, GEF Small Grants, and British Government). They have extensive programs in environmental education. They support the Jordan Network of Environmentally Friendly Industries with more than 80 members, who are encouraged to apply environmental
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management systems in their businesses. FOE promotes low cost or no cost environmental options that can be attained by thrifty, small businesses.
Jordan Environment Society (JES) was founded in 1988 as a non-profit, voluntary organization. They currently have 24 branch offices and 6,000 members in Jordan. The branch offices normally have a secretary and occasional volunteer assistance. The Amman office has a staff of 15. Funding is primarily from international donors, including Germany, USAID, and the Arab Fund for Social and Economic Development among others. Their extensive network of regional offices is a powerful tool for outreach and public awareness. JES outreach to farmers includes a program for integrated pest management. They are developing an eco-label program (“Lady Bird”). They promote public awareness about water issues and promote the use of water saving devices. Another program promotes public awareness regarding solid waste management, education and tools for recycling. Yet another program addresses medical waste management. There also have a program for environmental education directed to schoolchildren. JES also hosts the Global Environment Facility (GEF) Small Grants Program for Jordan.
Friends of the Earth – Middle East is a regional NGO with programs in Jordan, Palestine, Israel and Egypt. Fund comes from international donors, including USAID, European Union (EU), and Germany. Their international water programs are unique for NGOs in the region. They work in the Gulf of Aqaba to reduce the use of plastic, which is a particularly harmful form of litter in coral systems. Also, on a regional scale, they have water projects with paired communities across borders. Friends of the Earth - Middle East is advocating that the Dead Sea be declared a Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Site. They are also active in evaluating the environmental impacts of the Euro-Mediterranean Free Trade Zone.
The Jordan Royal Ecological Diving Society (JREDS) was established in 1994 as an NGO with the mission to conserve, rehabilitate and enhance the marine eco-system in the Gulf of Aqaba through grass roots participation, lobbying, awareness generation, and the development of technical capabilities. Programs of JREDS include public awareness, beach and marine cleanup, and crown-of-thorns control. They also have a socio-economic program to improve the lives of fishermen, as an approach to providing alternatives to fishing on the reefs.
The Royal Society for Conservation of Nature (RSCN) is an NGO with about 200 employees, 40 in Amman and the rest in the field. 10 percent of their funding comes from the Government to assist with protected areas management, 25 percent from tourism, and the remainder from projects, including funding from USAID, GEF and others. RSCN manages six Government nature reserves (Shaumari, Azraq, Mujib, Dana, Ajloun, and Wadi Rum in cooperation with ASEZA) and has the mandate for enforcing hunting laws and issuing hunting licenses in Jordan. The RSCN promotes conservation of protected areas and helps local communities benefit from the protected areas through the sustainable use of nature materials. Moreover, they have successfully used the EIA process to challenge Government projects that would negatively impact the nature reserves. RSCN has identified additional areas that are high priority for being added to the protected areas system in Jordan.
Friends of Archaeology (FoA) in Jordan is a non-profit and non-governmental organization that was founded in 1958 by a small group of international and Jordanian archaeologists and residents who wanted to expand awareness and enjoyment of Jordan’s rich heritage among the general public. The main objectives of FoA are:
• To protect and preserve archaeological sites in Jordan, in cooperation with concerned Jordanian authorities and regional and international bodies.
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• To promote the cultural heritage of Jordan and to support and encourage the publication of books, pamphlets and research. • To create awareness in the community, especially among young people, of the importance of archaeological sites in Jordan and the need to preserve and protect them.
For more information the website of FoA is “www.foa.com.jo”.
With respect to archaeology, it should be noted that there is a large number of international archaeological missions based in Jordan-British, French, German, Pontifical, Spanish and United States (The American Centre of Oriental Research (ACOR) whose website is “www.asor.org/acor.html”).
2.3 Major Stakeholders
The major stakeholders related to the Disi-Mudawarra Water Conveyance System are:
1- Ministry of Water and Irrigation 2- Water Authority of Jordan 3- Jordan Valley Authority 4- Ministry of Environment 5- Ministry of Municipal Affairs 6- Aqaba Special Economic Zone 7- Department of Land and Survey 8- Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities 9- Ministry of Agriculture 10- Greater Amman Municipality and Municipalities in other governorates 11- Local communities 12- NGO sector 13- Ministry of Public Works and Housing 14- Jordan Investment Board 15- Executive Privatisation Commission
2.4 Applicable National Environmental Legislation
The legal framework for the environment in Jordan is primarily described in laws, by-laws (or regulations), instructions, standards and specifications. Laws and by-laws are the most general, describing, for example, the overall authorities of a ministry or perhaps one sector within a ministry. They are also the most difficult to pass or later change. Instructions, standards and specifications describe the details regarding how a law is implemented and enforced and the specific standards that must be met. Standards include for example, details such as permissible limits of specific chemicals that can be discharged into sewers or rivers.
A ministry or one of their subordinate agencies usually develops laws, by-laws, regulations, specifications and standards. For laws, by-laws and standards the ministry presents their case to the Legislative Bureau, which reviews the language and researches potential conflicts with existing laws. Negotiations between the ministry and the Legislative Bureau may take several months to resolve issues and agree on the exact language. The Council of Ministers next considers the bill. Laws approved by the Council of Ministers are sent to the Parliament, where both houses
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before going to the King for ratification must approve them. By-laws and regulations approved by the Council of Ministers go directly to the King for ratification. Instructions, standards and specifications are written and enforced by the ministry or individual departments according to the authority described in the laws and regulations. The approval process for new laws or modifications to laws are often time consuming. Therefore, in order to expedite this process, “Interim Laws” are occasionally passed from the Legislative Bureau directly to the King for ratification, skipping the Council of Ministers and both houses of Parliament. The practice of passing Interim Laws has increased in recent years. Formatted: Style Body Text To date, Jordan has issued a number of laws, regulations, instructions, and standards regarding + (Complex) 11.5 pt water management, control, monitoring, and protection against pollution. The Government has emphasized the importance of quality assurance, control and monitoring of environmental aspects, and in particular water. This activity is currently conducted in a well-coordinated manner by several bodies including public, private and NGO sector as seen below. The Jordan Institute of Standards and Metrology (JISM), which has administrative and financial independence, is the issuer and depositary of all standards of Jordan. The concerned ministry will draft the standard in coordination with JISM.
2.4.1 Laws
It should be noted that in case of discrepancy, the specific private law has the precedence over the common law. Also, if the laws are of the same type, the recent law governs. An example WAJ and JVA laws are specific private laws while the Privatisation law is a common law.
(a) Water Authority Law No. (18) of 1988 and its Amendments
The WAJ Law was firstly issued and enacted as a Interim Law in 1983. In 1988, the Water Authority Law No. (18) of 1983 status was made permanent. This law was recently amended in 2001, and enacted on November 1st, 2001. This law sets the institutional framework for the creation of the WAJ within the MWI. It also defines the Authority’s duties and responsibilities as outlined above.
The WAJ reports directly to the Ministry of Water and Irrigation. However, the Cabinet of Ministers can designate responsibilities related to water to any authority other than WAJ within the public or private sector, through proper legal contracting. Board of Directors comprised of high Government officials manages the WAJ. The WAJ is financially and administratively independent.
All water resources in the Kingdom belong to the GOJ. The use of these resources must be in compliance with this law. The law defines possible violations and associated fines and penalties.
However, Article 28 of this law gives the Council of Ministers, and in accordance to the recommendation set by the Minister of MWI, the authority to designate any of the responsibilities of WAJ, including the implementation of a project, wholly or partially, to any other organization from the public or private sector, public shareholding company, and/or limited liability company that is partially or wholly owned by WAJ.
This may include the management, leasing, and transfer of ownership of projects to these organizations, in accordance to the conditions and duration specified in the contracts signed
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between the two parties for this purpose. All legal provisions related to leasing or transfer of ownership must be taken into consideration.
In the case of conclusion of contracts to transfer the management of the projects or the lease thereof, the decision of the Council of Ministers may include the authorization to the officials of the bodies’ contracted therewith, to exercise the same powers bestowed on the authorities’ officials in pursuance of legislations enforced relevant to the execution of the contracts.
(b) Jordan Valley Development Law
Pursuant to Law No. (19) of 1988 and its Amendments in 2001, the JVA was created to develop and improve on the economic and social status of the Jordan Valley. The law gives JVA full authority over the valley area including control and protection of water resources, making decisions on the use and distribution of water for irrigation, household usage, etc. In addition, the JVA is expected to conduct and implement projects to improve on the quality of water and to combat and prevent water pollution.
Similarly to the WAJ, the JVA is managed by a Board of Directors comprised of high Government officials and is financially and administratively independent. Also, the Cabinet of Ministers can contract out or lease the management and operation of specific projects to the private sector. But the ownership of irrigation and development of water resources projects cannot be transferred to the private sector.
There are two articles in the Jordan Valley Development Law, as it was amended in 2001 that address the issue of the environment. Article 3-b of the above-mentioned law reads:
“The development, protection and improvement of the Environment in the Valley and to perform necessary works to achieve this objective, to implement the preparation of plans both Master and Detailed Plans for the lands outside the planning boundaries of the municipalities.”
This should be read in the right context that the first paragraph in Article 3 sets, i.e. carrying out the above environmental function is in support of the “social and economic development of the Valley” and in “cooperation with any concerned entity”.
In its broadness it allows JVA to do the necessary to protect the environment, which presumably includes setting standards and enforcing them. The word ‘environment’ as it appears above is not defined, but it can be inferred that it refers to land, air, water and biodiversity at the very least. This point is highlighted because the law and the articles that follow make no explicit mention of land, and air or biodiversity in an environmental context. In fact, the environment is not mentioned again in the law. The only reference to environmental issues arises in Article 38 of the law, which is concerned with the water pollution and the entry of polluting substances (as defined by the Secretary General) into the Valley, and only in the context of those pollutants contaminating water.
In speaking of environmental protection from a legal standpoint, three functions are considered: standards setting, monitoring and enforcement. Article 38 of the Jordan Valley Development law grants JVA the right to do both. Sub-paragraph a-1 of Article 38 authorizes the Secretary General to ban any substance from entry into the Valley if it is deemed polluting (standard setting). Sub- paragraph a-2 of the same article, mandates the JVA to conduct laboratory testing of water to ensure that it is not being polluted (monitoring); paragraphs b and c describe the punitive
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measures to be taken against polluters and actions they must take to rectify the situation (enforcement).
The lack of specific reference to land, air pollution and biodiversity, while explicitly mentioning that of water, may be a detractor to the significance of the former three and so are afforded less attention.
(c) Public Health Interim Law
The Public Health Interim Law No. (54) of 2002 contains a number of articles related to drinking water, sewerage and repugnant sites. It gives the Ministry of Health (MOH) the responsibility for:
• Testing drinking water provided by WAJ or private sector to ensure its compliance with the national standard JS No. 286/2002 for drinking water. In the case of failure to comply with the standard, the MOH has the authority to stop the distribution or sale of water. The MOH has the right to delegate the testing responsibility to other Governmental bodies, but the MOH will still be responsible for the final output of these tests.
Furthermore, Article 4 of this law mandates the owner an industry, enterprise or any working environment to monitor and control the professional environment to ensure the public health and safety of the workers. In addition, Article 49 of this law considers the release of dust and the dumping or throwing of wastes, whether solid, liquid, and other on the streets or public land as a nuisance and must be controlled and removed in the case of waste.
(d) Environment Protection Law
Under the provisions of the Environment Protection Law No. (1) of 2003, the MOE is entrusted with the responsibility of the protection and monitoring of all environmental elements, including water, in coordination with concerned Government bodies, national, regional and international organizations. In addition, the law mandates the MOE to draft necessary by-laws, instructions, standards, etc. for environmental elements, which includes water, air, land, noise control, etc. This is where it creates confusion and overlap in responsibilities with other ministries and authorities.
(e) ASEZ Law
The Law establishing the ASEZ - Law No. (32) of the year 2000, commonly referred to as the ASEZ Law - also establishes an Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA) to administer the Zone. This Law confers on ASEZA a number of environment-related responsibilities as presented below:
• Article 9, F: ASEZA shall protect the environment in the zone. • Article 10, B, 3: ASEZA shall assume authority for protecting the environment, water resources, natural resources and biological diversity. • Article 43, B: ASEZA shall administer the coastal areas. • Article 52: ASEZA shall be responsible for protecting and maintaining the environment in the Zone and for ensuring sustainable development according to a basis and standards, which are not below the adopted levels in the Kingdom.
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• Article 53: ASEZA is permitted powers of search and confiscation related to environmental protection. • Article 54, B: ASEZA is authorized to extract fines and compensation from polluters of the sea or the environment within the Zone. • Article 56, E: ASEZA is responsible for the regulation and administration of the Aqaba Marine Park.
Article 6 of the Law says that all legislation in force in the Kingdom shall apply to the Zone unless superseded by contradiction by the provisions of ASEZ legislation.
Article 52 says that AEZA shall assume the powers of GCEP (now the MOE). It is commonly held therefore that this Law confers on ASEZA the general authority and powers which the General Cooperation for Environmental Protection (GCEP) has in the rest of Jordan to regulate environmental matters, and that GCEP’s authority within the ASEZ has effectively been transferred to ASEZA. However, to date, no written agreement or Memorandum of Understanding exists between ASEZA and GCEP.
(f) Habitat Protection Laws
Interim Agricultural Law No. (44) of 2002 gives the Ministry of Agriculture the mandate to protect, conserve and manage the wildlife in Jordan from manmade hazards.
In addition, the Environment Protection Law No. (1) of 2003, gives the MOE the mandate to protect all environmental elements including wildlife (flora and fauna), to issue by-laws, etc. as seen necessary in coordination with concerned parties.
Two national strategies on biodiversity have been already prepared in Jordan (1998 and 2002). However, a legal framework for wildlife protection from development projects does not exist.
(g) Antiquities Protection Law: Antiquities Law
Jordan has an all-encompassing law that sets and regulates policies and imposes penalties for dealing with archaeological sites, monuments and artefacts; this is the Antiquities Law No. (21) of 1988. The Department of Antiquities (DOA) is created at the Ministry of Tourism pursuant to this law. The DOA is responsible for administering, supervising, protecting and maintaining archaeological sites, monuments and artefacts in Jordan.
However, specific provisions are needed to enforce the intent of the law and the application of its penalties.
(h) Land Acquisition Law
The Land Acquisition Law No. (12) of 1987 provides the Government of Jordan the right to acquire any piece of land or property to develop a project for public benefit. However, the Government has to compensate the owner(s) fairly. In case the owner(s) are not satisfied with the compensation, they can take it to court. Such matters are considered of high urgency and will be handled by the court system as quickly as possible. The law outlines all the related specifics.
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(i) Management of Government Property Law / Leasing and Authorization of Government Property By-law
Under the provisions of the Management of Government Law No. (17) of 1974 and the Leasing and Authorisation of Government by-law No. (53) of 1977, the Cabinet of Ministers have the right to lease or authorize Government property in return of rent equivalent to market prices, and in accordance to the recommendations set by the concerned ministry and higher commission of Government property. The Higher Commission is comprised of the following members: Minister of Finance (Chairman), Department of Land and Survey (Vice Chairman), Agriculture Credit Corporation, Secretary General of the Ministry of Interior, Secretary General of the Ministry of Municipal Affairs, and the Director General of Forestry and Grazing Land.
The Cabinet has to approve the lease or authorization even if it is going to be used by a Government body.
(j) Traffic Interim Law
Under the provisions of Law No. (47) of 2001, vehicles should control their air emissions to ensure that they are within the acceptable limits as specified by the equipping Vehicles Instruction of 2002. In addition, vehicles owners should not dump or release rocks, stones, solid waste, wastewater, and other into public land or streets. Violators will be fined.
(k) Investment Promotion Interim Law
Under the Investment Promotion Interim Law No. (68) of 2003, the proposed project can benefit from tax exemptions, similarly to the As-Samara Wastewater Treatment Plant BOT project. Pursuant to article 5, the Council of Ministers may decide, upon the joint recommendation of the Minister and the Minister of Finance which is based on the recommendation of the Investment Incentives Committee, to grant any Project, whether or not the Project falls within the Exempted Sectors, any benefits or exemptions from Fees and Taxes prescribed in accordance with the provisions of this Law or any additional benefits or exemptions for the period and conditions it deems appropriate, provided that the Council of Ministers’ resolution is published in the Official Gazette. The Council of Ministers shall take into consideration when making its decision the considerations of economic development and the Project's geographical location and the extent of its contribution to research, development, increasing exports, transfer of technology and creating jobs for the Jordanian manpower.
Subject to the provisions of this Law, the Sectoral Licenses shall be granted according to the conditions and requirements stipulated in the pertinent legislation thereof, provided that the following principals are met:
1- The issuance of the Sectoral License for a certain Project shall not be contingent upon any other approval or License from any body other than the Official Body designated for each Project in the legislation that grants that Body the power to issue such, in addition to the bodies and conditions specified by the Council of Minister in preservation of the national interest. 2- The Official Body shall specify the procedures, requirements and conditions necessary to acquire the License and the supporting documents and the time limits within which a License must be granted, provided that they are in writing and accessible to the public without fees.
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The period for issuing the Sectoral License shall not exceed one month from the date of submitting the application to receive such, provided that all the required documents are attached to the application and that it has fulfilled all the required conditions and legal requirements. If the Official Body does not issue its decision to accept or reject within the time specified (max. of one month), the applicant may, while reserving his/her right to litigate, ask the Minister to refer the matter of its issuance to the Council of Ministers to take their decision thereon, based on the recommendation of the Minister which is based on the recommendation of the Chief Executive Officer of the Jordan Investment Board. Banks, financial corporations, insurance companies, customs clearance companies and special free zones shall be excluded from the one month period restriction.
The following is the website address: “http://www.jordaninvestment.com/”.
Please note that in compliance with Article 94 of the Constitution of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, this Interim Law, along with other interim laws are currently placed before the National Assembly, where the Assembly may approve or amend the laws. In the event of the rejection of such provisional laws, the Council of Ministers shall, with the approval of the King, immediately declare their nullity, and from the date of such declaration these interim (provisional) laws shall cease to have force provided that such nullity shall not affect any contracts or acquired rights. Provisional laws have the same force and effect as laws enacted in accordance with paragraph (ii) of Article (93) of this Constitution.
In the event of the rejection, the Investment Promotion Law No. (16) For 1995 and its amendments of 2000 shall apply.
Under the Investment Promotion Law No. (16) For 1995 and its amendments of 2000, the proposed project shall benefit from tax exemptions, similarly to the As samara Waste Treatment Plant BOT project. Pursuant to Article 3(b), the Council of Ministers may, upon recommendation of both the Minister of Industry and Trade and the Investment Promotion Committee, offer any project established within the Sectors mentioned in this Law incentives or guarantees or other privileges for the number of years the Council of Ministers sees fit according to the nature of the project’s activity, its geographic location, its contribution to increasing exports, creating jobs, exploiting national natural resources and accelerating economic development, in special cases and due to considerations determined by the Council of Ministers, and to be of national interest.
(l) Privatisation Law
The Privatisation Law No. (25) of 2000 provides opportunities for the private sector participation in the water sector through different investment schemes such as BOT, BOO, BOOT, etc. Significant gains can be realized by bringing private sector and/or own a utility.
(m) Labour Law
The Labour Law No. (8) of 1996 and its amendments mandates all the rights of the with respect to employment in Jordan from the employer and employees side. It has twelve chapters which are:
• Chapter 1: Definitions • Chapter 2: Inspection at work premises • Chapter 3: Employment and vocational guidance
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• Chapter 4: Employment contract • Chapter 5: Vocational training contract • Chapter 6: Employment group contract • Chapter 7: Protection of wages • Chapter 8: Leaves and work organization • Chapter 9: Safety and vocational health • Chapter 10: Work related injuries and sickness • Chapter 11: Labour unions • Chapter 12: Conflict resolution regarding employment
There are several articles in this law regarding job terminations: articles 21, 23, 31 and 32. An employment contract will be considered terminated in the following three cases:
1- The two parties have agreed to terminate the contract 2- The work has been completed and/or the contract has expired (ended) 3- In case of death or injury that led to disability
If one party wishes to terminate the contract ahead of the end date, the party must inform the second party in writing a month before the expiry date of the contract. If the party wants to withdraw the notification, it must be accepted by both parties. In the case that the employer wants to terminate the contract, he/she must pay the employee his fees till the end date of the contract. However, the employee may be released seven days before his/her end date. Once a contract is terminated, by either party, the employee will receive all his/her benefits provided by the employer and one month salary for every year he/she has worked for calculated on the basis of the last salary.
The employer may down size, suspend or terminate contracts, given that there is some economic problems that the firm faces or change in the scope of work (type of production or service). The Ministry of Labour must be immediately informed in writing with the appropriate justifications for these measures. The Minister of Labour will form a committee to study the situation, and will decide in accordance with the recommendations of this committee. In some cases, when justifications are not valid, the employer will have to rehire all released employees.
In Chapter 9 of this Law, the owner of a project, plant, etc. must take the appropriate preventative actions and provide his/her workers with the necessary protective equipment to ensure their safety and avoid work related accidents. At the same time, it is the responsibility of the worker to take good care of the protective equipment and to maintain them. If, they are spoiled, it is the responsibility of the owner to replace them.
In addition, he/she should have written instructions and procedures on the use of equipment and the associated risks with them and the job they are undertaking. All workers should be properly informed of these instructions and procedures.
Furthermore, the owner must provide first aid facilities and adequate medical services at the premises and/or sites of operation.
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(n) Roads Law
The Roads Law No. (24) of 1986 Articles 8 and 9 require any Government organizations to obtain a permit from the Ministry of Public Works and Housing, to do any construction work within the right-of-way of roads. The organization has to repair the road to the pre-construction condition, and in accordance to the conditions and instructions set out in the permit.
2.4.2 Regulations (By-laws)
2.4.2.1 Bylaws
(a) Organizational Structure of MWI By-Law
The Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) was established in 1988 pursuant to the By-law No. (54) of 1992: organizational structure of MWI of 1988. This law was amended in 1992. Under this law, the Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ) and Jordan Valley Authority (JVA) will report to the MWI. As such, the Ministry is responsible for all related matters with respect to water, water treatment, public sewers, water policy; the economic and social development of the Jordan Valley.
(b) Underground Water Control By-Law
Underground Water Control By-law No. (85) of 2002 and its amendments was issued pursuant to the WAJ Law No. (18) of 1988. Under this law, all ground water is owned and controlled by the Government, even if the land is privately owned.
Any exploration or exploitation must be authorized and a permit obtained, in accordance with the provisions of this by-law, which specifies end use, quantity and other requirements. The first trial of pumping should be under the supervision of the WAJ, otherwise the WAJ has the right to annul the permit and close down the well.
Table 2 presents the water fees paid to WAJ.
Table 2: Fees (paid to WAJ) Description JD Drilling license 1,000 Renewal of drilling license 500 Water extraction license 100 Renewal of extraction license 50 Substitute drilling license 750 Well deepening license 500 Well maintenance or cleaning license 300 Possession or use of a drilling rig license 500 Renewal of Possession or use of a drilling rig license 100 Drilling license 50 Renewal of driller license 10
The WAJ requires that a person applying for a license or permit must submit cash deposit or bank guarantee in accordance to the principles set by the Cabinet, and in accordance to the recommendation of the Board of the WAJ.
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The MWI is the authority responsible for conducting research and technical studies, identifying ground water, and for monitoring the quality and quantity of water to be pumped annually, in coordination with concerned parties.
The Cabinet of Ministers can specify regions where it is disallowed to dig wells. These regions have to be announced in the daily official newspapers. There will be exceptions, but they need to be approved by the Board of WAJ.
(c) Subscribers to Drinking Water Network
By-law No. (67) of 1994 gives the mandate and responsibility to WAJ to provide drinking water, including related activities. However, this right can be transferred to the private sector through an agreement as in the case of LEMA, where it operates mainly in Greater Amman under a management contract starting in 1999.
(d) ASEZA Subordinate Legislation (By-Laws)
A number of subsequent pieces of legislation have since been enacted. These include:
The Environmental Protection Regulations (No. 21 of the year 2001) provide a basis for environmental management in the Zone. They list a number of prohibited acts regarding waste management, use of seawater, and emission of harmful substances to the environment. These regulations address the legal framework for environmental management and monitoring in the Zone including environmental clearance and post-clearance phases of economic activities. The regulations also detail appropriate measures to prevent environmental pollution and protect the marine resources, and set out a legal framework for the imposition of penalties for pollution incidents.
The Regulation for the Development of Wadi Rum Area (No. 24 of the year 2001) relates to the improvement and development of the economic and social aspects of the Wadi Rum Area – which falls within ASEZA’s jurisdiction - and the conservation and preservation of its natural environment and cultural heritage.
The Aqaba Marine Park Regulation (No. 22 of the year 2001) sets out the perimeters of the Marine Park – a portion of the Aqaba coastline approximately 7 km in length - and its aims. The regulation also stipulates a number of prohibited actions and activities in the Park area that may result in the destruction, damage or deterioration of the natural environment, damage the wildlife or affect the aesthetics of the area.
The Development and Improvement of the Investment Climate Regulation (No. 11 of the year 2001) stipulates that the initiation of any economic activity in the Zone requires an operational permit from ASEZA relating to public health, health and safety and the environment. The regulation sets out the requirements that must be met before a permit can be issued, and outlines the inspection procedures for the ongoing operation of a development or facility.
In addition to these laws and regulations issued by ASEZA, there are also a number of Jordanian standards and regulations that apply in the ASEZ. With regard to the environment, it is explicit in the ASEZ Law that that all current existing environmental legislation in Jordan is applicable to the ASEZ until ASEZA issues its own superseding legislation. Also, Jordan is signatory to a number of international conventions and agreements which relate to environmental issues, many of which
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relate directly to issues in the ASEZ, although there is no specific requirement or mechanism outlined in the ASEZ Law which requires ASEZA to report or coordinate with MOE regarding national issue or international conventions and agreements.
(e) Mining By-Law
Article 39 of law No. (131) of 1966 stipulates that any dynamite used for mining purposes or digging wells must be manufactured for this purpose and free of toxic gas or vapours.
(f) Prevention and Safety against the Use of Machines and Industrial Equipment at Working Sites No. (43) of 1998
This bylaw mandates the owner of a project or an enterprise to take adequate measures to prevent accidents against any mechanical, electrical or chemicals to ensure the safety of employees and/or workers in their working environment.
2.4.2.2 Instructions and Orders
The instructions and orders that are relevant to the proposed project are those that relate to water, air and noise as described below.
(a) Water
Drinking water instruction regarding connecting to drinking water and its amendments No. (1) of 2002.
Instruction No. 18 of 1998 and its amendments for industrial and commercial wastewater disposal into, and connecting to the public sewers.
There are several orders issued under the provision of the WAJ law, which specifies water prices, meter cost, etc.
(b) Air: Vehicle Equipping of 2002
This instruction specifies the permissible pollutant levels emitted by gasoline engine vehicles as follows: CO (5 percent), HC (≤ 600/billion), O2 (≤ 6 percent) and CO2 (≥ 10 percent). In addition, it has provisions related to the design of the vehicles such as, tires’ dimensions, horn requirements, allowed loads, fire extinguishers requirements, etc.
(c) Noise: Control and Prevention of Noise of 1997
Noise is considered as an environmental pollutant. Owners of plants and vehicles must take appropriate measures to ensure compliance with national laws, regulations and standards with regard to noise.
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In 1995, and pursuant to Article 27 (a) of the Environment Law No. (12) of 1995, the GOJ issued instructions for the permissible sound levels and prevention of noise. These instructions define specific sources of noise and associated permissible upper limits in dB, in addition to setting fines and penalties for violating these instructions.
(d) Occupational Health and Safety
Initial Check-up for Workers at Corporations of 1999
No person is allowed to work in certain professions1, which includes construction and loading and unloading of commodities, prior to having an initial medical check-up. This should include ear and eye and lung inspection in case the worker will be exposed to high noise level, radiation, or dust and other gases.
The employer will be responsible for ensuring that all employees get their medical check-up and to submit the results to the Public Health and Safety Directorate at the Ministry of Labour.
Regular Check-up for Workers at Corporations of 1999
The employer will be responsible for ensuring that all employees get their regular medical check- up and to submit the results to the Public Health and Safety Directorate at the Ministry of Labour. If the workers are exposed to noise and vibration, the check-up will be done on semi-annual basis; otherwise it is every two years.
Protection of Employees and Workers against Risks Associated with Work of 1998
This instruction (Annex A2) mandates the owner of a project, plant, etc. to take appropriate preventative actions and provide his /her workers with the necessary protective equipment to ensure their safety and avoid work related accidents. The equipment may include ear plugs or protectors; mouth masks gloves, boots, as required by the job. The equipment must comply with national standards and specifications.
2.4.2.3 Standards and Specifications
The standards and specifications that are relevant to the proposed project are as follows:
1- Jordanian specification No. 286/2001 for Drinking Water (see Annex C21). 2- Jordanian specification No. 893:2002 for Waste Water (see Annex C21). 3- World Health Organisation (WHO) Guideline for sample collection of drinking water. 4- Pollutants-Ambient Air Quality Standards (JS: 1140/1996) (see Annex C21). 5- Pollutants-Allowable limits for gaseous pollutants emitted to the atmosphere from gasoline engine vehicles. 6- Acoustics-Guide to international standards on the measurement of airborne acoustical noise and evaluation of its effects on human beings.
1 Sectors: metal industry, mining, agriculture, petrochemical, chemical, insulation against radiation and heat, textile, carpentry, food, air and sea freight, loading and unloading, diving and fishing, dyeing construction, general service, electricity, and printing press.
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2.4.2.4 Licenses, Permits, etc.
The licenses and permits that are relevant to the proposed project are as follows:
1- Drilling rig License 2- Driller License 3- License for drilling a well 4- License for drilling a substitute well 5- License for deepening, cleaning or maintaining a well 6- License for extracting water
2.4.3 Strategies
2.4.3.1 National Environment Strategy
The first National Environment Strategy (NES) was prepared in 1989, and was officially approved by the GOJ in 1991. Jordan was the first country in the Middle East to draft a NES. The NES contains over 400 recommendations and suggested actions in the field of environment protection and conservation. Because it was formulated by 180 Jordanian specialists with substantial hand- on experience in the country, it is practical, realistic, comprehensive, integrated and forward looking.
The NES covered the following sectors: surface and groundwater, land and agriculture, fauna and flora, coastal zones and marine resources, human population and settlement, atmosphere and air quality, energy and mineral resources, archaeology, cultural resources, and legal issues.
The NES formed the backbone of structuring environmental protection in Jordan. As a result, the first Environment Protection Law was drafted and enforced, the General Corporation of Environment Protection created, and many other recommendations in the various sectors were implemented.
2.4.3.2 Water Strategy and Policies
Jordan’s Water Strategy (MWI, 1997b) provided the foundation and initiative to formally develop policies addressing specific issues facing Jordan’s water sector. To date, four policies have been developed and accepted by the Council of Ministers. These policies are:
1- Groundwater Management. 2- Irrigation Water. 3- Water Utility. 4- Wastewater Management.
Ground Water Management Policy: The Ground Water Management Policy (MWI, 1998a) was approved by the Council of Ministers in 1998. The Policy addresses the management of groundwater resources including development, protection, management, and reducing abstractions for each renewable aquifer to the sustainable rate (i.e., safe yield). Specific policy statements address:
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1- Resource Exploration 2- Monitoring 3- Resource Protection and Sustainability 4- Resource Development 5- Priority of Allocation 6- Regulation and Control 7- Private Sector Participation
Irrigation Water Policy: The Irrigation Water Policy (MWI, 1998b) was approved by the Council of Ministers in 1998. The Policy addresses irrigation water including agricultural use, resource management, technology transfer, water quality, and efficiency, but does not address or extend to irrigated agriculture. Many provisions of this Policy already are in practice. Specific Policy statements address:
1- Sustainability of Irrigated Agriculture 2- Resource Development and Use 3- Technology Transfer 4- Farm Water Management 5- Irrigation Water Quality 6- Management and Administration 7- Water Pricing 8- Regulation and Controls
Water Utility Policy: The Utility Water Policy (MWI, 1997b) was approved by the Council of Ministers in 1997. The Policy addresses issues related to water utilities. The Policy, the first prepared after adopting Jordan’s Water Strategy, attempts to address 10 major issues relating to both water utility services as well as the basic authorities, and direction of Jordan’s Water agencies. Specific sections of the Utility Water Policy are listed below and a brief discussion of key provisions follows.
Major topics of the Water Utility Policy are as follows:
1- Institutional Development 2- Private Sector Participation 3- Water Pricing and Cost Recovery 4- Human Resources 5- Water Resources Management 6- Water Quality and the Environment 7- Service Levels 8- Public Awareness 9- Conservation and Efficiency Measures 10- Investment
Wastewater Management Policy: The Wastewater Management Policy (MWI, 1998c) was approved by the Council of Ministers in 1998. The Policy addresses the management of wastewaters as a water resource including development, management, collection and treatment, reuse, and standards and regulations. Specific Policy statements address:
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1- Resource Development 2- Resource Management 3- Wastewater Collection and Treatment 4- Reuse of Treated Effluent and Sludge 5- Pricing
Other aspects of the Policy address: Legislation and Institutional Arrangements, Standards, Regulations and Quality Assurance, Research and Development, Financing and Investment; Public Sector Participation, Human Resources Development, and Public Awareness.
2.4.4 Related Environmental International and Regional Conventions and Treaties
Jordan is a party to many international environment agreements. Most of these agreements require Jordan to comply with specified parameters for environmental protection. The GCEP, which is now MOE, is the main focal point for most of the international environmental conventions.
Table 3 lists the environmental international and regional conventions relevant to the project.
Table 3: Selected international environment agreements Title of Agreement Enforce in Jordan Convention on the Protection of World Cultural Heritage and Natural Heritage 1972 Convention on Biological Diversity 1993 Convention to Combat Desertification 1996 Convention on Protection of Migratory Species of Wild Animals 2001
2.4.4.1 Convention on the Protection of World Cultural Heritage and Natural Heritage
Under the Convention Jordan has to:
• Identify and delineate the different properties situated in its territory that are considered as “cultural heritage” and “natural heritage, as defined in articles 1 and 2 of this convention, respectively. • Recognize the duty of ensuring the identification, protection, conservation, presentation and transmission to nurture generations of the cultural and natural heritage. It can acquire, where appropriate, international assistance and co-operation, in particular financial, artistic, scientific and technical. • Ensure that effective and active measures are taken to protect and conserve the cultural and natural heritage, by: • Adopting a general policy that aims to give cultural and natural heritage a function in the life of the community and to integrate the protection of that heritage into comprehensive planning programs. • Setting up, where such services do not exist, one or more services for the protection, conservation and presentation of the cultural and natural heritage with an appropriate staff and possessing the means to discharge their functions.
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• Developing scientific and technical studies and research work and operating methods that will make the Kingdom capable of counteracting the dangers that threaten its cultural and natural heritage. • Taking appropriate legal, scientific, technical, administrative and financial measures necessary for the identification, protection, conservation and presentation of the cultural and natural heritage. • Fostering the establishment or development of national centres for training in the protection, conservation and presentation of the cultural and natural heritage, and to encourage scientific research in this field.
2.4.4.2 Convention on Biological Diversity
Under the Convention on Biological Diversity, Governments abide to conservation and sustainable use biodiversity. They are required to develop national biodiversity and action plans, and to integrate these broader national plans for environment and development. This is particularly important for such sectors as forestry, agriculture, fisheries, energy, transportation, construction work, and urban planning.
2.4.4.3 Convention to Combat Desertification
The objective of the Convention to Combat Desertification is to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought in countries experiencing serious drought and/or desertification, particularly in Africa, through effective action at all levels, supported by international cooperation and partnership arrangements, in the framework of an integrated approach which is consistent with Agenda 21, with a view to contributing to the achievement of sustainable development in affected areas.
Achieving this objective will involve long-term integrated strategies that focus simultaneously, in affected areas, on improved productivity of land, and the rehabilitation, conservation and sustainable management of land and water resources, leading to improved living conditions, in particular at the community level.
Under the provisions of this Convention, Jordan has the General obligations to:
• Implement its obligations under this Convention, individually or jointly; either through existing or prospective bilateral and multilateral arrangements or a combination thereof, as appropriate, emphasizing the need to coordinate efforts and develop a coherent long-term strategy at all levels. • Pursue the objective of this Convention. To pursue the objectives, it shall: • Adopt an integrated approach addressing the physical, biological and socio- economic aspects of the processes of desertification and drought; • Give due attention, within the relevant international and regional bodies, to the situation of affected developing country Parties with regard to international trade, marketing arrangements and debt with a view to establishing an enabling international economic environment conducive to the promotion of sustainable development; • Integrate strategies for poverty eradication into efforts to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought;
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• Promote cooperation among affected country Parties in the fields of environmental protection and the conservation of land and water resources, as they relate to desertification and drought; • Strengthen sub-regional, regional and international cooperation; • Cooperate within relevant intergovernmental organizations; • Determine institutional mechanisms, if appropriate, keeping in mind the need to avoid duplication; and • Promote the use of existing bilateral and multilateral financial mechanisms and arrangements that mobilize and channel substantial financial resources to affected developing country Parties in combating desertification and mitigating the effects of drought.
2.4.4.4 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals
The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (also known as CMS or the Bonn Convention) aims to conserve terrestrial, marine and avian migratory species throughout their range. It is one of a small number of intergovernmental treaties concerned with the conservation of wildlife and wildlife habitats on a global scale.
Parties to CMS work together to conserve migratory species and their habitats by providing strict protection for the endangered migratory species listed in Appendix I2 of the Convention; by concluding multilateral Agreements for the conservation and management of migratory species listed in Appendix II; and by undertaking co-operative research activities.
CMS has a unique role to play in focusing attention on and addressing the conservation needs of the 107 endangered species presently listed in Appendix I. The Parties acknowledge the need to take action to avoid any migratory species becoming endangered, and in particular, the parties:
• Should promote, co-operate in and support research relating to migratory species; • Shall endeavour to provide immediate protection for migratory species included in Appendix I; and • Shall endeavour to conclude agreements covering the conservation and management of migratory species included in Appendix II.
2.4.4.5 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is an international agreement between Governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.
Because the trade in wild animals and plants crosses borders between countries, the effort to regulate it requires international cooperation to safeguard certain species from over-exploitation. CITES was conceived in the spirit of such cooperation. Today, it accords varying degrees of protection to more than 30,000 species of animals and plants (listed in the three CITES Appendices), whether they are traded as live specimens, fur coats or dried herbs. In other words, it covers trade in plants and animals that are alive or dead, and even products that derive from them.
2 For a complete list, check www.wcmc.org.uk
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CITES is an international agreement to which States (countries) adhere voluntarily. States that have agreed to be bound by the Convention ('joined' CITES) are known as Parties. Although CITES is legally binding on the Parties - in other words they have to implement the Convention - it does not take the place of national laws. Rather it provides a framework to be respected by each Party, which has to adopt its own domestic legislation to make sure, that CITES is implemented at the national level.
2.4.4.6 Treaty of Peace between the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the State of Israel
Jordan and Israel had recognized the necessity to find practical, just and agreed solution to their water problems and with the view that the subject of water can form the basis for the advancement of co-operation between them, jointly undertake actions to ensure that the management and development of their water resources do not, in anyway, harm the water resources of the other Party.
Article six of the treaty and the Agreement for Bilateral Environmental Cooperation with Israel outline the relationship with respect to water and the environment in general, respectively.
Nevertheless, Disi Aquifer is not a shared water resource with Israel.
2.5 Applicable Policies of the World Bank
The operations of the World Bank are guided by a comprehensive set of policies and procedures, dealing with the Bank's core development objectives and goals, the instruments for pursuing them, and specific requirements for Bank financed operations. This is set out in the Bank's Operational Manual.
The core of the Manual lies in the Operational Policies (OPs) which are short, focused statements that follow from the Bank's Articles of Agreement, its general conditions, and from policies specifically approved by the Board. Other parts of the Manual address Bank Procedures (BPs), Good Practices (GPs) and Operational Directives (ODs) that advice on implementation of policies. The Manual has two volumes:
• Volume I deals with the bank’s core development objectives and goals, and the instruments for pursuing them. • Volume II covers the requirements applicable to Bank-financed lending operations.
Within the overall set of Operational Policies, Bank management has identified ten key policies that are critical to ensuring that potentially adverse environmental and social consequences are identified, minimized, and mitigated. These ten are known as the "Safeguard Policies" and receive particular attention during the project preparation and approval process
The Bank undertakes screening of each proposed project to determine the appropriate extent and type of EA to be undertaken and whether or not the project may trigger other safeguard policies. The Bank classifies the proposed project into one of four categories (A, B, C, and FI) depending on the type, location, sensitivity, and scale of the project and the nature and magnitude of its potential environmental impacts.
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The Borrower is responsible for any assessment required by the Safeguard Policies, with general advice provided by Ban7k staff. The Bank's Legal Vice Presidency monitors compliance with the policies addressing international waterways and disputed areas. The Environmental and Socially Sustainable Development (ESSD) Network monitors all other safeguard policies through the Quality Assurance and Compliance Unit (QACU).
Operational Policy 4.01 seeks to ensure sound and sustainable environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for the World Bank for financing in order to assist in decision making. Such an EA should be initiated as early as possible in project processing and is integrated closely with the economic, financial, institutional, social, and technical analyses of a proposed project. The Policy emphasises that the Bank favours preventive measures over mitigatory or compensatory measures, whenever feasible. The Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook describes pollution prevention and abatement measures and emission levels that are normally acceptable to the Bank.
The EA is expected to consider natural and social aspects in an integrated way, take into account the variations in project and country conditions; the findings of country environmental studies; national environmental action plans; the country's overall policy framework, national legislation, and institutional capabilities related to the environment and social aspects; and obligations of the country, pertaining to project activities, under relevant international environmental treaties and agreements.
The borrower is responsible for carrying out the EA and the Bank advises the borrower on the Bank's EA requirements, and reviews the findings and recommendations of the EA to determine whether they provide an adequate basis for processing the project for Bank financing.
The proposed project, in accordance to WB environmental screening criteria is classified as Category A3. The World Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of the project to help ensure that it is environmentally sound and sustainable. The EA shall comply with the requirements set out by the OP 4.01 of January 1999 (Annex A3).
With respect to Safeguard Policies, the following policies are applicable to the proposed project:
Operational Policy 4.04: Natural Habitats seeks to ensure that World Bank-supported infrastructure and other development projects take into account the conservation of biodiversity, as well as the numerous environmental services and products which natural habitats provide to human society. The Policy strictly limits the circumstances under which any Bank-supported project can damage natural habitats (land and water areas where most of the native plant and animal species are still present).
Specifically, the Policy prohibits Bank support for projects which would lead to the significant loss or degradation of any Critical Natural Habitats, whose definition includes those natural habitats which are either:
• legally protected, • officially proposed for protection, or
3 (a) Category A: A proposed project is classified as Category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area broader than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. EA for a Category A project examines the project's potential negative and positive environmental impacts, compares them with those of feasible alternatives (including the "without project" situation), and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance. For a Category A project, the borrower is responsible for preparing a report, normally an EIA (or a suitably comprehensive regional or sectoral EA) that includes, as necessary, elements of the other instruments referred to in para. 7.
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• unprotected but of known high conservation value.
In other (non-critical) natural habitats, Bank supported projects can cause significant loss or degradation only when (i) there are no feasible alternatives to achieve the project's substantial overall net benefits; and (ii) acceptable mitigation measures, such as compensatory protected areas, are included within the project.
Operational Policy Note 11.03: Cultural Property is to avoid, or mitigate, adverse impacts on cultural resources from development projects that the World Bank finances. Cultural resources are important as sources of valuable historical and scientific information, as assets for economic and social development, and as integral parts of a people's cultural identity and practices. The loss of such resources is irreversible, but fortunately, it is often avoidable.
The Bank is presently in the process of converting this Operational Policy Note to an Operational Policy providing more detailed guidance, and requiring implementation through the Environmental Assessment process.
Operational Policy 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement is triggered in situations involving involuntary taking of land and involuntary restrictions of access to legally designated parks and protected areas. The Policy aims to avoid involuntary resettlement to the extent feasible, or to minimize and mitigate its adverse social and economic impacts.
It promotes participation of displaced people in resettlement planning and implementation, and its key economic objective is to assist displaced persons in their efforts to improve or at least restore their incomes and standards of living after displacement.
The Policy prescribes compensation and other resettlement measures to achieve its objectives and requires that borrowers prepare adequate resettlement planning instruments prior to Bank appraisal of proposed projects.
Operational Directive 4.20: Indigenous Peoples, underscores the need for Borrowers and Bank staff to identify indigenous peoples, consult with them, ensure that they participate in and benefit from Bank-funded operations in a culturally appropriate way and that adverse impacts on them are avoided, or where not feasible, minimized or mitigated.
The Policy, issued in September 1991, is presently being revised into Operational Policy (OP) 4.10 and Bank Procedure (BP) 4.10.
For more information about “Safeguard Policies”, the website address is “http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/ESSD/sdvext.nsf/52ByDocName/SafeguardPolicies”.
Operational Policy 7.50: Projects on International Waterways, provides that World Bank supported projects involving the use of surface or groundwater resources which are shared between two or more countries include a process of notification and provision of information. This is issue is being addressed by the Government of Jordan and World Bank on a separate basis outside the Environmental and Social Assessment..
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2.6 Legal and Institutional Issues
The capacity of Jordanian Institutions to protect and enhance environmental resources has witnessed good progress on several fronts, yet there is still work that has to be done given the environmental strains resulting from population increase and economic growth. Jordan is confronted now with different types of environmental issues. In the 1970s and 1980s, reform was focused on managing water resources. In the last decade, the economy has witnessed increased development in the industrial, agriculture, and service sectors. This development has led to a variety of damage to environmental resources. The Government has taken a number of initiatives to effectively address these new challenges. The Government should continue its efforts to raise environmental awareness among the public and industry, and strengthen its partnership with the private sector to conserve environmental resources.
Furthermore, the Government has been emphasizing the importance of quality assurance, quality control and monitoring of environmental elements, and in particular water in Jordan.
This goal has been well translated into the activities of the public, private and NGO sector in Jordan.
This section highlights the key findings of the assessments, focusing in particular on those that relate to the project.
1- The Privatisation Law No. (25) of 2000 provides opportunities for private sector participation in the water sector through different investment schemes such as BOT, BOO, BOOT, etc. Significant gains can be realized by bringing private sector to manage and/or own a utility. 2- The Investment Promotion Interim Law No. (68) Of 2003, the proposed project provides benefit from tax exemptions to investors. Pursuant to article 5, the Council of Ministers may decide, upon the joint recommendation of the Minister and the Minister of Finance which is based on the recommendation of the Investment Incentives Committee, to grant any Project, whether or not the Project falls within the Exempted Sectors, any benefits or exemptions from Fees and Taxes prescribed in accordance with the provisions of this Law or any additional benefits or exemptions for the period and conditions it deems appropriate, provided that the Council of Ministers’ resolution is published in the Official Gazette. The Council of Ministers shall take into consideration when making its decision the considerations of economic development and the Project's geographical location and the extent of its contribution to research, development, increasing exports, transfer of technology and creating jobs for the Jordanian manpower. The As-Samara Wastewater Treatment Plant BOT project was granted benefits, under the Investment Promotion law no. (16) For 1995 and its amendments of 2000 for 10 years, as it was considered water investment. The proposed project can pursue similar benefits. 3- Article 28 of the Water Authority law gives the Council of Ministers, and in accordance to the recommendation set by the Minister of MWI, the authority to designate any of the responsibilities of WAJ, including the implementation of a project, wholly or partially, to any other organization from the public or private sector, public shareholding company, and/or limited liability company that is partially or wholly owned by WAJ. This may include the management, leasing, and transfer of ownership of projects to these organizations, in accordance to the conditions and duration specified in the contracts signed between the two parties for this purpose. All legal provisions related to leasing or transfer of ownership must be taken into consideration. In the case of conclusion of contracts to transfer the management of the projects or the lease thereof, the decision of the Council of Ministers may include the authorization to the officials of the bodies’ contracted therewith,
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to exercise the same powers bestowed on the authorities’ officials in pursuance of legislations enforced relevant to the execution of the contracts. 4- The GCEP, which is now the Ministry of Environment (MOE), and according to its law and regulations, is supposed to take a leading role in coordinating the efforts of environmental protection with various related line ministries. GCEP has not been able to project itself as a leading organization to take this on this role. 5- The Government of Jordan has taken the initiative to contract highly qualified personnel outside the regular civil service system for key positions. This should be adopted throughout the organization since the restrictions of the civil service system often make it difficult to attract and retain highly trained staff. 6- Water sector has been progressively improving including legislative and administrative reform that ensured the involvement of the private sector in the implementation and/or management of water projects. 7- The Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority is doing an admirable job in building an environment program, and integrating development and industrial permitting with environmental management and protection. 8- Jordan has signed most of the international agreements and conventions on environment. However, implementation responsibilities are still not well defined. There is a clear necessity to clarify the responsibility of governmental institutions in implementing these agreements under the supervision of the MOE. 9- The NGO community provides an important component of Jordan’s capacity for environmental management, particularly through their programs promoting environmental awareness and resource conservation by industries and the public.
Regarding the water sector, Jordan faces challenges in institutional aspects relating to water resource management, and the huge financial requirements of the Capital Investment Program for Water, and the operation and maintenance (O&M) of the water and wastewater network. Donor agencies have an ongoing dialogue with Jordanian officials regarding appropriate water sector reforms to improve the efficiency of the water and wastewater network. Faced with these challenges, the Government of Jordan has implemented several groundbreaking policy reforms, with the assistance of donor agencies, and has a future agenda to carry out further reforms, which will make Jordan a pioneer in the Middle East Region (MNA) in managing its scarce water resources. The Government of Jordan and the donor agencies have invested heavily in the water sector to secure water supplies to municipal, industrial and agricultural users. However, water prices do not cover operation and maintenance and capital costs. Some of the issues related to institutional and management aspects of the water sector are summarized as follows:
• Capacity of the institutions to implement the “National Water Strategy” and the water policies. • The basic conflict of interest in the structure of the water sector, which does not provide a clear-cut between regulatory and service provision functions. • The limitations of the Civil Service Law and regulations that do not enable the recruitment of highly qualified staff to work in the sector. • High costs of water resources development.
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2.7 Recommendations
Among the many needs for improving environmental management in Jordan identified in this report, the Consultant has selected the most important to implement in support of building environmental management capacity relative to the project.
1- Continue, and enhance the coordination with the concerned parties, in particular the MOE to ensure that the contracted firm adheres to environmental requirements and conditions during project execution and operation. 2- Enhance coordination between ministries and in particular with the new MOE. Where laws and by-laws do not adequately describe coordination responsibilities, separate agreements should be made to clearly assign responsibilities, including the need for reporting to coordinating agencies. 3- Recruitment of new MWI staff with advanced training in the appropriate technical and scientific fields. This can be done in collaboration with international organizations. 4- Train existing and additional MWI staff in a number of areas related to environmental management including groundwater monitoring. 5- Resource management policies should be revisited to integrate environmental aspects into resources planning by ensuring participation of all sectors including Government, non- governmental organizations, and the private sector in environmental protection. A comprehensive national plan is rather essential to arrive at this. 6- Enhance the means to implement the environmental international and regional conventions that Jordan has signed and ratified. 7- Continue and expand the implementation of the public awareness program about water scarcity, and to optimise the use of water, especially at household level, to avoid the misuse and waste of water. 8- Enhance regional cooperation and coordination with Saudi Arabia that shares the Disi aquifer. 9- Strengthen coordination among the environmental departments within MWI, WAJ and JVA as to benefit the project.
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3 PROPOSED PROJECT
Rapid population increase in the main cities of Amman, Zarqa and Irbid has placed unprecedented demands on water resources. Total demand is approaching one billion cubic meters per year, which approximates the limits of Jordan's renewable and economically developable water resources. Current demands in many areas particularly in Amman have not been met satisfactorily and the costs of developing new water resources are rising rapidly. Although the water sector has been given high priority in all socio-economic development plans since early 1970's, the situation was complicated by the turmoil in the region and the compulsory migration to Jordan from other Arab Countries.
Disi is a fossil water aquifer extending from the southern edge of the Dead Sea in Jordan to Tabuk area in the Saudi Arabia. Wide exploitation of the Jordanian part of the aquifer started in 1980. At present Aqaba city is provided with 16.5 MCM for domestic purposes. Agriculture is consuming 75 MCM. The binding agreement between the Government of Jordan and the four agricultural companies working in the area indicated that growing water abstraction from Disi aquifer should not exceed 91 MCM per annum. This agreement will be terminated in 2011. Extensive hydro- geological studies carried out by the MWI indicated that additional 100-120 MCM can be drawn to Amman to elevate pressure on renewable ground water resources in the region.
Economic and technical feasibility studies of the project have been extensively studied by Harza Group in 1998 including three alignment alternatives. The pipeline alignment has been re- evaluated by Brown and Root in 2002 and readjusted in 2003 to avoid as far as possible private land acquisition. Capital and operation and maintenance costs have also been reconsidered in the light of new pricing schedule. The newly adjusted design will in most part of the project follow the alignment of the desert highway from Disi to Amman.
3.1 Origin and Scope
The Disi-Mudawarra to Amman Water Conveyance System project has been conceived by the Water Authority of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The main objective of the project is to convey additional water to Greater Amman Area from the Disi aquifer, to meet the urgent municipal requirements.
The Disi project is important and of priority because it provides a reliable source of high quality water that is essential to cover part of the freshwater gap in Jordan’s supply-demand balancing process. At the same time it would not close the country’s growing water gap which requires additional resources to be imported to the country.
The Disi water will form the major portion of the extra water that is planned to partially replace the low quality groundwater consumed domestically in Amman. This issue is of high importance when considering that all the produced wastewater in Amman is directed towards the biggest treatment plant in Jordan As-Samra plant. This in turn will help in upgrading the quality of the treated wastewater, which is stored in King Talal Reservoir and used to fill to some extent the irrigation water urgent needs in Middle Jordan Valley.
This project will be executed on a Build, Operate, Transfer (BOT) basis. The Contractor will own and operate the project for a duration of 40 years after which the ownership of the project will be transferred to the Government of Jordan who will then continue to operate the project. However, in the BOT contract, the source of water is not specified to be the Disi Aquifer. The Conveyor is designed for a life-time that exceeds 50 years, but the Government of Jordan has kept its right to
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stop the use of Disi water at any time during those 40 years and use the Conveyor to convey desalinated water from Red Sea at Aqaba. This means that the Disi aquifer will be used until a desalinization plant at Aqaba City becomes feasible. Afterwards, the Disi conveyor will be used to convey desalinated water and thus can be considered as a “Southern National Carrier” for Jordan.
3.2 Location
Jordan is located within the eastern margins of the Mediterranean climatic zone of the eastern Mediterranean. However, much of Jordan can be classified as semi-desert, with only the western high lands enjoying a Mediterranean climate.
In the highlands, the climate is relatively temperate. In the desert the temperature may reach more than 40 °C. In the Jordan Valley, wadi Araba and Aqaba region the temperature may rise to 45 °C in summer, while in winter the temperature in those areas falls to few degrees above zero.
Over 95 percent of the land area in Jordan has an annual rainfall of less than 200 mm, while only about 2 percent has more than 350 mm/year rainfall. Snowfall most frequently occurs on the higher hills. The potential evaporation rates range from about 1,600mm/year in the extreme north- western edges in Jordan to more than 4,000 mm/year in the Aqaba and Azraq areas.
Within the project area, the geology is of sedimentary origin, ranging in age from Cambrian to Recent. The lower part of the sedimentary succession comprises mainly sandstones of Paleozoic and lower Mesozoic age and is represented by three differentiated geological groups locally known by the names “Rum, Khreim and Kurnub Groups”, while the upper part is mainly composed of limestones, marls and cherts of upper Mesozoic and Cenozoic age and represented by two differentiated geological groups, named locally as “Balqa and Ajloun Groups”. The project area passes through two major geological zones. These are the Sandstone of south Jordan and the limestone plateau. The major geomorphologic features include wadis, trough mountains and hills. The structural setting within the project area is represented by a series of intercalated fluting system in addition to another folding system.
The project area is the area between the Disi well fields and Greater Amman and comprises Governorates of Greater Amman, Madaba, Karak, Tafileh, Ma’an and Aqaba. The water will mainly be abstracted from the Dubaydib well field in the Disi-Mudawarra area south of Jordan and conveyed to Amman. The average abstraction from this well field will be 100 MCM/year. Due to in evitable seasonal variations in demands, the flow will be increased in summer to 120 MCM/year and reduced to 80 MCM/year in winter.
A 325 kilometre pipeline is to convey the water from Disi-Mudawarra to Amman city. The original route of the conveyor was designed by Harza in 1997 to run adjacent to the main north- south highway with the conveyance pipeline situated within the right-of-way of the highway. A more feasible alternative route for the southern half of the conveyance was proposed by Brown and Root North Africa in 2001, where the pipeline bypasses Ma’an city through the desert and meets the original alignment just before Jurf Al Drawish. This new alignment will allow a conveyance of 150 MCM/year with minimum additional facilities in addition to a considerable reduction in the construction cost. The components of this new design are substantially the same as those in the original final design. Figure 2 shows the optimised alignment of the conveyor to Amman.
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Figure 2: Optimised alignment of the Disi-Mudawarra to Amman water conveyance system
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The southern well field is the promising source for water. The northern source is a standby which can be connected if the quantity dropped below the 100 MCM. This minimises the risk on Ministry of Water and Irrigation and its Guarantor and encourages participation of private sector in the BOT construction project.
3.3 Major Elements
The elements of the Disi project can be divided into the well field facilities and the conveyance facilities. These components are as follows:
• Major well field facilities: • Well-pump, riser and wellhead; • Power supplies and standby generation; • Control and communication facilities including associated instrumentation; and • Minor access roads.
• Major conveyance facilities: • Conveyance pipeline, appurtenances and access roads; • Railway, wadi and road crossings; • Collector reservoir/Balancing Tank and pump stations; • Regulating Tank; • Flow control station; • Fixed and mobile disinfection stations; • Power supplies, standby generation; • Control centres, accommodation, workshop and depot; • In-line booster station; and • Terminal Reservoir.
A total of 65 wells will be constructed in the Dubaydib well field to produce a flow rate of 120 MCM/year. It is expected that 55-60 wells will yield the required flow leaving a number of wells for standby/rotation. If production is to be increased to 150 MCM/year in the future, a total of 68 wells will be required but 80 wells are to be drilled to allow for rotation/standby or to supplement low yielding wells.
A pumping station near the well field raises the water from the well field to a regulating tank on a high point some 20 km north of the start point. The water is pumped from a collector reservoir downstream of the well field through a 1,800 mm diameter steel pipeline to the regulating tank in the vicinity of Batn El-Ghoul. The regulating tank at Batn El-Ghoul is designed to meet control requirements. The tank is also designed with internal baffle walls to ensure sufficient contact time for chlorination.
Turn-outs at Tafileh, Karak and Ma’an Governorates are emergency turn-outs recommended for operational flexibility as these three governorates currently have sufficient water supplies of suitable quality and reliability.
From the regulating tank, there is a gravity flow to a new reservoir at Abu Alanda, southeast of Greater Amman. However, before reaching Abu Alanda reservoir and at Madaba Bridge, the conveyor splits into two branches: the Dabuk and the Abu Alanda branches. The Dabuk branch is an 1,000 mm diameter steel pipe that extends from Madaba Bridge to an existing pipe at National
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Park Pump Station and then towards a newly constructed tank reservoir at Dabuk. The Abu Alanda branch is a 1,600 mm diameter steel pipe that flows to an existing and new reservoir at Abu Alanda.
From the regulating tank to the bifurcation point at Madaba Bridge, the water flows under gravity through a 2,000 mm diameter steel pipe. A flow control station is located about half way along the conveyance in the vicinity of Jurf Al Drawish. There are also a number of air valves and washouts to facilitate the draining and filling of the pipeline for maintenance purposes. This pipeline follows the route of the main highway from Aqaba to Amman and crosses the highway and the adjacent railway line at several locations. There are also a number of isolation valves along the pipeline.
The final design allowed for a flow of 80 MCM/year to the Abu Alanda reservoirs at the same time as a flow of 40 MCM/year to Dabuk reservoir. At these flow rates, flow to Abu Alanda is under gravity head from Batn El-Ghoul regulating reservoir but booster pumping is required to achieve the flow to Dabuk.
The conveyance flow is directed to the new Abu Alanda reservoir which is 10 m lower than the existing reservoir. The higher reservoir will be supplied by small pumps located at Abu Alanda. Flow to the new reservoir at Abu Alanda will be by gravity from the regulating tank up to a total flow of 120 MCM. Booster pumping will be required on this branch if the conveyance flow is to be increased in the future.
At Abu Alanda there is an existing concrete reservoir of 12,000 m3 capacity with an inlet level of 999.45 m a.s.l. There is to be a new reservoir of 150,000 m3 capacity in three separate tanks at a lower elevation of 983.6 to 989.1 m a.s.l.
To the south of Abu Alanda, about a third of the flow is split and directed towards a new reservoir at Dabuk in the north west of Greater Amman. The Dabuk reservoir is higher than Abu Alanda and the recommended scheme is to include booster pumping on this branch. There is a considerable variation in elevation between the regulating tank and the lowest elevations in the pipe route and, to reduce the required pressure rating of the conveyance in the northern part of the route, a flow control station is included. The flow control station has three control valves, each located between isolating valves, plus chlorination facilities, a standby generator and fuel tank, guard room and control/switch room. The valve room and controls are enclosed under an industrial type building.
The receiving reservoir at Dabuk is a newly commissioned 250,000 m3 concrete reservoir in operation. This reservoir receives water at present from Deir ‘Alla source. This reservoir will store water from both the Disi scheme and the Deir ‘Alla schemes in the future.
To achieve lower head, astute control measures (i.e., a reduction in isolation valves and the introduction of an off-line pressure relief vent to be used when isolation of the downstream conveyance is achievable) will be used.
A summary about the key elements of the project is presented in Table 4.
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Table 4: Summary of the key elements of the project Components Well Field Facilities Number of Wells Depth 65 production wells (55-60 wells for production Dubaydib Well Field and the rest are standby) to produce a maximum About 800m flow of 120 MCM/year Conveyance Facilities Characteristics of Pipe Remarks Main Conveyance Pipeline 1,800-2,000 mm; Steel Pipeline A connection will be made Dabuk Branch 1,000 mm; Steel Pipeline from this pipe to the reservoir This will replace or twin the existing 600 mm steel Abu Alanda Branch 1,600 mm; Steel Pipeline pipe from National Park Pump Stations (NPPS) to Abu Alanda A total of four pumps with additional two pumps Southern Pump Stations to act as a pair and one under maintenance. Each pump is designed to lift the supply through 160 m. Batn El-Ghoul Regulating Provide 6 hours storage; 2x42,000 m3
Tank Provides 3 to 4 hours emergency storage Three flow control valves, each located between Jurf Al Drawish Flow isolating valves; plus chlorination facilities;
Control Station standby generator & fuel tank; guard room and control/switch room Booster Pump Station on
Dabuk Branch Reservoirs Characteristics of Reservoirs Remarks 250,000 m3; Concrete reservoir that is already in Dabuk Reservoir operation Abu Alanda Reservoir 12,000 m3; Concrete reservoir
It is a well known fact that this fossil aquifer in Disi has a life span which extends in the best case to 100 years; therefore the Government of Jordan laid plans that include the Disi Project as part of the framework of water management and development of new resources. The Disi water can fulfil part of the water shortage and is not the complete solution for the problem. Even with all the new sources, due to municipal demands being in excess of available water sources, by year 2015 Ministry of Water and Irrigation will have no choice but to find another new non-traditional source, this being desalination, i.e. from the Gulf of Aqaba, to not only meet local demands in Aqaba itself, but also to extend to the remainder of Jordan through either utilising this project water conveyance system and/or the proposed Red-Dead Sea Canal that will include provisions for desalinization of salt water.
Hence, there is a distinct possibility of expanding the role of the water conveyance system into becoming a genuine southern water main after its planning horizon, particularly if the pipeline were to be twinned at that stage. Any future proposals for deep sandstone demineralisation and as stated above, any future Aqaba desalination options would require conveyance to Amman. In both of these cases, the Disi conveyance system would be the obvious choice of conveyance. The Aqaba supply could be linked at the existing collector reservoir at Batn El-Ghoul. This would allow mixing of desalinated or demineralised water with Disi aquifer water to improve the water quality.
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3.4 Project Segmentation
For the purpose of this Environmental and Social Assessment Study, the Consultant has divided the project area into three segments. These three segments are as follows:
• Segment A (Southern Part) which extends from the Well Field to Jurf Al Drawish - Qatraneh Junction (Desert Highway) • Segment A-1: from Disi wells to Batn El-Ghoul • Segment A-2: from Batn El-Ghoul to the cross point between Jurf Al- Drawish and the Desert Highway • Segment B (Middle Segment) which extends from Jurf Al Drawish-Qatraneh Junction to the beginning of Al Jiza Area (South of Amman) • Segment B-1: from the cross point between Jurf Al-Drawish to the Qatraneh cross road • Segment B-2: from Qatraneh cross road to Al Jiza area • Segment C (Northern Segment) which extends from Al Jiza to Dabuk and Abu-Alanda Reservoirs • Segment C-1: from Al Jiza to Airport bridge • Segment C-2: from Airport bridge to Abu-Alanda Reservoir • Segment C-3: from Airport bridge to Dabuk Reservoir
Figure 3 represents these segments.
Segmentation of the Project
Segment A - Southern Part Segment B - Middle Segment Segment C - Northern Segment Extends from the Well Field to Extends from Jurf Al Drawish- Extends from Al Jiza to Dabuk Jurf Al Drawish - Qatraneh Qatraneh Junction to beginning of and Abu Alanda Reservoirs Junction (Desert Highway) Al Jiza Area (South of Amman)
Segment A-1 Segment A-2 Segment B-1 Segment B-2 Segment C-1 Segment C-2 Segment C-3 From Disi From Batn Al- From the cross From Qatraneh From Al Jiza From From Airport wells to Ghoul to the point between cross road to Airport Airport bridge to Batn Al- cross point Jurf Al- to Al-Jiza area bridge bridge to Dabuk Ghoul between Jurf Drawish to the Abu Alanda Reservoir Al-Drawish Qatraneh cross Reservoir and the road Desert Highway
Figure 3: Segmentation of the project area
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3.5 Construction and Operational Phases
3.5.1 Project Implementing Organization
The Disi Project will be constructed and operated by the private sector as BOT construction project. The Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) will be responsible for coordination and monitoring the construction and operational phases of the proposed project. MWI will employ a consultant to monitor various activities during construction as well as monitoring contactors implementation of identified mitigation measures under this study.
Since the conveyance system will pass through different cities along its alignment to Amman, it is essential to get the local Government involved during the construction and operational phases. Their role will be to help the contactor in getting required local labour, approving required detours for the traffic if needed and assist in previous announcement of areas affected by construction.
3.5.2 Operation of the Project and its Benefits
Local labour and technicians will be involved in the operation of the system. Training of employees will be part of the BOT contract to ensure that they can effectively operate and maintain the project once the BOT contract ends and final transfer takes place. The systems will be linked at it final destination to Abu Alanda and Dabuk reservoirs feeding the water supply network in Amman. In addition there will be emergency turnouts along the route as mentioned earlier.
Several anticipated benefits have been identified for this new system including the following:
• Improving the quality of the supplied water to Amman; • Relieving the over-abstracted aquifers by reducing pumping to their safe yield and allowing natural recharge to take place; • Providing a reliable supply in Amman which enhances the implementation of the rationing program for distribution of water; • Improving environmental health conditions especially in areas which are getting water less than what is required by any health standards; • Improving the quality of the treated wastewater in As-Samra Wastewater Treatment plant which is directed toward the Jordan Valley and used for irrigation; and • Providing and emergency supply to communities along the route.
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ANNEX A1: INTERIM LAW NO. (68) FOR THE YEAR 2003 THE INVESTMENT LAW
We, Abdullah the Second Ibn Al-Hussein, King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in accordance with Paragraph (1) of Article (94) of the Constitution based upon what was decided y the Council of Ministers on 12/6/2003 hereby endorse, in accordance with the Article (31) of the Constitution, the following Interim Law and order its issuance and placement through temporary enforcement and addition to the State laws based on its submission to Parliament in its first session:
Interim Law No. (68) for the Year 2003 The Investment Law
Article (1) This Law shall be known as “The Investment Law for the Year 2003” and shall come into effect as of the date of its publication in the Official Gazette.
Article (2) The following words and phrases wherever used in this Law shall have the meanings ascribed thereto hereunder and unless the context indicates otherwise:
Ministry : The Ministry of Industry and Trade. Minister : The Minister of Industry and Trade. Authority : The Jordan Authority for Investment Climate and Enterprise Development. Board : The Board of Directors of the Authority. Committee : The Investment Incentives Committee formed pursuant to this Law. Project : Any economic industrial, agricultural or services activity to which the provisions of this Law and the regulations and instructions issued pursuant thereto shall apply. Fixed Assets : The machinery, apparatus(es), equipment and necessary tools to be used in the Project exclusively, and the furniture, furnishings and supplies for hotels and hospitals. Lists : The lists of Fixed Assets and spare parts adopted by the Committee for the purposes of benefiting from the exemptions granted pursuant to this Law and the regulations issued pursuant thereto. Fees : Custom duties and other fees imposed on Fixed Assets items pursuant to the laws in force, with the exception of municipal fees. Taxes : Taxes imposed pursuant to the legislation in force, including those related to Fixed Assets, with the exception of municipal taxes. Exempted Sectors : The economic sectors whose operating projects are exempted from Fees and Taxes in accordance with
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this Law and the regulations issued pursuant thereto. Investor : The natural or legal person investing in the Kingdom according to the provisions of this Law. Production : The designed or actual capacity of the Project. Capacity Sectoral License : Any permit, approval or permission granted by an Official Body to any Person to allow him/her to carry out a certain Project, excluding General Licenses. General License : The license, the purpose of which is to achieve regulatory, health or environmental purposes, or to accomplish public safety considerations. Official Body : Any ministry, department, institution or any other official entity having the authority pursuant to its own legislation to issue Sectoral Licenses for a certain Project.
Article (3) A- 1- Any Project falling within the Exempted Sectors shall enjoy the benefits and exemptions from Fees and Taxes provided for under this Law and the regulations issued thereto. The Assets stated within the Lists shall be exempt from Fees and Taxes. 2- Notwithstanding what is stated in Subparagraph (1) of this Paragraph, the goods and services that are imported or purchased locally for an exempted Project shall be subject to a (zero) general sales tax.
B- For the purposes of this Law, the geographical areas in which Projects shall benefit from Fees and Taxes exemptions shall be defined by three development areas (A, B, C), as per the degree of economic development of such areas in each of the Exempted Sectors.
C- If a Project is relocated during the granted, exemption period from one development area to another, such Project shall be treated for the purposes of the exemption for the remaining period as the Projects of the development area to which it is relocated after obtaining the Committee’s written approval on such.
Article (4) Industrial Projects established within the industrial estates or relocated thereto are granted exemptions of income, social services and land and building according to the bases, provisions and periods to be defined in regulations issued pursuant to this Law, in addition to the exemptions prescribed to these Projects in accordance with its provisions.
Article (5) A- The Council of Ministers may decide, upon the joint recommendation of the Minister and the Minister of Finance which is based on the recommendation of the Committee, to grant any Project, whether or not the Project falls within the Exempted Sectors, any benefits or exemptions from Fees and Taxes prescribed in accordance with the provisions of this Law or any additional benefits or exemptions for the period and conditions it deems appropriate, provided that the Council of Ministers’ resolution is published in the Official Gazette.
B- The Council of Ministers shall take into consideration when making its decision pursuant to Paragraph (A) of this Article the considerations of economic development and the Project's
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geographical location and the extent of its contribution to research, development, increasing exports, transfer of technology and creating jobs for the Jordanian manpower.
Article (6) The Investor whose Project enjoy the exemptions or benefits in accordance with the Investment Promotion Legislation and their amendments that were effective prior to the effectiveness of this Law shall chose any of the following for his/her Project: A- Continue to enjoy the exemptions and benefits granted thereto in accordance with that Law until the expiry of the exemption period and subject to its conditions.
B- Enjoy the benefits and exemptions provided for Projects in accordance with the provisions of this Law, provided that the Project adjusts its status and abides by the conditions and requirements specified in this Law or the regulations issued pursuant thereto. In this event, the Project’s benefiting there from is limited to the period following its adjusting its status.
Article (7) A- A committee to be known as "The Investment Incentives Committee" shall be formed at the Jordan Investment Board, chaired by the Authority’s Chief Executive Officer and comprising the membership of the following:
1- The Chief Executive Officer of the Jordan Investment Board as vice-chairman. 2- The Chief Executive Officer of the Jordan Enterprise Development Corporation. 3- The Director General of the Income Tax Department. 4- The Director General of the Customs Department. 5- A representative of the Ministry of Planning nominated by its Minister. 6- A representative of the private sector appointed by the Council of Ministers, upon the recommendation of the Minister.
B- The Committee shall appoint one of the Jordan Investment Board’s staff as a secretary to the Committee to keep its registers, record its decisions and sign them from the meeting’s chairman and attending members.
Article (8) The Committee shall be responsible for reviewing the applications submitted by Investors relating to the exemptions of Fees and Taxes and any other pertinent applications, and making its decisions concerning the applications according to the provisions of this Law, in addition to any functions or powers prescribed thereto in accordance with its provisions.
Article (9) The Committee shall convene at least once a month upon an invitation from the chairman or the vice-chairman in his absence. The quorum of the Committee meetings shall be met upon the attendance of not less than five of its members, provided that the chairman or the vice-chairman is among them. The Committee shall issue its resolutions by a majority vote of at least four of the attending members. Each member with an opposing vote shall record such in writing in the minutes of the meeting and sign thereon.
Article (10) The Investor seeking to enjoy the benefits and exemptions prescribed pursuant to the provisions of this Law shall submit to the chairman of the Committee an application, complete of all documents and conditions required. The chairman shall present such application to the Committee
Final Report Annex A1-3 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART A: OVERVIEW in its first meeting to take a decision thereon within thirty days from the date of presentation. In the event of rejection, the Committee much indicate its reasons.
Article (11) A- The Investor or his legal delegate shall be entitled to object to the Committee’s decisions to the Minister within thirty days from the date of the notifying the applicant of such, provided that the objections is in writing and justified.
B- 1- If the Minister confirms the Committee’s decision, the Minister’s decision shall be subject to appeal with the Court of Higher Justice. 2- If the Minister agrees to the objection, he shall return the matter to the Committee for reconsideration. If the Committee insists on its decision, it returns the matter to the Minister, who in return refers the matter to the Council of Ministers to take a decision thereon. The Council of Ministers’ decision shall be subject to appeal with the Court of Higher Justice.
Article (12) A- Subject to the provisions of any other legislation: 1- The non-Jordanian Investor may invest in the Kingdom through entire ownership, partnership or shareholding according to bases and conditions determined in accordance with the provisions of a regulation to be issued for this purpose. The said regulation shall indicate the investment sectors or the branches thereof in which the non-Jordanian Investor may invest, the maximum percentage of ownership and the minimum foreign capital allowed therein. 2- In cases other than those stated in the regulation referred to in Subparagraph (1) of this Paragraph, the non-Jordanian Investor investing in any Project governed by this Law shall be afforded the same treatment as the Jordanian Investor. 3- The Investor shall be free to manage his Project in the manner he deems appropriate and through the person(s) of his choice. The competent authorities shall provide the required facilities for such.
B- For the purposes of this Law, the expression "Foreign Capital" shall mean monies invested in the Kingdom by a non-Jordanian in cash or in kind, or any material or corporeal rights of such investor that have a financial value, including the copyrights and patents.
Article (13) Depriving of ownership of any Project or subjecting it to any measures that may lead to such shall not be allowed unless through expropriation for the purposes of public interest, provided that just compensation is be paid to the Investor in a convertible currency.
Article (14) A- The Investor, whose Project has been granted the exemptions and benefits according to the provisions of this Law, must carry out the following: 1- Upon completing the installation of the Fixed Assets, notify the Committee in writing of the date of commencement of work or actual production of the Project. 2- Keep regular accounts for the Project and appoint an auditor in the Kingdom licensed to audit such. 3- Maintain a register for the exempt Fixed Assets where all details of such assets shall be recorded. 4- Supply any information, data, or documents required by the Committee which are pertinent to the Fixed Assets of the Project and allow any authorized personnel of the Committee to enter the site of the Project to check the accuracy of such data and information.
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B- If the Investor fails to execute any of his/her commitments stipulated in Paragraph (A) of this Article, the Committee shall issue a notice thereto to execute such within the period prescribed thereto in the notice. If the Investor fails to do such, he/she shall be penalized with a fine not exceeding five hundred dinars. If the violation recurs, the Investor shall be penalized with a one thousand dinars fine.
Article (15) The Investor may transfer the ownership of the Project during the exemption period to any other Investor, provided that prior to his/her completion of the procedures necessary for such inform the Committee of such and provided that the Investor indicates the reasons that justify the transfer of ownership. In this event, the Project shall continue to enjoy the granted exemptions, benefits and guarantees until the end of such period, provided that the new Investor continues to work in the Project and replaces the previous Investor in all rights and obligations provided pursuant to the provisions of this Law.
Article (16) A- Upon obtaining the approval of the Committee, the Investor shall be entitled to sell or assign the exempt Fixed Assets as follows: 1- To another Investor previously benefiting from the provisions of this Law, provided that these Assets are used in the Project of such Investor. 2- To any Person or another Project not covered by the provisions of this Law after paying the Fees and Taxes applicable thereto.
B- If it becomes evident that the exempted Fixed Assets have been wholly or partially sold, assigned or disposed of contrary to the provisions of this Law, or have been used in other than the Project or the purposes for which the exemption was granted, the Investor must pay the Taxes, Fees and fines due on his Project according to the provisions of the laws and regulations in force.
Article (17) If two or more Projects merge, the Committee may, according to what it deems appropriate, grant the new Project resulting from the merger the exemptions stipulated in this Law and the regulations issued pursuant thereto for a period, the maximum of which is the longest remaining period of the exemption relating to every merged Project.
Article (18) A- The non-Jordanian Investor shall be entitled to the following: 1- Remitting abroad the capital transferred to the Kingdom for investment therein pursuant to the provisions of this Law or the Investment Promotion legislation and their amendments that were in effect prior to the effectiveness of the provisions of this Law. 2- Transferring outside the Kingdom any returns and profits accrued from his/her investment. 3- Liquidating of the investment, or selling his/her Project or his/her part or share therein the Project without delay, provided that the Investor has paid the Project’s commitments or any commitments resulting in accordance with the legislation in force towards thirds parties.
B- The non-Jordanian Investor may remit the funds stated in Paragraph (A) of this Article abroad in any convertible currency.
Article (19) Non-Jordanian technicians and administrators working in any Project may transfer abroad their salaries and remuneration in accordance with the legislation in force.
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Article (20) Arab and international agreements pertinent to investment, the protection thereof and dispute resolution related thereto to which the Kingdom is a party or has acceded, shall be taken into consideration when applying the provisions of this Law.
Article (21) A- Notwithstanding what is stated in any other legislation, no Official Body may restrict the carrying out of any activity in any Project by requiring obtaining a Sectoral License unless the legislation in force requires such in achieving the requirements of Public Order and Morals, public health, education, public safety, environment, protection of natural resources, national security or execution of public economic policies and the interest of national economy.
B- 1- In all events, the purpose of a Sectoral License shall not be to restrict the market size by prohibiting the access of new Projects in certain sectors or by limiting fair competition without undue justification which shall be related to the objectives stipulated in Paragraph (A) of this Article. 2- In particular, stipulating in resolutions or procedures taken a maximum number of those to be licensed, a maximum to the volume of their productions or a minimum capital requirement as a condition to acquire Sectoral License, unless the special legislation pertinent to granting the License or the instructions issued in accordance with such legislation require such.
C- Subject to the provisions of this Law, the Sectoral Licenses shall be granted according to the conditions and requirements stipulated in the pertinent legislation thereof, provided that the following principals are met: 1- The issuance of the Sectoral License for a certain Project shall not be contingent upon any other approval or License from any body other than the Official Body designated for each Project in the legislation that grants that Body the power to issue such, in addition to the bodies and conditions specified by the Council of Minister in preservation of the national interest. 2- The Official Body shall specify the procedures, requirements and conditions necessary to acquire the License and the supporting documents and the time limits within which a License must be granted, provided that they are in writing and accessible to the public without fees.
D- 1- Subject to the provisions of Subparagraph (2) of Paragraph (C) of this Article, the period for issuing the Sectoral License shall not exceed one month from the date of submitting the application to receive such, provided that all the required documents are attached to the application and that it has fulfilled all the required conditions and legal requirements. 2- If the Official Body does not issue its decision to accept or reject within the time specified in Subparagraph (1) of this Paragraph, the applicant may, while reserving his/her right to litigate, ask the Minister to refer the matter of its issuance to the Council of Ministers to take their decision thereon, based on the recommendation of the Minister which is based on the recommendation of the Chief Executive Officer of the Jordan Investment Board. 3- Banks, financial corporations, insurance companies, customs clearance companies and special free zones shall be excluded from the period referred to in Subparagraph (1) of this Paragraph.
Article (22) A- Where the Official Body rejects granting the Sectoral License, the rejection decision must be in writing, inclusive of the reasons for rejection.
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B- The Official Body shall notify the License applicant of the decisions issued in accordance with the provisions of Paragraph (A) of this Article within a period not exceeding (7) days from the date of issuance. The applicant shall be entitled to appeal such decision at the Higher Court of Justice within (60) days from the date of his duly notification.
Article (23) A- Notwithstanding what is stated in any other law, the following shall be taken into consideration: 1- All Project, the carrying out of which required a Sectoral License, should be registered prior to the submitted of the License application according to the provisions of the Companies Act in force and the provisions of the legislation in force pertaining to the registration of merchants and trade names. 2- Registration shall not be contingent on prior approvals or licenses.
B- Mere registration of the Project according to the provisions of Paragraph (A) of this Article does not give its own the right to start operation prior to obtaining the required Sectoral License.
Article (24) A- General Licenses shall be granted upon fulfillment of the requirements and conditions set forth in the legislation pertaining thereto. The issuance of the General License shall not be contingent upon acquisition of the Sectoral License.
B- The bodies empowered to issue General Licenses shall abide with the same commitments due on the Official Bodies according to the provisions of Subparagraph (2) of Paragraph (C) and Paragraph (D) of Article (21) of this Law.
Article (25) The Council of Ministers shall, upon the recommendation of the Minister and the Minister of Finance, issue the regulations necessary to implement the provisions of this Law, including determining the following: A- The bases, provisions, procedures, percentages, periods and conditions relating to the exemptions from Fees and Taxes.
B- The development areas in the Kingdom which fall within the exemptions from Fees and Taxes, and the conditions and provisions relating to granting such exemptions.
C- The Exempted Sectors and their branches.
D- The bases for exemption the Project operating within the Sectors exempted from income and social development taxes, the percentage of such exemption and its period according to the development area in which it is located.
E- The provisions and periods related to Fixed Assets and spare parts entered into the Kingdom, which has been decided to be exempted according to the provisions of this Law.
F- The provisions related to additional exemptions from Fees and Taxes which may be granted when expanding the Project if such results in an increase in employing Jordanian workforce and the Production Capacity, provided that such increase is proportionate with the amount of increase.
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G- The bases and conditions required to grant exemptions according to the provisions of this Law to a new Project resulting from merging two Projects or more.
Article (26) A- The provisions of this Law shall not apply in the Aqaba Special Economic Zone.
B- Any provision in any other legislation contrary to the provisions of this Law shall not apply.
Article (27) A- The Investment Promotion law No. (16) for the Year 1995 and any amendments thereto shall be repealed, provided that the provisions relating to sectors, incentives and exemptions stipulated in the Law or the Jordanian Industrial Estates Corporation Law shall remain in force until the establishment of provisions to replace such pursuant to regulations issued according to the provisions of this Law.
B- The regulations and instructions issued pursuant to the Investment Promotion law No. (16) for the Year 1995 shall remain in force until repealed or replaced by others.
C- For purposes of this Law, the phrase (Investment Promotion Law) wherever stated in any legislation in force shall mean (Investment Law).
Article (28) The Prime Minister and the Ministers shall be responsible for executing the provisions of this Law.
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ANNEX A2: INSTRUCTION FOR PROTECTION OF EMPLOYEES AND WORKERS AGAINST OCCUPATIONAL RISKS OF 1998
تعليمات حماية العاملين والمؤسسات من مخاطر بيئة العمل لسنة 1998 المنشورة على الصفحة 1957 من عدد الجريدة الرسمية رقم 4286 تاريخ 1998/6/16 صادرة بمقتضى احكام المادة 79 من قانون العمل رقم 8 لسنة 1996
المادة 1 تسمى هذه التعليمات ( التعليمات الخاصة بحماية العاملين والمؤسسات من مخاطر بيئة العمل ) صادر بمقتضى احكام المادة 79 من قانون العمل رقم 8 لسنة 1996 ويعمل بها من تاريخ نشرها بالجريدة الرسمية . المادة 2 يجب ان تكون معدات الوقاية الشخصية للعاملين قادرة على ازالة او تقليل الخطر او الضرر الى الحد المامون المسموح به وان تكفل حماية العامل من المخاطر والضرار وان تكون من مواد ذات نوعية ومواصفة مطابقة للمواصفات والمقاييس الفنية المعتمدة وان ل تسبب أي مضايقة للعامل اثناء استخدامها . المادة 3 أ. يزود العامل بخوذة خاصة لوقاية الراس من خطر سقوط الشياء والصطدام بها وللوقاية من الكهرباء والمواد المنصهرة وذلك في اعمال تشييد المباني او الهياكل على اختلف انواعها ، اعمال الحفريات ، تشييد المطارات ، الحواض ، الرصفة ، الموانئ ، السدود ، الطرق ، الجسور والنفاق ، خطوط التصالت ، شبكات الصرف والمجاري والماء والكهرباء ، عمليات استخراج المعادن والمقالع والتفجير ، تنقيب النفط ، التحميل والتنزيل ، تقطيع الشجار والغابات ومكافحة الحرائق ، المناجم ، الكهرباء ، صهر المعادن وما شابهها . ب. يزود العامل في اماكن العمل المكشوفة واماكن العمل التي تنتشر فيها الغبرة او الوساخ او التي تؤدي الى جذب الشعر الى اللت والماكنات المتحركة والدوارة بقبعة خاصة للوقاية من كل ذلك وحسب المواصفات المعتمدة. المادة 4 يزود العامل بنظارات وواقيات خاصة من الخطار التية : أ. خطر الجزيئات الصغيرة المتطايرة اثناء العمل اليدوي مثل عمليات خلط المواد النشائية ، عمليات غربلة المواد ، عمليات الدهان بالفرشاة اليدوية ، عمليات برادة المواد البسيطة ، عمليات الكسارة وما شابهها من عمليات يدوية تعرض العين للصابة من الجهة المامية وذلك بواسطة نظارات ذات عدسات امامية . ب. خطر الجسام والجزيئات المتطايرة ذات طاقة مركبة صغيرة وكبيرة اثناء العمل اليدوي والميكانيكي مثل عمليات معالجة المعادن والمواد الصلبة الخرى ، عمليات التفريز ، عمليات القشط ، عمليات التثقيب ، وما شابهها من عمليات وكذلك عمليات الحدادة ، عمليات التبشيم عمليات التنظيف مكان اللحام والكشف بواسطة الماكينات لمعالجة المعادن او المواد الصلبة الخرى وما شابهها من عمليات وذلك بواسطة نظارات ذات عدسات امامية وواقيات جانبية . ج. خطر الجسام الكبيرة المتطايرة ذات طاقة حركية كبيرة اثناء العمل في تكسير وحف ونحت الصخور، الرخام ، الحجر الجيري ، الغرانيت وفي العمال المدنية التي تنجز بواسطة الزميل واثناء عمليات تهذيب
Final Report Annex A2-1 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART A: OVERVIEW
وحف المعادن وما شابهها من عمليات تعرض العين والوجه الى خطر الجسام الكبيرة المتطايرة وذلك بواسطة واقي خاص لكامل الوجه . د. خطر الشعة المرئية ، تطاير الشرر ، الحرارة ، والشعة فوق البنفسجية والشعة تحت الحمراء اثناء العمل في اللحام بواسطة الغاز مثل عمليات لحام سبائك اللمنيوم والمغنيسيوم عمليات حرق الرصاص عمليات ازالة القشر بواسطة اللهب ، عمليات اقتلع الصفائح الفولذية بواسطة الوميض ، عمليات اللحام بالصهر للبرونز وسبائك البرونز ، والنيكل وسبائك النيكل وما شابهها من عمليات وذلك بواسطة نظارات ذات عدسات واقية وخاصة للحماية من الشعاعات المضرة والوهج . هـ. خطر تطاير الشرر والشعة فوق البنفسجية اثناء العمل في اللحام بواسطة الغاز ومن خطر شرر المعادن المنصهرة والتاثير المباشر والغير مباشر للشعة فوق البنفسجية والشعة تحت الحمراء اثناء العمل في اللحام بالقوس الكهربائي وذلك بواسطة واقي وجه خاصة لعمليات اللحام ذات عدسات خاصة للوقاية من الشعة . و. خطر شرر المعادن المنصهرة والتاثير المباشر والغير مباشر الشعة فوق البنفسجية والشعة تحت الحمراء اثناء العمل في اللحام بالقوس الكهربائي بواسطة خوذة خاصة بعمليات اللحام لوقاية العين والوجه والراس والرقبة وذات عدسات واقية من الشعة الضارة . المادة 5 يزود العامل في اماكن العمل التي تعرض الذن الى ضوضاء اعلى من المستويات المسموح بها بموجب المعايير والمقاييس الردنية المعتمدة بهذا الخصوص بسدادات اذن خاصة وواقيات للسمع . المادة 6 يزود العامل الذي يعمل في اجواء ملوثة بالغازات او الغبرة او البخرة بتركيز اعلى من الحدود العتبية المعتمدة بكمامات قطنية او فلترية تغطي الفم والنف واقنعة واقية للوجه بدون اوكسجين او اقنعة واقية للوجه مزودة بالوكسجين او اجهزة تنفس مزودة بالوكسجين وذلك كما يلي : 1. كمامة قطنية لحماية العامل من الغبرة غير الضارة وغير السامة . 2. كمامة فلترية لحماية العامل من دقائق الغبرة الصناعية التي تحتوي على السيلكا او الغبرة الصناعية والغبرة الضارة ذات التراكيز القليلة . 3. قناع واقي للوجه مزود بكمامة فلترية وبدون اوكسجين لحماية العامل من الغازات الضارة او الغبرة والغبرة ذات التراكيز العالية . 4. قناع واقي للوجه مزود بالوكسجين لحماية العامل من التراكيز العالية للغازات او الغبرة او البخرة في حالة نقصان نسبة الوكسجين عن 18% اما في حالة العمل في اماكن محصورة التي تقل نسبة الوكسجين فيها عن 16% فل يجوز دخولها ال باستخدام جهاز التنفس المزود بالوكسجين . المادة 7 يزود العامل الذي يعمل في اعمال تعرض اليدي للخطار والضرار بما يلي : 1. قفازات جلدية عادية لحماية اليدي من خطر الجسام الحادة والسطح الخشنة اثناء عمليات تركيب القطع المعدنية وعمليات النقل والتنزيل والتحميل والتخزين وما شابهها . 2. قفازات مبطنة من الجلد والقطن والقماش لحماية اليدي من خطر الصابات الميكانيكية اثناء عمليات الجلخ - الشحذ ، تركيب القطع المعدنية وما شابهها .
Final Report Annex A2-2 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART A: OVERVIEW
3. قفازات جلدية مبطنة من الداخل بطبقة وسطية معدنية فولذية لحماية اليدي من خطر القطع من السطح الحادة والسكاكين والدوات القاطعة والخدوش وما شابهها . 4. قفازات واقية للحرارة المنخفضة لحماية اليدي من خطر انخفاض درجة الحرارة اثناء العمل في مصانع الثلج او تداول مواد مجمدة او باردة وفي اماكن عمل عند درجة حرارة اقل من cّ5+ . 5. قفازات واقية ومقاومة للحرارة العالية والمصنوعة من السبست لحماية اليدي من خطر الحرارة المشعة العالية اثناء صهر المعادن او الزجاج او المواد الساخنة او الرش بالمعادن المنصهرة او صناعة سكب الحديد او العمل في الفران الساخنة او ما شابهها من اعمال . 6. قفازات واقية من خطر الشرر وتطاير المعادن اثناء استعمال اللهب والوميض لحماية اليدي من خطر تطاير المعادن الساخنة والشرر المتطاير والحرارة المشعة والشعة فوق البنفسجية ومن خطر الحرق عند تلمس المواد الساخنة وما شابهها . 7. قفازات مطاطية لحماية اليدي من تاثير الرطوبة ، المواد المخرشة ، المواد ذات السمية القليلة ، التعامل مع الكحول وما شابهها من مواد . 8. قفازات مطاطية عازلة لحماية اليدي من خطر التلمس مع التيار الكهربائي اثناء العمل في مجال الكهرباء . 9. قفازات واقية ومبطنة بالرصاص للحماية والوقاية من خطر الشعاعات . 10. القفازات الواقية والمصنعة من المواد البلستيكية لحماية اليدي من خطر وضرر الحماض المخرشة ، المواد الكيماوية المذيبات ، الشحوم ، القلويات وما شابهها .
11. القفازات البلستيكية والمطاطية التي تستعمل لمرة واحدة لحماية اليدي من الضرار الناتجة عن الصناعات الغذائية ، اعمال الخدمات للعمليات الجراحية وما شابهها . 12. واقي الصبع من الجلد او المطاط او البلستيك لحماية الصابع من الصابات الميكانيكية على ان تكون مبطنا من الداخل بطبقة وسطية معدنية فولذية اذا كان الخطر من الصابة الميكانيكية الناتجة عن تعرض الصبع الى سقوط مواد ثقيلة . 13. واقي لراحة اليدين خاصة لحماية راحة اليد من الصابات الميكانيكية والحروق . المادة 8 يزود العامل الذي يعمل في اعمال تعرض القدمان او الساقان والركبتان للخطار والضرار بما يلي: 1. واقيات الركبة المطاطية للعاملين في صب المعادن او صهر المعادن وكذلك انجاز عمليات رصف الحجار او التزفيت او ما شابهها من عمليات . 2. جزمة ذات الساقين الطويلتين وذات المقدمة الفولذية الصلبة وذات الشريحة الفولذية المثبتة في نعل الحذاء للعاملين المعرضين لخطار سقوط المواد الثقيلة او المعدات او الجسام الساخنة او المواد المنصهرة من خطر التعرض للصابة من معدات القطع اليدوية اثناء عمليات الحفر او تقليع الشجار او المحاجر او المقالع وما شابهها من عمليات . 3. احذية السلمة المقاومة لمخاطر الكهرباء للعاملين في مجال الكهرباء المصنوعة من الجلد . 4. احذية سلمة غير موصلة للكهرباء للعاملين المتعرضين لمخاطر الحريق . 5. جزمة واقية من اخطار اللحام والمعادن المتطايرة لحماية القدم والساقان من الحرارة المشعة وتتطاير
Final Report Annex A2-3 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART A: OVERVIEW
المواد اثناء عمليات اللحام وقطع المعادن . 6. جزمة مقاومة للكيماويات للعاملين في مجالت السوائل الكيماوية والشحوم والزيوت . 7. احذية واقية من النزلقات للوقاية من خطر السير على الرضيات المبتلة او الملوثة بالشحوم والزيوت وللوقاية من خطر النزلقات . المادة 9 يزود العامل الذي يعمل في اماكن مرتفعة تعرضه لخطر السقوط او في المقالع او المحاجر او العمال التي تتطلب دخول الخزانات والحواض وقنوات المصاعد والصوامع وما شابهها من اعمال بحزام امان واقي من خطر السقوط . المادة 10 يزود العامل الذي يعمل في اعمال تعرضه لمخاطر التعامل مع الحماض والمنظفات المركزة والمواد المشابهة والكاسيد او الغبرة او اختلف درجات الحرارة او المطار ومواجهة انهمار الماء داخل التفاق وما شابهها من عمليات بملبس خاصة لحمايته من اخطار تلك العمال وذلك حسب المواصفات الفنية المعتمدة .
المادة 11 على كل مؤسسة انتاجية توفير غرفة استراحة للعاملين فيها للستراحة وتناول الطعام وذلك كما يلي: أ. اذا كان المصنع يحتوي في بعض اقسامه على مواد سامة او شديدة الضرر حيث انه من الواضح تواجد هذه الملوثات في بيئة العمل الداخلية والخارجية فانه يجب ان تراعى المور التالية : 1. ان يكون موقع غرف الستراحة بعيدة عن تلك القسام . 2. ان ل تؤثر حركة الرياح في نقل الملوثات من اماكن انبعاثها الى هذه الغرف بعد تحديده اتجاه الريح . 3. ان ل يتواجد العاملون الملوثون في هذا الغرف اثناء الستراحة ال بعد تغيير ملبسهم او استحمامهم . 4. ان تكون سهلة الوصل اليها . 5. ان تكون وصول وسائل النقاذ والطفاء اليها من كل الجهات سهلة ما امكن . 6. ان تتوفر لها اشارات تبين التجاه الموصل اليها . ب. يجب ان تتوفر في غرفة الستراحة الشروط التالية : 1. ان تكون خالية من التلوث . 2. ان تكون ذات تهوية جيدة . 3. ان تكون ذات اضاءة مناسبة ( ضمن ما جاء في الجدول المرفق ) . 4. ان تكون الضوضاء فيها ضمن الحدود المسموح بها ( ل تزيد DB ّ55 ) . 5. ان تكون جدرانها ذات الوان زاهية . 6. ان تكون الثاث ذات الوان زاهية ومريحة للنظر . 7. ان تكون مكيفة ما امكن شريطة الفوارق ما بين درجات الحرارة الداخلية والخارجية غير متطرفة (يفضل ان تكون درجات الحرارة فيها Cّ 22 ) . 8. ان تكون الرضيات مستوية وغير زلقة ويفضل ان تكون بانحدار بسيط لتسهيل عمليات الغسل والتنظيف .
Final Report Annex A2-4 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART A: OVERVIEW
ج. يجب ان تجهز غرف الستراحة بالثاث والمعدات والتسهيلت التالية : 1. مقاعد مريحة عددها مساو كحد ادنى لعدد الفراد المتوقع تواجدهم اثناء فترة الستراحة او الوردية . 2. طاولت متينة وذات شكل وطول مناسبين لطبيعة تصميم صالة الستراحة او تناول الطعمة . 3. ابواب تفتح بالتجاهين . 4. باب للنجاة يكون في الجهة المقابلة للمدخل الرئيسي او في الجهة التي يتواجد فيها عدد كبير من العمال . 5. اجهزة لقتل الحشرات ( الشعة فوق البنفسجية ) حيث انه ل يفضل استخدام المبيدات فيها . 6. ساعة حائط توضع في مكان واضح يراه الجميع ان امكن . 7. طفايات حريق يحدد عددها وحجمها ونوعها من قبل المختصين في وزارة العمل والجهات المختصة الخرى وتوضع في اماكن بارزة وضمن مستوى متناول يد العاملين وقرب الماكن التي يتوقع حدوث الحريق فيها . 8. حاويات بلستيكية لجمع الفضلت ذاتية الغلق . 9. ارضيات ( دعاسات ) معدنية توضع في مقدمة المداخل من الخارج لتنظيف احذية العاملين قبل الدخول الى الصالة . 10. برادي من النوع الذي تراه الشركة مناسبا لقدراتها المالية للوقاية من اشعة الشمس . 11. شبك معدني ناعم على الشبابيك وعلى البواب من الخارج وخاصة في الماكن الحارة التي يكثر فيها الذباب . 12. ممر خاص لستلم الطعمة والشراب لمنع التزاحم . 13. مكان مخصص لجمع ادوات الطعام بعد انتهاء العمال من تناول وجباتهم . د. يفضل ان تكون المغاسل منفصلة عن صالة تناول الطعمة ان امكن على ان تجهز بما يلي : 1. ماء ساخن وبارد وصابون خاص لتنظيف اليدي . 2. الحنفيات من النوع طويل العنق لتفادي اصابة ايادي العاملين عند استخدامها . 3. جهاز او اكثر لتجفيف اليادي او استخدام نظام المناشف الدوارة لهذا الغرض . 4. مساند خشبية تحت المغاسل لوقوف العاملين عليها . 5. مرايا باطوال مناسبة وحسب ما تراه الدارة مناسب . 6. تبليط اماكن المغاسل بالبلط الصيني البيض وخاصة الجدران . 7. ارضية مستوية وبانحدار مناسب لتصريف المياه بسرعة وغير زلقة . المادة 12 أ. على كل مؤسسة انتاجية توفير غرفة لتغيير ملبس العاملين تكون منفصلة عن غرفة الستراحة والمرافق الصحية وان يتوفر فيها ما يلي : 1. خزانة لكل عامل لها مفتاح خاص وتحمل رقم خاص او اسم العامل وتكون ذات حجم يتسع لملبسه ومعداته الشخصية واشياءه الخاصة وان تكون خالية من القواطع والحواف والزوايا والمقابض الحادة . 2. النارة في الغرفة مطابقة للمواصفات المعمول بها ( حسب الجدول المرفق ) . 3. ان تحتوي على باب نجاة . 4. ان تكون ذات تهوية جيدة .
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5. ان تحتوي على عدد مناسب من طفايات الحريق وبما يتناسب وتوجيهات الجهات المختصة . 6. ان تتوفر فيها لفتات تمنع التدخين فيها . 7. وضع وسائل لطفاء السجائر ( متكات رملية ) عند المدخل الخارجي لغرف تغيير الملبس . 8. ان ل تزيد نسبة شدة الضوضاء فيها عن 55 ديسبل . 9. ان تحتوي على مقاعد طويلة يستخدمها العاملون اثناء تغيير ملبسهم . ب. اذا كانت المواد التي يتعامل معها العاملون من النوع السام مثل الرصاص فانه يجب ان تفصل غرف تغيير الملبس الى قسمين وبنفس المواصفات اعله واحدة لتغيير ملبس العمل والخرى لتغيير الملبس العادية مع احتواء الولى على سلل معدنية لجمع ملبس العمل المتسخة . المادة 13 على كل مؤسسة انتاجية ل يتوافر فيها مطعم او كفتيريا ان توفر للعاملين مطبخا خاصا بهم كما يلي : 1. ان تكون كل ادوات الطبخ من الستانلس ستيل . 2. ان يستخدم نظام التهوية الموضعي لشفط ابخرة الطعمة والروائح خاصة عند اماكن تجهيز الطعام 3. ان تكون افران الغاز مرتبطة مع اسطوانات الغاز بانابيب معدنية تكون على شكل تمديدات تبدا من مكان تجمع السطوانات ( خارج المطبخ ) الى افران الغاز والتاكد من ان المرابط ( المحابس ) من النوع الجيد مع العمل على صيانتها لتفادي تسري الغازات . 4. ان تتوفر فيها مفاتيح اضاءة واجهزة انارة ومصابيح من النوع المانع للشرر . 5. ان تتوفر فيها ثلجات يتناسب حجمها مع المواد القابلة للتبريد والتخزين مع توفر ميزان خاص للحرارة بالضافة الى توفير مجمدة ( فريزر ) للمواد التي تحتاج الى تخزين طويل . 6. ان يزود العاملين في المطبخ بمراييل بيضاء مع اغطية ثابتة لتغطية الشعر واللحية وباحذية مطاطية ذات عنق طويل . 7. ان تتوفر فيها الجهزة القاتلة للحشرات . 9. اتباع نظام النقل الميكانيكي او شبه الميكانيكي ( عربات ) عند التعامل مع حاويات الطعام الكبيرة الحجم . 10. حفظ السكاكين في اماكن خاصة تكون مغلقة ول يجوز العبث بها من قبل العاملين . 11. اجراء الفحوصات الطبية للعاملين فيها لدى الجهات المختصة مع الحتفاظ بنسخ عن نتائج هذه الفحوصات تكون جاهزة عند الطلب او المعاينة . 12. توفر جهاز للنذار من الحريق . 13. تعليق طفاية من نوع BCF عند المناطق المتوقع حدوث حريق فيها . 14. تعليق عدد الطفايات بما يتناسب وتوصيات الدفاع المدني في مكان بارز ومناسب لستخدامها عند الحاجة . 15. منع التدخين في داخل المطبخ . 16. توفير باب للنجاة . 17. ان تكون النارة مناسبة وحسب المواصفات المعمول بها ( في الجدول المرفق ) . 18. ان تكون جدرانه مبلطة بالبلط الصيني البيض . جدول يبين مناسيب شدة الضاءة باللوكس لماكن الستراحة وغرف تغيير ملبس العمال ______
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الموقع المكان شدة الضاءة ( لوكس ) مستوى القياس ______المطابخ مخازن الطعام 150 منسوب الرضية اماكن العمل 500 مستوى العمل ______غرف الستراحة قاعات الكل 200 سطح الطاولة ______مكان الحصول على الخدمة 300 سطح المنضدة غرف تغيير الملبس 150 عند ارضية الغرفة ______المادة 14 على كل مؤسسة انتاجية اتخاذ الحتياطات والتدابير اللزمة للوقاية من مخاطر الحريق وحسب نوع النشاط الذي تجري مزاولته في مكان العمل والمواد الولية ومواد النتاج المختلفة المستخدمة بها مراعاة ما يلي : 1. ان تكون اجهزة وادوات الطفاء المستخدمة سواء الثابت منها او المتنقل مطابقة للمواصفات القياسية الخاصة لتنظيم صناعة اجهزة اطفاء الحريق وتعبئتها وفقا ما تقرره الجهات المعنية ( كود الحرائق ) . 2. تطوير معدات الطفاء والوقاية اللزمة وذلك باستخدام احدث الوسائل من توفير اجهزة التنبيه والنذار المبكر والعزل والطفاء اللي التلقائي كلما امكن ذلك وفقا ما تقرره الجهات المعنية ( كود الحرائق ) . 3. اتخاذ الجراءات الكفيلة بتوفير مخارج المان وان تكون وسائل الخروج خالية من العوائق في جميع الوقات . 4. على صاحب العمل ان يقوم بتدريب العمال على كيفية استعمال معدات الطفاء . المادة 15 يفضل ان تتم جميع العمال الخاصة برفع الوزان بشكل الي ما امكن واذا استدعت طبيعة العمل قيام العمال بحمل الوزان يجب الخذ بعين العتبار توفر ما يلي : 1. بالنسبة للمهن والعمال المتعلقة بالتحميل والتنزيل يشترط في العامل القائم بهذه العمال ان يكون بحالة صحية ملئمة ول سيما حالة العضلت والجهاز الحركي والقلب وان ل تزيد الوزان التي ترفع في هذه العمال بشكل يدوي دون مساعدة الغير عن 50 كغم للرجل و 25 كغم للمراة مع ضرورة تدريب العمال على طرق الرفع السليم للوزان .
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2. بالنسبة للوزان التي يسمح لعمال النتاج والخدمات برفعها يسترشد بالجدول التالي في تحديدها وفق كل حالة : رفع الوزان العمر من / سنة العمر من / سنة العمر من / سنة العمر من / سنة العمر اكبر من 18-16 20-19 35-21 50-26 خمسين / سنة رجال نساء رجال نساء رجال نساء رجال نساء رجال نساء ______رفع متقطع 20 12 25 15 30 17 23 14 11 17 محدود / كغم ______رفع مستمر 15 8 18 10 20 12 15 10 7 11 طويل متكرر / كغم
المادة 16 أ. على كل مؤسسة انتاجية اتخاذ الحتياطات الكفيلة لمنع او تقليل الضوضاء لوقاية العاملين من المخاطر بحيث ل تزيد شدة الضوضاء ومدة التعرض لها عن المتسويات المحددة بالجدول ادناه :
مستوى شدة الضوضاء ديسبل (A) ّ DB مدة التعرض المسموح بها في اليوم ( عدد الساعات ) ______16 80 8 85 4 90 2 95 1 100 2/1 105 4/1 110 8/1 115
ب. بالنسبة لمستويات الضوضاء المتقطعة وعلى شكل ضربات سريعة تحسب كما هو مبين بالجدول ادناه :
مستوى شدة الضوضاء / ديسبل عدد المرات المسموح بها في اليوم 100 140 1000 130
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120 000ر 10
ويحسب عامل التعرض اليومي لضجة مستمرة ولفترات مختلفة متقطعة وفقا للقاعدة التالية : Feq = T 1 + T2 = ………. = TN ______L 1 L2 LN عامل التعرض للضجيج المكافئ = Feq زمن التعرض لضجيج ذي منسوب معلوم بالثانية الولى = T 1 زمن التعرض المسموح به للضجيج ذي المنسوب المعلوم بالثانية الولى = L1
تكون الفترة بين كل مرة واخرى ثانية واحدة او اكثر واذا كانت الفترة اقل من ثانية واحدة تعتبر الضوضاء مستمرة ويطبق عليها المستويات المذكورة بالفقرة (أ) . المادة 17 يجب اجراء الفحص الولي الخاص بتحديد كفاءة ومستوى السمع للعامل في العمال التي تعرضه للضوضاء قبل الستخدام وان يتم اجراء الفحص الطبي الدوري له مرتين كل سنة على القل لتحديد كفاءة ومستوى السمع اثناء العمل . المادة 18 يجب اتخاذ الحتياطات اللزم توافرها لتهيئة جو العمل وتوفير اجهزة الوقاية الشخصية للوقاية من الحرارة وتحديد درجة الحرارة التي يمكن العمل تحت ظروفها دون حدوث مضاعفات للعاملين والتي تتناسب مع طبيعة العمل ومقدار الجهد المبذول في ادائه طبقا للمواصفات القياسية الردنية المعتمدة . المادة 19 يجب توفير اجهزة الوقاية الشخصية عند تعرض العاملين لدرجات حرارة منخفضة في بيئة العمل وفي جميع الظروف بحيث تغطى كافة اجزاء الجسم كما يجب بعد التعرض لدرجات الحرارة المنخفضة توفير اماكن مزودة بالتدفئة المناسبة . المادة 20 أ. يجب توفير الضاءة الكافية المناسبة لنوع العمل الذي تجري مزاولته سواء كانت اضاءة طبيعية او صناعية ويراعى في ذلك : 1. ان يكون توزيع المنافذ والمناور وفتحات الضوء الطبيعية تسمح بتوزيع الضوء توزيعا منتظما على اماكن العمل ويكون زجاجها نظيفا من الداخل والخارج بصفة دائمة وال يكون محجوبا باي عائق . 2. ال تقل قوة الضاءة عن مستوى العمل ( عند سطح افقي يرتفع مترا عن الرض ) عن 20 شمعة /قدم 2 على ان يكتفي في الممرات والطرقات بقوة اضاءة ل تقل عن 15 شمعة / قدم 2 على سطح الرض . 3. ان تتضمن مصادر الضوء الطبيعية والصناعية اضاءة متجانسة وان تتخذ الوسائل المناسبة لتجنب الوهج المنتشر والضوء المنعكس . 4. تجنب التفاوت الكبير في توزيع الضوء في الماكن المتقاربة . ب. يسترشد بمستويات النارة المامونة في العمال المكتبية والعمليات الصناعية وذلك حسب المواصفات
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القياسية الردنية . المادة 21 يعتبر العمل بمصادر الشعة المؤينة التالية عمل اشعاعيا تنطبق عليه متطلبات الوقاية الشعاعية المنصوص عليها في هذه التعليمات : 1. مصادر الشعة السينية والستخدامات الخاصة بها . 2. مصادر اشعة جاما والستخدامات الخاصة بها . 3. مصادر دقائق بيتا والستخدامات الخاصة بها . 4. مصادر دقائق الفا والستخدامات الخاصة بها . 5. مصادر اليونات الثقيلة والستخدامات الخاصة بها . 6. صادر النيوترونات والستخدامات الخاصة بها . المادة 22 العامل الشعاعي يعرف بانه أي شخص يعمل في ظروف العمل الشعاعي لمدد غير متقطعة لطبيعة مهنته او بسبب التواجد المهني في بيئة اشعاعية بصورة دائمة بحيث يؤدي ذلك الى احتمال زيادة الجرعة المكافئة لكامل الجسم عن الحد السنوي المسموح به للشخص العادي ( 5 ميلي سفيبرت / سنة ) ومثال ذلك العاملين في المجالت التالية : أ. مصور الشعة في المجال الطبي او المجال الصناعي . ب. فني الطب النووي . ج. فني المعالجة الشعاعية . د. العامل في صيانة الجهزة الشعاعية . هـ.الفيزيائي الطبي او الصحي الذي يعمل في مجال الشعة . و. طبيب الشعة التشخيصية او العلجية او الطب النووي او طبيب السنان اذا كان يزاول العمل الشعاعي . ز. العاملون في المختبرات التي تستخدم فيها المواد المشعة على ان ل تقل الفعالية الشعاعية المتداولة يوميا عن 100 كيلو بيكريل . ح. العاملون في المسارعات والمفاعلت والمنشات النووية كالمشغلين وفنيي الصيانة . المادة 23 لحماية العاملين من مخاطر التعرض للتأثيرات الشعاعية يجب مراعاة ما يلي : - اللتزام بالزمن التعرضي الذي تحدده التشريعات الخاصة بذلك . - توفير امكانية اغلق او ابطال تشغيل الجهزة الباعثة لهذه الشعة بحيث تكون سيطرة المشغل عليها سيطرة تامة . - تزويد العاملين بمعدات الوقاية الشخصية الخاصة بذلك . - يجب ان يكون المشغل على دراية كافية وذو خبرة وافية في مجال الشعة . المادة 24 يعتبر قانون الطاقة النووية والوقاية الشعاعية رقم 14 لسنة 1987 او أي قانون اخر يحل محله او نظام او تعليمات او قرارات تصدر بموجبه مرجعا في الحالت المتعلقة بالشعاعات والتي لم تذكر في هذه التعليمات .
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ANNEX A3: WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL POLICY 4.01
OP 4.01 January 1999
These policies were prepared for use by World Bank staff and are not necessarily a complete treatment of the subject.
Environmental Assessment Note: OP and BP 4.01 together replace OMS 2.36, Environmental Aspects of Bank Work; OD 4.00, Annex A, Environmental Assessment; OD 4.00, Annex B, Environmental Policy for Dam and Reservoir Projects; OD 4.01, Environmental Assessment; and the following Operational Memoranda: Environmental Assessments: Instructions to Staff on the Handling of the Borrower's Consultations with Affected Groups and Relevant Local NGOs, 4/10/90; Environmental Assessments: Instructions to Staff on the Release of Environmental Assessments to Executive Directors, 11/21/90; and Release of Environmental Assessments to Executive Directors, 2/20/91. Additional information related to these statements is provided in the Environmental Assessment Sourcebook (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1991) and subsequent updates available from the Environment Sector Board, and in the Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook. Other Bank statements that relate to the environment include OP/BP 4.02, Environmental Action Plans; OP/BP 4.04, Natural Habitats; OP 4.07, Water Resources Management; OP 4.09, Pest Management; OP 4.11, Safeguarding Cultural Property in Bank-Financed Projects (forthcoming); OP/BP 4.12, Involuntary Resettlement (forthcoming); OP/GP 4.36, Forestry; OP/BP 10.04, Economic Evaluation of Investment Operations; and OD 4.20, Indigenous Peoples. This OP and BP apply to all projects for which a PID is first issued after March 1, 1999. Questions may be addressed to the Chair, Environment Sector Board.
1. The Bank1 requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making.
2. EA is a process whose breadth, depth, and type of analysis depend on the nature, scale, and potential environmental impact of the proposed project. EA evaluates a project's potential environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence;2 examines project alternatives; identifies ways of improving project selection, siting, planning, design, and implementation by preventing, minimizing, mitigating, or compensating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts; and includes the process of mitigating and managing adverse environmental impacts throughout project implementation. The Bank favors preventive measures over mitigatory or compensatory measures, whenever feasible.
3. EA takes into account the natural environment (air, water, and land); human health and safety; social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, and cultural property);3 and transboundary and global environmental aspects.4 EA considers natural and social aspects in an integrated way. It also takes into account the variations in project and country conditions; the findings of country environmental studies; national environmental action plans; the country's overall policy framework, national legislation, and institutional capabilities related to the environment and social aspects; and obligations of the country, pertaining to project activities,
Final Report Annex A3-1 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART A: OVERVIEW under relevant international environmental treaties and agreements. The Bank does not finance project activities that would contravene such country obligations, as identified during the EA. EA is initiated as early as possible in project processing and is integrated closely with the economic, financial, institutional, social, and technical analyses of a proposed project.
4. The borrower is responsible for carrying out the EA. For Category A projects,5 the borrower retains independent EA experts not affiliated with the project to carry out the EA.6 For Category A projects that are highly risky or contentious or that involve serious and multidimensional environmental concerns, the borrower should normally also engage an advisory panel of independent, internationally recognized environmental specialists to advise on all aspects of the project relevant to the EA.7 The role of the advisory panel depends on the degree to which project preparation has progressed, and on the extent and quality of any EA work completed, at the time the Bank begins to consider the project.
5. The Bank advises the borrower on the Bank's EA requirements. The Bank reviews the findings and recommendations of the EA to determine whether they provide an adequate basis for processing the project for Bank financing. When the borrower has completed or partially completed EA work prior to the Bank's involvement in a project, the Bank reviews the EA to ensure its consistency with this policy. The Bank may, if appropriate, require additional EA work, including public consultation and disclosure.
6. The Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook describes pollution prevention and abatement measures and emission levels that are normally acceptable to the Bank. However, taking into account borrower country legislation and local conditions, the EA may recommend alternative emission levels and approaches to pollution prevention and abatement for the project. The EA report must provide full and detailed justification for the levels and approaches chosen for the particular project or site.
EA Instruments
7. Depending on the project, a range of instruments can be used to satisfy the Bank's EA requirement: environmental impact assessment (EIA), regional or sectoral EA, environmental audit, hazard or risk assessment, and environmental management plan (EMP).8 EA applies one or more of these instruments, or elements of them, as appropriate. When the project is likely to have sectoral or regional impacts, sectoral or regional EA is required.9
Environmental Screening
8. The Bank undertakes environmental screening of each proposed project to determine the appropriate extent and type of EA. The Bank classifies the proposed project into one of four categories, depending on the type, location, sensitivity, and scale of the project and the nature and magnitude of its potential environmental impacts.
(a) Category A: A proposed project is classified as Category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive,10 diverse, or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area broader than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. EA for a Category A project examines the project's potential negative and positive environmental impacts, compares them with those of feasible alternatives (including the "without project" situation), and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental
Final Report Annex A3-2 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART A: OVERVIEW
performance. For a Category A project, the borrower is responsible for preparing a report, normally an EIA (or a suitably comprehensive regional or sectoral EA) that includes, as necessary, elements of the other instruments referred to in para. 7.
(b) Category B: A proposed project is classified as Category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas—including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats—are less adverse than those of Category A projects. These impacts are site-specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in most cases mitigatory measures can be designed more readily than for Category A projects. The scope of EA for a Category B project may vary from project to project, but it is narrower than that of Category A EA. Like Category A EA, it examines the project's potential negative and positive environmental impacts and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance. The findings and results of Category B EA are described in the project documentation (Project Appraisal Document and Project Information Document).11
(c) Category C: A proposed project is classified as Category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts.
Beyond screening, no further EA action is required for a Category C project.
(d) Category FI: A proposed project is classified as Category FI if it involves investment of Bank funds through a financial intermediary, in subprojects that may result in adverse environmental impacts.
EA for Special Project Types
Sector Investment Lending
9. For sector investment loans (SILs),12 during the preparation of each proposed subproject, the project coordinating entity or implementing institution carries out appropriate EA according to country requirements and the requirements of this policy.13 The Bank appraises and, if necessary, includes in the SIL components to strengthen, the capabilities of the coordinating entity or the implementing institution to (a) screen subprojects, (b) obtain the necessary expertise to carry out EA, (c) review all findings and results of EA for individual subprojects, (d) ensure implementation of mitigation measures (including, where applicable, an EMP), and (e) monitor environmental conditions during project implementation.14 If the Bank is not satisfied that adequate capacity exists for carrying out EA, all Category A subprojects and, as appropriate, Category B subprojects—including any EA reports—are subject to prior review and approval by the Bank.
Sector Adjustment Lending
10. Sector adjustment loans (SECALs) are subject to the requirements of this policy. EA for a SECAL assesses the potential environmental impacts of planned policy, institutional, and regulatory actions under the loan.15
Final Report Annex A3-3 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART A: OVERVIEW
Financial Intermediary Lending
11. For a financial intermediary (FI) operation, the Bank requires that each FI screen proposed subprojects and ensure that subborrowers carry out appropriate EA for each subproject. Before approving a subproject, the FI verifies (through its own staff, outside experts, or existing environmental institutions) that the subproject meets the environmental requirements of appropriate national and local authorities and is consistent with this OP and other applicable environmental policies of the Bank.16
12. In appraising a proposed FI operation, the Bank reviews the adequacy of country environmental requirements relevant to the project and the proposed EA arrangements for subprojects, including the mechanisms and responsibilities for environmental screening and review of EA results. When necessary, the Bank ensures that the project includes components to strengthen such EA arrangements. For FI operations expected to have Category A subprojects, prior to the Bank's appraisal each identified participating FI provides to the Bank a written assessment of the institutional mechanisms (including, as necessary, identification of measures to strengthen capacity) for its subproject EA work.17 If the Bank is not satisfied that adequate capacity exists for carrying out EA, all Category A subprojects and, as appropriate, Category B subprojects—including EA reports—are subject to prior review and approval by the Bank.18
Emergency Recovery Projects
13. The policy set out in OP 4.01 normally applies to emergency recovery projects processed under OP 8.50, Emergency Recovery Assistance. However, when compliance with any requirement of this policy would prevent the effective and timely achievement of the objectives of an emergency recovery project, the Bank may exempt the project from such a requirement. The justification for any such exemption is recorded in the loan documents. In all cases, however, the Bank requires at a minimum that (a) the extent to which the emergency was precipitated or exacerbated by inappropriate environmental practices be determined as part of the preparation of such projects, and (b) any necessary corrective measures be built into either the emergency project or a future lending operation.
Institutional Capacity
14. When the borrower has inadequate legal or technical capacity to carry out key EA-related functions (such as review of EA, environmental monitoring, inspections, or management of mitigatory measures) for a proposed project, the project includes components to strengthen that capacity.
Public Consultation
15. For all Category A and B projects proposed for IBRD or IDA financing, during the EA process, the borrower consults project-affected groups and local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) about the project's environmental aspects and takes their views into account.19 The borrower initiates such consultations as early as possible. For Category A projects, the borrower consults these groups at least twice: (a) shortly after environmental screening and before the terms of reference for the EA are finalized; and (b) once a draft EA report is prepared. In addition, the borrower consults with such groups throughout project implementation as necessary to address EA-related issues that affect them.20
Final Report Annex A3-4 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART A: OVERVIEW
Disclosure
16. For meaningful consultations between the borrower and project-affected groups and local NGOs on all Category A and B projects proposed for IBRD or IDA financing, the borrower provides relevant material in a timely manner prior to consultation and in a form and language that are understandable and accessible to the groups being consulted.
17. For a Category A project, the borrower provides for the initial consultation a summary of the proposed project's objectives, description, and potential impacts; for consultation after the draft EA report is prepared, the borrower provides a summary of the EA's conclusions. In addition, for a Category A project, the borrower makes the draft EA report available at a public place accessible to project-affected groups and local NGOs. For SILs and FI operations, the borrower/FI ensures that EA reports for Category A subprojects are made available in a public place accessible to affected groups and local NGOs.
18. Any separate Category B report for a project proposed for IDA financing is made available to project-affected groups and local NGOs. Public availability in the borrowing country and official receipt by the Bank of Category A reports for projects proposed for IBRD or IDA financing, and of any Category B EA report for projects proposed for IDA funding, are prerequisites to Bank appraisal of these projects.
19. Once the borrower officially transmits the Category A EA report to the Bank, the Bank distributes the summary (in English) to the executive directors (EDs) and makes the report available through its InfoShop. Once the borrower officially transmits any separate Category B EA report to the Bank, the Bank makes it available through its InfoShop.21 If the borrower objects to the Bank's releasing an EA report through the World Bank InfoShop, Bank staff (a) do not continue processing an IDA project, or (b) for an IBRD project, submit the issue of further processing to the EDs.
Implementation
20. During project implementation, the borrower reports on (a) compliance with measures agreed with the Bank on the basis of the findings and results of the EA, including implementation of any EMP, as set out in the project documents; (b) the status of mitigatory measures; and (c) the findings of monitoring programs. The Bank bases supervision of the project's environmental aspects on the findings and recommendations of the EA, including measures set out in the legal agreements, any EMP, and other project documents.22
______
1. "Bank" includes IDA; "EA" refers to the entire process set out in OP/BP 4.01; "loans" includes credits; "borrower" includes, for guarantee operations, a private or public project sponsor receiving from another financial institution a loan guaranteed by the Bank; and "project" covers all operations financed by Bank loans or guarantees except structural adjustment loans (for which the environmental provisions are set out in OP/BP 8.60, Adjustment Lending, forthcoming) and debt and debt service operations, and also includes projects under adaptable lending—adaptable program loans (APLs) and learning and innovation loans (LILs)—and projects and components funded under the Global Environment Facility. The project is described in Schedule 2 to the Loan/Credit Agreement. This policy applies to all components of the project, regardless of the source of financing. 2. For definitions, see Annex A. The area of influence for any project is determined with the advice of environmental specialists and set out in the EA terms of reference.
Final Report Annex A3-5 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART A: OVERVIEW
3. See OP/BP 4.12, Involuntary Resettlement (forthcoming); OD 4.20, Indigenous Peoples; and OP 4.11, Safeguarding Cultural Property in Bank-Financed Projects (forthcoming). 4. Global environmental issues include climate change, ozone-depleting substances, pollution of international waters, and adverse impacts on biodiversity. 5. For screening, see para. 8. 6. EA is closely integrated with the project's economic, financial, institutional, social, and technical analyses to ensure that (a) environmental considerations are given adequate weight in project selection, siting, and design decisions; and (b) EA does not delay project processing. However, the borrower ensures that when individuals or entities are engaged to carry out EA activities, any conflict of interest is avoided. For example, when an independent EA is required, it is not carried out by the consultants hired to prepare the engineering design. 7. The panel (which is different from the dam safety panel required under OP/ BP 4.37, Safety of Dams) advises the borrower specifically on the following aspects: (a) the terms of reference for the EA, (b) key issues and methods for preparing the EA, (c) recommendations and findings of the EA, (d) implementation of the EA's recommendations, and (e) development of environmental management capacity. 8. These terms are defined in Annex A. Annexes B and C discuss the content of EA reports and EMPs. 9. Guidance on the use of sectoral and regional EA is available in EA Sourcebook Updates 4 and 15. 10. A potential impact is considered "sensitive" if it may be irreversible (e.g., lead to loss of a major natural habitat) or raise issues covered by OD 4.20, Indigenous Peoples; OP 4.04, Natural Habitats; OP 4.11, Safeguarding Cultural Property in Bank-Financed Projects (forthcoming); or OP 4.12, Involuntary Resettlement (forthcoming). 11. When the screening process determines, or national legislation requires, that any of the environmental issues identified warrant special attention, the findings and results of Category B EA may be set out in a separate report. Depending on the type of project and the nature and magnitude of the impacts, this report may include, for example, a limited environmental impact assessment, an environmental mitigation or management plan, an environmental audit, or a hazard assessment. For Category B projects that are not in environmentally sensitive areas and that present well-defined and well-understood issues of narrow scope, the Bank may accept alternative approaches for meeting EA requirements: for example, environmentally sound design criteria, siting criteria, or pollution standards for small-scale industrial plants or rural works; environmentally sound siting criteria, construction standards, or inspection procedures for housing projects; or environmentally sound operating procedures for road rehabilitation projects. 12. SILs normally involve the preparation and implementation of annual investment plans or subprojects as time slice activities over the course of the project. 13. In addition, if there are sectorwide issues that cannot be addressed through individual subproject EAs (and particularly if the SIL is likely to include Category A subprojects), the borrower may be required to carry out sectoral EA before the Bank appraises the SIL. 14. Where, pursuant to regulatory requirements or contractual arrangements acceptable to the Bank, any of these review functions are carried out by an entity other than the coordinating entity or implementing institution, the Bank appraises such alternative arrangements; however, the borrower/coordinating entity/implementing institution remains ultimately responsible for ensuring that subprojects meet Bank requirements. 15. Actions that would require such assessment include, for example, privatization of environmentally sensitive enterprises, changes in land tenure in areas with important natural habitats, and relative price shifts in commodities such as pesticides, timber, and petroleum. 16. The requirements for FI operations are derived from the EA process and are consistent with the provisions of para. 6 of this OP. The EA process takes into account the type of finance being considered, the nature and scale of anticipated subprojects, and the environmental requirements of the jurisdiction in which subprojects will be located. 17. Any FI included in the project after appraisal complies with the same requirement as a condition of its participation. 18. The criteria for prior review of Category B subprojects, which are based on such factors as type or size of the subproject and the EA capacity of the financial intermediary, are set out in the legal agreements for the project. 19. For the Bank's approach to NGOs, see GP 14.70, Involving Nongovernmental Organizations in Bank-Supported Activities. 20. For projects with major social components, consultations are also required by other Bank
Final Report Annex A3-6 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART A: OVERVIEW
policies—for example, OD 4.20, Indigenous Peoples, and OP/BP 4.12, Involuntary Resettlement (forthcoming). 21. For a further discussion of the Bank's disclosure procedures, see The World Bank Policy on Disclosure of Information (March 1994) and BP 17.50, Disclosure of Operational Information. Specific requirements for disclosure of resettlement plans and indigenous peoples development plans are set out in OP/BP 4.12, Involuntary Resettlement (forthcoming), and OP/BP 4.10, forthcoming revision of OD 4.20, Indigenous Peoples. 22. See OP/BP 13.05, Project Supervision, forthcoming.
Final Report Annex A3-7 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART A: OVERVIEW
ANNEX A4: LIST OF PROJECT TEAM MEMBERS WHO PREPARED THE ESA STUDY AND SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS
No. Name Position Credentials Technical and Managerial Staff 1- Khaled Murad Project Director B.Sc. in Civil Engineering 2- Dr. Sawsan Himmo Project Team Leader / Water Ph.D. in Civil Engineering (Hydraulic Resources Management Structures) B.Sc. in Civil Engineering 3- Ghassan Khateeb Deputy Team Leader / Masters of Engineering Administration Environmental Planning and B.Sc. in Mechanical and Aerospace Management Engineering 4- Dr. Lee Harding Project Advisor/Environmental B.Sc. in Wildlife Management Specialist Ph.D. in Wildlife Toxicology 5- Suhair Khateeb Core Team / Public Consultation- M.Sc. in Industrial Engineering Communications-Public B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering Participation Team Leader 6- Dr. Saleh Sharari Environmental Legal and Policy Ph.D. in Environmental Law Specialist Master’s Degree in Environmental Law 7- Mona Khateeb Management and Institutional M.Sc. in Biomedical Engineering Development B.Sc. in Industrial Engineering 8- Dr. Adnan Al-Salihi Core Team / Water Sector-Water Ph.D. in Civil Engineering (Hydraulic Management Studies Team Structures and Dam Engineering) Leader M.Sc. in Civil Engineering (Irrigation and Hydraulics) Diploma of Engineering in Civil Engineering (Irrigation and Hydraulics) B.Sc. (Honour) Civil Engineering 9- Dr. Omar Rimawi Hydrogeologist Ph.D. in Hydrogeology, Hydrochemistry and Isotope Hydrology M.Sc. in Geology and Mineralogy B.Sc. in Geology and Mineralogy 10- Naser Manaseer Water Systems- modelling M.Sc. in Hydrology and Water Resources B.Sc. in Geology 11- Ruba Khoury Water Study Team B.Sc. in Civil Engineering 12- Adnan Budeiri Core Team / Biotic Environment Master's Degree in Biological Sciences Study Team Leader / Hydrobiology and Ecology 13- Majdi Salameh Biodiversity - Fauna M.Sc. candidate in Environmental Science and Management B.Sc. in Genetics and Molecular Biology 14- Sharif Jbour Biodiversity - Avifaunal B.Sc. in Biological Science 15- Dr. Ibrahim Khader Biodiversity - Flora Ph.D. Candidate in Biological Sciences B M.Sc. Degree in Plant Taxonomy B.Sc. in Biological Sciences 16- Ahmad Abu Hejleh A-Biotic Environment M.Sc. in Geology (Water Resources and Environment) B.Sc. in Applied Geology (Water Resources)
Final Report Annex A4-1 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART A: OVERVIEW
ANNEX A4: LIST OF PROJECT TEAM MEMBERS WHO PREPARED THE ESA STUDY AND SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS (CONTD.)
No. Name Position Credentials 17- Abdel Kareem Bourini Core Team/Team Leader/Social B.Sc. in Comm. Major Economics Scientist-Resettlement and Land Diploma in Demography Acquisition / indigenous People Specialist 18- Dr. Issa Masarweh Social Studies Team Ph.D. in Sociology / Demography 19- Mahmoud Hishmeh Social Studies Team M.Sc. in Population Studies B.Sc. in Sociology 20- Abdel Rahman Jaber Social Studies Team B.Sc. in Civil Engineering 21- Rola Quba’a Environmental Health M.Sc. in Environmental Technology B.Sc. in Environmental Health 22- Lama El-Awad Environmental Health M.Sc. Environmental Management B.Sc. in Environmental Health 23- Dr. Raoul Nasr Core Team / Land use Planning - Ph.D. in Agricultural Economics Regional Economist M.Sc. in Agricultural Economics B.Sc. in Agricultural Economics 24- Baker Qudah Agriculture and Rural Postgraduate Diploma in Remote Development Sensing and Land Evaluation Postgraduate Diploma in Aerial Photo Interpretation and Remote Sensing for Soil Survey and Land Classification B.Sc. in Agriculture 25- Dr. Mohammad Cultural Heritage - Archaeology Ph.D. in Archaeology Waheeb Studies Team Leader M.A. in Archaeology B.A. in Archaeology 26- Niveen Hashash Cultural Heritage - Archaeology M.A. in Archaeology B.A. in Archaeology 27- Mofid Hamza Remote Sensing Specialist Diploma in Geomorphology and Remote Sensing Engineering Geology 28- Saed Aqel GIS and Remote Sensing B.Sc. in Civil Engineering Specialist M.Sc. in GIS Training courses Support Staff 29- Hasan Naseef Biotic Environment Studies B.Sc. in Civil Engineering 30- Husam Hawwari CAD/GIS Specialist Diploma in Drafting 31- Rawshan Ramadan M.E. in Civil Engineering Social Studies Survey Team B.Sc. in Civil Engineering 32- Ahmed Yousef Public Consultation Team B.Sc. in Civil Engineering 33- Rami Salameh Project Specific ESA B.Sc. in Water and Environmental Management 34- Hala Mesmar Project Specific ESA B.Sc. in Water and Environmental Management 35- Raja' Al-A'araj Project Specific ESA Diploma – Secretarial Work
Final Report Annex A4-2 Consolidated Consultants MINISTRY OF WATER & IRRIGATION
Environmental and Social Assessment Disi-Mudawarra to Amman Water Conveyance System
Main Report – Part B: Water Sector Assessment
June 2004
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM TABLE OF CONTENTS
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT
MAIN REPORT – PART B: WATER SECTOR ESA
Page
TABLE OF CONTENTS i LIST OF ANNEXES iv LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vii
1 INTRODUCTION B-1
1.1 Background B-1 1.2 Project Objectives B-2 1.3 Organization of the ESA Study B-2 1.4 Description of Parts A, B and C of the ESA Study B-4 1.5 Relationship between Parts A, B and C of the ESA Study B-6 1.6 Consultations during the ESA Study B-6 1.7 ESA Disclosure B-7 1.8 Maps to Support Environmental and Social Management Plan B-8
2 BACKGROUND ON JORDAN’S WATER SECTOR B-10
3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE CONDITIONS: JORDAN’S SCARCE WATER RESOURCES B-12
3.1 Demand Sectors B-12 3.2 Supply Sources B-18 3.2.1 Surface Water B-19 3.2.2 Groundwater Resources B-24 3.3 Net Water Situation or Water Deficits B-36 3.4 Key Assumptions Supporting the Projections/Objectives B-40 3.4.1 Water Resources, Demand and Flexibility Management B-40 3.4.2 Strategic Approach B-41 3.4.3 Policies and Institutional Reform B-41 3.4.4 Conjunctive Use and Development of Water Resources B-42 3.4.5 Demand Management - Water Conservation, Pricing and Public Awareness B-43
4 EVOLVING POLICY FRAMEWORK (1997 – 2002) B-44
4.1 Strategy and Policies B-44 4.1.1 Jordan Water Strategy of April 1997 B-44 4.1.2 Water Utility Policy of July 1997 B-49 4.1.3 Groundwater Management Policy of February 1998 B-50 4.1.4 Irrigation Water Policy of February 1998 B-51 4.1.5 Wastewater Management Policy of June 1998 B-51
Final Report i Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM TABLE OF CONTENTS
4.1.6 Jordan Water Resources Sector Study B-52 4.1.7 Jordan Water Sector Review B-52 4.1.8 The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Water Sector Review Update Main Report B-53 4.1.9 Water Sector Planning and Associated Investment Program 2002-2011 B-55 4.1.10 Ministry of Water and Irrigation Water Sector Action Plan 2002-2006 B-56 4.1.11 Other Water Studies B-57 4.2 Key Challenges/Objectives for Improvement B-59 4.3 Progress to Date B-62 4.4 Key (Complementary) Investments B-63
5 ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES FOR THE WATER SECTOR B-65
5.1 Introduction B-67 5.2 Analysis of Alternatives B-69 5.3 “No-Project” Scenario B-70 5.4 “With Project” Scenario B-76 5.5 Review of Additional Alternative Actions B-84 5.5.1 Development of Groundwater Resources B-84 5.5.2 Water Demand Management B-85 5.5.3 Wastewater Reuse (Municipal and Industrial) B-86 5.5.4 Taping the Disi Aquifer in the Areas not Far from Amman B-86 5.5.5 Brackish Water Desalination B-86 5.5.6 Seawater Desalination B-87 5.5.7 Red-Dead Sea Canal B-87 5.5.8 Water Imports B-87 5.6 Delayed Implementation of the Disi Project B-87
6 SPECIFIC AND CUMULATIVE IMPACTS B-89
6.1 Project Stakeholders B-89 6.2 Specific Impacts B-90 6.2.1 Impact of Withdrawing Groundwater from Disi Aquifer B-92 6.2.2 Impacts on Aqaba B-94 6.2.3 Treated Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation in Aqaba B-95 6.2.4 Improved Water Quality for Users in Amman B-95 6.2.5 Equitable Access of Central and Southern Areas B-96 6.3 Cumulative Impacts B-97 6.3.1 Reduced Pressure on Upland Aquifers and Azraq Oasis B-98 6.3.2 Impacts on Demand for Wastewater Treatment and Jordan Valley B-110 6.3.3 Overall Cumulative Impacts B-112
7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN: MEASURES TO STRENGTHEN THE WATER SECTOR B-114
7.1 Mid and Long Term Institutional Strengthening B-114 7.1.1 Needs B-115 7.1.2 Types of Training B-115 7.1.3 Scope of Training Programs for Key Institutions B-117 7.2 Mid and Long Term Monitoring B-117
Final Report ii Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM TABLE OF CONTENTS
7.2.1 Management of the Disi Water B-118
8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS B-119
8.1 Conclusions B-119 8.2 Recommendations B-120
Final Report iii Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM LIST OF ANNEXES
LIST OF ANNEXES
Annexes Related to Part B: Water Sector ESA
B1- Ministry of Water and Irrigation Water Sector Action Plan 2002-2006 B2- List of project team members who prepared the ESA Study and Supporting Documents B3- List of References
Final Report iv Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Table 1: List of project related maps B-9 Table 2: Jordan water supply (MCM) by sector according to the MWI B-13 Table 3: Jordan water supply (MCM) by sector according to WB Report of 2001 B-15 Table 4: Irrigation water supply according to source B-16 Table 5: Domestic and industrial demands, World Bank reports (1988 and 1997) B-18 Table 6: Classified categories according to rainfall distribution B-19 Table 7: Surface water resources in Jordan1 B-23 Table 8: Generalized geological succession in Jordan B-25 Table 9: Geological succession of the Paleozoic sediments in South Jordan B-26 Table 10: Aquifers distribution in the different groundwater basins in Jordan B-28 Table 11: Water budget, safe yield and abstraction from the groundwater basins for the year 2000 B-29 Table 12: Safe yield (MCM/year) of renewable groundwater basins by Governorate B-32 Table 13: Groundwater potential and 1998 abstraction (MCM/year) B-32 Table 14: Municipal Water by Governorate 1996 to 2001 B-33 Table 15: Industrial water supply 1996 to 2001 B-35 Table 16: Irrigation water supply by source 1996 to 2000 B-35 Table 17: Municipal and industrial demand, supply and deficit, World Bank reports (1988, 1997, and 2001) B-36 Table 18: Agricultural demand, supply and deficit, World Bank reports 1997 and 2001 B-37 Table 19: Present and future water demand, supply and deficit in Jordan up to the Year 2040 (MCM/yr) B-38 Table 20: Adjusted future water supply (resources) and deficit in Jordan up to the Year 2040 (MCM/yr) B-39 Table 21: Training of Ministry of Water and Irrigation Employee B-42 Table 22: Water demand and supply in Jordan for the years 1998 to 2020 B-54 Table 23: Main water resources management measures adopted in Jordan B-61 Table 24: Implications of “No Action Alternative” and the current an proposed actions without Disi project B-66 Table 25: Domestic water supply by Governorate (MCM/Year) B-72 Table 26: Water resources for Karak, Tafileh, and Ma’an with percent production (2001) B-73 Table 27: Water resources for Amman with percent production (2001) B-73 Table 28: Water level and water quality conditions of Azraq Observation well AZ-10 at different scenarios B-75 Table 29: Water level and water quality conditions of Azraq Observation well AZ-12 at different scenarios B-75 Table 30: Water level and water quality conditions of Amman-Zarqa observation well (AD1300) at different technical scenarios B-76 Table 31: Planned water development projects and development amount (MCM/yr) B-80 Table 32: Water-Demand,-Supply and Gap for the Base Scenario (MCM/yr) B-82 Table 33: Non-conventional options for Jordan to ease the water problem B-82 Table 34: Priority of stakeholders with respect to Disi water consumption B-90 Table 35: Potential impacts of the Disi-Mudawarra Water System on the Water Sector in Jordan B-91 Table 36: Initial and mixing results between Khreim Group Water with Disi water B-94
Final Report v Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Table 37: Aqaba annual quantities of water supply B-94 Table 38: Water budget of Disi pipeline route governorates against Amman domestic water in MCM per year B-97 Table 39: Supplied water to Amman and Zarqa Governorates and the produced wastewater in cubic meter B-111 Table 40: Descriptive statistics of some parameters of the influent and effluent of SWWTP during the period 1988 and 2001 B-111 Table 41: Training of Ministry of Water and Irrigation Employee B-115 Table 42: Training programs held during the year 2000 B-116 Table 43: Number of participation in the different types of activities B-117 Table 44: Parties responsible B-118
Final Report vi Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
Figure 1: Schematic diagram linking the three parts of the ESA study B-6 Figure 2: Irrigation and “Domestic and Industrial” Supply versus Jordan’s average annual rainfall B-13 Figure 3: Jordan water supply by sector, historical and future forecasting according to MWI projection B-14 Figure 4: Jordan water supply by sector, historical and future forecasting according to WB-2001 projection B-15 Figure 5: Irrigation Water Supply by source B-16 Figure 6: Municipal and industrial (M & I ) percentage compared to irrigation consumption according MWI projection B-17 Figure 7: Municipal and industrial (M & I) percentage compared to irrigation consumption according WB-2001 projection B-17 Figure 8: Rainfall distribution over Jordan (1937-1998) B-20 Figure 9: Average rainfall over Jordan in mm/year B-21 Figure 10: Major Surface Water Basins in Jordan B-22 Figure 11: Groundwater basins and the general flow directions of the Upper Aquifer System in Jordan B-24 Figure 12: Safe Yield of the different groundwater basins in Jordan B-25 Figure 13: A generalized hydrogeological map of Jordan B-27 Figure 14: Generalized groundwater flow direction of the Deep Aquifer System in Jordan B-30 Figure 15: Generalized groundwater flow of the Intermediate Aquifer System in the different basins in Jordan B-30 Figure 16: The per capita per day (l/c/d) municipal water supply for the study area B-34 Figure 17: Monthly Water Supply to Amman 1996-2001 B-34 Figure 18: Irrigation water supply by source B-35 Figure 19: Actions required for management of water scarcity B-40 Figure 20: Projections versus conjunctive use and development of water resources B-42 Figure 21: Jordan’s Water Strategy B-48 Figure 22: Relationship among the different parameters of the Water Resources Management Master Plan B-59 Figure 23: Estimated year 2000 per capita withdrawal for Jordan and other countries B-65 Figure 24: Schematic route of Disi-Amman Conveyance B-71 Figure 25: Domestic water supply to selected Governorates B-72 Figure 26: Jordan Water Gap and Bridging Options B-79 Figure 27: Illustration of the reason for conveying Disi Water to Amman B-90 Figure 28: Average quality of Amman domestic water B-96 Figure 29: Tafileh domestic water quality against Amman domestic water quality B-96 Figure 30: Simulated drawdown for the Upper Aquifer at Amman-Zarqa Model Area in 2000 B-99 Figure 31: Simulated EC for the Upper Aquifer at Amman-Zarqa Model Area in 2000 B-100 Figure 32: Present water level contour map at year 2000 for Amman-Zarqa B-101 Figure 33: Predictive water level contour map at year 2020 for Amman-Zarqa B-101 Figure 34: Water level contour map at year 2030 for Amman-Zarqa B-102 Figure 35: Water level contour map at year 2050 for Amman-Zarqa B-102 Figure 36: Water level contour map at year 2008 for Amman-Zarqa
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Figure Page
(Abstraction is assumed to be 75% of the year 2000 quantity) B-103 Figure 37: Predictive water level contour map at year 2020 for Amman-Zarqa (Abstraction is assumed to be 75% of the year 2000 quantity) B-103 Figure 38: Predictive water level contour map at year 2050 for Amman-Zarqa (Abstraction is assumed to be 75% of the year 2000 quantity) B-104 Figure 39: Predictive water level contour map at year 2008 for Amman-Zarqa (Abstraction is assumed to be 50% of the year 2000 quantity) B-104 Figure 40: Predictive water level contour map at year 2020 for Amman-Zarqa (Abstraction is assumed to be 50% of the year 2000 quantity) B-105 Figure 41: Predictive water level contour map at year 2050 for Amman-Zarqa (Abstraction is assumed to be 50% of the year 2000 quantity) B-105 Figure 42: Water level and EC values of observation well AZ-10 in Azraq Basin B-107 Figure 43: Water level and EC values of observation well AZ-12 in Azraq Basin B-108 Figure 44: Water level and EC values of observation well AZ-12 in Azraq Basin (with 50% reduction) B-109 Figure 45: Water level and EC values of observation well AZ 12 in Azraq Basin (with 25% reduction) B-110
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MAIN REPORT – PART B: WATER SECTOR ESA
1 INTRODUCTION
The proposed Disi-Mudawarra to Amman Water Conveyance System is being undertaken by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The development and implementation of this project pose a range of significant environmental and social issues since it will be based on the use of a non-renewable fossil groundwater aquifer and require changes in the existing patterns of water use. While justified under the unique water resources management situation in Jordan, such a development was subjected to a detailed environmental and social impact study that allows decision makers and stakeholders to understand the potential impacts at the sectoral and project specific levels over the short-, medium-, and long-term.
1.1 Background
Jordan is known for its scarce water resources. Throughout history, the people in Jordan have suffered from water shortages due to the semi-arid climate that is associated with limited annual rainfall. Over the past few decades, the problem was enormous due to high natural population growth, rural to urban migration and major influxes of population in response to political and economic crises in the Middle East. These trends have resulted in increased demand from domestic and industrial users.
The main water resources in Jordan are groundwater sources, surface water resources and treated wastewater effluent. The variability in the surface water resources left no choice but the use of groundwater resources to cover part of the shortage.
The total renewable safe yield of the groundwater resources in the whole of Jordan is 277 MCM/year, which does not include the Disi aquifer as this is a non-renewable source. Although extraction from these sources exceeded this safe yield by more than 200 MCM/year in recent years, Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ) was unable to meet the substantially increasing demand. The declining per capita water availability in Jordan, the limited storage capacity and projected future water deficits are presented in Section 3 of the Main Report - Par B.
Continuation of this overexploitation of groundwater sources at these high levels will lead to mining these sources as well as deteriorating the quality of abstracted water, which will lead at the end to an extensive damage of the aquifers. Therefore, the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) and WAJ laid out planning strategies for utilising water resources to ensure optimum use in conjunction with municipal demands. The water resources strategy included existing and potential sources. Investment programs were developed to implement new projects such as water harvesting, dams and rehabilitation and restructuring water systems to minimize the unaccounted for water (UFW). Concentration was made on demand management and public awareness programmes. New sources were identified to relief the existing groundwater source and allow the natural recharge of these sources and to restore their water quality which shall relief part of water shortage in Greater Amman area.
One of the major water demand centres is Greater Amman area. The water supply in the area has been outstripped by the demand and rationing program was implemented by WAJ during the summer months since 1988. This situation is deteriorating each year by the increase of demand and therefore, MWI had to consider the option of implementing the Disi Project by conveying water from the southern part of Jordan to Amman.
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The contract for preparation of the feasibility study and preliminary design for the Water Conveyance System from Disi-Mudawarra to Amman was awarded by MWI to Harza Group. The feasibility study and preliminary design were submitted to the Ministry in 1996 and the detailed design and tender documents in 1997. An optimisation of the design was later awarded to Brown and Root North Africa who submitted their report in 2001.
The Disi Aquifer, also known as Rum aquifer system, is a transboundary aquifer that extends from south of Jordan into Saudi Arabia where it is known as Saq Aquifer System. However, both the Rum and the Saq actually form one aquifer system with the larger portion located within Saudi Arabia. Generally, the groundwater flows from the Saudi Arabia in the south towards north east Jordan and in Central Jordan it deviates to north west and lastly towards west where it discharges its water in the Dead Sea and in the deep wadis draining the eastern highlands towards the Rift Valley.
1.2 Project Objectives
The main objective of this project is to supply additional high quality water to Greater Amman region from the deep fossil Disi Aquifer by conveying the water a distance of approximately 325 km from Amman. For a number of years water has been outstripped by demand in the Greater Amman Region and MWI has no option but to implement a water rationing program during the summer months. This situation has been ongoing since 1988, and is becoming more complex each year as water demand in this area increases. The provision of this reliable additional water supply would provide an opportunity for Jordanian authorities to reduce groundwater abstractions in the Greater Amman Region and allow for partial restoration of renewable resources in this region.
The project has also a secondary objective and that is to provide five emergency turnouts from the conveyance pipeline that will run from the water well field in the south of Jordan due north to the south of Amman. These turnouts will be located at key locations to ensure reliable water supply to secondary urban areas along the pipeline under emergency conditions and for short durations.
1.3 Organization of the ESA Study
The ESA process has consisted of the following main preparation activities:
• Consultation and Communication Program • Three Rapid Diagnostic Field Reports • Annotated Outline of the ESA Study - Parts A, B, and C • Preliminary Draft ESA Main Report - Parts A, B, and C • Draft ESA Reports - Executive Summary and Parts A, B, and C • Final ESA Reports - Executive Summary and Parts A, B, and C
The Consultation and Communication Program was prepared in the planning phase of the ESA study. This program provided the framework of principles and approaches for the communications of social and environmental concerns and information to diverse audiences. It is planned for the study team and the proponent to respond to public concerns about exposure to social and environmental impacts and risks. The overall advantage of this communication program is to ensure that the anticipated adverse impacts and risks can be effectively mitigated.
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The purpose of this program is to ensure the involvement of the best available information, experience and knowledge within the local and national community in the assessment. Local communities’ communication and active public participation is an important tool in the ESA and in the implementation of the project-specific environmental and social management. This tool ensures that the proposed project messages are constructively formulated, transmitted, and received and that they result in meaningful feed back by the recipient, this would result achieving the following:
• Better understanding and appreciation of target groups to the proposed project conditions and benefits. • Project communications more credible by local communities and affected populations. • Community participation in helping and making choices to develop suitable and acceptable avoidance/mitigation scenarios.
Also, early at the beginning of this study the Consultant conducted rapid diagnostic assessment for both biological and archaeological settings within the project corridor, this preliminary assessment served as the basis for the impacts assessment of the project-specific impacts on biological, archaeological and cultural heritage resources, and as a framework of requirements to be reviewed by the MWI and considered for the Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) terms of reference and for other parties involved in the project. The three submitted Rapid Diagnostic Reports are as follows:
1- Social, Resettlement and Land Acquisition Issues in Abu Alanda to the airport highway water pipeline segment: This report investigated in a diagnostic manner four main tasks of the TOR in order to verify available data and to design and conduct relevant surveys and investigations that might lead to proper analysis of each task. 2- Ecological Issues in the areas close the Wadi Rum Protected Area: This revised the previous designs, updated information on previously conducted assessments and considered new areas, which were recently proved to be of great ecological values, and are important for the survival of threatened species or containing characteristic and unique communities. It addressed the current ecological status of the project alignment. It also indicated the hot spots identified along the proposed alignment. 3- Archaeological and Historic Issues in the northern and southern water pipeline segments: This diagnostic report provided a diagnosis of the main archaeological and cultural heritage sites and issues along the project locations of all facilities related to the pipeline.
The Annotated outline consisted of the full table of contents used for the ESA in each of Parts A, B and C.
The Final Report, it is submitted in accordance with the Terms of Reference for the project. This Report is the sixth and the final of the required technical reports and its purpose is to provide the complete details of all work performed, analyses made, and justification of options and recommendations proposed. This report builds upon the reports completed previously and the comments raised by MWI. The Final Report is submitted in five separate sections which comprise the executive summary and the three parts of the study. These sections are as follows:
• Executive Summary which is prepared in both Arabic and English languages.
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• Main Report- Part A which presents an overview of the Disi-Mudwarra to Amman Water Conveyance System project. More specifically, this section of the study addresses the following issues: • Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework in Jordan • Applicable World Bank Policies • Description of the Proposed Project • Main Report- Part B which is the Water Sector Environmental and Social Assessment. It provides a full picture of the water shortage problem in Jordan and the steps taken to reduce this shortage by development of local sources. More specifically, Part B addresses the following issues: • Water resources trends and water balance • Water policies and trends • Water sector management structure • Improvements in water use efficiency and conservations • Use of economic incentives • Environmental and social challenges in the water sector in Jordan • Main Report- Part C (Volumes 1, 2 and Maps) which is the Project Specific Environmental and Social Assessment. Volume 1 of Part C is the main report and Volume 2 includes annexes referred to within Volume 1 except for Annex C5 which is included in the document referred to as Maps. Main Report- Part C assesses the project-specific environmental and social concerns with regard to the following major subjects: • Physical Environment • Biological Environment • Agricultural Resources • Social Settings • Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Sites
Each of these sections stands alone so that it can be reviewed separately from the rest of the report’s sections.
1.4 Description of Parts A, B and C of the ESA Study
Main Report: Part A - Overview addresses the policy, legal and administrative framework in Jordan. It focuses mainly on the institutional and legislative framework related to the institutions involved in the management and monitoring of the environment in Jordan, the institutions concerned with legislation and regulation of the sector, and the institutions tasked with enforcing these, with a view to determine the status of the legal and institutional context and to assess the environmental management capacity of the Kingdom, in particular those of relevance to the project. Also, this section highlight salient features of Jordan’s environmental management capacity, in particular factors that affect the implementation of the project. It also addresses the set of policies and procedures that guide the operations of the World Bank and that are set out in the Bank's Operational Manual and indicates what safeguard policies are applicable to the proposed project.
Main Report: Part B - Water Sector Assessment of the Environmental and Social Assessment Study for the Disi project provides a full description of the background context against which the Disi project will be implemented. More specifically, this section:
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1- Places the project and related activities in the context of the broader series of short-, medium- and long-term actions; and 2- Describes the evolving water policy framework in Jordan from 1997 – 2002, the analysis of alternative development scenarios for the water sector, the specific and cumulative impacts and measures to strengthen the water sector.
In achieving those objectives, Part B addresses the following:
• Water resources trends and water balance; • Water policies and trends; • Water sector management structure; • Improvements in water use efficiency and conservations; • Use of economic incentives; and • Environmental and social challenges in the water sector in Jordan.
Main Report: Part C - The project specific ESA assesses the project-specific environmental and social concerns with regard to the following major subjects:
1- Physical Environment 2- Biological Environment 3- Agricultural Resources 4- Social Settings 5- Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Sites
The assessment process is based on the findings from site investigations, field surveys, consulting affected populations and groups, literature review, and pin pointing sensitive habitat and archaeological sites.
The ESA encompasses analysis and documentation of the existing baseline conditions with regard to the assessed subject areas within the project corridor. Also, the analysis includes evaluation of the alternatives to the proposed project including the “No action” alternative and alternatives to the development of the well field, alignment of the pipeline, and sitting of supporting facilities.
The direct and indirect zones of effect were identified and potential impacts were assessed and quantified whenever possible. The impacts were found to be either temporary or permanent in nature. Cumulative impacts were also evaluated and suitable mitigation and management programs were suggested.
To uphold the governmental environmental policy, a planning phase to identify the shape and framework of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) has been completed during the environmental and social assessment phase. The ESMP is structured as follows:
1- Rational and Justification 2- Planning and Framework of the ESMP 3- Environment and Social Management Plan (ESMP) 4- ESMP Control 5- Implementation and Operation 6- Checking and Corrective Action 7- Management Review
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1.5 Relationship between Parts A, B and C of the ESA Study
The relationships between Parts A, B and C of the ESA Study are recognized in order to understand their inter linkages.
As discussed in the TOR, the proposed project’s development and implementation present a range of significant environmental and social issues since it will be based on use of a non-renewable fossil groundwater and require changes in the existing patterns of water use. This was discussed in “Part B-Water Sector Assessment” and the reflection was considered in “Part C-Project Specific Environmental and Social Assessment” with the help of “Part A-Overview” that presented the legal and institutional tools. Under the unique water resources management situation in Jordan, this development is subjected to detailed environmental and social impact studies to allow decision makers and stakeholders to understand the potential impacts at the sectoral and project specific levels. The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) in Part C provides the proposed framework for mitigation, monitoring, and institutional development actions, as investigated in Part A, to be integrated into the design and implementation of the project. It also provides a sense of the present and future implications on the water sector in Jordan. Figure 1 presents a schematic diagram for the general links between the three parts of the ESA study.
Environmental and Social Assessment Study
Part A Part C Overview: Legal, Institutional Project Specific Environmental & Administrative Framework & Social Assessment
Part B Water Sector Assessment
Figure 1: Schematic diagram linking the three parts of the ESA study
1.6 Consultations during the ESA Study
Public consultation is a powerful tool to ensure the involvement of potentially affected groups and national capacities in the decision-making process with regard to the environmental and social aspects of their concern. The consultations allow the participation of stakeholders so as to identify social and environmental concerns at the beginning of the ESA process. Also it is considered as an important tool for informing and educating the public in order to enhance their understanding and appreciation to the following:
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• The need and nature of the proposed development; • The need to protect and properly manage our environment; • The potential impacts of the project on the environmental, socio-economical and archaeological settings; and • The public role in protecting their local environment.
During the course of the ESA development a set of communication and consultation activities have been conducted in order to ensure that the stakeholders’ views, issues of concern, foreseen impacts and worries are taken into consideration while assessing the project related impacts. It is anticipated that the construction of the Disi-Mudawwra to Amman Water Conveyance System will profoundly affect all the current and future social changes of the population in the project area and to a large extent the natural and the built-up environment as well as the status of water resources in Jordan. For elaborating on the social and environmental assessment study, it was decided that two-way discussions of substantive issues must be held with stakeholders from national and local governmental organizations and interested individual citizens. Hence, under the auspices of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation, two scoping sessions were held on March 27th and April 3rd 2003 in Amman and Aqaba, respectively. Both sessions have been attended by a wide spectrum of government, national and NGO's representatives during which background materials on the project have been distributed and discussed by all parties concerned. Scoping sessions identified substantive issues of specific concern and feedback comments and views were collected and classified. These discussions were very helpful in disseminating all necessary information to the public. The outcome of these sessions indicated unanimous support to the project.
In addition to the public consultation, the Consultant started the consultation process with direct interviews with the Governors and Mayors in the five Governorates of the south in addition to other stakeholders in the region. The objectives of the project as well as the conveyance system alignment and the direct and indirect benefits to the population in the area have been extensively presented. Comments and views of the Governors have been recorded and presented in the procedures to be taken to achieve the study purposes. All views were in fact very constructive and in favour of the project as a major indispensable water project.
A second phase of consultation sessions were held according to World Bank procedures. These sessions aimed at presenting to the project-affected groups the findings of the Draft Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) Study and the relevant ESA material. Hence, under the auspices of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation, three second consultation sessions were held on November 13th, 18th and 20th in Abu Alanda, Amman and Aqaba, respectively. The sessions have been attended by a wide spectrum of government, national and NGO's representatives during which Arabic and English summaries of the Draft ESA study were distributed and discussed by all parties concerned. The outcome of these sessions was helpful in pinpointing several issues that needed to be highlighted in the final study. In addition, the second consultation sessions informed the participants that the Executive Summary in both Arabic and English would be made available at a number of locations in Jordan.
1.7 ESA Disclosure
A complete copy of the Environmental and Social Assessment Study will be disclosed at the following locations:
• Ministry of Water and Irrigation
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• Ministry of Environment • Aqaba Special Economic Zone
The Executive Summary in both Arabic and English would be made available at a number of locations in Jordan. These locations were selected in coordination with the Ministry of Water and Irrigation and are summarised below:
• Ministry of Public Works and Housing • Ministry of Health • Ministry of Municipal Affairs • Ministry of Agriculture • Royal Society for Conservation of Nature • Department of Antiquities • Governorates of Karak, Tafileh, Ma’an and Madaba
The complete Disclosure list is provided in Annex C4- Part C of the Main Report. The Government will also provide a copy of the Environmental and Social Assessment to the World Bank under a cover letter that authorizes the Bank to disclose these documents to its Board of Executive Directors and at the InfoShop in Washington, D.C. The World Bank will be provided with both printed and electronic copies of the document for this purpose.
1.8 Maps to Support Environmental and Social Management Plan
The developed Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is supported with maps produced at a scale of 1:25,000 to show the route of the conveyor and affected areas as well as proposed mitigation measures (see Table 1). These are included in Part C of the Main Report. The ESMP is also supported by GIS maps elaborated with a set of topographical maps and satellite imageries. This system is prepared to present the project-specific sensitive environmental, social and archaeological settings identified within the project direct and indirect zone of effect. The presented sensitive sites are linked to information sheets listing the anticipated impacts, proposed mitigation measures and monitoring programs.
It should be noted that only one biological hot spot is shown on the maps of scale 1:25000 as the remaining biological hot spots are outside the project corridor and the drawing boundary. However, all the biological hot spots are shown on the GIS maps.
The GIS base maps are reproducible and printable to facilitate maximum usability by users and adaptability to any change in the plans and/or environmental and social conditions. GIS maps are provided on three CD-ROMs included in Annex C5. The contents of these CDs are as follows:
• CD-1: GIS base maps and satellite images • CD-2: Part 1-Topographical maps scale 1:25,000 • CD-3: Part 2-Topographical maps scale 1:25,000
A list of the available maps along with their respective locations is presented in Table 1. Copies of the base maps showing the conveyor route and hot spots are included in Annex C5.
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Table 1: List of project related maps Map Number Map Description Scale Drawing No. (001) From Station (0+000) to Station (6+000) Drawing No. (002) From Station (6+000) to Station (22+000) Drawing No. (003) From Station (22+000) to Station (36+000) Drawing No. (004) From Station (36+000) to Station (50+000) Drawing No. (005) From Station (50+000) to Station (65+000) Drawing No. (006) From Station (65+000) to Station (79+000) Drawing No. (007) From Station (79+000) to Station (93+000) Drawing No. (008) From Station (93+000) to Station (107+000) Drawing No. (009) From Station (107+000) to Station (126+000) Drawing No. (010) From Station (126+000) to Station (143+000) 1/25,000 Drawing No. (011) From Station (143+000) to Station (151+000) Drawing No. (012) From Station (151+000) to Station (174+000) Drawing No. (013) From Station (174+000) to Station (188+000) Drawing No. (014) From Station (188+000) to Station (204+000) Drawing No. (015) From Station (204+000) to Station (219+000) Drawing No. (016) From Station (219+000) to Station (233+000) Drawing No. (017) From Station (233+000) to Station (250+000) Drawing No. (018) From Station (251+000) to Station (266+000) Drawing No. (019) From Station (266+000) to Station (282+675.731) Map C1 The locations of archaeological sites within Segments B and C Not to scale
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2 BACKGROUND ON JORDAN’S WATER SECTOR
In order to recognize deeply the water problem in Jordan, a historical background about Jordan’s water sector is presented below.
The shortage of water in Jordan is a chronic problem that dates back as the early as 1970s. The late King Hussein was always keen at emphasizing that the development of the country’s water sector is vital for the development of all other sectors in the country. Also, King Abdullah the Second considers the water issue to be of top priority in the work of government on long-term basis. These considerations reflect the seriousness of the water problem in Jordan.
In Jordan, the development of the water institutions dates back to the 1951 when the Health Institution was developed to monitor water quality. Afterwards, the Western Ghor Canal Authority and the Central Water Authority were created in 1951 and 1960, respectively. However, after the Arab Summit of 1964, those two authorities were cancelled and replaced by the Natural Resources Authority of 1965. In the same year, the “Rawafed” Institution was developed with the responsibility of developing the water resources of the Jordan River and its tributaries. This institution adopted the Khaled Dam and Jordan Valley projects.
In 1975, the responsibility for drinking water was diverted from the Natural Resources Authority to a newly created authority named the Drinking Water Institution. This institution was responsible for all water projects in the Kingdom except for Amman city for which the Water and Wastewater Authority was formed.
In 1972, the responsibility for the areas below sea level on the Eastern Bank of the Jordan River was transferred from the Natural Resources Authority to a new institution named in 1977 the Jordan Valley Authority (JVA). In 1984, the Drinking Water Institution and the Water and Wastewater Authority were merged into one authority which is the Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ). On October 1st of 1988, the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) was created and the Water Authority and the Jordan Valley Authority were placed within this Ministry.
In the early 1990s the water shortage problem started to accelerate after the Gulf Crisis. The lack of water resources became more prominent with the increase in water demand in response to the natural and crises driven population growth, improvement of living standards, and the developments of the economic, industrial and touristic sectors.
In trying to meet the country’s growing water demand, groundwater aquifers are being exploited at more than double their sustainable yield on average due to the abrupt surges in population levels through control relaxing on drilling operations and on licensed abstraction rate. This can be attributed to the low investment requirement for developing extra groundwater sources. Also, the situation has reached a level where the toxicity index (pollution load compared to renewable water resources) is high and the water costs compared to GDP do not allow the full cost recovery. This deterioration was inevitable due to the Gulf Crisis at that time. With limited and provisional solution, the water shortage cannot be fulfilled completely.
For a number of years supply has been outstripped by demand in the Greater Amman Area and the Water Authority of Jordan has had no option but to implement a water rationing program during the summer months to deal with the water shortage. The situation has been on-going since 1988 and is deteriorating each year as demand in this area increase which leads to a rationing program for the entire year with very low reliability at summer period. The Disi-Mudawarra to Amman Water Conveyance System will result in a reliable water supply to Amman especially during the summer. This project was proposed many years ago but due to lack of funding, the
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project was always being postponed. However, due to the pressing need for additional sources of water, serious efforts have been made to secure funding for this project at great deal of efforts.
At present, the drinking water for Amman is supplied mainly from the upland aquifers and new developed aquifers from south such as Lajoun Aquifer. Therefore, another important aspect of the Disi project is that its implementation will secure additional source of drinking water to Amman and thus relieve the upland aquifers from over abstraction. Also, the Disi project will have an indirect effect on the quality of the wastewater which in turn would lead to a better effluent quality to be used for irrigation as a replacement for valuable freshwater.
Once the Disi pipeline is completed it will serve as a Southern National Carrier for Jordan. However, it should be noted that the Disi project would cover only part of the water shortage problem but would not close the country’s growing water gap.
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3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE CONDITIONS: JORDAN’S SCARCE WATER RESOURCES
3.1 Demand Sectors
Water demand is presented in this section for both main uses:
• Municipal and Industrial. • Irrigated Agriculture.
The full investigation of the water demand is analysed with costs, tariffs, and investments in order to show the importance of the water issue in Jordan. The ongoing measures for water loss reduction are addressed, which can be a big reduction in the Jordanian water demand in the near future. This could be addressed in both sections: demand and supply.
The gap between future demands and supply is discussed in different time scales and scenarios. This will highlight the importance of the Disi water even in the near future and optimistic scenario. Table 2 and Figure 3 show the historical supply for the period 1985-2001 to the different sectors with future demand forecasting up to the year 2020 according to the Ministry of Water Irrigation projections.
Demand forecasting is conditioned by water availability which is in turn sensitive to rainfall conditions. The sector most affected by water availability is irrigated agriculture during dry weather years. Since agriculture has the least priority in water allocation, the supply fills up the domestic demand before irrigation and consequently the deficit concentrates in the agricultural sector. This is evident by comparing the irrigation supply during the wet years of 1992 and 1993 to the irrigation supply of the dry year of 2001. In addition, Figure 2 matches the behaviour of irrigation supply, domestic and industrial supply and rainfall. This matching reveals no change in the behaviour of domestic and industrial supply in response to changing rainfall conditions whereas the behaviour of the agricultural supply reveals a similar variation as that of rainfall. Water year 1991/1992 divided the rainfall record into two intervals: before and after. The rainfall trend for the period before 1991/1992 was increasing, which was reflected on irrigation water supply. For the period after 1991/1992, the decrease in both irrigation water supply and rainfall was detected. The projection for irrigation considers the average water year with growing demand and that the growing demand in irrigation cannot continue due to water shortages. This fact is considered in the 2015 and 2020 projections.
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Comparison of Rainfall and Water Supply
800 160
700 Increasing Irrigation Decreasing Irrigation 140
600 120
500 100 Rainfall Going Down Rainfall Going Up 400 80
300 60 (mm) Rainfall Supply (MCM/Yr)
200 40 Steady M & I with increasing Consumption
100 20
0 0 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 Year
Figure 2: Irrigation and “Domestic and Industrial” Supply versus Jordan’s average annual rainfall
Table 2: Jordan water supply (MCM) by sector according to the MWI Year Domestic Industrial Irrigation Total M&I 1985 116 22 501 639 138 1986 135 23 461 619 158 1987 150 24 570 744 174 1988 165 39 613 817 204 1989 170 36 624 830 206 1990 176 37 657 870 212 1991 173 42 618 833 215 1992 207 35 709 951 241 1993 214 33 737 984 247 1994 216 24 669 909 240 1995 240 33 606 878 272 1996 236 36 610 882 272 1997 236 37 603 876 273 1998 236 38 561 835 274 1999 232 38 532 801 207 2000 239 37 541 817 276 2001 246 33 495 774 279 2005 281 76 750 1107 357 2010 380 93 746 1219 473 2015 463 112 704 1279 575 2020 517 130 665 1312 647 Source: Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI)
Final Report B-13 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART B: WATER SECTOR ESA
Domestic Indust rial Jordan Water Supply by Sector M &I M & I Forcast Irrigation Irrig. Forcast Ministry of Water and Total Total Forcast 1400 Irrigation
1200 Supply Demand Projections (if water is available) 1000
800
600
400 Water Supply (MCM) Supply Water
200
0 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Year
Figure 3: Jordan water supply by sector, historical and future forecasting according to MWI projection
Table 3 and Figure 4 show the historical supply for the period 1986-2000 to the different sectors with future forecasting up to the year 2020 according to World Bank Report of 2001. The historical supply is the same as the data of Table 2. Even the projections are similar with differences of not more than 2-3%. The only difference is the irrigation demand projection for the years 2005 and 2020, which could be more realistic than the MWI projections. The irrigation demand of around 680 MCM per year could be a sensible amount in the light of dryness and global warming. The projection of the year 2020 can be attributed to Jordan water shortages but the unrealistic projection is for the year 2010.
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Table 3: Jordan water supply (MCM) by sector according to WB Report of 2001 Year Domestic Industrial Irrigation Total M&I 1986 134 23 461 618 157 1987 150 23 570 743 173 1988 165 39 614 818 204 1989 170 36 624 830 206 1990 178 42 658 878 220 1991 179 42 613 834 221 1992 206 35 709 950 241 1993 214 36 737 987 250 1994 233 28 668 929 261 1995 280 36 606 922 316 1996 243 40 609 892 283 1997 240 45 597 882 285 1998 242 51 554 847 293 1999 238 56 521 815 294 2000 246 57 534 837 303 2005 679 1042 363 2010 764 1250 486 World Bank 2001 2015 693 1282 589 2020 627 1287 660
Domestic Industrial Jordan Water Supply by Sector M &I M & I Forcast Irrigation Irrig. Forcast World Bank 2001 Total Total Forcast 1400
1200 Supply Demand Projections (if water is available) 1000
800
600
400 Water Supply (MCM) Supply Water
200
0 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Year
Figure 4: Jordan water supply by sector, historical and future forecasting according to WB-2001 projection
Municipal and industrial demand were increased from 21% at the year 1985 to 36% at the year 2001 out of the total demand according to MWI figures and as shown in Figure 6. Figure 7 was developed according to World Bank projection with no considerable difference as compared to Figure 6.
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Table 4 shows the irrigation water supply from 1996 to 2000 according to the source and the region. Surface and groundwater supplies show a decreasing trend as compared to the increasing trend of treated wastewater reuse for irrigation. This trend is reflected in Figure 5.
Table 4: Irrigation water supply according to source Item 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2000 Surface Water 254 272 294 239 216 39.93% Groundwater 46.77% Upland 237 222 209 198 195 36.04% Midland 4 4 4 5 5 0.92% JRV 56 44 46 53 53 9.80% Subtotal 297 270 259 256 253 Wastewater 13.31% Upland 7 8 11 11 12 2.22% JRV 52 53 60 59 60 11.09% Subtotal 59 61 71 70 72 Total 610 603 624 565 541 100.00% Surface + Ground Water 551 542 553 495 469
Irrigation Water
600
500
400 Surface and Groundwater Decreasing
300
200 Increasing Wastewater Supply (MCM/Yr) 100
0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Year
Figure 5: Irrigation Water Supply by source
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Irrig. % M & I and Irrigation Percentages MWI Forcasting M & I %
100%
80%
60%
40% Percentage
20%
0% 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2010 2020 Year
Figure 6: Municipal and industrial (M & I ) percentage compared to irrigation consumption according MWI projection
Irrig. % M & I and Irrigation Percentages World Bank Forcasting M & I %
100%
80%
60%
40% Percentage
20%
0% 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2010 2020 Year
Figure 7: Municipal and industrial (M & I) percentage compared to irrigation consumption according WB-2001 projection
World Bank discussed the demand, supply, and deficit in the older reports of 1988 and 1997. A comparison between the two reports is discussed in Table 5. This comparison indicates some differences. These differences are due to the scarce water condition in Jordan and the unnatural growing demand due to sudden jumps in population such as refugees flowing after Gulf Crisis and others. Table 5 compares domestic and industrial demand as outlined in the World Bank reports of 1988 and 1997. The main differences are in the future forecasting, which reflect the deteriorating water condition in Jordan between the year 1988 and the year 1997.
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Table 5: Domestic and industrial demands, World Bank reports (1988 and 1997) Domestic Demand Industrial Demand Year WB 1988 WB 1997 WB 1988 WB 1997 1985 115.7 28.0 1990 151.4 37.0 1995 192.0 275.0 53.0 38.0 2000 231.0 388.0 74.0 78.0 2005 266.8 411.0 86.5 96.0 2010 324.0 438.0 111.0 119.0 2015 365.6 522.0 132.7 128.0 2020 616.0 142.0
3.2 Supply Sources
The supply section deals with Jordan’s water resources using updated figures. The water resources are discussed at three different time scales:
• Present supply. • Long term average with and without adjustment due to drought periods. • Future forecasting in three time scale action: • Short-term. • Medium-term. • Long-term.
The forecasting discusses accordingly the GOJ framework taking into consideration the Action Plan and the Investment Program. The section integrates all water resources:
• Surface Water • Groundwater • Treated Wastewater • Management • Non-Conventional • Regional
Jordan’s water sector is complicated due to its chronic shortage problem. Therefore, the investigation needs an expert team with a wide knowledge about Jordan’s water sector in order to discuss its touchy water issues. The water sector team and the project manager worked together in the GTZ Regional Study as well as other studies related to Jordan. They had communication with the key personnel in the MWI through a Steering Committee. The present Minister was a member in that steering committee. Therefore, the water sector team studied Jordan’s water resources together with the key persons in the MWI through the scheduled meetings and complied with their valuable comments. Data were collected using the listed references in the TOR, other references, and the open files of the MWI.
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3.2.1 Surface Water
The climate of Jordan ranges from Mediterranean to desert. The Rift Valley and the highlands belong to the semi-arid to arid climate zone, which is largely affected by moist westerly air masses in winter. In summer, dry easterly and north-easterly desert winds affect the Kingdom. Winds are generally westerly to south-westerly.
Mediterranean climate dominates most of the highlands on both sides of the Jordan River and in the mountain chains east of the Dead Sea and Wadi Araba extending as far south as Ras El Naqeb. Dry summers with an average maximum annual temperature of 39 °C occur between April and October. In winter months, from November till March, the average minimum annual temperature is 0-1 °C. In winter, the average mean daily temperatures recorded at Amman Airport and Deir Alla were 10 °C and 17 °C, respectively, for the period 1981-1998.
The average temperature in the wet season is generally higher in the Jordan Valley than along the seashore on the west and falls again over the highlands and within the eastern plateau. The average annual evaporation rate ranges from 2,042 mm in Zarqa to 5,038 mm in Ma’an and from 2,594 mm in the Jordan Valley to 3,516 mm in the eastern hills.
Seasonal, uneven and fluctuating rainfall affects the country between October and May. Eighty percent of the annual rainfall occurs between December and March. Average annual rainfall in Jordan ranges from < 50 mm in the eastern desert to approximately 600 mm over Ajloun heights, as shown in Figure 8. Table 6 presents the categories into which Jordan may be classified based on the rainfall distribution:
Table 6: Classified categories according to rainfall distribution Rainfall Volume Fifty Annual Rainfall Area as a percentage of the Zone Area (km2) Years Average (mm/year) total area of Jordan (MCM) Semi- humid 500-600 620 0.7 % 425 Semi- arid 300-500 2,950 3.3 % 1,170 Marginal 200-300 2,030 2.2 % 530 Arid 100-200 20,050 22.3% 2,950 Desert < 100 64,350 71.5 % 3,425 Total 90,000 100 % 8,500 Source: MWI
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Figure 8: Rainfall distribution over Jordan (1937-1998) (Source: MWI)
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About 93.8% of the total area of Jordan is arid or desert land with an average annual rainfall below 65 mm. This signifies the importance of the limited water resources as an instrumental factor in the overall socio-economic planning at the countrywide level, particularly to remedy the adverse effects that may result from force major situations, such as the involuntary immigration to North Jordan due to the Gulf Crisis.
Rainfall is the only source of water supply in Jordan to recharge the groundwater aquifers. It is scarce and unevenly distributed over the country. The mountainous highlands along the Jordan Valley-Dead Sea-Wadi Araba depression receive the majority of total rainfall volume. Estimates of long-term records (1937/1938-2000/2001) of rainfall distribution over Jordan indicate that the average annual rainfall volume over the country is around 8,360 MCM. Figure 9 shows the average rainfall in mm per year over Jordan with the drought periods, which are below long term average.
Drought Periods (Rainfall) Over Jordan out of Long Term Average
250
200
Average 93 mm/Year 150
100 Rainfall (mm)
50
0
Year
Figure 9: Average rainfall over Jordan in mm/year
The major topographic and geomorphologic features in Jordan control the drainage pattern. The overall drainage system in Jordan consists of two main flow patterns. The first one drains rainfall towards the Jordan Rift Valley, through deeply incised wadis and rivers dissecting the Jordan Valley-Dead Sea escarpments, to ultimately discharge into the Dead Sea. The second one drains rainfall through shallow streams and washes, which generally run eastwards from the western highlands towards the internal desert depressions and mudflats.
Based on the prevailing topographic terrain, there are fifteen surface water basins in the country as shown in Figure 10 and Table 7.
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Figure 10: Major Surface Water Basins in Jordan (Source: MWI with development by the Consultant)
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Table 7: Surface water resources in Jordan1
Average Estimated Long Term Surface Water Surface Water Basin Population Area Annual Runoff Rainfall Flows (MCM) No Sy ** 2 )1994( (Km ) Rainfall Coeff. Average 61 Long-Term Av. (mm) Years (MCM) (1937-1998) Region Name (%)
Base: 246 1 Yarmouk* AD 355,083 1,500 293 5.1 439 Flood: 109
J Total: 355 O R Base: 43.00 Amman- 2 D AL 2,239,043 3,725 249 2.9 926 Flood: 25.30 Zarqa A Total: 68.30 N R Northern Base: 0.0 I Jordan 3 Basins AB 139,373 775 300 1.9 233 Flood: 2.73 V Valley E Total: 2.73 R D S AE, Base: 37.37 4 E U N AF, 500,024 975 599 2.9 584 Flood: 12.02 A B AG, Total: 49.39 D B AH, A J.V. Side AJ, S Wadis S I S AK Base: 25.18 5 E N 137,906 725 404 3.4 293 Flood: 7.93 AM, Total: 33.11 A AN, AP B D Base: 31.38 6 A E Mujib CD 260,244 6,675 132 4.0 884 Flood: 33.62 S A Total: 65.00 I D Base: 26.26
7 N Hasa CF 20,570 2,600 128 2.8 334 Flood: 5.47 S Total: 31.73 E A Central Base: 33.63 Basins D.S. Side 8 C 196,697 1,525 178 2.5 290 Flood: 6.06 S Wadis U Total: 39.71 B B A Base: 8.58 9 S N.Wadi Araba D 79,128 2,975 135 0.7 403 Flood: 2.35 I Total: 11.13 N Eastern Desert Base: 0.0 10 Basins Azraq* F 26,031 12,200 71 2.7 866 Flood: 22.47 Total: 22.47 Base: 0.0 11 Hamad* H 9,966 18,150 112 0.7 2,050 Flood: 9.58 Total: 9.58 Base: 0.0 12 Sirhan* J 3,851 15,700 28 1.9 445 Flood: 7.49 Total: 7.5 Base: 0.0 13 Jafer G 47,783 12,450 43 1.5 545 Flood: 8.0 Total: 8.0 Southern Basins Base: 0.0 14 S. Wadi Araba E 89,220 3,725 37 1.3 138 Flood: 2.09 Total: 2.09 Base: 0.8 Southern 15 K 958, 6,300 16 1.0 103 Flood: 1.18 Desert* Total: 1.18 Base: 452 T O T A L 4,105,877 90,000 95 3.0 8,532 Flood: 255 Total: 706 1. Source of rainfall: JICA Study, 2001 & WIS/MWI * Basin area in Jordan ** DOS Population and Housing Census, 1994.
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3.2.2 Groundwater Resources
The groundwater resources distributed all over the groundwater basins constituting Jordan are very scarce and actually vary in quantity and quality. Generally, the surface groundwater basins in Jordan are divided into renewable and non-renewable groundwater resources. The surface groundwater basins constituting Jordan are 12 basins, which are subdivided according to the upper most aquifer system, occurred in each of the basins. Groundwater divides indicated by different groundwater flow systems separate these basins from each other. Figure 11 shows the different groundwater basins in Jordan and the general flow system in the upper aquifer. The safe yields of the upper aquifer systems of the different groundwater basins are shown in Figure 12. According to the geological succession and the different rock units occurring in the different areas of the groundwater basins, the rock formations in Jordan deposited above the basement complex which forms the base of the above sedimentary rocks of different ages. A generalized classification of the geological succession in Jordan is presented in Table 8 and Table 9. Based on the lithological characteristics of the different rock units of the geological succession, these rocks are subdivided into aquifers and aquicludes.
Figure 11: Groundwater basins and the general flow directions of the Upper Aquifer System in Jordan (Source: GTZ, 1996)
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R: Renewable = 275 MCM/year
N: Non-Renewable = 143 MCM/year (50 years Abstraction)
Figure 12: Safe Yield of the different groundwater basins in Jordan (Source: GTZ, 1996)
Table 8: Generalized geological succession in Jordan Thickness (m) Period Epoch Group Formation Amman Mujib Jafer Recent Alluvial & Aeolian Rocks QUATERNARY Pleistocene Plateau Azraq Pliocene Sirhan Miocene Upper Basalts TERTIARY Oligocene Basalt Tuff Volcanic Middle Basalt Lower Basalt Eocene Wadi Shallala (B5) Palaeocene Belqa Rijam (B4) 40-50 Maestrichtian Group Muwaqqar (B3) 100-145 20-450 Campanian Amman (B2) 80-115 70-200 UPPER Santonian W. Ghadran (B1) 20-40 Absent CRETACEOUS Turonian Wadi Sir (A7) 65-90 70-100 Ajloun Shu’eib (A5/6) 65-100 127 Cenomanian Group Hummar (A4) 40-65 Absent Fuheis (A3) 80 70 Na’ur (A1/2) 200-230 Thin LOWER Kurnub Subeihi (K2) CRETACEOUS Arda (K1) JURASSIC Zarqa Azab (Z2) TRIASSIC Ma’an (Z1) PALAEOZOIC Khreim (K) Disi (D) PRECAMBRIAN Sarmuj (S) Basement Complex (BC) The shaded area indicates the main water bearing formations in the carbonate aquifer system
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Table 9: Geological succession of the Paleozoic sediments in South Jordan Max Age GP. Form. Thk Facies Lithology Hydrogeology (m) Mesozoic Sediments Khushsha 160 Inner shelf Micaceous siltstones and fine micaceous sandstones Mudawarra 250 Inner-mid Alternating beds of fine-medium shelf micaceous sandstone and very fine micaceous sandstone or KH siltstone with basal shaley horizons Dubaydib 150 Midshelf Fine-medium sandstone with nearshore subordinate micaceous siltstone Hiswa 70 Inshore Fine micaceous sandstone and siltstones. Coarsening upwards Umm 250 Shallow Medium-coarse quartz arenite 3-4 Sahm marine laterally persistent siltstone bands 0.5-6m thick Disi 350 Continental Medium to coarse quartz arenite CW2 results: sandstone with occ. Pebble horizons. At top of formation, K(1)=0.1-0.5 m/d localised micaceous fine Porosity=0.17-0.20 sandstone and siltstone beds (0.2- Sy(2)=0.1 0.5m) Unconsolidated (3) 2 T =250-300 d/m weakly cemented with oce. Well
cemented horizons. Numerous horizontal-sub horiztal fractures. CW11 results:
K=0.15-1.80 m/d
PALEOZOIC Porosity=0.16-0.22 Sy=0.07-0.1 T=600-700 d/m2 Umm 30 Continental Medium-coarse quartz arenite Ishrin sandstone with quartz overgrowth of calcite cement enclosing subrounded well sorted quartz grains. No conglomeratic horizons, generally fining upwards.
Burj 120 Shallow Dolomite-shale (carbonate lagoon) RAM marine N of in N, fine-medium Petra, micaceous sandstone in S. prograding shoreS of Petra Salib 200 Continental Medium-v. coarse cross bedded arkosix and subarkosic sandstone with con lomeratic beds. (1) K : Permeability (2) Sy : Specific Yield (3) T : Transmissivity
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The hydrogeological map of Jordan (Figure 13) shows the upper aquifer distribution all over Jordan. All of the groundwater basins in Jordan are constituted from three main aquifer systems distributed vertically according to the geology of the basin. These aquifer systems are namely the upper aquifer system, intermediated aquifer system and deep aquifer system. According to the surface geology of each basin, the vertical distribution of each aquifer system in each basin mostly varies from one basin to another.
Figure 13: A generalized hydrogeological map of Jordan (Source: JICA, 2001)
The distributions of the upper, intermediate and deep aquifer systems in the different groundwater basins are presented in Table 10.
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Table 10: Aquifers distribution in the different groundwater basins in Jordan Upper Aquifer Intermediate Groundwater Basin Deep Aquifer System System Aquifer System (3) (4) (5) 1 Yarmouk Basalt A1-2 + A4 Kurnub (K) (1) Basalt + B2/A7 K + Rum B4(2) Triassic-Jurassic (T-J) (6)
2 Azraq Basalt B2/A7 K Basalt + B4 + B5 B2/A7 + A1-2 + A4 K + T-J + Rum 3 Zarqa Alluvial K + Rum + T-J
Alluvial + B2/A7 A1-2 + A4 K + Rum Alluvial + A4 4 Dead Sea Alluvial K + Rum + T-J
B2/A7 A1-2 + A4 K + T-J T-J + Rum
5 Jafer B4 B2/A7 K B4 + Alluvial A1-2 + A4 K + Rum 6 Mudawarra-Southern Desert Rum (Disi) + Khreim
7 Sirhan B4 B2/A7 K A1-2 + A4 K+ T-J + Rum 8 Hammad Basalt B2/A7 K Basalt + B4 A1-2 + A4 K+ T-J + Rum 9 Northern Wadi Araba Alluvial B2/A7 Rum A1-2 + A4 K 10 Red Sea Alluvial B2/A7 Rum 11 Jordan River Side Wadis Alluvial K
Alluvial + B2/A7 A1-2 + A4 K + T-J K+ T-J + Rum
12 Jordan River Valley Alluvial B2/A7 K A1-2 + A4 K + T-J K+ T-J + Rum (1) B2/A7= Amman-Wadi Sir Formation Deposits of Late Cretaceous Age (Mesozoic Rocks) (2) B4 = Rijam Formation Deposits of Late Cretaceous – Early Tertiary Rocks (Mesozoic-Cenozoic Rocks) (3) A1-2= Fuhais Formation Deposits of Ajlun Group of Late Cretaceous Age (Mesozoic Rocks) (4) A4= Hummar Formation Deposits of Ajlun Group of Late Cretaceous Age (Mesozoic Rocks) (5) K= Kurnub Group Deposits of Early Cretaceous Age (Mesozoic Rocks) (6) T-J= Triassic and Jurassic Rocks Deposits (Mesozoic Rocks)
Table 10 shows clearly that the Mudawarra – Southern Desert contains only one aquifer system, which corresponds to the deep aquifer system in most of the other groundwater basins in Jordan. This aquifer system is presented as deep aquifer system even it is the only aquifer complex in the basin.
The prevailing conditions of the different groundwater basins of Jordan according to the utilized aquifer system for the different purposes are as presented in Table 11. This table shows that most of the groundwater basins are over abstracted and, due to this, salinization had occurred for the water of the upper aquifer system. The only two-groundwater basins, which contain non- renewable groundwater resources, are the Disi-Mudawarra basin and Jafer basin. The estimated abstracted groundwater amounts from the Mudawarra and Jafer are 125 and 18 MCM/year/50 years, respectively. The non-renewable aquifer system in Mudawarra underlies the intermediate and upper aquifer systems in all groundwater basins. Figure 14 shows the generalized flows direction of the deep aquifer system all over Jordan.
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Table 11: Water budget, safe yield and abstraction from the groundwater basins for the year 2000 No Safe Yield Domestic Industrial Agriculture Basin Aquifer Sum Sy.-Abst. Water Quality . (MCM/a) (MCM/a) (MCM/a) (MCM/a) 1 Yarmouk B4, B2/A7, A2 40.0 22.755 0.184 32.922 56.267 -16.267 Fresh but getting partly salinized 2 Side Wadis A+K 15.0 4.913 0.000 5.120 10.033 4.967 Fresh 3 Jordan Valley ALL 21.0 8.369 0.160 28.206 36.735 -15.735 Salinization 4 Amman/ Zarqa Ba, B2/A7, A4, A2, K 87.5 67.141 6.121 62.516 137.812 -50.312 Salinization 5 Dead sea B2/A7, A4, A2 57.0 33.855 15.098 32.117 83.204 -26.204 Salinization 6 Disi - Mudawarah D 125.0 9.720 4.483 50.920 66.259 58.741 Fresh 7 Wadi Araba - ALL, B2/A7, K, D 3.5 0.000 2.784 0.563 3.514 -0.014 Salinization North 8 Red Sea ALL, D 5.5 1.061 0.157 3.695 5.016 0.484 Salinization 9 Jafer Ba, B4, ALL, B2/A7, A1, 18.0 7.183 6.282 9.931 23.450 -14.450 Salinization K 10 Azraq Ba, B4, B2/A7, AB, K 24.0 27.202 0.208 28.694 56.657 -32.657 Salinization 11 Sarhan B5/4, AB 5.0 0.000 0.000 1.618 1.821 3.179 Fresh-brackish 12 Hammad B4 8.0 0.562 0.000 0.097 1.148 6.852 Fresh-brackish Total 182.761 35.477 256.399 473.000 -81.416 Renewable 275.5 Renewable & Non- 418.5 Renewable
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Figure 14: Generalized groundwater flow direction of the Deep Aquifer System in Jordan (Source: GTZ, 1996)
The flow direction of groundwater intermediate aquifer systems in groundwater basins in Jordan is shown in Figure 15. The intermediate aquifer systems in most of the groundwater basins in Jordan are considered to be renewable and as part of the upper aquifer systems where they are mostly over exploited.
Figure 15: Generalized groundwater flow of the Intermediate Aquifer System in the different basins in Jordan (Source: GTZ, 1996)
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Amman is actually supplied with domestic and industrial water from the three main groundwater basins occurring in the highland aquifer systems (upper and intermediate aquifer systems) and partly from Zai Water Treatment Plant, which utilizes the Yarmouk River water through King Abdullah Canal. The three main groundwater basins are the Azraq Basin, Amman-Zarqa Basin and the Mujib (Dead Sea) Basin. Since these basins are highly over exploited where the abstracted percentage in respect to the safe yields of these basins are 157.5% for Amman-Zarqa basin, 236% for Azraq Basin and 146% for the Dead Sea (Mujib) Basin. The water quality in these basins is highly deteriorated. This study has been designed to examine the environmental and social impacts of utilizing the Disi (Mudawarra) non-renewable groundwater for the domestic purposes in Amman. This utilization will relieve the highland aquifers of the Azraq, Amman-Zarqa and Mujib from over pumping and, thus, protect the groundwater of those basins from further deterioration and overdraft.
The total renewable safe yield of the groundwater sources in the whole of Jordan is 275 MCM per year. Table 12 presents the safe yield of the renewable groundwater basins by Governorate. Extraction from these basins in the year 1998 was estimated at 416 MCM of which 173 MCM was for municipal use. The total municipal consumption in the year 1998 was 236 MCM of which 85 MCM was consumed in Amman Governorate. Groundwater sources supplied Amman with 53 MCM and 32 MCM was transferred from outside of the Governorate through the KAC (King Abdallah Canal)-Deir Alla-Zai line. Table 13 shows the renewable groundwater potential and the actual abstraction from each groundwater basin.
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Table 12: Safe yield (MCM/year) of renewable groundwater basins by Governorate Groundwater Basin Wadi Wadi Amman- Jordan Rift Side Dead Southern Total Yarmouk Azraq Araba Araba Jafer Sirhan Hammad Zarqa Valley Wadis Sea Deserts North South Amman 12 6 2 14 34 Zarqa 17 24 6 47 Mafraq 20 48 1 8 77 Irbid 18 8 3 29 Ajloun 2 2 Jerash 2 6 8 Balqa 4 13 2 19 Madaba 9 9 Governorate Karak 16 16 Ma’an 3 1 6 <1 4 14 Tafileh 11 1 12 Aqaba 2 6 8 Total 40 87 30 21 15 53 4 6 6 <1 5 8 275 Source: JICA Study, 2001
Table 13: Groundwater potential and 1998 abstraction (MCM/year) Wadi Wadi Amman- Jordan Rift Side Dead Southern Basin Yarmouk Azraq Araba Araba Jafer Sirhan Hammad Total Zarqa Valley Wadis Sea Deserts North South 271 29 to 50 to Yield 40 87 21 15 4 6 6 to 7 <1 5 8 to 31 62 286 1998 39 150 52 36 31 82 4 1 20 <1 <1 1 416 -130 -21 to - -20 to - -13 to Balance 1 -63 -15 -16 0 5 0 5 7 to - 23 32 -14 145 Source: JICA Study, 2001
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Table 13 shows that Amman-Zarqa basin is suffering from 172% over extraction percentage. Continuing over extraction of groundwater sources at this unacceptable high level will result in mining these sources. WAJ started phasing out Azraq well field as a result of long term over extraction and will consider other basins once Disi water reaches Amman.
The total annual municipal water supply across the country maintains more or less the same level of around 240 MCM for the period between the year 1996 and the year 2001 as shown in Table 14. The Governorate of Amman occupied 37.5% of the total water supply as an average for the entire period, followed by the Governorate of Zarqa and Irbid with 13.2% and 12.8%, respectively.
Table 14: Municipal Water by Governorate 1996 to 2001 Municipal Water Supply Governorate 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 MCM lcd MCM lcd MCM lcd MCM lcd MCM lcd MCM lcd Amman 89.6 145.2 88.8 139.6 85.7 131.4 88.2 131.7 91.3 133.1 93.6 133.2 Zarqa 31.7 126.9 31.5 122.4 32.0 121.2 30.1 111.1 31.8 114.5 32.7 115.2 Irbid 31.7 107.5 29.6 97.6 29.1 93.3 31.8 99.5 30.3 92.4 30.9 92.0 Mafraq 17.4 250.3 18.4 256.7 18.5 251.6 19.0 251.8 18.5 239.1 18.9 238.4 Balqa 19.2 176.7 18.9 168.8 19.1 166.4 17.9 152.2 16.3 135.4 15.2 123.3 Karak 8.5 127.6 8.7 127.6 9.4 134.0 9.2 127.3 9.2 124.8 9.4 124.4 Tafileh 2.0 83.7 2.3 92.0 2.3 89.8 2.2 83.8 2.4 89.3 2.6 94.5 Ma`an 6.8 219.5 6.8 213.5 7.3 224.7 7.2 214.3 7.5 220.6 7.7 220.5 Madaba 12.9 305.8 12.0 276.1 11.7 263.5 8.8 191.6 5.6 119.2 5.9 123.9 Aqaba 15.3 498.2 15.1 475.5 15.0 462.0 16.5 493.9 15.2 443.1 15.0 426.5 Ajloun 3.5 93.4 3.7 96.5 3.9 99.3 3.0 75.0 3.2 76.3 3.1 71.9 Jarash 3.9 79.2 4.1 82.8 5.2 100.4 3.6 67.5 4.2 78.5 3.9 71.2 Total 242.5 149.6 239.9 143.7 239.2 139.7 237.3 135.1 235.6 130.8 239.0 129.6 Source: WAJ Notes: 1) The figures include touristic water and the water for small and medium industry. 2) The figures include physical losses.
The population grew at the average annual rate of 2.7% (for the period 1996 to 2001) and the per capita per day municipal water supply over the whole country decreased from 150 litres in 1996 to 130 litres in 2001 as shown in Figure 16. Amman l/c/d is kept constant for the last four years (1998-2001).
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A MMA N MA DA BA l/c/d KARAK TAFILA MA ` A N AQABA Total
480
430
380
330
280
230 Municipal (l/c/d) 180
130
80 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Year
Figure 16: The per capita per day (l/c/d) municipal water supply for the study area
It is noted that the per capita per day water supply is over 200 litres in the two Governorates of Aqaba, and Ma’an. According to PMU, the unaccounted for water (UFW) is estimated to be around 50% of the water supplied, of which leakages or physical losses are around 25%.
It should be noted that demands in Greater Amman during the summer period increase dramatically due to a large influx of Jordanians returning from abroad for their holidays in addition to tourists from the region. Figure 17 presents the monthly water supply to Amman for the period between the year 1996 and 2001. July consumption in the year 2001 is more than 9.5% of the total consumption, while February consumption is 6.8% of the total annual water supply.
1996 1997 Monthly Water Supply to Amman 1998 1999
9.0 2000 2001
8.5
8.0
7.5
7.0 Supply (MCM)
6.5
6.0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month
Figure 17: Monthly Water Supply to Amman 1996-2001 (Source: MWI)
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Regarding water for big industries, whose sources are mostly groundwater, around 35 MCM have been annually supplied for the above years, and its demand is on the whole constant as shown in Table 15. The industrial demand is very modest and could be increased in the future.
Table 15: Industrial water supply 1996 to 2001 Item 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Industrial Water Supply 36 37 38 38 37 33 UFW About 10% Constant Actual Supply* 32 33 34 34 33 30 Source: MWI Note: * Actual use from wells for major industries including the industrial water for Aqaba.
The sources of irrigation water are surface water, groundwater, and treated wastewater. The total water supply for irrigation was 540 MCM in the year 2000, of which surface water 40%, groundwater 47%, and treated wastewater 13% as shown in Table 16. It is noticed that both surface water and groundwater supply is on the whole on decrease, while treated wastewater supply is on the whole on the increase. Summing up, the general trend is that the total water supply is decreasing year by year as shown in Figure 18.
Table 16: Irrigation water supply by source 1996 to 2000 Item 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Surface Water 254 272 294 239 216 Groundwater 297 270 259 256 253 Upland 237 222 209 198 195 Midland 4 4 4 5 5 Jordan Valley 56 44 46 53 53 Treated Wastewater 59 61 71 70 72 Upland 7 8 11 11 12 Jordan Valley 52 53 60 59 60 Total 610 603 624 565 541 Source: MWI
Irrigation Water Surface Water Groundw ater 700 Wastew ater Total 600
500
400
300
200 Supply (MCM/Yr)
100
0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Year
Figure 18: Irrigation water supply by source
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3.3 Net Water Situation or Water Deficits
Throughout Jordan’s history (as presented above), its people have suffered from water shortages due to its semi-arid climate and associated limited annual rainfall. Over the past few decades, the problem has been compounded by a simultaneous increase in size of population and demand for domestic and industrial users. The later is modest if compared with the domestic supply. However, even with the availability of the additional water from Disi, there would still be an excessive shortfall for the current planning horizon of the year 2020, particularly in the Greater Amman area, as discussed later in this subsection (Subsection 3.3). For a number of years now, supply has been outstripped by demand in the Greater Amman Area, and WAJ has had no option but to implement a water-rationing programme during the summer months. This situation has been ongoing since 1988, one which is deteriorating each year as demand increases.
This shortfall has led in recent years, to the over commitment beyond the safe yield, of most, if not all, of the existing groundwater sources in Jordan. Should this scenario persist, then the ultimate result would be the mining of each and every groundwater source. This is an option that is not acceptable, unless an alternative source is not available. Fortunately, this alternative is available now in Disi, which if combined with other measures being taken over time such as desalinization of water at Aqaba and the proposed Red Sea - Dead Sea Water Conveyance Project, will relief the over exploited aquifers. Therefore, the main objective of the Disi water is to supply additional domestic water to the Greater Amman Area.
After the commission of the Disi source it is planned to phase out the Azraq source and to reallocate elsewhere some of the water from other sources. It is assumed that the total contribution from existing sources would be reduced to 60 MCM per year with Disi source making up the remainder. On this basis, the output from Disi would be fully absorbed by Greater Amman in few years.
A review for three recent World Bank reports is presented in this section in order to highlight the importance of Disi water in addressing the water deficit. The Disi water could meet the growing domestic demand directly and could indirectly reduce the irrigation demand for fresh water. This indirect reduction is covered by reuse of the high quality treated wastewater in As-Samra Treatment Plant after Disi water is conveyed to Amman. The Disi water will help to enhance the quantity and quality of Amman wastewater.
Table 17 presents the Municipal and Industrial (M & I) demand, supply, and deficit as presented in the three World Bank reports at 1988, 1997, and 2001. Clear agreement can be noticed between 1997 and 2001 reports in future demand. But some differences in forecasting supply are there due to the advance development in water sector in the Kingdom at the last few years.
Table 17: Municipal and industrial demand, supply and deficit, World Bank reports (1988, 1997, and 2001) M&I Demand M&I Supply M&I Deficit Year WB 1988 WB 1997 WB 2001 WB 1997 WB 2001 WB 1997 WB 2001 1985 143.8 1990 188.3 1995 245.0 313.0 277.0 -36.0 1998 342.0 275.0 -67.0 2000 305.0 466.0 343.0 -123.0 2005 353.3 507.0 463.0 363.0 -100.0 2010 435.0 557.0 533.0 525.0 486.0 -32.0 -47.0 2015 498.3 650.0 639.0 589.0 -50.0 2020 758.0 757.0 587.0 660.0 -171.0 -97.0
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The agricultural demand, supply, and deficit are presented in Table 18 as discussed by the World Bank reports 1997 and 2001. The two reports meet in the forecasting year 2005 and almost agree about the agricultural demand and supply with a slight difference. The deficit in the agricultural sector is great as forecasted by the 2001 report, which could be filled by using the growing treated wastewater after using Disi water in Amman.
Table 18: Agricultural demand, supply and deficit, World Bank reports 1997 and 2001 WB 1977 WB 2001 Year Supply Demand Deficit Supply Demand Deficit 1995 605.0 791.0 -186.0 1998 623.0 863.0 -240.0 2000 617.0 791.0 -174.0 2005 714.0 900.0 -186.0 679.0 858.0 -179.0 2010 764.0 904.0 -140.0 2015 693.0 897.0 -204.0 2020 627.0 890.0 -263.0
Table 19 (GTZ Study, 1997) presents the future with the present water demand, supply and deficit in Jordan up to the year 2040. Table 20 (Al-Salihi, 1999) presents the future water supply to Jordan adjusted for rainfall decline in response to climate change.
Table 19 and Table 20 address three aspects of water resources: demand, supply and deficit. The demand and deficit portions are divided to consumption sectors and the supply portion was divided according to source. Water quality was accounted for and three types were considered:
• Fresh for domestic use; • Fresh to brackish for industrial and agricultural use; and • Treated wastewater for industrial and agricultural use.
The irrigation demand was frozen due to lack of water supply for the agricultural sector. No fresh water was considered for irrigation after the year 2010 and a considerable reduction in fresh to brackish water. Treated wastewater could be the only source available for irrigation in the future.
Disi water was considered as water supply for domestic and the deficit could be high. However, fresh water deficit for domestic will start after the year 2010 even with Disi water.
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Table 19: Present** and future water demand, supply and deficit in Jordan up to the Year 2040 (MCM/yr) Pres. Year Year Year Year Year Item 1993 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 WATER DEMAND TOTAL 1001.5 1244 1518 1772 2025 2279 Surface Water 414.4 400 472 592 592 592 Ground water 535.1 355 387 418 451 482 Demand Management Savings 0 20 20 20 20 20 Treated Wastewater 52 99 162 230 376 522 Desalination Water 0 2 20 37 53 70 Domestic 218.5 367 489 729 969 1209 Surface Water (Fresh) 51.3 172 249 446 497 497 Ground water (Fresh) 167.2 173 200 226 254 280 Demand Management Savings 0 20 20 20 20 20 Desalination Water 0 2 20 37 53 70 Industrial 43 86 129 143 156 170 Surface Water (Fresh to Brackish) 16.7 33.4 50.1 55.5 60.6 66 Ground water (Fresh to Brackish) 26.3 52.6 78.9 87.5 95.4 104 Irrigation 740 791 900 900 900 900 Surface Water 346.4 194.6 172.9 90.5 34.4 29 Fresh Water 268.1 133 128 51 0 0 Fresh to Brackish Water 78.3 61.6 44.9 39.5 34.4 29 Ground water 341.6 129.4 108.1 104.5 101.6 98 Fresh Water 55.3 0 0 0 0 0 Fresh to Brackish Water 286.3 129.4 108.1 104.5 101.6 98 Treated Wastewater 52 99 162 230 376 522 WATER SUPPLY TOTAL 1001.5 876 1061 1297 1492 1686 Fresh Water Total 541.9 478 577 723 751 777 Fresh to Brackish Water Total 407.6 277 282 287 292 297 Treated Wastewater 52 99 162 230 376 522 Brackish Water Desalination 0 2 20 37 53 70 Water Demand Management Savings 0 20 20 20 20 20 Surface Water Total 414.4 400 472 592 592 592 Fresh Water 319.4 305 377 497 497 497 Fresh to Brackish water 95 95 95 95 95 95 Ground Water Total 535.1 355 387 418 451 482 Renewable Total 442.1 262 281 300 320 339 Non-Renewable Total 93 93 106 118 131 143 Fresh Water Total 222.5 173 200 226 254 280 Renewable Water 147.5 98 112 126 141 155 Non-Renewable Water 75 75 88 100 113 125 Fresh to Brackish Total 312.6 182 187 192 197 202 Renewable Water 294.6 164 169 174 179 184 Non-Renewable Water 18 18 18 18 18 18 WATER DEFICIT TOTAL * -368 -457 -475 -533 -593 Fresh Deficit Total * 14.35 -7 -84 -280 -477 Treated & Fresh to Brackish Deficit Total * -382.4 -450.0 -391.0 -253.0 -116.0 Domestic ( Fresh ) * - - - -145 -342 Industrial (Treated & Fresh to Brackish) * - - - - - Irrigation Total * -368 -457 -475 -388 -251 Fresh Water * 14.35 -7 -84 -135 -135 Treated & Fresh to Brackish Water * -382.4 -450.0 -391.0 -253.0 -116.0 * Ground water abstractions exceed the safe yield by 25 % in order to fill the Gap. ** The source considered 1993 as present year and it is kept for reference.
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Table 20: Adjusted future water supply (resources) and deficit in Jordan up to the Year 2040 (MCM/yr) Year Year Year Year Year Item 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 WATER DEMAND TOTAL 1244 1518 1772 2025 2279 Surface Water 316.0 372.9 467.7 467.7 467.7 Ground water 280.5 305.7 330.2 356.3 380.8 Demand Management Savings 20 20 20 20 20 Treated Wastewater 99 162 230 376 522 Desalination Water 2 20 37 53 70 Domestic 367 489 729 969 1209 Surface Water (Fresh) 208.3 291.0 392.6 392.6 392.6 Ground water (Fresh) 136.7 158.0 178.5 200.7 221.2 Demand Management Savings 20 20 20 20 20 Desalination Water 2 20 37 53 70 Industrial 86 129 143 156 170 Surface Water (Fresh to Brackish) 33.4 50.1 55.5 60.6 66 Ground water (Fresh to Brackish) 52.6 78.9 87.5 95.4 104 Irrigation 791 900 900 900 900 Surface Water 74.3 31.8 19.5 14.5 9 Fresh Water 33 7 0 0 0 Fresh to Brackish Water 41.7 25.0 19.5 14.5 9 Ground water 91.2 68.8 64.2 60.2 56 Fresh Water 0 0 0 0 0 Fresh to Brackish Water 91.2 68.8 64.2 60.2 56 Treated Wastewater 99 162 230 376 522 WATER SUPPLY TOTAL 717.5 880.6 1084.9 1273.0 1460.5 Fresh Water Total 377.6 455.8 571.2 593.3 613.8 Fresh to Brackish Water Total 218.8 222.8 226.7 230.7 234.6 Treated Wastewater 99 162 230 376 522 Brackish Water Desalination 2 20 37 53 70 Water Demand Management Savings 20 20 20 20 20 Surface Water Total 316.0 372.9 467.7 467.7 467.7 Fresh Water 241.0 297.8 392.6 392.6 392.6 Fresh to Brackish water 75.1 75.1 75.1 75.1 75.1 Ground Water Total 280.5 305.7 330.2 356.3 380.8 Renewable Total 207.0 222.0 237.0 252.8 267.8 Non-Renewable Total 73.5 83.7 93.2 103.5 113.0 Fresh Water Total 136.7 158.0 178.5 200.7 221.2 Renewable Water 77.4 88.5 99.5 111.4 122.5 Non-Renewable Water 59.3 69.5 79.0 89.3 98.8 Fresh to Brackish Total 143.8 147.7 151.7 155.6 159.6 Renewable Water 129.6 133.5 137.5 141.4 145.4 Non-Renewable Water 14.2 14.2 14.2 14.2 14.2 WATER DEFICIT TOTAL -526.6 -637.4 -687.1 -752.0 -818.5 Fresh Deficit Total -86.0 -128.2 -135.0 -437.7 -640.2 Treated & Fresh to Brackish Deficit Total -440.5 -509.2 -451.3 -314.3 -178.4 Domestic ( Fresh ) - - -100.83 -302.71 -505.17 Industrial (Treated & Fresh to Brackish) - - - - - Irrigation Total -527 -637 -586 -449 -313 Fresh Water -86.0 -128.2 -135.0 -135.0 -135.0 Treated & Fresh to Brackish Water -440.5 -509.2 -451.3 -314.3 -178.4
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3.4 Key Assumptions Supporting the Projections/Objectives
Review of Jordan’s water situation in Section 3.3 and the discussion of alternatives in Section 5 reveal important facts about the water deficit. These facts can be summarized as follows:
• Total potential of Jordan’s national water resources is not enough to fulfil the growing demand in all sectors. • Demand sectors could be categorized into two different priorities: • Domestic and Industrial Demand Sectors • Irrigation Water Demand Sector • Groundwater resources have been abused for the last decade in order to fulfil the gap. This is harming the resources seriously in terms of both quantity and quality. • Freshwater became limited and as from now cannot fulfil the domestic demand starting. • Treated wastewater could be the potential source for the irrigation sector. • Jordan has to look for non-conventional sources to meet the growing demand in the domestic sector.
According to above, management measures adopted by the Kingdom and the actions required to manage the water scarcity in Jordan could be presented in Figure 19, which gives a clear picture of the tremendous efforts undertaken by the GOJ to reduce the gap between demand and available water resources.
Present Year 2020 • Demand
• Municipal Increasing • Industrial and Touristic use Increasing • Irrigation use X Needs to be decreased
• Supply
• Conventional Surface Water To be developed • Conventional Groundwater X To be stabilised at current level or reduced to enhance quality and storage • Fossil Groundwater To be extracted • Treated Wastewater Effluent To be reused • Brackish Groundwater To be extracted • Seawater Desalination Future option • Regional Water Future option Figure 19: Actions required for management of water scarcity
3.4.1 Water Resources, Demand and Flexibility Management
Water projections can be affected greatly by water resources availability, growing demand and management enhancement. Regarding growing demand, the World Bank discussed it and the following can be quoted: “Water requirements will continue to increase due to increasing population, including the impact of past refugee inflows into the country, raising the living
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standards, unexpected strong increase in industrial water use, and an increase towards the targeted cropping intensity and area in the Jordan Valley (Water Sector Review, World Bank, 2001)”.
The report forecasted the increase in total supplies from 898 MCM in the year 1998 to a sum of 1,287 MCM in the year 2020. This forecasting was based on the implementation without delays of all projects planned in the Investment Program 2000-2010. The increase was assumed to be concentrated in total water supply for municipal and industrial use, which was expected to increase from 275 MCM in the year 1998 to 660 MCM in the year 2020. This makes the share percentage increase from 30% to 52% of total water consumption from the year 1998 to the year 2020, respectively.
The above summarizes the important elements which controlled the assumptions for Jordan’s future water sector projections.
3.4.2 Strategic Approach
As outlined in the Water Strategy for Jordan of 1997, priority will be given for provision of water for basic human needs of a modest 100 litres/per capita/per day with priority then given to use by tourism and industry. The continued population growth in Jordan has forced the allocation of water for domestic purposes at the expense of allocations for irrigated agriculture. These changes in allocations are subject to economic and social constraints given the number of people involved in irrigated agriculture. The general trend is towards limiting irrigation demand by use of new technologies and changes in crops that consume less water and by shifting workers over time from, agricultural to industrial jobs where possible.
3.4.3 Policies and Institutional Reform
The following summarize the main issues which are tackled by different policies:
• Policies estimate renewable freshwater available in year 2000 by 160 m3/year/capita (Water Utility Policy, 1997). • The country is of very limited surface water with very high rate of evaporation and the storage under ground surface could be the best approach (Groundwater Policy, 1998). • Due to the tight water situation, wastewater is considered a resource (Irrigation Water Policy, 1998). • Jordan’s per capita share is projected to fall from 180 m3 per year in 1997 to 90 m3 per year by the year 2025 (Wastewater Management Policy, 1998). • Renewable fresh water resource is estimated to be about 850 MCM per year including peace treaty water. It is expected that 125 MCM per year to be available from fossil aquifers and through desalination by the year 2005. The summation could reach 975 MCM per year (Wastewater Management Policy, 1998). • Reorientation of the role of the government and the encouragement of private sector participation (Water Sector Action Plan, 2002-2006). • No expansion of irrigated areas ( irrigated areas in Jordan Valley limited to 427,000 dunums) (Water Sector Action Plan, 2002-2006).
In order to conduct such policies, MWI concentrates on institutional strengthening and training. Table 21 presents the number of trainees for the period between 1994 and 2001 with the
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percentage to the total number of employees in the Ministry. The percentage is depending on the financial situation and the international aids. The percentage could be around 10 % in average for the eight years, which reflects the importance of human resources in the water sector. The importance could be resulted from the challenge of water problem in Jordan.
Table 21: Training of Ministry of Water and Irrigation Employee Year 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Outside 54 79 87 62 45 30 39 41 Jordan Inside Jordan 295 822 756 997 499 269 399 664 Total 349 901 843 1059 544 299 438 705 Total 6872 7300 7431 7414 7460 7762 7869 7709 Employee % to 5.1 % 12.3 % 11.3 % 14.3 % 7.3 % 3.9 % 5.6 % 9.1 % Employee
3.4.4 Conjunctive Use and Development of Water Resources
The three projection scenarios discussed by the new Master Plan could be limited to water resources. Shows the possible limitation in the future demands. Figure 20 shows the possible limitation in the future demands:
General Projection Scenarios
Pessimistic Scenario Average Scenario Optimistic Scenario
Firewall from Driven by Envisioned through Conjunctive use of New Dams to Regional national resources enhance surface Development of & climate change water resources & water resources towards dry non-conventional (Red-Dead Intersea conditions sources (Brackish Project) & Treated Wastewater)
Low Demand Moderate Demand High Demand
Figure 20: Projections versus conjunctive use and development of water resources
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Water increase could be facilitated by the following projects:
• Tapping the Disi aquifer for Amman demand centre • Exchanges of consumption between Highland cities and agriculture to replace Yarmouk River freshwater by treated wastewater • Wehdeh Dam and Wadi Mujib system • Hisban/Zara Main brackish water desalination • Peace Treaty waters • Loss reduction in Greater Amman and other cities networks • Intersea Project (Red-Dead Sea)
Brackish water has the highest potential as a non-conventional means of augmenting Jordan’s water resources (Water Utility Policy, 1997).
Other economically, politically, socially and environmentally viable non-conventional water augmentation option is seawater desalination at Aqaba (GTZ, 1997).
3.4.5 Demand Management - Water Conservation, Pricing and Public Awareness
The “Water Sector Action Plan of 2002-2006” indicated that great attention would be given to cost recovery issue. This was achieved through:
• Restructuring the water tariffs to encourage the public to save water and consume less. Consideration was taken to the poor community where a constant amount was applied to a certain consumption after which an increase in tariff is applied to each consumed cubic metre of water. • As an additional measure towards water conservation, the Government has an ongoing rehabilitation program of the water supply systems to reduce losses through the networks. This program covers all parts of Jordan, for example construction is an ongoing process in Amman and the hydraulic analysis is being conducted for Karak, Ma’an and Tafeileh Governorates, as well as the water loss reduction program in Irbid. • Public awareness campaigns were conducted as it is considered one of the main components for enhancing water conservation in Jordan. The following is the campaigns carried out in 2002: 350 including workshops in universities and schools; 70 targeting women through women associations; 12 meetings in different mosques; and coordination with hospitals, military, hotels and different ministries.
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4 EVOLVING POLICY FRAMEWORK (1997 – 2002)
The Ministry of Water and Irrigation, in cooperation with the US Agency for International Development (USAID) and with a contribution of the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ), initiated a water policy development program for Jordan in early 1995. The program was supported by the USAID Water Quality Improvement and Conservation Project, implemented by Development Alternatives, Inc. (DAI).
The first phase of the program included establishing a water policy committee, chaired by the Undersecretary of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation, and composed of experts who represented the full range of perspectives and interests in the water sector in Jordan. The core of the water policy committee numbered roughly 25 and was drawn from the MWI, WAJ, and JVA staff; the Ministry of Planning; and the Jordanian and international consultant community.
Program participants identified and reviewed relevant literature, including water policies adopted by other countries, and studied in detail current and anticipated water problems in the country. The committee also reviewed existing laws and regulations related to water and identified policy gaps. Committee members with additional officers of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation formed 24 policy issue task forces which examined the issues closely, prepared policy profiles, and drafted policy statements, strategies, and action plans. The task forces then presented these products to the policy committee at regularly scheduled meetings. The policy committee reviewed and revised the policy statements, strategies, and action plans in open session. These policies and strategy developed in the year 1997 provide a framework within which all activities are implemented. These policies and strategy are reviewed in the following section.
4.1 Strategy and Policies
Jordan’s water strategy in 1997 and policies in 1997 and 1998 are presented in this section in order to highlight the importance of the Disi project. The importance is extracted from the fact that such a resource is essential to fill the freshwater gap in the supply-demand balancing. In addition to the Jordan’s Water Strategy (April 1997), the following policies are addressed:
• Water Utility Policy (July 1997) • Groundwater Management Policy (February 1998) • Irrigation Water Policy (February 1998) • Wastewater Management Policy (June 1998)
In addition to those policies, other studies on Jordan’s water resources are addressed.
4.1.1 Jordan Water Strategy of April 1997
The Jordan Water Strategy of April 1997 discussed the following main issues regarding Jordan’s water sector:
• Share of indigenous renewable water resources is 175 m3 per annum in the year 1996, plus an average share of 0.1 hectare per capita of rain fed agricultural land. • Annual quantity of municipal water was estimated by 57 m3/capita or 156 litres per capita per day in the year 1996. • Year 2005 is the target year for fully utilized freshwater resources.
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• Toxicity index (pollution load compared to renewable water resources) is high. • Groundwater aquifers are exploited at more than double their sustainable yield in average due to the abrupt surges in population levels through control relaxing on drilling operations and on licensed abstraction rate. • Protection against desertification requires sustainability of agriculture. • Water costs compared to GDP does not allow full cost recovery. The GDP in Jordan is very low GDP per capita (2001) 1,208 JD/capita and, according to JICA Study (December, 2001), payment for water as percentage of household income could reach 4.6%.
The strategy discussed very important subjects with advanced technical analysis using up to date methods and terminology. The share of indigenous renewable water resources was estimated in two main parts:
• The annual water supply per capita. • The rain fed agricultural land.
The above sum of available water cannot fulfil more than 20% of the annual need per capita. The 80% deficit was filled partly with groundwater over abstraction and the major part with imported dry water. The dry water is represented mainly by the imported wheat. The strategy fixed the year 2005 as the fully utilization year regarding the freshwater resources, which Disi water is part of them according to Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) Investment Program. The MWI investment program and the action plan are discussed in this report in the following sections.
Toxicity index was used by the strategy to define the harsh situation of the water resources scarcity in Jordan. Disi water could decrease the index considerably due to two facts:
• Increase the share of per capita for domestic demand. • Change the disposed water quality due to its high quality.
The consumption of Disi water could relieve the over exploited aquifers and reduce the damage in both conditions:
• Quality of groundwater in the relief aquifers. • Elevated water table level.
Elevated water table could reduce the abstraction energy and the salinity of the aquifers. High water table will lower the hydraulic gradient between the fresh water and the lower quality water of high salinity. This needs considerable difference in water level due to the water density differences. The Azraq aquifer could be a good example for execution of such strategy.
Jordan’s Water Strategy of 1997 indicates on Resource Development the following:
• Water is a national resource, which can lead to a comprehensive national water data bank with a decision support unit of: • Monitoring • Data collection, entry, updating, and processing • Dissemination of information • Terminal in a regional data bank set-up
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• Full potential of surface and groundwater shall be tapped: • To the extent permissible by economic feasibility, and by social and environmental impacts • Deep aquifers shall be investigated to support development planning • Interactive use with different qualities • Assessment of the available resources
• Wastewater shall be collected and treated to standards due to economy consideration and quality assurance that allow: • Its reuse in unrestricted agriculture and non-domestic purposes • Recharge groundwater aquifers • Blending with freshwater
• Marginal quality, brackish, and seawater sources shall be enlisted for desalination with consideration of advanced research in genetic engineering to support: • Irrigated agriculture; and • Additional water for municipal, industrial, and commercial consumption.
• A long future plan shall be formulated for development of water resources with extraction of five years plan, which is subjected to updating as necessary and compatible with other sectors.
• Priority criterion for projects implementation shall be based on: • Economic, social, and environmental considerations • Critical Path • Sustainability in the light of: National water balance Economic, social, and environmental opportunity cost of forgone alternative uses of water
• Priority will be given to allocation of: • Basic human needs of a modest share of 100 litres per capita per day • Followed by tourism and industrial purposes
The Water Strategy indicated on Resource Management the following:
• Priority is given to: • Sustainability of use of previously developed resources • Resources mobilized for Jordan Valley irrigated agriculture • Protection against: Pollution Quality degradation Depletion
• Mining of: • Renewable groundwater aquifers, which shall be: Checked
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Controlled Reduced to sustainable extraction rates • Fossil aquifers, which shall be carefully: Planned Implemented
• Tools of advanced technology shall be adopted and a dual approach of demand and supply management can be used in order to achieve the highest possible efficiency in: • Conveyance • Distribution • Application • Use
• Dynamic regime of demand and supply shall be instated and updated for targeting: • Minimum cost of operation and maintenance. • Cost of production of future requirements of units of water flow for industrial, commercial, tourism, and agricultural projects.
• Interactive use of multiple resources shall be targeted to maximize: • Usable flows • Net benefit of unit flow
• High priority shall be given to human resources development, which includes: • Continuous education • On-the-job and overseas training programs • Over-employment shall be trimmed for efficient management
• Wastewater management shall be developed to protect: • Public health according to standards • Quality degradation due to industrial wastewater
The Water Strategy indicated on Shared Water Resources the following:
• Rightful shares of the Kingdom shall be defended and protected through: • Bilateral and multilateral contacts • Negotiations • Agreements
• Due respect will be given to the provisions of international law as applicable to water sharing, protection and conservation.
• Bilateral, multi-lateral, and regional co-operation shall be pursued.
The issues addressed in Jordan’s water strategy of 1997 are distributed across three levels: resource development, resource management, and shared water resources. These issues are summarized in Figure 21.
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Water Resources Strategy
Development Management Sustainable use of Shared Water developed resources Data Bank Priority Protection from Pollution Protect Surface Water Kingdom’s Share Safe Full For through Quality Potential Domestic Use Degradation Groundwater Considers Bilateral & Use of Renewable Depletion Multilateral Negotiations Agreements Economic Aspect Aquifers Contracts Checking Social Aspect
Controlling Environmental Aspect International Law Reduction to sustainable use Unrestricted Agriculture Wastewater Reuse Use of Fossil Aquifers Non-Domestic Purposes (e.g. Disi)
Recharge Groundwater Aquifers Planning
Implementation Blending with Freshwater
Marginal Quality Advanced Technology to Desalination High Efficiency
Brackish Conveyance Municipal
Seawater Distribution Industrial & Commercial
Application Agriculture
Use Updating Future Plan - Five Years Compatible Dynamic Regime Instated Minimum Cost of Demand & of Operation & Supply Maintenance Economic Updated Priority Minimum Cost Social of Production Interactive use of Environmental Multiple Resources Industrial
Sustainability Wastewater Commercial Management Domestic (100 l/c/d) Consumption Tourism Tourism & Industrial Agricultural
Figure 21: Jordan’s Water Strategy
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4.1.2 Water Utility Policy of July 1997
The Water Utility Policy in July 1997 presents the first policy to be formulated under the Water Strategy. The policy discussed water resources in Jordan. It estimated the renewable freshwater available in year 2000 by 160 m3 per capita per annum and compared it with the “water poverty line” of 500 m3 per capita per year.
The policy estimated surface water potential by 692 MCM (Million Cubic Meters) per year, which assumed only about 475 MCM applicable for development. This was attributed to economic and geographic constraints. It states that enhancement of surface water can be managed through:
• Comprehensive monitoring and assessment program for quality, quantity, and uses. • Establishing an integrated development and conservation program.
Groundwater was discussed by the policy as well and the unsustainable abstraction was highlighted. The depletion of groundwater aquifers was assigned by the policy as the major problem facing Jordan’s water sector. This will put the sustainability of irrigation in the highlands and the Badia in great danger. Therefore, the Ministry is implementing a program that sets out legal and financial measures aimed at controlling and gradually reducing groundwater withdrawals with final objective of maintaining the safe yield of aquifers.
In conjunction with the above, the Ministry is pursuing planned and controlled groundwater mining from promising, extensive fossil aquifers as an option to secure incremental supplies for municipal and industrial uses. The groundwater use will take place conjunctively with surface water in places where such joint use has the potential for increasing the available supply.
The policy reviewed the availability of wastewater and shifted from a view that this was “waste” recognizing it as a strategic water resource that could be used in an optimal manner through effective collection, treatment and use in an environmentally sound manner. These figures can be summarized by the following, which related to the year 1996:
• Wastewater collection and treatment services were provided to fourteen major populated areas. • Two million people (about 50% of the population) were served by sewerage systems. • The effluent quantity was estimated at about 60 MCM per year.
The policy estimated that by the year 2020 the volume of wastewater reuse will be 200 MCM per year and stated more wastewater projects are planned. Therefore, the Ministry is developing a wastewater master plan to serve all areas throughout the Kingdom. In parallel, industries will be encouraged to recycle part of their wastewater and to treat the rest to acceptable standards before it is discharged into the sewer or elsewhere, as stated by the policy.
Brackish water was offered the highest potential non-conventional means of augmenting the country’s water resources. It can be used directly or after desalination as outlined by the policy. The policy planned the development of brackish water option by the Ministry according to the following:
• Assess the potential of the resource • Conduct technical, economic, and environmental feasibility
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• Run research and studies on desalination and on optimisation of brackish water use in agriculture and industry
The municipal networks were discussed by the policy, which indicates inadequate investments. Distribution systems were defined by low efficiency comparing to the high level of services in the water supply sector. The most important parameters developed for service level assessment include:
• Maintaining water quality in the networks to within the standards. • Frequency of summer water supply. • Frequency of winter water supply. • Response time for repair of network leakages, pressure loss, and sewer blockage. • Reduction in waiting times for water and wastewater connections. • Reduction in waiting times for the resolution of customer complaints.
The policy reflects perfectly the willingness of the water strategy for enhancing the water scarce resources of Jordan. Section two discussed this policy and the relief strategy of the exhausted aquifers due to over exploitation. The over exploitation was unavoidable due to high rate of demand. High rate of demand was the result of two situations:
• Economic impacts of large scale importation of food. • Abrupt increase of population due to waves of refugees and returnees for last decades.
This policy concluded that water sector requires:
• Well management and efficient use • Proficient management of water demand • Development of all available sources • Mitigation against adverse impacts and environmental protection
4.1.3 Groundwater Management Policy of February 1998
Groundwater Management Policy in February 1998 shows the condition of the groundwater resources up to the year 1997 and gives some history and future forecasting. The policy stated that the 12 water basins have wells sunk in and pumps installed capable of abstracting more water than the safe yield. Abstraction in the year 1997 exceeded the renewable average of recharge by 59%. The combined abstraction rate of all renewable basins approached 437 MCM per year against 275 MCM per year as sustainable yield. The over pumping ration ranges between 146% in minor aquifers to 235% in major ones.
This policy statements set out the Government’s policy and intentions concerning groundwater management aiming at development of the resource, its protection, management and measures needed to bring the annual abstractions from the various renewable aquifers to the sustainable rate of each.
The policy stated as an action for over abstraction that “this situation could not be tolerated, and decisions were taken to treat the situation”. As discussed earlier, the over abstraction issue is very important in countries such as Jordan. The country is of very limited surface water with very high
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rate of evaporation and the storage under ground surface could be the best. MWI invested lately in reservoirs to harvest rainfall, which recharged the groundwater.
The policy referred to in the Water Strategy indicates that a gradual reduction of pumping from the groundwater aquifers has to be reduced so that the abstraction rate will be close to the annual recharge by the year 2005. The policy recognized the importance of the Disi water for domestic use rather than the present agricultural consumption. The policy discussed the lease in 1984 to lands in the southeast for agricultural production companies using Disi water.
On Resource Protection, Sustainability, and Quality Control, the policy focused on the need to withdraw water from non-renewable fossil aquifers, such as Disi, only after careful investigations of the technical, economic, environmental and social implications of such activities. An assessment would be made of the lifetime for each of these aquifers and an abstraction rate specified to allow for their responsible use until longer water supply solutions can be developed. The policy stated “New non-renewable groundwater sources shall be allocated to municipal and industrial uses as a first priority”.
4.1.4 Irrigation Water Policy of February 1998
Irrigation Water Policy in February 1998 found that wastewater is considered a resource due to the tight water situation. Although, the policy stated that in remote sparsely populated areas, and after satisfying the local municipal and industrial needs from unallocated water resources, water resources shall be allocated to agricultural production including livestock.
Jordan is planning to produce high-income products to increase the productivity of the meter cube of water and to pay the full cost of water with no subsidy. This plan can relieve the pressure on the food importing and can partially address the social issues in the agriculture sector related to both income and employment.
This policy stated that maximum use shall be made of rainfall for crop production, and supplementary irrigation shall be employed to maximize production including increasing cropping intensities. No diversion of irrigation’s waters to other uses shall be allowed without providing a replacement source of water suitable from a public health and environmental perspective for use in agriculture.
Changes in access to water resources for agriculture should only be made when cultivation endangers the sustainability of groundwater resources. This includes the potential depletion of groundwater from over pumping and/or the pollution of aquifers from agricultural chemicals and salts. The policy offers the farmers free leaching water out of surplus surface water during the wet season; especially to those using treated wastewater for irrigation in dry season.
4.1.5 Wastewater Management Policy of June 1998
Wastewater Management Policy in June 1998 presents the characteristics of wastewater in Jordan as different from other countries due to the fact that quality and quantity of the municipal water are low. The average salinity of municipal water is estimated by the policy at about 580 ppm, and average domestic consumption is around 70 litres per capita per day. This results in a very high organic load and a higher salinity than the normal salinity in wastewater as outlined by the policy. This becomes dominant in waste stabilization ponds, which treat 85% of the total
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generated wastewater. Waste stabilization ponds lost considerable amount of water through evaporation, which leads to increase in the salinity levels in the effluents.
The policy warns about the increased supply of water for domestic use at the expense of spring flows into streams. The flow of freshwater in many of these streams have dried up as a result of increased pumping from the aquifers, and the flow was replaced with the effluent of treatment plants. Specifications and minimum standards are needed for the use of septic tanks in rural areas in order to protect the underlying aquifers. The policy considered the isolation of treated wastewater from surface and ground waters used for drinking, and the blending of treated effluent with relatively fresher water for suitable reuse.
The policy shows that Jordan’s per capita share is projected to fall from 180 m3 per year in the year 1997 to 90 m3 per year by the year 2025. The policy estimated renewable ‘fresh’ water resources at about 850 MCM per year including Peace Treaty water. It is expected that 125 MCM per year to be available from fossil aquifers and through desalination by the year 2005. The summation could reach 975 MCM per year.
Disi water is the important part of the extra water that is planned to replace partially the low quality groundwater consumed domestically. This issue is of high importance in upgrading the quality of the treated wastewater, which fills to some extent the irrigation water urgent needs. The urgency is discussed above regarding the low income and social conditions of the agricultural sector. Accordingly, wastewater reuse will be multiplied four times in 20 years interval. The Wastewater Management Policy in June 1998 was estimated wastewater reuse as follows:
• About 60 MCM per year in the year 1997 • About 240 MCM per year in the year 2020
4.1.6 Jordan Water Resources Sector Study
Jordan Water Resources Sector Study (World Bank, 1988), Report # 7099-JO alerted the water sector about the tragedy of the water scarcity in Jordan even before the impact of refugee inflows into the country after the Gulf Crisis. The report expected the municipal water requirements to treble over the next 30 years, increasing from 125 MCM in the year 1986 to 366 MCM in the year 2015. Industrial water demand was expected also to grow rapidly from 28 MCM in the year 1986 to 133 MCM in the year 2015. Municipal and industrial water use as a percentage of total demand was expected to increase from 24% in the year 1985 to 30% in the year 2005 (this was accelerated and occurred in the year 1998 due to Gulf Crisis) and 45% in the year 2015.
The report estimated the long-term safe yield of groundwater resources excluding fossil aquifers at about 356 MCM per year and compared to that date consumption of 333 MCM per year. Surface water resources were estimated at about 540 MCM per year as base flow and 338 MCM per year of runoff. The wastewater reuse was expected to increase from 9 MCM in the year 1986 to 105 MCM in the year 2015, which is expected to go far beyond this figure in the year 2015.
4.1.7 Jordan Water Sector Review
Jordan Water Sector Review (World Bank, 1997), Report # 17095-JO reflects the findings of a Bank mission to Jordan in March 1995 with actions that were being taken by the Government, and recommendations for further action. The report provides an overview of the “critical situation” (as called by the report) of the water sector in the Kingdom and the sincerity of the challenge facing
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the Jordanians. It shows a great deal of shortages in urban supplies without significant relief. In the same time, the agriculture share reached 70% of total consumption, which partially depends on groundwater over abstraction.
The report discussed the gap between supply and demand for municipal and industrial water services, which:
• Became widespread throughout Jordan • Extended to most of the year • Is affecting the great majority of the population • Is undermining consumer confidence and willingness to pay for services
The report concluded that relief could not be immediate as both possible major supply augmentations, Disi/Amman Conveyance System and transfers from Yarmouk and Jordan Rivers will take years to implement.
The report estimated total renewable water resources available in Jordan by:
• 277 MCM per annum as groundwater • 662 MCM per annum as surface water 939 MCM per annum in total
In addition to the estimated total renewable water, there are 143 MCM per year estimated to be available from fossil aquifers (125 MCM from Disi over a 50-year period and 18 MCM from Jafer over a 40-year period) and 50 MCM from brackish aquifers, which were not fully explored before 1997. The report shows that about 71 MCM in year 1995 was abstracted from Disi, 59 MCM for agricultural use and 12 MCM for municipal and industrial use in Aqaba. It is worth mentioning that above figures are referenced to reports from different sectors at the Ministry of Water and Irrigation.
4.1.8 The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Water Sector Review Update Main Report
The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Water Sector Review Update Main Report (World Bank, 2001), Report # 21946-JO presents the summary findings of the Update work carried out in 2000. The report outlined that a joint effort with MWI resulted in development of “Water Requirements” model with projecting future water requirements and water supply until the year 2020. The model indicated that water requirements will continue to increase due to increasing population, including the impact of past refugee inflows into the country, raising the living standards, unexpected strong increase in industrial water use, and an increase towards the targeted cropping intensity and area in the Jordan Valley.
The future water supply figures in the model were linked to the investment timing projected in the Investment Program for the period 2000-2010 as well as to estimates about further investments thereafter. The report forecasted the increase in total supplies from 898 MCM in the year 1998 to a sum of 1,287 MCM in the year 2020. This forecasting was based on the implementation without delays of all projects planned in the Investment Program 2000-2010. The increase was assumed to be concentrated in total water supply for municipal and industrial use, which was expected to increase from 275 MCM in the year 1998 to 660 MCM in the year 2020. This makes the share
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percentage increase from 30% to 52% of total water consumption from the year 1998 to the year 2020, respectively.
The above increase can be divided into two intervals:
• Up to the year 2010 with increase of 193 MCM • Up to the year 2020 with increase of 380 MCM
This could be facilitated by the following projects as assumed by the report:
• Tapping the Disi aquifer for Amman demand centre • Exchanges of consumption between Highland cities and agriculture to replace Yarmouk River freshwater by treated wastewater • Wehdeh Dam and Wadi Mujib system • Hisban/Zara Main brackish water desalination • Peace Treaty waters • Loss reduction in Greater Amman and other cities networks
The above projects could reduce the groundwater abstraction for municipal and industrial use by 36 MCM for the period 1998 to 2010 and by 25 MCM for longer period 1998 to 2020, as outlined by the World Bank report. In the same time, the wastewater reuse could be increased from 67 MCM in the year 1998 to 232 MCM in the year 2020. Therefore, the reduction in the renewable groundwater abstraction for all uses can reach 122 MCM per year by the year 2020. This will ease the pressure on the Highland aquifers in order to reduce the overdraft and to protect them from salinisation.
The report separated between supply and requirements and estimated the total requirement for all uses by 1,205 MCM in the year 1998 and 1,647 MCM in the year 2020 against total supply of 898 MCM and 1,287 MCM, respectively. This will leave the Kingdom suffering from a “nagging” deficit, as called by the report, of 307 MCM in the year 1998 and 360 MCM in the year 2020.
MWI investigated the water condition in Jordan with great deal regarding the demand and supply figures in different time scale. These figures are of special importance for planning and management of water sector in near, intermediate, and a far future. The figures presented in Table 22 are extracted from Ministry files for the years 1999 and 2000 with five years future forecasting intervals. The deficit in the above two years was satisfied by irrigation share cut, which is called as deficit irrigation and over abstraction of groundwater.
Table 22: Water demand and supply in Jordan for the years 1998 to 2020 Water Demand Water Supply Year Deficit Municipal Industrial Agriculture Municipal Industrial Agriculture 1998 297 45 922 236 38 561 429 2000 321 54 922 239 37 541 480 2005 382 80 981 281 76 729 357 2010 435 102 1,002 380 93 742 324 2015 520 134 992 463 112 700 371 2020 615 168 963 517 130 662 437 Source: Ministry of Water and Irrigation, 2003
The deficit was planned to decrease dramatically according to the Ministry’s new agricultural strategy. This agricultural strategy resulted from the reduction in the Wehdeh Dam reservoir
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capacity. The deficit for the year 2000 will decrease to less than two third in five years. But the deficit increases again logically according to the population growth rate.
4.1.9 Water Sector Planning and Associated Investment Program 2002-2011
Water Sector Planning and Associated Investment Program 2002-2011 (MWI, 2002), the program compiled the water sector planning and investment projects over the period 2002-2011 as response to the importance of water for all aspects of economic and social development. The program outlined that no single action can remedy the country’s water shortages; rather many actions are necessary to increase overall water availability.
The program used phrases like “the lowest in the world on a per capita basis” and “absolute water shortage” to show the scarcity of water in Jordan. All uses per capita share are declining from more than 160 m3 per year at present (the year 2000) to only 91 m3 per year by the year 2025 due to population growth. The year 2000 was 84% in water budget compared to the peak of the year 1993. Approximately 534 MCM or 65% of water was used for agriculture, 239 MCM or 29% was used for municipal use, 37 MCM or 5% was used for industrial purposes, and 7.4 MCM or 1% was used for livestock. This in total was 817 MCM Jordan’s water budget in the year 2000. The water budget in the period 1995 to 1997 was constant at 880 MCM and was reduced to that figure in the year 2000 due to the limitation of the water supply against the actual demand.
The main goals of the investment program can be summarized in the following:
• Creation of uniform project baseline • Schedule projects based on multiple scenarios • Identify a role for private sector participation • Identify least-cost solutions for development projects
The program conducted economic analyses of water resources and wastewater development projects considering: cost functions; economies of scale; average cost; and economic internal rate of return (EIRR). A financial analysis has been conducted to assist in ranking and prioritizing the development projects. The financial analysis included consideration of: social cost benefit analysis (SCBA); return versus costs; net present value (NPV); internal rate of return (IRR); and water intensity ratio.
Based on the economic analyses, the program consists of 53 projects (5 Technical Assistance, 10 Private Sector, 18 Water Supply and 20 Wastewater Projects) with a value of approximately US $ 2.50 billion. These planned projects, extending until the year 2011, will yield an additional 400 MCM/year of water. The investment program will proceed in stages and attempts to address the most urgent water needs will proceed first. Among the projects requiring immediate attention are water storage and dams, wastewater treatment and reuse, the reduction in unaccounted for water (UFW) in major urban areas, and the augmentation of urban water supplies. The program gave priority to the development of water management infrastructure to increase the production and supply of freshwater. Therefore, the program focused on the following major areas:
• The strengthening of water institutions • Reduction of UFW through network rehabilitation • Increasing the efficiency of water use • The expansions of water supply • Improvement of the quality and the quantity of wastewater services
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• Public Awareness
4.1.10 Ministry of Water and Irrigation Water Sector Action Plan 2002-2006
Ministry of Water and Irrigation Water Sector Action Plan 2002-2006 (MWI, 2002), the plan listed all issues related to water sector and the time schedule for the interval between 2002 and 2006 (the detailed Action Plan outlined at Annex B1). These issues are distributed among the following:
• Institutional and Legal Issues • Agricultural Water Use • Cost Recovery • Private Sector Participation • Information Systems • Adoption of International Conventions
The Ministry of Water and Irrigation plan for the five years starting at the year 2002 and ending at the year 2006 includes very important actions in order to use the available water resources efficiently. The plan lists the actions as in above starting with Institutional and Legal Issues in order to rehabilitate the institutional structure and to enhance the laws and by-laws. This can enforce the laws in very efficient manners to optimise the work done by MWI, WAJ, and JVA. The Institutional and Legal Issues actions are listed in the following:
• Institutional Reform- Establishment of regulatory body to: • Identify an appropriate structure for the water sector in Jordan. • Encompass greater private sector participation in service provision. • Reorientation of the role of the government.
• Development of an appropriate structural framework.
• Legal Issues • MWI: Modifying Ministry establishment’s By-Laws. • WAJ: Amendment to WAJ law- to enhance the enforcement measures. New by-law for: • Groundwater monitoring and new agricultural use tariff-to reduce and control over drafting and illegal wells. • Wastewater regulations and connection fees: To allow for the smooth implementation networks through private lands and plots and to enhance financial viability. • JVA: Amendment to JVA law: To allow for the commercial basis operations. Restructuring of laws: To allow agricultural farm units to be consolidated up to 250 dunums in order to assure enhanced economic viability. Farmers’ participation in retail water management.
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The important issue in the plan is the agricultural water use. The Ministry plans the following two important issues:
• Irrigated Areas • No expansion of irrigated areas- to limit the irrigated areas in the Jordan Valley by 427,000 dunums. • Reduction of groundwater abstractions Ban summer crops in drought years to save 15 MCM per year. Rent lands from farmers to save 15 MCM per year.
• Use of Marginal Water such as brackish and treated waste waters in agriculture • Substitute fresh water with marginal water. • Treated wastewater reuse up to the year 2005 can be available to amount more than 112 MCM per year out of 25 treatment plants. The amount is distributed among the following: 30 MCM for Upland/Mid land. 15 MCM for Industrial. 59 MCM for Jordan Valley. 4 MCM for Aqaba. 4 MCM Locally. • Jordan River floods to be stored at Karama Dam and be used as brackish water. • Construction of desalination plant at King Talal Dam to reduce the salinity of stored water in the reservoir.
The Ministry gives a great attention to the cost recovery issue due to its economic importance. Three sub-issues plan the issue:
• Water Tariffs: To encourage public to save water and consume less. • Rehabilitation of the water supply systems: To reduce losses through the networks. • Increase efficiency through the following: • Number of employees to be reduced by 1 percent annually. • Training measures. • Public awareness program. • Increase water tariff by 8 percent in the year 2005 and another 8 percent by the year 2006. • Increase operation and maintenance cost recovery from less than 50 percent to more than 100 percent.
4.1.11 Other Water Studies
Middle East Regional Study on Water Supply and Demand Development (GTZ, 1997), (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH), discusses the main options to bridge the long-term water gap and future pursuit specific projects are identified. Development of national water resources will contribute to bridging the water gap but still insufficient to cover the growing water deficit in the region. Therefore, additional new water has to be provided to cover the gap, which continues to exist even after this development. This includes water imports from outside the region either by sea or land and desalination of seawater, which are the two basic
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options for supplementing the available conventional water in Jordan and the region. The options for supplementing the available conventional water in Jordan and the region include:
• Import of water from neighbouring countries by constructing pipelines/canal systems; • Import of water by sea using tankers or medusa bags; and • Seawater desalination.
Water imports from areas outside the region by land and/or sea and desalination of seawater using single seashore plants or the intersea project are the main options for supplementing the available conventional water in Jordan and the region. The assessment of the different potential options to meet the future demand considered the technical and economic/financial aspects, environmental impacts, and socio-economic and political implications. Seawater desalination seems to be the most suitable development option according to the prevailing conditions and available data.
Final Study for Water Sector Master Plan (JICA, 2001), (Japan International Cooperation Agency). The study includes the advice and suggestions of the concerned authorities of the Government of Japan. Also, included are comments made by the Jordanian Ministry of Water and Irrigation. The study’s objectives are to:
• Formulate Water Resources Management Plan in Jordan using the tools that have been developed by the GTZ funded Water Sector Planning Support Project. • Conduct Pre-Feasibility Study of priority project based on the findings and results of the Master Plan. • Transfer technologies to counterpart personnel in the course of the study.
The study deals with the present conditions of water resources management in the Kingdom and presents the master plan for water resources management with the target year of 2020 to aim at:
• Unified, comprehensive, and sustainable management of the water resources. • Strategic development of remaining scarce water resources. • Shift to water recycling society.
The study considered special aspects in the Kingdom, which are:
• Global climatic change and characteristic of climatic change of the arid region. • Cooperation for regional peace water development.
The relationship among these parameters was presented schematically in the study, which is reproduced in Figure 22 with some development.
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Effective Sustainable Recycling Water Use Exploitation Water
Sustainable Development/Management of Water Resources
Under the Close Cooperation for Circumstances of Regional Water Global Changes Development
Figure 22: Relationship among the different parameters of the Water Resources Management Master Plan
The study used three different horizons:
• Short Term 2000 to 2005 • Mid Term 2006 to 2010 • Long Term 2011 to 2020
A water balance between the three main water uses (i.e., Municipal sector, Industrial and Touristic sectors, and Irrigation water use) and water resources development was set up for the planning years of 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020. The basic considerations of each sector were:
• The increase in Municipal water corresponding to the population growth, from 4.7 million in the year 1998 to 9.2 million in the year 2020- Scenario 1 (Scenario 1 was based on the results of the balancing model that was jointly developed by MWI and World Bank)- was secured as first priority. • Industrial and Touristic needs were satisfied with a certain priority. This is due to the fact that their importance in the national economy is expected to increase steadily. The shares in GNP are about 13% and 10% respectively, compared to agriculture of about 3%. • Irrigation use sustainability shall be constrained according to the re-assessment of the renewable volume of groundwater resources. This means shifting: • Irrigation area in the Up/Mid land to Jordan Valley. • Fresh groundwater to treated wastewater. • Disi fossil groundwater to municipal use with socially acceptable measures.
4.2 Key Challenges/Objectives for Improvement
In a very direct statement, Minister of Water and Irrigation, Dr. Hazim El-Naser, described the function of water in the region by “gloomy”. His statement was quoted from the Forward of the Investment Program 2002-2011:
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“Economic and social development in the Arab countries depends, to a large degree, on the availability of good quality water and Jordan is no exception. Jordan lies in the arid to semi- arid zone. Rainfall is low and unpredictable in the majority of the Kingdom. Jordan has a per capita water supply well below the water poverty line of one thousand cubic meters per capita per annum. Having hosted several waves of refugees and displaced persons, the population of Jordan is growing at a very high rate. This, could with increased urbanization, has led to an increase in the demand for water. The water supply-demand imbalance is aggravated further by the increase in water pollution both in scale and intensity. Inefficiency in water use has compounded this critical situation. The water resources prospects for Jordan and the Arab region beyond the year 2020 seem at best gloomy. Water shortages will become a major constraint on development in many parts of the Arab world including Jordan.”
In view of the above, the Government of Jordan has been actively working to mitigate the situation. No single action can remedy the country’s water shortages; rather many actions are necessary to increase overall water availability. Jordan’s water strategy stresses the need for improved resource management with particular emphasis being placed on the sustainability of present and future uses. Special care is advocated for protection against pollution, quality degradation, and depletion of water resources. Furthermore, Jordan aims to continually achieve the highest practical efficiency in the conveyance, distribution, application and use of water resources with the goal of adopting a dual approach of demand and supply management.
Table 23 presents the water resources management measures adopted in Jordan as extracted from the Water Action Plan and the following policies:
• Water Utility Policy (July 1997). • Groundwater Management Policy (February 1998). • Irrigation Water Policy (February 1998). • Wastewater Management Policy (June 1998).
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Table 23: Main water resources management measures adopted in Jordan Domestic and Industrial Sectors Agricultural Sector - Rehabilitate the institutional structure and enhancement of the laws and by-laws; for example: - Rehabilitate the institutional structure and enhancement of the laws and New by-law for Groundwater monitoring. by-laws; for example: New by-law for wastewater regulations and connection fees to allow for the smooth New by-law for Groundwater monitoring. implementation networks through private lands and plots and to enhance financial viability. New by-law for wastewater regulations and connection fees to allow for the smooth implementation networks through private lands and plots and to enhance financial viability. - Invest in reservoirs to harvest rainfall - Use marginal water such as brackish and treated wastewaters in agriculture. - Make available an expected 125 MCM per year from fossil aquifers (mainly Disi Aquifer) and - Make maximum of rainfall for crop production, and supplementary through desalination by the year 2005 irrigation shall be employed to maximize production including increasing cropping intensities - Implement a program that sets out legal and financial measures aimed at controlling and - Substitute fresh water with marginal water; Treated wastewater in first gradually reducing groundwater withdrawals with final objective of maintaining the safe yield place and then fresh to brackish water Supply of aquifers Management - Bring the annual abstractions from the various renewable aquifers to the sustainable rate. Pumping from the groundwater aquifers has to be effected so that the abstraction rate will be close to the annual recharge by the year 2005 - Develop a wastewater master plan to serve all areas throughout the Kingdom. In parallel, - Do not allow diversion of irrigation’s waters to other uses without industries will be encouraged to recycle part of their wastewater and to treat the rest to providing a replacement source fit for agricultural use unrestricted by acceptable standards before it is discharged into the sewer or elsewhere, as stated by the policy health and public mainly through treated wastewater - Pursue a planned and controlled groundwater mining from promising, extensive fossil aquifers - Bring the annual abstractions from the various renewable aquifers to the as an option to secure incremental supplies for municipal and industrial uses. The groundwater sustainable rate. Pumping from the groundwater aquifers has to be use will take place conjunctively with surface water in places where such joint use has the effected so that the abstraction rate will be close to the annual recharge potential for increasing the available supply by the year 2005 - Offer brackish water as the highest potential non-conventional means of augmenting the - Isolate treated wastewater from surface and ground waters used for country’s water resources. It can be used directly or after desalination drinking, and the blend treated effluent with relatively fresher (fresh to - Store the Jordan River floods at Karama Dam and construction of desalination plant at King brackish) water for suitable reuse Talal Dam to reduce the salinity of stored water in the reservoir - Rehabilitate the institutional structure and enhance the laws and by-laws - Rehabilitate the institutional structure and enhance the laws and by-laws - Adjust water tariffs to encourage public to save water and consume less. Increase water tariff by - Adopt a new by-law for new agricultural use tariff to reduce and control 8 percent in the year 2005 and another 8 percent by the year 2006, and increase operation and over drafting and illegal wells. maintenance cost recovery from less than 50 percent to more than 100 percent - Rehabilitate the water supply systems to reduce losses through the networks - Wastewater is considered a resource Demand - Increase efficiency through the training measures, public awareness program. - After satisfying the local municipal and industrial needs from Management unallocated water resources, water resources shall be allocated to agricultural production including livestock. - “New non-renewable groundwater sources shall be allocated to municipal and industrial uses as - Produce high-income products to increase the productivity of the meter a first priority”. The policy recognized the importance of the Disi water for domestic use rather cube of water and to pay the full cost of water with no subsidy than the present agricultural consumption - Recognize the importance of the Disi water for domestic use rather than the present agricultural consumption
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4.3 Progress to Date
The MWI has proposed an intensive capital investment program to meet future water resources demands. However, it is important to note that in terms of costs and economic issues facing Jordan, development of even limited quantities of new water resources is very expensive. Estimates indicate that it will cost Jordan approximately JD 3.5 billion (US$ 5 billion) over a 13 year period to realize an increase in annual water supply of only 400 MCM. The increase in water supply will come mainly from Whedeh Dam, Adassiya diversion dam, dams in south (Wala, Mujib, Tannour), Disi project, rehabilitation of municipal networks, treated wastewater, desalination, and other surface and ground water projects.
Implementation of the groundwater management policy is exercised primarily by MWI and WAJ. As a result of institutional restructuring effective 1 January 1999, water resources planning, studies, and monitoring functions as well as the Water Information System are now under the authority of the MWI. The MWI now is in the process of developing the programs for these functions and integrating their operations. The issuance of licenses for drilling of new wells and groundwater abstraction as well as the enforcement and modification of these regulations and permits remains with WAJ. However, MWI will conduct the technical evaluation for each license and approve any abstraction amounts to be specified in the permit.
Expansion of the Zai water treatment plant and conveyor system from the King Abdullah Canal at Deir Alla is in progress and will double (to 80 MCM/year) the amount of water delivered to Greater Amman from the Jordan River Valley. The planned reservoirs and development project involving Wadi Mujib, Wadi Wala, and Wadi Hasa along the Dead Sea in Central Jordan have been financed and construction contracts were awarded in late 1998. Once completed, these reservoirs will deliver approximately 55 MCM/year to development projects in the southern Dead Sea region.
Automation of the King Abdullah Canal (KAC) has been in progress for several years. The objective of this project is to develop and adopt automated and monitored, and the project has been expanded to automate monitoring of surface water discharges to the KAC from the major side wadis. In addition, software has been developed and is being used for daily water management within the Jordan River Valley and for seasonal planning and forecasting. The KAC system will be connected to the new system for the Zai water treatment plant in order to monitor better the chemical and bacterial content of the water as well as any other related measurements. This will help maintain the effectiveness of the water treatment process.
The water sector agencies have begun the institutional restructuring process. In 1997, WAJ was restructured to separate water and wastewater services as independent operations as well as to separate bulk and retail water supply functions. In addition, a Project Management Unit (PMU) was established to monitor the capital investment program for Greater Amman, the anticipated management contract for Greater Amman, and the transfer of Operation and Management Support (OMS) project related expertise to other Governorates. JVA also has been undergoing restructuring; however, the future mission of JVA continues to evolve.
Further restructuring of both WAJ and JVA was initiated in early 1999. In addition, with the transfer of WAJ’s water resources studies and monitoring functions and staff to MWI, water resources planning and management functions are now formally consolidated with the MWI.
In addition to securing its bilateral rights with Israel in the 1994 Peace Treaty, Jordan is actively involved in promoting regional cooperation through the Water Resources Working Group of the Multilateral Peace Talks. Likewise, Jordan was involved in discussions with Syria pertaining to
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issues on the upper catchments of the Yarmouk River to reach an understanding over water sharing and flood storage between the two countries. This discussion led to an agreement for construction of Al-Wehdeh Dam. Jordan has long been a strong advocate of transforming the zero-sum game in water sharing, where there are winners and losers, into a positive-sum game where all concerned parties will be winners. Hopefully, in the context of future peace, there will be real cooperation among the countries of the region toward achieving the provision of safe and abundant water for future generations.
Private sector participation in providing services for infrastructure development would be one way to make the water more dynamic and would assist in realizing these water projects without constraining Jordan’s borrowing capacity. Some components that could be directly provided by the private sector would include BOT (Build-Operate-Transfer)/BOO (Build-Own-Operate) water and wastewater projects and wastewater treatment package plants. In this context, the GOJ tried its best to get the donors involved in this issue, and the Government of Germany is strongly supporting Jordan to prepare and implement the introduction of such private management for water supply and sanitation in the Northern Governorate of Jordan. WAJ is working on an action plan with steps identified to proceed with BOO/BOT/BOOT (Build-Own-Operate-Transfer) agreements in the water sector. The GOJ actually have started. As-Samra Wastewater Treatment Plant, financed under USAID grant, is launched in the market as a BOT contract of 25 years, and it is expected that this project would be in operation in a year time. Regarding Amman Management Contract, depending on the evaluation of the performance of the LEMA (Lyonnaise des Eaux, Montgomery Watson Arabtech Jardaneh – a private operator) in Amman, if the results are encouraging, the GOJ will go for a step further. The GOJ has received from the World Bank a grant to study the possibility of extending the Management Contract area for Amman to include the Middle Governorates.
Although significant headways have been made in tackling and improving the water situation of the Kingdom, the problem will never be completely eradicated due to natural constraints such as the lack of adequate resources and the increasing numbers of the population, to name a few.
The road ahead will undoubtedly be hard and without continued assistance from the donor community and funding agencies will be impossible to traverse. The plan ahead highlights and presents Ministry’s plan for achieving its objectives through various projects and studies as stipulated in the investment program.
4.4 Key (Complementary) Investments
The “Water Sector Planning and Associated Investment Program 2002-2011” (MWI, 2002) compiled the water sector planning and investment projects over the period 2002-2011 as a response to the importance of water for all aspects of economic and social development. The program outlined that no single action can remedy the country’s water shortages; rather many actions are necessary to increase overall water availability.
Priority criterion for projects implementation shall be based on:
• Economic, social, and environmental considerations • Critical Path • Sustainability in the light of: • National water balance • Economic, social, and environmental opportunity cost of forgone alternative uses of water
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This could be facilitated by the following projects as assumed by the report:
• Tapping the Disi aquifer for Amman demand centre • Exchanges of consumption between Highland cities and agriculture to replace Yarmouk River freshwater by treated wastewater • Wehdeh Dam and Wadi Mujib system • Hisban/Zara Main brackish water desalination • Peace Treaty waters • Losses reduction in Greater Amman and other cities networks
According to Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) Investment Program 2002-2006, Disi water is part of the year 2005, the year of full utilisation regarding the freshwater resources, and the project is needed to lessen the impacts of groundwater over-abstraction.
The above projects will reduce the groundwater abstraction for municipal and industrial use by 36 MCM for the period 1998 to 2010 and by 25 MCM for longer period 1998 to 2020, as outlined by the World Bank report (2001). In the same time, the wastewater reuse can be increased from 67 MCM in the year 1998 to 232 MCM in the year 2020. Therefore, the reduction in the renewable groundwater abstraction for all uses can reach 122 MCM per year by the year 2020. This will ease the pressure on the Highland aquifers in order to reduce the overdraft and to protect them from salinisation or any irreversible damages.
According to the Middle East Regional Study on Water Supply and Demand Development (GTZ, 1997), indicates that the development of national water resources will contribute to bridging the water gap but still it is insufficient to cover the growing water deficit in the region. Therefore, additional new water has to be provided. Water imports from areas outside the region by land and/or sea and desalination of seawater using single seashore plants or the intersea project (Red Sea - Dead Sea Water Conveyance Project) are the main options for supplementing the available conventional water in Jordan and the region. The assessment of the different potential options to meet the future demand considered the technical and economic/financial aspects, environmental impacts, and socio-economic and political implications. Seawater desalination seems to be the most suitable development option according to the prevailing conditions and available data.
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5 ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES FOR THE WATER SECTOR
Jordan’s water condition was discussed in many projects and was the subject of many literatures for many years. This is due to the real scarcity of water in Jordan. Figure 23 presents the estimated year 2000 per capita withdrawal for Jordan compared with countries inside and outside the region. Figure 23 shows that USA withdrawal is more than 10 folds that of Jordan. Even Israel is about 2 folds of that of Jordan. Jordan could be one of the poorest countries in water resources in the world.
1800 1688
1600 1431 1400
1200
1000 894 809 786 800 720 597 600 450 393 387 381 400 313 280 155 200
0 Estimated Year per 2000 capita Withdrawal USA Syria Libya Israel Egypt Oman Sudan Jordan Tunisia Bahrain Canada Lebanon Morocco Saudi Arabia
Figure 23: Estimated year 2000 per capita withdrawal for Jordan and other countries (Source: www.worldwater.org/table2)
Disi water could be the present and near future relief key to water problem in Jordan. The former statement is important but at the same time can give a wrong impression about the crucial water situation. The following text will explain in details what kind of options and alternatives Jordan can adopt. The global picture, sometimes is more important than the fine details, therefore, Table 24 is developed to give sharp and direct picture with respect to:
• Implications of no action plan, which reflect the main impacts of Jordan’s water scarcity. • Current and Proposed Actions without Disi Project, which explain Jordan’s efforts to relief the water problem. • Cost Effectiveness to check the action against cost affordability now and near future. • Satisfying Future Demand to check the action supplying water. • Sufficiency to check the action for fulfilling the future water deficit.
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Table 24: Implications of “No Action Alternative” and the current an proposed actions without Disi project Satisfying Cost Implications of No Action Plan1 Current and Proposed Actions without Disi Project2 Future Sufficiency5 Effectiveness3 Demand4 Freezing irrigated land 9 9 ± Increasing groundwater Treated wastewater could be the potential source for the irrigation sector. Fast ± 9 9 drawdown and deterioration of development to replace fresh surface and groundwater with treated wastewater for water quality due to irrigation. overexploitation Institutional reform 9 ± ± Further development of surface water to reach the yield Low quality domestic water at ± ± ± water supply networks especially Management and further development of groundwater to reach the safe yield and 9 ± ± in terms of salinity level financial measures aimed at controlling and gradually reducing groundwater withdrawals from overexploited with final objective of maintaining the safe yield of Low quality treated wastewater aquifers reaching the Jordan Valley due to Brackish groundwater: low water quality consumed in • Blended to be used for irrigation 9 ± ± domestic sector • Desalinated to be used for irrigation ± 9 ± • Desalinated to be used for domestic 9 9 ± High deficit in fresh water for domestic water demand Seawater Desalination at Aqaba ± 9 9 Regional Water and promotion of regional cooperation through the Water Resources 9 9 9 Unreliable rationing programmes Working Groups of municipal water supplies in Intersea Project (Red Sea - Dead Sea Water Conveyance Project) ± 9 9 summer seasons Continuous review of the water tariffs for efficient use of water 9 ± ± Ongoing rehabilitation program of the water supply systems to reduce losses through 9 9 ± Increasing the pumping rates or the networks and -reduce response time for repair of network leakages, pressure loss, even continuing pumping at the and sewer blockage present rates from affected basins Public awareness campaigns were conducted for enhancing water conservation ± ± (e.g. Azraq and Amman-Zarqa 9 Basins) to meet the future In agriculture, Jordan is planning to produce high-income products to increase the 9 9 ± domestic water demand will productivity of the cubic meter of water and to pay the full cost of water with no adversely affect the basins subsidy. environmentally (e.g. Azraq Private sector participation in providing services for infrastructure development. Started 9 ± ± oasis) with Amman Management Contract and continuation depends on the evaluation of the performance of the LEMA in Amman 1 Main implications if no Disi project 2 Executed, ongoing, and proposed projects and actions if Disi Project is implemented or not 3 Cost affordability now and near future 4 Check for supply potential 5 Check for satisfying future demand ± Short in satisfying the requirement 9 Fulfill the requirement completely or for some extend
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5.1 Introduction
Securing a reliable supply of water, adequate in quantity and quality, is one of the most challenging issues facing Jordan today. Given the lessons of the past and the prospects for the future, the full potential of Jordan’s surface and groundwater resources must be developed based on economic feasibility and consideration of relevant social and environmental impacts. Planning and policy formulation for the supply and utilization of water resources must be based on comprehensive and reliable data, including data on water quantity, quality, and utilization. The supplies of surface water, groundwater, and treated wastewater, and their utilization must be carefully monitored. The importance of shared surface water supplies and ground water aquifers demands careful and consistent assessment and monitoring of these resources.
Jordan's renewable water resources that are economically developable are considered to be limited to approximately 505 MCM of surface waters and 275 abstraction of groundwater. In 2002, abstraction of groundwater resources (approximately 100 MCM/year) from the Disi aquifer system is planned through the proposed project. An additional 43 MCM/year of non-renewable groundwater resources partially are being obtained from other aquifer systems (e.g., Azraq and Jafer Basins). Other water sources include:
• Reclaimed Wastewater (approximately 75 MCM/year at present and increasing to more than 245 MCM/year by 2020). • Brackish Ground Water. A study of brackish groundwater resources between the Dead Sea and Deir Alla in the Jordan Valley indicated that about 50 MCM/year may be economically developable using desalination technologies, but only for domestic and industrial purposes. • Seawater Desalination technologies are being considered for future augmentation of Jordan's water resources. These technologies initially will be considered in the Aqaba area where Jordan has an outlet to the Red Sea. • UFW Reduction is another potentially inexpensive resource that can be tapped. Efforts to reduce UFW have already begun in Amman, Irbid and the south through the rehabilitation of the existing networks.
According to the above discussion regarding Jordan’s water problem and available water resources, the following key provisions are the most effective measures to secure the water needs:
• Institutional Development Reorganization of the water agencies comprising the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) is advocated. The MWI will continue as a governmental organization and will be responsible for policy formulation, decision-making, national water planning, water resources monitoring and studies, and integrating Water Information Systems (e.g., GIS, databases and national water data bank). The Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ) will begin separating its bulk water supply and retail delivery functions and move these functions and services toward private sector and commercial enterprises. WAJ will monitor retail supply contracts and will become more involved in the operational monitoring of several management contracts with private sector utilities and providers. The Jordan Valley Authority (JVA) will continue to be responsible for the integrated development of the Jordan Rift Valley (JRV). However, JVA’s specific role will be refined as the development of the JRV is reassessed. It is anticipated that future JRV development will focus on tourism, industry, manufacturing, and advanced technologies.
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• Private Sector Participation The Government of Jordan intends to transfer infrastructure and services from the public to the private sector in order to improve performance and efficiency in the water sector. The use of management contracts and other private sector participation in water utilities is envisioned. The principles of build/operate/transfer (BOT) and build/operate/own (BOO) are being considered for private sector participation.
• Water Pricing and Cost Recovery The MWI is committed to setting municipal water and wastewater tariffs at a level, which at a minimum will recover the costs of operation and maintenance. Recovery of capital costs also will become part of on-going pricing actions. The MWI will attempt to establish differential pricing for different qualities of water and end uses. Profitable markets (e.g., tourism, industry) will be expected to pay the full, fair water cost.
• Water Resource Management An integrated approach to water resources management will be adopted by the MWI. Supply enhancing measures will be adopted for surface waters (e.g., surface/subsurface storage, reducing evaporation/seepage losses, protection of water quality). Groundwater abstractions will be controlled and reduced to within the safe yield of the aquifers and enforcement will be strengthened. Wastewater will be collected, treated, managed, and used as a resource in an efficient and optimized manner. Treated wastewater will comply with national standards and will be treated to a level appropriate for agriculture and possibly for groundwater aquifer recharge. A wastewater master plan will be developed for unserved areas of the country. The potential technical and economical feasibility of developing brackish groundwater resources will continue to be assessed throughout Jordan.
• Water Ouality and the Environment A comprehensive water quality-monitoring program for all water resources will be maintained. Upgrading and strengthening both water quality standards and their enforcement will be pursued.
Regulations are strictly adhered to with respect to quality of disposed wasewater into wadis. Quality of treated industrial waste is checked on regular basis by different Governmental and non-governmental authorities to ensure compliance with effluent standards before discharging into a wadi. In addition, minimum flow is maintained at the outlet of all conrtolling structures across wadis to maintain the ecosystem downstream of these structures.
• Service Levels Existing water distribution systems and services will be improved and expanded including their technical support and management. Old and damaged supply and distribution systems will be rehabilitated, and inadequacies (e.g., high pressures, underdesign of pipes) will be corrected. Specific service issues include:
• Maintaining water quality in the distribution networks • Frequency of water supply delivery to customers • Response time for repair of network leakage, etc. • Reduction in waiting times for water and wastewater connections • Reduction in waiting times for resolution of customer complaints
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• Investment Options for increasing the water supply are limited and development costs are expensive largely because all renewable supplies have been developed. New development will require substantial investments. Consequently, setting investment priorities has become extremely important in water resources planning. Investment criteria currently are being developed but will rely partially on private sector participation.
5.2 Analysis of Alternatives
This section provides a assessment of alternatives for providing additional reliable water supply to Amman through the development of new sources, demand management and other actions. It includes examination of the following approaches:
• No-action scenario. • Development of surface and groundwater sources. • Efficient management of water consumptions. • Implementation schedule for alternatives and their implications.
The data was collected from studies prepared by the GOJ and World Bank. This was achieved through the meetings and interviews of the key persons in the MWI. In planning extraction from any new water resource, thought must be given to the best strategy for utilising the source to insure that optimum use is made in conjunction with the municipal demands required and other available resources.
At present, water demand exceeds supply in most areas of Jordan, so that over extraction of groundwater is very common. To alleviate some of this over extraction, rationing programmes of municipal water supplies have been applied in summer seasons since the mid 1980s.
The total renewable safe yield of the groundwater sources in the whole of Jordan is around 275 MCM per year as estimated by many studies. Extraction from renewable sources in 1998 as an example was 416 MCM of which 173 MCM was for municipal use. To compare with year 1994, the extraction was 445 MCM of which 162 MCM was for municipal use. The reduction in groundwater extraction was about 7%, while the increase in the municipal demand was about the same 7%. Even with this efficient management, WAJ has not been able to meet the substantially increasing demands and the resulting mining of these sources.
One of the best-known cases of this scenario is the Azraq Oasis, which has suffered adverse environmental impacts over the years. MWI management has recognised this problem and as a result the reduction in abstraction described above was undertaken. Over the years, there has been a general decrease of other over extracted sources. These reductions combined with the continuing increase in demand could be balanced out to an extent by:
• Al Wehdeh Dam on Yarmouk River and Peace Treaty Rights. • Integrated Project of Wala, Mujib, and Tanour Dams. • Disi Water.
Several scenarios were worked out by JVA and studies commissioned by JVA showed that the water leftover in the Yarmouk River at the Wehdeh Dam site after Syrian uses would not be enough to justify the construction of a dam of the height originally envisaged. Therefore, lower height and less capacity were considered for ongoing construction of the dam. On the other hand,
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where Jordan’s other neighbouring state of Israel is concerned, and as a result of the Jordan-Israel Peace Treaty, existing and potential storage schemes have been investigated as follows:
• Construction of a diversion weir on the Yarmouk River at Adassiya to increase flow through the tunnel into the King Abdullah Canal. • Development of a storage system and flood pond for floods from the Jordan River and rising of the Wadi Arab Dam. The flood pond in the King Abdullah Canal is being tendered for construction. • Diversion weir and convey system for Jordan River floods were designed to convey floodwater to Karama Dam. • The Deir Alla-Amman supply is at present 40 MCM per year.
Three dams in the southern part of the Kingdom have already started storing floodwater from the wadis of Wala, Mujib and Hasa. Fedan Dam on Wadi Fedan has been tendered for construction. The municipal water use allocated from these integrated sources is about 15 MCM. The balance of the water will be for industry, tourism, and agriculture.
However, even with the potential of these new surface water resources, Jordan has no option but to choose the utilisation of all these sources and the others listed above, if reducing annual deficit is to be attained. Even with Disi water, MWI would have no choice but to find another new non- traditional source in the next 15 years, which could be desalination from the Gulf of Aqaba or inter-sea project (Red-Dead Sea System).
Close investigation of the reliability of the surface water throughout the year shows the importance of the Disi water. In Jordan, surface water supplies are highly seasonal, available for less than half the year, and require vast storage capacities to achieve a much smaller continuous supply throughout the year compared to Disi water.
5.3 “No-Project” Scenario
This section deals with “No Action Alternative” or “Do Nothing Scenario”. The available information has been used to provide an analysis that would be useful for both technical and non- technical readers to understand the implications of not developing the Disi aquifer for use as a source of drinking and industrial water in the Greater Amman region. The presentation discusses these issues in a geographic manner passing from Amman to the Aqaba along the route of the proposed pipeline.
Figure 24 presents a schematic route for Disi-Mudawarra to Amman water conveyance system.
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Greater Amman
Madaba
Karak
Tafileh
Ma’an
Aqaba Disi-Mudawwara
Figure 24: Schematic route of Disi-Amman Conveyance
The demand centres related to the proposed route are Disi-Mudawarra area, Aqaba, Ma’an, Tafileh, Karak, Madaba, and Amman. Abstractions to supply Aqaba and farms in the Disi and Mudawarra districts have increased from 6.9 MCM in the year 1982 to about 75 MCM in the year 1993 and continued in almost constant rate till now. The municipal water supply to Aqaba in the 1994 was 14 MCM per year of which 86 percent was from Disi. Present abstraction to Aqaba could reach 15 MCM per year. Jordan’s abstraction cannot be compared with that of Saudi Arabia as only 5% of the total area of this transboundary basin is within Jordan.
In Saudi Arabia, abstraction centres are currently at Halatt Amar, Tabuk, and TADCO farm complex. The abstractions have expanded from 19 MCM in the year 1983 to 650 MCM in the year 1993 (according to the Final Conceptual Study Report, Harza Group, 1996). The abstraction could reach 977 MCM per year at present condition as outlined by Design Review and Optimisation Report (Brown and Root, 2001).
In order to sense the problem/scenario of not using Disi water, Table 25 presents the domestic water supply by Governorate for the period between the years 1985 up to the year 2001. The growing demand of domestic water could be the most important issue of this impractical scenario.
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Table 25: Domestic water supply by Governorate (MCM/Year) Governorate Amman Irbid Year Ma’an+ + Zarqa Mafraq +Jerash Balqa Karak Tafileh Total Aqaba Madaba +Ajlon 1985 52.6 9.4 16.1 2.6 4.4 8.0 93.0 1986 59.4 11.9 14.0 23.2 8.2 3.9 1.7 12.4 134.6 1987 68.2 12.6 11.6 27.8 9.1 4.8 1.8 14.5 150.5 1988 74.6 14.7 13.4 30.0 10.3 5.0 2.0 14.7 164.8 1989 73.1 17.1 13.3 30.2 13.1 5.7 2.3 15.5 170.2 1990 75.2 21.8 15.1 30.1 12.5 5.9 2.2 15.9 178.6 1991 74.8 22.2 13.7 30.3 13.1 6.3 2.3 15.8 178.6 1992 98.3 22.7 14.2 31.5 15.5 7.0 2.4 16.5 208.2 1993 98.6 25.6 13.3 34.5 19.4 7.0 2.5 17.7 218.5 1994 93.7 27.7 13.6 35.3 20.4 7.2 2.2 19.8 219.9 1995 106.5 32.8 16.5 39.4 20.4 7.2 2.2 21.2 246.1 1996 102.5 31.6 17.1 39.3 19.2 8.5 2.0 22.1 242.3 1997 100.8 31.5 18.4 37.5 18.9 8.7 2.3 21.8 239.9 1998 97.0 32.4 19.2 39.0 19.1 9.3 2.3 23.2 241.5 1999 96.9 31.8 19.0 36.6 17.9 9.2 2.2 23.6 237.4 2000 96.9 31.8 18.5 37.5 16.2 9.2 2.4 22.7 235.2 2001 99.5 32.7 18.9 37.9 15.2 9.5 2.2 24.5 240.5 Source: WAJ Files
Figure 25 shows the domestic water supply to the demand centres outlined by Table 25. These demand centres are along the route of the proposed conveyance system as mentioned earlier. Aqaba water includes the supply for industries such as the Thermal Power Station and Fertilizer Company.
Amman+Madba Karak Domestic Water Supply Taf iela Ma'an+Aqaba
120
100
80
60
(MCM/Year) 40 Domestic Supply 20
0 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 Year
Figure 25: Domestic water supply to selected Governorates
Karak, Tafileh, and Ma’an have their own resources with good quality water that is reliable under normal conditions. Table 26 shows the water resources for the three governorates with the production percentages out of the total in the year 2001.
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Table 26: Water resources for Karak, Tafileh, and Ma’an with percent production (2001) Karak Tafileh Ma’an Al-Sultani Wells 44.6% Al-Harir Water Well 7.3% Al-Tahoonah Wells 29.4% Al-Ghwir Well (1) 1.2% Jorph Al-Daraweesh 2.3% Al-Qa’a Station 11.4% Al-Ghwir Well (2) 3.7% Aapoor 6 Well 1.8% Al-Shobak Station 16.4% Ain Sara Spring 9.2% South Al-Tyanah 0.4% Al-Mrighah Station 5.8% Al-Shahabia Spring 1.3% Al-Tanoor Station 0.6% Al-Phajij Station 4.8% Ain Al-Yarot Spring 0.1% Al-Hasa Well 6.4% Al-Jafir Wells 29 3.9% North Al-Qatranih (1) 3.4% Aapoor 7 Well 9.5% Adroh 7 3.6% North Al-Qatranih (2) 2.2% Aapoor 8 Well 2.2% Al-Manshiyya 0.5% North Al-Qatranih (3) 3.5% Zobdah Wells 66.2% Al-Mudawarra Wells* 0.9% South Al-Qatranih (1) 4.6% Al Hasa Project 3.3% Al-Jotha Wells 9.3% South Al-Qatranih (2) 2.5% Tal Barma Wells/Irrigation 8.0% Al-Wadi Al-Abyad Well 1 1.2% Al-Arja Wells/Irrigation 5.7% Al-Wadi Al-Abyad Well 1 2.0% Aoohida Wells/Irrigation 0.3% Al-Mazra’a Well (2) 2.5% Al-Mazra’a Well (3) 1.9% Phipha Well (2) 1.2% Al-Safi Well (14) 3.2% Al-Safi Well (4) 3.0% Amraq Well (2) 0.1% Mahi Wells 5.0% Shihan 3.7% Source: WAJ Files * Imported Water
The only demand centre that needs increased access to the high quality Disi water is Amman. Table 27 presents the water sources for Amman with the percentage production out of the total in the year 2001, which indicates that 64% of the resources are imported from outside Amman area.
Table 27: Water resources for Amman with percent production (2001) Amman Ras Al-Ain Spring 1.7% Zay/Deir Alla* 38.9% Al-Mohajirin Well 2.3% Al-Zarqa Gov./Kho* 20.7% Wadi Al-Seer Spring 1.5% Balqa/Fuhis* 0.4% Mahatit Al-Taj Wells 8.9% Al-Wanah Project* 3.9% Yajooz Well No. 1 0.3% Total Imported 64.0% East Syaqa Wells 6.3% West Syaqa Wells 1.7% Al-Qatraneh Wells 3.3% Al-Msitbah Wells 0.7% Al-Qastal Wells 1.6% Yajooz Well No. 6 0.4% Ain Ghazal Wells 4.4% Wadi Saqrah Well 0.4% Arinbah Well 0.4% Wadi Al-Qitar Well 0.05% Al-Moyaqar Well 1.3% Al-Yadodih Well 0.5% Abdoon Well 0.3% Source: WAJ Files * Imported Water
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Renewable groundwater resources represent the main part of the current water supply to Amman as indicated by Table 26. Amman receives its water supply for domestic use mainly by mining the groundwater of the main adjacent groundwater basins specifically Amman-Zarqa Basin and Mujib Basin, and partly from the treated Yarmouk River Surface water at Zai water treatment plant. The main aquifer systems in these groundwater basins are highly overexploited whereas the Upper Aquifer Complex in the Sara Basin is over pumped by more than twice its safe yield capacity. Similar situation can be said for the Amman-Zarqa Basin.
During the last two decades the water table had dropped by tens of meters in the above mentioned two basins where the discharge of the natural water springs had been stopped, i.e. the two Azraq North and South springs, which were supplying the internationally recognized Azraq Oasis (wetland), also Ruseifa and Sukhna springs in the Amman-Zarqa Basin.
Additionally, many hand dug wells in the Azraq Basin were dried up completely. It is worth mentioning that the water quality in these two basins had been deteriorated by the continuous water table withdrawal. The water quality deterioration the Azraq basin was associated by the irrigation of the salty water in the Sabkha at the centre of the Azraq basin. Such salt-water intrusion is expected to increase by the further shallow aquifer over pumping for domestic and agricultural uses taking into consideration that the present groundwater abstraction exceeds the safe yield by 236%.
Consequently the salinity of some groundwater wells have been increased from few hundred milligrams per litre to more than few thousands of milligrams per litres, on the other hand the groundwater salinity in the Amman-Zarqa Basin has also increased from few hundreds of milligrams per litre in the early eighties to more than few thousands by milligrams per litre at the time being specially in the area of the industrial activities in Sara city.
Increasing the pumping rates or even continue pumping with the present rates from these two basins (Azraq and Amman-Zarqa Basins) to meet the future water demand in greater Amman will adversely affect the water resources in these two basins to a point where the two basins will be completely destructed and consequently rehabilitation and restoration process will be not reached for a very long period of time. This heavy price should be paid as the result of “do nothing” scenario.
The future reduction at different rates in the groundwater abstraction from these basins to the safe yields will improve the water quality and quantity. Such a situation cannot be reached unless other sources for Amman water supply are put in operation such as Disi water. As an example, three different affected wells in Azraq and Amman-Zarqa basins were investigated at different scenarios for each Basin:
1- Azraq Basin: a. “Do Nothing or No Action” which assumes the abstraction of the year 2002 to be continued without changes. b. “AWSA 0%” Scenario which assumes stopping abstraction from AWSA well field starting with the year 2008 “the expected year for Disi Project operation”. c. “AWSA 50%” Scenario which assumes reducing abstraction from AWSA well field by 50% starting with the year 2008 “the expected year for Disi Project operation”.
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2- Amman Basin: a. “Do Nothing or No Action” Scenario which assumes the abstraction of the year 2002 to be continued with no changes. b. “50%” Scenario which assumes reducing the abstraction from the whole Amman- Zarqa Basin by 50% on the year 2008 “the expected year for Disi Project operation”. c. “75%” Scenario which assumes reducing the abstraction from the whole Amman- Zarqa Basin by 75% on the year 2008 “the expected year for Disi Project operation”.
The above scenarios are presented in Table 28 and Table 29 for Azraq basin and in Table 30 for Amman-Zarqa basin.
Table 28: Water level and water quality conditions of Azraq Observation well AZ-10 at different scenarios Scenario Do Nothing AWSA zero AWSA 50% Year WL¹ EC² WL EC WL EC 1985 509.88 2942 509.88 2942 509.88 2942 1990 508.71 2942 508.71 2942 508.71 2942 1995 506.35 3149 506.35 3149 506.35 3149 2000 503.90 3285 503.90 3285 503.90 3285 2004 502.40 3420 502.40 3420 502.40 3420 2008 500.80 3450 500.80 3450 500.80 3450 2012 499.20 3490 499.23 3496 499.21 3496 2016 497.70 3560 497.79 3562 496.34 3562 2020 496.20 3577 496.46 3576 496.34 3577 2030 493.00 3579 493.72 3574 493.37 3576 2050 487.90 3583 489.84 3579 488.87 3579 1 WL = Water level in meters above sea level 2 EC = Electrical conditions in μs/m
Table 29: Water level and water quality conditions of Azraq Observation well AZ-12 at different scenarios Scenario Do Nothing AWSA zero AWSA 50% Year WL EC WL EC WL EC 1985 508.77 618 508.77 618 508.77 618 1990 504.77 646 504.77 646 504.77 646 1995 502.02 702 502.02 702 502.02 702 2000 499.31 789 499.31 789 499.31 789 2004 497.20 798 497.20 798 497.20 798 2008 495.30 812 495.30 812 495.30 812 2012 493.70 823 502.69 810 498.23 803 2016 492.10 831 503.72 809 498.02 814 2020 490.70 838 504.35 807 497.68 842 2030 487.30 847 504.95 803 496.56 819 2050 481.60 858 504.93 796 494.16 812
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Table 30: Water level and water quality conditions of Amman-Zarqa observation well (AD1300) at different technical scenarios Scenario Do Nothing 50% 75% Year WL EC WL EC WL EC 1985 531.59 932 531.59 932 531.59 932 1990 528.14 960 528.14 960 528.14 960 1995 525.50 1000 525.50 1000 525.50 1000 2000 523.83 1037 523.83 1037 523.83 1037 2004 522.68 1060 522.68 1060 522.68 1060 2008 521.85 1067 524.28 1062 523.08 1057 2012 521.13 1081 524.55 1078 522.86 1067 2016 520.48 1087 524.51 1074 522.52 1073 2020 519.86 1104 524.37 1088 522.16 1086 2030 518.53 1121 523.94 1103 521.29 1094 2050 516.35 1123 523.16 1108 519.84 1103
Another adverse result of the “Do Nothing” scenario is to continue to provide the future water supply to Amman from the present low quality groundwater resources which will affect indirectly the quality of produced municipal wastewater.
The present water salinity of the supplied water to Amman ranges between 700-900 mg/l. This salinity is still within the Jordanian drinking water standards by taking into consideration the maximum limit of the water salinity for conditions of unavailable water. Using high salinity water (above 500 mg/l) will affect the health on the long run. In addition it will cause deterioration to the water conveyance systems and house appliances.
At present, the quality of the wastewater flowing into As-Samara Wastewater Treatment Plant (SWWTP) is adversely affected by the high salinity of the municipal drinking water used in the Amman region. This inflowing wastewater is considered to be very heavy with a salinity of more than 1,800 mg/l which is further increased by the treatment process to more than 2,000 mg/l. This treated wastewater with its high salinity is blended with other flows in the King Talal Dam and released into the Jordan Valley for agricultural use south of Deir Alla. The treated discharges from the SWWTP provide extra water for agricultural uses; however, due to their high salinity they contribute to the degradation of water stored in the reservoir of the King Talal Dam.
5.4 “With Project” Scenario
Water resources in Jordan could be the scarcest resource in the world. Jordanians, whether public or government, are acting accordingly and using wisely each drop of water over the semi arid country. The water shortage has been continuously getting worse, which has forced Jordan to work hard in order to tap all potential water supplies. These supplies could be divided according to different categories, such as:
• According to demand quantities:
• Small amounts of water to be consumed as: Domestic water Low consuming industries
• Large amounts of water to be consumed as: High consuming industries
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Irrigation water
Priority is being given to provision of water for small consumption uses due to the importance of these uses and high impact of shortages. Therefore, all projects are delegated to provide domestic water and low consuming industries. Priorities for allocation of water to low consuming industries were set according to the production value of each cubic meter of water.
• According to supply source:
• Conventional water Surface water Groundwater • Renewable • Non-renewable Demand management savings Treated wastewater reuse
• Non-conventional water Marginal water • Fresh to Brackish • Grey water Desalination water • Brackish groundwater desalination • Sea water desalination
• Regional water Inter-Sea project (Red-Dead project) Import water from outside the region
• Dry water as import of grains and other agriculture products
The conventional waters are the most developed sources in Jordan due to the low investment cost required for such development. This fact created an impact on the renewable groundwater, which leads to over exploitation of the source beyond its safe yield. Tapping shallow aquifers requires the lowest investment cost, which leads to salinity of the aquifer and high drawdown. The other source which is close to that is the surface water, which can be divided mainly into two parts:
• Internationally Shared water-Yarmouk and Jordan Rivers • National Waters-Rivers, Streams and Wadis in Jordan
Shared water was developed further through treaties and negotiations with Syria and Israel, which lead to execution (or on the way) of the following projects:
• Adassiya Diversion Weir to increase the supply of water through the tunnel to the King Abdullah Canal (completed in 2001) • Adassiya pond (ongoing project) to capture flood water from catchment in-between Wehdeh Dam and Adassiya
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• Wehdeh Dam (ongoing project) to capture flood water from Yarmouk upper catchment
In order to maximize available water, the MWI views all surface water sources as potentially being subject to development in order to save and efficiently use every drop of water. All proposed projects to mobilize these resources are subject to detailed feasibility studies that include evaluation of their technical, economic, environmental and social aspects.
Demand management savings could be the cheapest source of water according to many studies (example GTZ 1997). The cubic meter of water could cost as low as 20 cents. Demand management needs low investment and eases the running cost. Therefore, Jordan considers this option with high priority and is undertaking a variety of actions to support demand management.
The social constrains make the reduction of the agricultural demand very sensitive to be handled at the political level. Jordan has no other alternative but to cut from fresh water and to replace it with treated wastewater. This option was implemented with high care due to its environmental impact issue. The treated wastewater has already proven to be suitable for a variety of uses in agriculture and will become a more important source of water in the future.
Jordan is working hard to develop these options, which cannot close the gap between the demand and supply but only reduce it. A schematic figure was prepared to give a clear picture of these options as shown in Figure 26. Accordingly, Jordan has already started to develop the non- conventional waters, such as using marginal water for irrigation and desalination water for domestic. The first large-scale desalination plant was awarded to a contractor on Design-Built- Operator basis. It will be constructed near the Dead Sea to desalinate collected brackish water from side wadis along the Dead Sea in order to supply Amman and the Dead Sea resorts with domestic water. Table 31 presents the planned water development projects, which reflects Jordan enormous plans to bridge the gap.
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Water Demand
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Unresolved Water Deficit
Imported Water From outside the Region Intersea Water Red-Dead Sea Project
Red Sea Shore Desalination Fresh to Brackish (Marginal) Water Disi Water
Brackish Water Water Deficit Deficit Water Desalination Treated Wastewater Reuse Potential Surface Water Management Savings Water Leakage Reduction Dams to be executed
Potential Groundwater
Water Supply
Figure 26: Jordan Water Gap and Bridging Options
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Table 31: Planned water development projects and development amount (MCM/yr) Short Mid Long Total 1Existing 2Incremental Estimated Main Project Term Term Term Develop. Resource Type Develop Develop. Amount Cost Remarks Name 2001 - 2006 - 2011 - Amount by Amount during 1998-2020 (JD)/m3 2005 2010 2020 2020 (1+2) Existing Development 303 - - - - 303 Already Executed Amount Feasibility, design and Wehdeh Dam - 93 - - 93 93 145 tender documents Completed. Mujib Dam (including base - 12 - - 12 12 26 Ongoing flow) flow (develop.) Surface Water Tanur Dam - 8 - - 8 8 23 Completed Wala Dam - 5 - - 5 5 13 Just completed Small Dams (Ibn Hammad, Karak, - - 7 - 7 7 12 Finance is not secured and Middien) Feasibility. and Tender Fidan Dam - 3 - - 3 3 8 Document Completed Field investigations Water Harvesting - - 15 15 15 completed Total 303 121 7 15 143 446 227 Desalination Conveyor to Urban 33 27 - - 27 60 - - Jordan Storage on Jordan Peace Water River and Sides - - 30 - 30 30 -- Wadis Ongoing Financing is Total 33 27 30 - 57 90 100 being sought Reduction of the Renewable GW 420 -52 -31 -62 -145 275 - - Abstraction
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Table 31: Planned water development projects and development amount (MCM/yr) (contd.) Short Mid Long Total 1Existing 2Incremental Estimated Term Term Term Develop. Resource Type Main Project Name Develop Develop. Amount Cost Remarks 2001 - 2006 - 2011 - Amount by Amount during 1998-2020 (JD)/ m3 2005 2010 2020 2020 (1+2) Deep GW - - - - 13 Finance is not secured investigation BOT, Updated Fossil Fresh Disi 70 -5a 27 38 60 130 420 Feasibility. Designs and Groundwater Tender.doc. completed Lajoun Wells - (11)* - - (11)* (11)* 13 Completed Total 70 -5 27 38 60 130 446 W. Zarqa Ma’in/Zara Feasibility. Completed - 20** 20** - 40** 40 70 Conveyance Project and awarded as DBO El-Lajoun Brackish Groundwater - - 13 23 36 36 - Not yet Desalination Project Desalination (including brackish spring) Deir Alla (Abu Ez- Zighan) Desalination - - 9 9 9 5 Ongoing Plant Total - 20 33 23 85 85 75 Sea water Desalination Aqaba Sea Water A feasibility study is - 5 - 12 17 17 14 Desalination ongoing BOT Feasibility, design As-Samra TP 46 21 -6b 22 37 83 105 and tend. Doc. Comp. Secured. Finance Feasibility. and design Wadi Zarqa TP - - 40 14 54 54 59 completed Reuse of Treated Feasibility. and design Wastewater Existing 5 TPs 2 2 2 2 6 8 - completed Stage 1 comp. Stage II Aqaba wastewater 16 25 29 31 85 101 25 ongoing. Secured project Finance Total 64 48 65 69 182 246 189 Ground Total 890 164 131 104 399 1,289 1037 Total Amount by Target Year 890 1,054 1,185 1,289 - 1,289 1037 Source: Updated Investment Program 2002 to 2011 and JICA Management Plan 2001
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Implementation of all of the options reviewed above will still result in a short fall in bridging the water supply gap in Jordan. Table 32 extracted from GTZ study 1997 presents the water gap expected at year 2010 and 2040. The water demand could be more than 30% unsatisfied. Therefore, regional projects could be the only solution for Jordan’s future need of domestic water. The proposed inter-sea project of the Red-Dead that would provide for hydropower generation and desalinization of water may prove to be more feasible than some of the other proposed projects from a technical, economic, environmental and social viewpoint. Table 33 developed by GTZ 1997 study, estimates the unit cost for such options.
Table 32: Water-Demand,-Supply and Gap for the Base Scenario (MCM/yr) Year 2010 2040 Domestic 488 1209 Industrial 129 170 Irrigation 1088 1088 Total demand 1705 2467 Supply 1083 1669 Deficit (%) of Demand -622 (36.5%) -798 (32.3%)
Table 33: Non-conventional options for Jordan to ease the water problem Quantity Delivery Unit Cost Total Unit Cost to Option Sub-option MCM/yr Point US $/m3 Amman Seawater Single RO 50 Med Coast 0.68 0.97 Desalination Desalination Plant Red-Dead 850 Dead Coast Not 1.01 Intersea available Med-Dead 800 Dead Coast 0.42 0.72 Intersea Water Import by Used Tankers 200 Med Coast 0.83 1.12 Sea New Water 200 Med Coast 1.12 1.41 Tankers Large Vinyl 200 Med Coast 0.55 0.84 Bags Water Import by Pipeline from 150 Lower 1.44 - Land Turkey Jordan River Amman 1.65 1.65 200 Lower 1.36 - Jordan River Amman 1.54 1.54 Pipeline from 150 Lower 0.94 - Iraq Jordan River Amman 1.13 1.13 Pipeline from 150 Lower 0.15 - Lebanon Jordan River Amman 0.68 0.68
The above discussion indicates that Disi water is part of the groundwater option, which can be divided into two main parts:
• Renewable-all aquifers except Disi and Jafer • Non-Renewable-Disi and Jafer
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Renewable groundwater resources represent the main part of the current water supplies in Jordan. The capital Amman receives its water supply for different purposes but solely for domestic uses mainly from:
• Groundwater basins adjacent to Amman specifically Amman-Zarqa Basin, Azraq, and Mujib Basins. • Treated surface water from Yarmouk River at Zai Water Treatment Plant.
The main aquifer systems in these groundwater basins are highly overexploited whereas the Upper Aquifer Complex in the Azraq Basin is over pumped by more than twice its safe yield capacity. Similar situation can be said for the Amman-Zarqa Basin. During the last two decades the water table had been dropped by tens of meters in these basins whereas discharge of natural water springs had been stopped. For example:
• The two Azraq North and South springs, which were supplying the internationally recognized Azraq Oasis (wetland). • Ruseifa and Sukhna springs in the Amman-Zarqa Basin.
Additionally, many hand-dug wells in the Azraq Basin were dried up completely. It is worth mentioning that the water quality in these two basins had been deteriorated by the continuous decline of the water table. The water quality deterioration at Azraq Basin was associated by the irrigation of the salty water in the Sabkha at the centre of the Azraq basin. The present groundwater abstraction exceeds the safe yield by more than 230%.
Consequently the salinity of some groundwater wells has been increased from few hundred milligrams per litre to more than few thousands of milligrams per litre. The groundwater salinity in the Amman-Zarqa Basin has also increased from few hundreds of milligrams per litre in the early eighties to more than few thousands by milligrams per litre at the time being specially in the area of the industrial activities in Sara city.
Increasing the pumping rates or even continued pumping with the present rates from these two basins (Azraq and Amman-Zarqa Basins) to meet the future water demand in greater Amman will adversely affect the water resources in these two basins to a point where the two basins will be completely destroyed and consequently rehabilitation and restoration will not be achieved for a very long time.
The future reduction of the rates of groundwater abstraction from these basins will result in sustainable yields and booth increase the quantity and improve the quality of these groundwater resources over the long term. Such a situation cannot be reached unless other sources for Amman water supply are put in operation. The present water salinity of the supplied water is ranging between 700-900 mg/l. This salinity is still within the Jordanian drinking water standards by taking into consideration the upper limit of the water salinity in the standards which is 1,500 mg/l, which is the expected case of future quality of the supplied water if no other resources of water are used to supply Amman. The continued use of the present sources of groundwater for Amman will also negatively affect the quality of the municipal wastewater prior to and after treatment due to its high salinity.
In order to supply Amman with necessary water supplies, the MWI has drilled deep wells in the Lajoun area to tap a portion of the Disi aquifer. The water quality from these drilled wells is not similar to that in the Disi area which is further south in Jordan. The salinity of the water from these wells is about double the value of wells in the Dubaydib area and the presence of iron and
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manganese in the water requires that it be treated by aeration prior to use for water supply. In addition, the quantity of the discharge from these wells is lower than those in southern Jordan.
In the case of water supplies being provided to Amman from the Rum Aquifer (Dubaydib well field), which has a salinity of less than 300 mg/l, the wastewater will be significantly less saline which will allow for a better quality effluent from the SWWTP. In addition, if alternative treatment technologies were adopted at the SWWTP such as the use of mechanical treatment, a better quality treatment could be obtained than from the currently used natural stabilization ponds. When combined these changes would allow for the collected flood and treated wastewater in the King Talal reservoir to be acceptable for use on most crops in the Jordan Valley.
The proposed project has been given the highest priority by the MWI for construction because it will provide water of excellent quality to Amman at a time when there is great need to reduce overdraft of water from rechargeable aquifers on the plateau. Besides, the Disi pipeline will be an important link in the development of a national pipeline network. Should the Red-Dead or an alternative water transfer project be developed in the future, the Disi pipeline would be critical for the transfer of water back to the south. This would be done to conserve the Disi reservoir for emergencies or to supply water to the south if the Disi reservoir by then has been fully exploited.
5.5 Review of Additional Alternative Actions
The following alternatives have been considered by the Government of Jordan in order to address management of the current and future water gap. Many of them are under full or partial implementation while others are the subject of on-going or proposed feasibility studies.
The options discussed in the following sections will not satisfy the future water gap but will to some extent ease the water problem.
5.5.1 Development of Groundwater Resources
The groundwater basins in Jordan comprise more than one aquifer system. As indicated in Table 10, eleven basins of the twelve-groundwater basins include three aquifer systems, which are the Upper, Intermediate and Deep aquifer systems. Only the Mudawarra- Southern Desert groundwater basin comprises a single unified aquifer system. The renewable aquifer systems in most basins are mainly in combination with the other Mesozoic sandstone rocks the Deep aquifer system in the other eleven groundwater basins. The renewable aquifer systems in most basins are mainly the Upper aquifer system and partly the Intermediate aquifer system, which is in some localities, is interconnected with the Upper one or exposed in the Eastern Highlands. The safe yield of the groundwater basins is represented in Table 11.
The present abstraction from the different aquifers exceeds the safe yield of the groundwater basin corresponds and value 175% of it. Due to the over exploitation in these aquifers, the water quality has deteriorated in addition to the noticeable drawdown in the water table in some basins. This applies to Azraq and Amman-Zarqa Basins, which supply Amman with water for the different uses. These two basins are highly overexploited. This has led to salt water intrusion and accordingly to deterioration of the water quality.
On the other hand, the Intermediate and Deep aquifers in the Azraq Basin are both of poor quality and cannot be used directly for domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes. This is due to the confined nature of these two aquifers, where the drawdown of the piezometirc heads of these
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aquifers below the water level in the Upper aquifer lead to vertical leakage from the upper to the lower aquifers resulting in indirect overexploitation of the Upper aquifer. A similar situation is expected to occur in Amman-Zarqa Basin if the Deep or Intermediate aquifers are abstracted to supply Amman with water.
The development of the Deep aquifers in the other adjacent groundwater basins is associated with water quality since the salinity of the water ranges between 3,500 mg/l and 14,000 mg/l. Due to this utilization pattern, the water from this aquifer requires a desalinisation process which will result in problems with the disposal of brine generated from this treatment process. In addition, vertical leakage from the Upper and Intermediate aquifers will occur especially when the water level (piezometirc head) of the Deep aquifer becomes lower than that of the overlying aquifers.
Due to these conditions, the development of the Deep aquifers and partial development of the Intermediate aquifers in the Azraq, Amman-Zarqa as well as other adjacent groundwater basins will not be able to provide an effective alternative solution to the development of Disi for provision of high quality water to greater Amman.
5.5.2 Water Demand Management
Currently in Jordan 75% of the total available water supplies is used for irrigation and about 30% of this percentage is used for agriculture in the uplands. The irrigation water used in upland areas is drawn from groundwater resources that are under extreme pressure. This contributes to declines in groundwater levels as well as water quality deterioration from overexploitation and from return flows from irrigation. The use of the upland aquifer for agricultural purposes is contributing significantly to the reduction of the renewable groundwater reserve which limits the available water for municipal and industrial supply. Taking into consideration three basins of the upland aquifers which are the Yarmouk, Amman-Zarqa and Azraq Basins, it is found that the safe yield of these basins is 151 MCM/year, the amount of water utilized for irrigation is 124 MCM/year and the amount abstracted water for domestic and industrial purposes is 126 MCM/year.
From these figures, it is clearly indicated that these basins are overexploited by 165% of the safe yield. Due to this, it is recommended not to expand the groundwater utilization in irrigation in order to save the groundwater for municipal uses. In addition, it is highly recommended to reduce the area of irrigated lands, limit the volume of abstracted water for use in agriculture as recommended by the MWI. Beside this, it is recommended to change the crop patterns, introduce crops of low water consumption, and change the irrigation practices to save as much as possible the overexploitation of the groundwater aquifers in the upland.
Generally, conservation of water in the municipal uses will be very limited since Jordanians are very conservative in water consumption in their homes and they are adopting water conservation devices which are suggested the Ministry of Water and Irrigation. Public awareness has been discussed earlier for all sectors and NGO’s are contributing to these efforts.
Other activities which are carried out by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation to reduce the adverse effects of groundwater over drafting and quality deterioration are the replacement of the old water supply networks with new ones, the determination of the illegal connection and the new water tariff water (higher prices for higher consumption).
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5.5.3 Wastewater Reuse (Municipal and Industrial)
As-Samra is the largest natural stabilization wastewater treatment plant in the Amman-Zarqa Basin. As-Samra WWTP treats the wastewater produced in Amman, Ruseifa and Zarqa cities where more than 60% of Jordan’s population live. The reuse of the treated wastewater is not a common practice in the Amman-Zarqa Basin. Most of As-Samra effluent flows naturally and is stored in the reservoir of King Talal Dam. After that, it is diluted by floodwater collected in the reservoir and then used for irrigation in the Jordan Valley. The effluent of the SWWTP is not of an adequate high quality to be used directly for agricultural purposes. But if the effluent were of good quality, it will be reused for agricultural purposes. In this case, it will help in reducing the water level decline of the Upper aquifer in the Amman-Zarqa Basin where more than 60 MCM/year are exploited for irrigating farm lands in the basin.
5.5.4 Taping the Disi Aquifer in the Areas not Far from Amman
In order to bridge the gap in the water supply to Amman, the Ministry of Water and Irrigation drilled many deep wells in Lajoun area (near Karak), and in Hisban and Zarqa River (Jordan Valley). The salinity in the Lajoun area is almost double the salinity in Dubaydib area, in addition the water contains high content of iron, manganese and hydrogen sulfide, while in Hisban and Zarqa River the salinity of the Deep aquifer was 10-20 fold higher than that of Dubaydib area. Due to this, the water of Lajoun area is to be aerated before usage while in Hisban and Zarqa River the water needs desalination before usage which will result in a need to properly dispose of brine wastes form this process. Generally, the water quality of the Disi (Rum) aquifer varies from south towards north where the water salinity increases along the flow paths from south toward north – northwest.
5.5.5 Brackish Water Desalination
Brackish water normally occurs in most of the Intermediate and Deep aquifer systems of all groundwater basins except the Mudawarra-Southern Desert basin. Adjacent to Amman, the groundwater basins, which contain brackish water, are Dead Sea, Zarqa, Azraq and the Jordan Valley. The well-studied brackish groundwater is located in the Jordan Valley in the aquifer corresponding to the Disi aquifer in association with Triassic and Jurassic Rocks. The salinization of the groundwater in this area is attributed to the lithological characteristics of the Triassic rocks that contain evaporite rocks. The brackish water is mainly located in Hisban, Kafrein and Zarqa River at Abu Zeighan area.
JICA (1995) indicated the possibility of desalinating about 70 MCM/year from the Jordan Valley. The most serious problem associated with the abstraction and desalination of 70 MCM/year beside the brine disposal is the drop in the piezometric head of the Deep aquifer below the water level of the Upper and Intermediate aquifers. This will cause vertical leakage and water loss from the Upper and Intermediate fresh water aquifers to the Deep aquifer. Similar problems will occur if brackish water of the Intermediate aquifers is exploited in Azraq and the Deep aquifer in Amman-Zarqa Basin. Due to these problems, this alternative will not be an efficient long-term solution to Amman water supply.
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5.5.6 Seawater Desalination
Jordan’s only access to the Red Sea is located at a distance of 380 km southeast of Amman. The present cost of seawater desalinization is still very expensive due to investment and operational costs and is not currently affordable by Jordanians at a large scale. In addition to the desalination cost, the produced water needs to be conveyed to Amman from sea level to more than 800 m above sea level. This project is not feasible at present but will be an acceptable project if associated with other projects such as the Red-Dead Sea Canal where desalination is going to be carried out at the Dead Sea shores and the brine discharged to the Dead Sea in order to maintain the Dead Sea water level.
5.5.7 Red-Dead Sea Canal
The Red-Dead Sea project is a very large project that cannot be executed unless there is cooperation with Israel and Palestine and financial support of international agencies. The development of such a project will provide Jordan with a significant amount of desalinized seawater, maintain the Dead Sea level and stop the environmental problems associated with the drop of Dead Sea level. Such a project is a long-term solution of the water supply problem in Jordan but requires preparation of a detailed feasibility study and environmental assessment, a long construction period and a regional cooperation.
5.5.8 Water Imports
Many regional projects were suggested during the last two decades to export water from water rich countries such as Turkey, Lebanon and Iraq. The most prominent suggested project is to import water from Turkey from the Syhan and Ceyhan Rivers to the Middle East countries and the Gulf States through the Peace Pipeline. The political situation in the region has prevented the execution of this project. The other proposed project is to import water from Iraq through a pipeline from Euphrates. Also due to political and water scarcity in Euphrates, this project has not proven practical to pursue beyond feasibility studies.
5.6 Delayed Implementation of the Disi Project
This scenario was carried out by Jordan actually for some time now. The Disi water was exploited partially in 1982 for agricultural activities with minimum investment regarding water resource transfer. Saudi Arabia started at the seventies to use Disi water for grain production. Therefore, Disi water for domestic use has been really delayed now for more than 20 years. This delay in implementation has had the following impacts in Jordan:
• domestic water quality in Amman, which had adverse effect on health and water system. • reuse of low quality treated wastewater, which damaged soil in Middle Jordan Valley. • deterioration of the quantity and quality of water in upland aquifers due to over exploitation to close the water gap. • rationing due to water availability problem, which increased the investment in water storage tanks and usage problems due to timing.
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It should be noted that the proposed project has been delayed for a number of years, especially since the mid-1990s when the current design began to be developed. This is the result of the need to both carry out detailed feasibility studies and an environmental and social assessment, mobilize international and domestic funding and to seek the participation of the private sector.
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6 SPECIFIC AND CUMULATIVE IMPACTS
This section addresses the direct and indirect water sector impacts and influences from implementation of the proposed project. The provision of reliable high quality water to Greater Amman will have a significant positive impact on the economy of the region, improve the public health of the water users and contribute to better environmental conditions. These improvements in water quantity and quality will in turn improve the quantity and quality of wastewater water flows to the Jordan Valley following their treatment at the SWWTP and contribute to increased agricultural production in the Jordan Valley. This source will be of high quality and of high reliable quantity.
The above implications will continue like a chain reaction on the treated wastewater consumed in the Jordan Valley. The treated wastewater will be of better quality and of reliable quantity again due to the characteristics of the Disi source. A side product for such consumption is a relief of the other currently overexploited sources such as the highland and Azraq aquifers. The reduction in abstraction will enhance the opportunity to rehabilitate and restore these aquifers. The Azraq aquifer and associated wetland is a good example of such process. These benefits were discussed in detail through Section 5.4.
Before addressing the detailed specific and cumulative impacts of the Disi project on the water sector, an overview about the project stakeholders is presented below.
6.1 Project Stakeholders
In Jordan, the policy for water allocation considers the following water stakeholders: domestic, industrial, touristic, and agricultural sectors. The water allocation priority goes first to the domestic sector, followed by the industrial and touristic sectors and last to the agricultural sector. Table 34 presents the priority of Disi water consumption according to stakeholder shares and importance. The shares and importance were developed mainly according to the following:
• Local availability of water; • Present accessibility to Disi water; • Water use; and • Legal issues.
In terms of the Disi water, the stakeholders are the users of this water which include:
• Amman city which will utilise the Disi water for domestic needs and for which the allocation of the Disi water will help in relieving the upland aquifers used to supply Amman with required domestic water; • Locals at Disi area who use the Disi water for their various activities including domestic uses and livestock raising; • Aqaba city which utilizes at present the Disi water for its domestic needs; • The Disi farms which utilize the Disi water for irrigation. However, those farms will be closed once their permits are expired; and • The cities along the Disi conveyor route will be provided with emergency turn outs. But at present those cities have no need for the Disi water since they already have their own water resources that are of good quality.
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Table 34: Priority of stakeholders with respect to Disi water consumption Total Priority Conditions Priority Water Needs Stakeholder Present Availability Rate Consumption of Other Near Future Future Far Future (Sum) of Disi Water Sources (Up to 2010) (Up to 2020) (Up to 2040) Amman City ******** - **2 ** ** ** Locals at **** * - * * * Disi area Aqaba City *** * - * * -3 Disi Farms *** * - ** -4 -4 Cities along the Conveyor * - - - - *5 Route 1 1 Cities along the pipeline: Madaba, Karak, Tafileh, Ma’an and Aqaba. 2 Almost all domestic water is imported from outside Amman. 3 Other sources will be available (e.g. intersea project) 4 Contract Expiry 5 Local sources will not fulfil the growing demand.
6.2 Specific Impacts
Figure 27 presents a summary of the expected positive impacts due to the Disi water conveyance project.
Greater Amman Main Demand Centre
Increased High Supply Water Quality Quantity Reliability Enhancement
Over Exploited Summer Wastewater Quality and Exhausted Consumption Enhancement Aquifers Relief Assurance
Efficient Wastewater Treatment
Better Quality of Treated Wastewater to be used at Disi Jordan Valley for Well Fields Agriculture Specific Supply Centre
Figure 27: Illustration of the reason for conveying Disi Water to Amman
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A summary of the potential impacts of the Disi-Mudawarra Water System on the Water Sector in Jordan is presented in Table 35.
Table 35: Potential impacts of the Disi-Mudawarra Water System on the Water Sector in Jordan Direct Indirect Cumulative Supply additional domestic Reduce the damage in Improve the quality water to the Greater Amman quality of groundwater in the of water in the Area and increase the share relieved aquifers where the relieved aquifers of per capita for domestic high water table will lower Physical demand the hydraulic gradient Relieve the over exploited between the fresh water and aquifers and elevate the the lower quality water table level in the relieved aquifers The reduction in the The reduction in the Enhance the abstraction will increase the abstraction will enhance the wetlands condition in baseflow of streams which in renewable process of the many areas of Jordan turn would enhance the Azraq aquifer and associated Biodiversity biodiversity at wetlands wetland as an example associated to the streams which in turn would enhance the biodiversity at Azraq Oasis Reduce the salinity at The treated wastewater will Improve the irrigated lands due to be of better quality and of cropping condition at reduction in salinity reliable quantity again due to southern Ghour accumulated in soil column the characteristics of the Disi Agricultural Enhance soil characteristic source and the treated for more profitable condition wastewater in KTDR will be for better growing crops acceptable for irrigation purposes for most crops planted in the Jordan Valley A reliable quantity and a Increase in the reliability of Improve the health better quality of water will the system will decrease the condition of have positive implications on losses and enhance the water consumers due to Social health aspects of the society consumption share for poor reliable and good households quality water consumed
The Water Sector Environmental and Social Assessment identified the following potential impacts associated with the proposed project:
• It would withdraw fossil water from the Disi aquifer and convey it to Greater Amman for domestic water supply and industry • The Disi water would provide Greater Amman with access to a reliable high quality source of water that improve public health and overall environmental conditions • The use of Disi water will improve the quality of wastewater conveyed to the SWWTP and later to the King Talal Dam Reservoir which will in turn allow for an enhanced treated effluent for agricultural use in the Jordan Valley • The use of Disi water would provide an opportunity to relieve the overexploitation of upland aquifers and provide an opportunity for their rehabilitation and restoration • Important hydrological benefits would occur to the Azraq aquifer and its associated wetland of international significance that have been very adversely impacted by excessive withdrawal of groundwater
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• Although the Disi project would provide significant amounts of water to Greater Amman, it would not close the gap in water demand and will need to be complemented with actions to both mobilize additional water resources and to address demand management especially non-traditional sources.
6.2.1 Impact of Withdrawing Groundwater from Disi Aquifer
The maximum design discharge from the well fields is 150 MCM/year. This volume will be pumped from wells penetrating the Rum aquifer in its unconfined part only or in its unconfined and confined part. The estimated average well discharge is 70 l/s. In order to reach to the necessary volume of 150 MCM/year, 68 wells should be operated on a 24 hours basis. In order to properly operate and maintain the well field, an additional 10 percent of the wells will be drilled. Thus, the final number of drilled wells should be at least 75 wells.
This number of wells will be located either in one well field area or in two well fields. It was suggested by Harza to drill two well fields; the first in Dubaydib area (Dubaydib well field) and the second in Batn El-Ghoul area (Batn El-Ghoul well field). The first well field is located in the unconfined aquifer area of Rum aquifer and the second is located in the confined aquifer area of Rum aquifer where the Khreim Group is the confining layer. This planning was changed by Brown & Root during optimisation of the design and Dubaydib well field has been proposed only to be used. The MWI has already drilled three monitoring wells in that field.
Most of the studies carried out on the Disi Mudawarra groundwater resources restricted the well field location to Dubaydib area in the unconfined aquifer. The detailed study was the Scott Wilson (1995), where two abstraction scenarios concentrating on the Dubaydib well field were studied. These scenarios are as follows:
• Scenario 1: abstraction of 120 MCM/year from Dubaydib well field in addition to the current abstraction of 75 MCM/year rising to 87 MCM/year (for Aqaba domestic and industrial purposes, local supply and agricultural activities) and 977 MCM/year in Tabuk in Saudi Arabia. This scenario was carried out for 50- and 100- year development periods.
• Scenario 2: additional abstraction of 150 MCM/year from Dubaydib well field beside the other existing abstractions in Disi-Mudawarra area as well as in Saudi Arabia in Tabuk. This scenario was also carried out for 50- and 100- year development periods.
The estimated drawdown results due to the first scenario for the 50-year and 10-year abstraction periods are 24 m and 81 m, respectively. The maximum drawdown due to 100-year abstraction period is corresponding to 190 m below ground level. This level is still above the feasible economic water depth, which is 250 m below ground level. On the other hand, the estimated drawdown resulting from the second scenario for the 50-year and 100-year abstraction periods are 140 m below ground level and 210 m below ground level, respectively. The latter pumping level is still higher but closer to the economic pumping level.
In the above two scenarios, where 120 MCM/year or 150 MCM/year are to be abstracted from Dubaydib well field, the drawdown in the water level will not exceed the economic level taking into consideration the continuous present abstraction from the Rum aquifer for agricultural, domestic and industrial purposes. But, if the abstraction for agricultural purposes is terminated after the set period of operation according to the original contracts, the estimated drawdown in the Dubaydib well field will be less than the estimated levels. As indicated by the tested boreholes
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drilled through the Rum aquifer, the whole water column is almost of the same quality from top to bottom. In this case the water quality during the whole period of abstraction will not be changed dramatically and the variations will not exceed couple of hundreds of µS/cm. This means that the electrical conductivity will not exceed 500 – 550 µS/cm. The maximum allowable limit is 850 µS/cm as outlined by the Jordanian Standards of year 2001. Regarding other chemicals, the water contains relatively small amounts of Fe and Mn (less than 1 mg/l). Such concentrations need no treatment whereas pumping into a collection reservoir will be enough to oxidize them and produce a good water quality.
When using the two well fields in Dubaydib and Batn El-Ghoul to produce the required water quality, the drawdown in the water level will be less giving more feasible operating costs. In addition, the higher yields of the wells in the confined aquifer in Bath El-Ghoul can act to shorten the collectors lengths and maintenance costs. But due to the lateral lithological variations in the Rum aquifer, the water in Batn El-Ghoul contains higher Fe and Mn concentrations (more than 5 mg/l), which needs treatment to be removed since pumping into a reservoir is not sufficient to remove these quantities, as pointed out with Dubaydib well field.
Such a problem can be bridged if mixing in appropriate portions between Dubaydib well field water with Batn El-Ghoul well field water is carried in order to reach a value within the Jordanian Drinking Water Standards. The Standards of year 2001 indicate maximum allowable content of Fe and Mn by 1 and 0.2 mg/l, respectively.
The other most important problem, which might occur due to abstraction from Batn El-Ghoul well field, is the expected water quality deterioration due to the downward leakage from the Khreim Group (containing highly saline water) as development proceeds. To prevent such a process from occurring, a limited volume of water is to be abstracted from this well field keeping the water level of Rum aquifer higher than the confining layer of the Khreim Group. This decision is based on a study carried out by El-Naser and Gedeon (1996) and published in the publications of International Atomic Energy Agency. In this study, the authors showed the expected water quality changes of the Rum Aquifer due to different mixing ratios with the Khreim Aquitard water.
It is suggested that Dubaydib well field be operated to produce the needed water amount where good water quality can be pumped during the whole period. But, if Batn El-Ghoul well field is going to be operated, good management should be carried out to preserve a good quality of the water to be conveyed to Amman.
The problem associated with the pumpage from the confined aquifer in Batn El-Ghoul is the vertical leakage of poor quality water from the Khreim Group to Disi Aquifer whereas in this case the pumped water will be changed dramatically according to the percentage of mixed Khreim-Disi water ratio as well as the salinity of the leaked water which is normally of wide range. A selected example (Haiste and Scott Wilson, 1995) showing the effect of the induced leakage of poor quality of Khreim Group on the Rum aquifer is presented in Table 36 taking into consideration different mixing ratios (ranging between 1-10% of Khreim water). The detailed analysis is presented in Annex C13.
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Table 36: Initial and mixing results between Khreim Group Water with Disi water (Haiste and Scott Wilson, 1995) Initial Results Mixing Scenarios BH5A BH5 Well BH5 BH5 BH5 BH5 Parameter Well Rum Khreim 1% 2% 5% 10% Aquifer Aquifer Date 7/3/94 7/3/94 pH 7.42 7.73 7.42 7.42 7.44 7.47 T oC 42 35 41.8 41.7 41.2 40.3 Ca mg/L 34.10 443.69 38 42.4 54.4 75.2 Mg mg/L 7.29 602.94 13.2 19 37 66.5 Na mg/L 27.14 1909 46.2 65.1 122 217.1 K mg/L 1.56 38.71 2 2.3 3.5 5.3 Cl mg/L 48.92 3200 80.9 112.5 208 365.7 SO4 mg/L 40.32 2893.44 70.6 99.9 188.2 335.2 HCO3 mg/L 84.21 296.56 86.6 88.5 95.2 105.5 TDS mg/L 234.4 9380.1 336.1 427.7 704.2 1164
Table 36 addressed the water quality changes due to mixing with the poor water quality of Khreim Group. It indicates that the mixing from both Khreim and Disi will result in poor quality water and, in case of higher mixing ratios, more deterioration of Disi water quality will occur.
Due to this, it is highly recommended to have only one well field in Dubaydib area where better quality water will be produced during the operation period.
6.2.2 Impacts on Aqaba
The main water source of Aqaba is the groundwater abstraction from Disi area (Rum aquifer) and Wadi Yutum (Alluvial aquifer). The annual quantities of water that supplied Aqaba during the period 1995-2001 are shown in Table 37.
Table 37: Aqaba annual quantities of water supply Year Annual Quantity (m3) 1995 16,787,338 1996 15,338,871 1997 15,077,000 1998 15,033,101 1999 16,488,600 2000 15,161,430 2001 14,950,095
The water supply pipeline extending from Disi area to Aqaba has a capacity of 17.5 MCM/year. The Aqaba water supply pipeline is operating for the time being in its full capacity. The pumped water to Aqaba is of excellent quality with an EC-value of less than 350 µS/cm. This water quality corresponds to the Dubaydib unconfined aquifer.
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It is clearly indicated that the amount of water abstracted from Qa Disi for Aqaba use is limited to the carrying capacity of the transition line (17.5 MCM/year), which is consistent with WAJ policy. Most of the abstracted water is used by the municipal and industrial sectors. The second major source of fresh water supplying the Aqaba region is the Wadi Yutum Aquifer east of Aqaba city, which supply approximately 2 MCM annually.
Another groundwater source is the Southern Wadi Araba aquifer, which in Aqaba is mostly used for the Palm Irrigation Project. This aquifer is estimated to provide a safe yield of 5.5 MCM/year. The water of this aquifer is almost utilized for irrigation purposes and partly for domestic purposes of local settlements. It is worth mentioning that the water of Wadi Yutum is now being used for irrigation, where an irrigation system was recently installed and connected to the Wadi Yutum pipeline in the northern part of Aqaba and the water is used to irrigate public areas including green belts and traffic medians along the main road into town.
6.2.3 Treated Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation in Aqaba
The Aqaba Wastewater Treatment Plant is a natural stabilisation pond to treat typical domestic wastewater. This treatment plant was constructed in 1987 with a design capacity of 9,000 m3/day. The general status of the plant indicates that it is hydraulically overloaded according to the year 2001 where the hydraulic inflow to the plant was 9,300 m3/day. This can be solved through expression of the existing plant or the construction of a new plant.
The effluent of Aqaba stabilisation ponds contains a high amount of total suspended solids (about 400 mg/l), which consequently reflects the high BOD5-values of the effluent (about 100 mg/l). As mentioned in Montgomery Watson et al. (2000) report on the environmental assessment of Aqaba, the treated wastewater coming out of the treatment plant is disposed of by evaporation (20% of inflow), percolation to the groundwater and/or for reuse in the area of the Gulf of palm trees and other ornamental plants (80% of inflow). Reuse is currently covering 1,900 dunum. The existing reuse is limited to gardening and palm irrigation by governmental organisations. The treated wastewater effluent is used to irrigate the following areas: the Date Palm Forest Project, the Hag Farm, the Peace Garden, Green Belt and Air Port Forestation and Wind Breaks around the treatment plant. In addition, there are many schemes for treated wastewater reuse in the Gulf of Aqaba as well as future areas to be irrigated with the treated wastewater effluent such as: trees along streets and roads east of the plant, Arab Date Palm, and Royal Garden. The additional areas represent 6,300 dunum. It is clearly indicated that there is a potential of utilising the produced treated wastewater in irrigation in Aqaba Region. Therefore, treated wastewater could be reused for irrigation and the sum of 7.5 MCM per year at Wadi Yutum and Wadi Araba aquifers will be used merely for domestic purposes to overcome the future growing demand.
6.2.4 Improved Water Quality for Users in Amman
Amman domestic water is abstracted mainly from over exploited aquifers, which are suffering from low quality water. The salinity, as an example, is high and above maximum allowable limit set by Jordanian Standards for the year 2001. Figure 28 presents the average salinity of Amman domestic water. Jordanian standards allow up to 500 ppm salinity as maximum limit and could be exceeded up to 1,500 ppm in very dry conditions.
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Average Salinity at Amman
1200 Standards Max. Allowable Limit 1000
800
600
400 Salinity (ppm)Salinity 200
0 1995 1996 1997 1998 Year
Figure 28: Average quality of Amman domestic water
The high salinity can be detected visually at household appliances, which are continuously suffering from scaling problems. This salinity is also associated with health problems. Disi water will dilute the chemicals in Amman system to much lower concentrations and this will enhance the water quality to levels close to the set standards. This problem is not detected at other governorates such as the governorates along the Disi pipeline route. Figure 29 shows Tafileh average domestic water quality against Amman domestic water quality.
Salinity at Amman and Tafeileh
1200 Amman Tafeileh 1000
800
600
400 Salinity (ppm) Salinity 200
0 1995 1996 1997 1998 Year
Figure 29: Tafileh domestic water quality against Amman domestic water quality
6.2.5 Equitable Access of Central and Southern Areas
As discussed in other places of this report, the following is a list of the governorates that can benefit from the Disi pipeline as an extra source of domestic water:
• Madaba • Karak • Tafileh • Ma’an
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The above governorates are supplied with domestic water out of groundwater resources within their perimeter. These sources are exploited to a volume within their safe yield. The produced water can cover their present needs and the future requirements. Table 38 presents the water budget for the above governorates along with that of Amman domestic water.
Table 38: Water budget of Disi pipeline route governorates against Amman domestic water in MCM per year Madaba Karak Tafileh Year Net Net Net Import Export Import Export Import Export Supply Supply Supply 1995 - - - 0 0 7.45 0.80 0 2.24 1996 6.89 5.34 12.89 0 0 8.48 0.76 0 2.04 1997 5.95 5.86 11.98 0.18 0 8.73 0.66 0 2.30 1998 5.77 5.91 11.74 0.22 0 9.33 0.52 0 2.35 1999 3.82 5.77 8.75 0.23 0 9.17 0.56 0 2.21 2000 0.61 5.58 5.58 0.22 0 9.21 0.58 0 2.41 2001 0.59 4.36 5.94 0.27 0 9.46 0.49 0 2.62 Ma'an Amman Year Net Net Import Exp ort Import Exp ort Supply Supply 1995 - - - 52.31 1. 07 106.37 1996 0 0. 76 6.76 58.28 7. 79 89.62 1997 0 0. 66 6.71 57.60 6. 62 88.78 1998 0 0. 52 6.87 53.73 6. 48 85.21 1999 0 0. 56 7.16 55.94 4. 60 88.18 2000 0 0. 58 7.55 58.58 0. 91 91.34 2001 0 0. 49 7.73 24.78 5. 22 93.60
The above table indicates that Karak, Ma’an, and Tafileh fulfil their own water requirements with very limited import. Tafileh imports water from Ma’an and the imported amount decreased from 0.76 MCM in 1996 to 0.49 MCM in 2001. Karak imports a very small amount and Madaba exports amounts more than the imported volumes after year 1999.
Therefore, these governorates need no domestic water from Disi pipeline and could be that they require some in the far future. This reason leads to designing the Disi pipeline with turnouts for the above governorates, which could be used in emergencies to fulfil certain conditions without laying pressure on their resources.
6.3 Cumulative Impacts
In order to define the problems of groundwater withdrawal and deterioration in upland aquifers, namely Azraq and Amman-Zarqa basins, the groundwater flow and solute transport models of the two basins were simulated taking into consideration the positive cumulative impacts from the operation of Disi-Mudawarra conveyance system.
In order to show the cumulative impacts of Disi-Mudawarra project on the groundwater resources of Amman-Zarqa Basin, the present abstraction will continue till the expected year at which Disi water will reach Amman and then 25% and 50% reduction of the abstracted amount up to the year 2050. Reducing the abstracted amount by 25% showed that the water level will rise by 15 meters and the water quality (EC) will be reduced by 45%. The second part of this simulation is to reduce
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the abstraction rate by 50%. The water level in this case will rise by 25 m and the water quality (EC) will be reduced by 62%.
As for Azraq Basin, the model simulated the same above reduction of its present abstraction rate from the AWSA wells. The results of the two options mentioned above show that the water level will be recovered by 8 meters while the EC-values will stay the same as in the present.
6.3.1 Reduced Pressure on Upland Aquifers and Azraq Oasis
The highland aquifer systems correspond to the upper aquifer systems of the rock formations of Upper Cretaceous Tertiary and Quaternary, which form the upper and intermediate aquifer systems in the eastern highlands and in the Desert plateau basins. These are utilized to supply Greater Amman with domestic and industrial water.
Generally, the Greater Amman gets the necessary domestic and industrial water from many sources. These are mainly repeated below:
• The Upper Aquifer (Basalt and Rijam Aquifer Complex) in the Azraq Groundwater Basin. • The Upper and intermediate Aquifer Systems (Amman Wadi Sir (B2/A7), Hummar (A4) and Fuhais (A1/2) of Amman-Zarqa Basin. • The Upper Aquifer System (Amman - Wadi Sir (B2/A7) of Mujib or Dead Sea Basin. • Surface water (King Abdalla Canal) through Zai Treatment plant.
Special emphasis will be given to actions for the highland aquifer systems what are the most highly over exploited groundwater basins of Amman-Zarqa and Azraq.
The Amman-Zarqa Basin represents the lower part of the Zarqa Basin that incorporates with the Zarqa River drainage in Amman-Zarqa area. The total area corresponding to this basin is 850 km2. The long-term average safe yield of the Zarqa River Basin is 87.5 MCM/year. This value is distributed to Amman-Zarqa Basin, the Upper Zarqa Basin and Dhuleil-Hallabat area. The abstracted volume of water from the whole Basin is 137 MCM/year, distributed to 68 MCM/year for domestic purposes, about 6 MCM/year for industrial and 63 MCM/year for agricultural purposes. This means that the groundwater resources are overexploited by more than 155% of the safe yield.
The lithology of Wadi Sir Formation is mainly carbonate rocks, which are mainly composed of massive limestone and dolomitic limestones, while the lithology of Amman Formation is mainly chert and limestone intercalated with each other. The alluvium deposits are restricted to the wadi courses and mainly composed of limestone and chert fragments. The Hummar Formation is mainly composed of limestone, dolomite and dolomitic limestone. Fractures produced from tectonic activities are the main responsible factor for the secondary porosity and permeability of the upper aquifer and intermediate aquifer. The latter is partially affected by karstification. The high permeable zones occurring in both upper and intermediate aquifers are responsible for the high well discharge in certain localities and also help to transmit pollutants from the ground surface to groundwater bodies. Generally, the groundwater flows from west-south west towards east-northeast are almost parallel to the Zarqa River passing through Amman City.
The area extending from Amman through Ruseifa to Zarqa is the most highly populated area in Jordan where more than 60% of Jordan’s inhabitants live. In addition, most of the industries are concentrated within the Amman-Zarqa Basin and the largest semi-sanitary landfill in Jordan is
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also located in the southern part of the basin near Ruseifa. Human activities associated with groundwater exploitation were considered to be the main responsible factors for the groundwater withdrawal and deterioration.
The simulated results of the groundwater flow and solute transport model of the Amman-Zarqa Basin are represented in Figure 30 and Figure 31.
Figure 30: Simulated drawdown for the Upper Aquifer at Amman-Zarqa Model Area in 2000
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Figure 31: Simulated EC for the Upper Aquifer at Amman-Zarqa Model Area in 2000
In order to stimulate the positive impact of Disi-Mudawarra project on the groundwater resources of Amman-Zarqa basin, two main scenarios were carried out as discussed earlier. These are:
• Scenario 1: In this scenario the groundwater abstraction remains constant as in 2000 up to 2050. Simulated water table contour maps for the periods 2000, 2020, 2030 and 2050 are shown in Figure 32, Figure 33, Figure 34 and Figure 35, respectively. The water level
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withdrawal will exceed 45 meters and the electrical conductivity of the groundwater will reach 10,000 µS/cm by the year 2050.
• Scenario 2: In this scenario, the groundwater abstraction of the year 2000 will be continued up to the proposed date of operation of Disi project which is year 2008 and then reduced by 25% and 50% by the year 2050.
Figure 32: Present water level contour map at year 2000 for Amman-Zarqa
Figure 33: Predictive water level contour map at year 2020 for Amman-Zarqa
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Figure 34: Water level contour map at year 2030 for Amman-Zarqa
Figure 35: Water level contour map at year 2050 for Amman-Zarqa
The groundwater level results of the simulated reduction of the abstraction by 25% are shown in Figure 36, Figure 37, and Figure 38 for the years 2008, 2020 and 2050, respectively.
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Figure 36: Water level contour map at year 2008 for Amman-Zarqa (Abstraction is assumed to be 75% of the year 2000 quantity)
Figure 37: Predictive water level contour map at year 2020 for Amman-Zarqa (Abstraction is assumed to be 75% of the year 2000 quantity)
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Figure 38: Predictive water level contour map at year 2050 for Amman-Zarqa (Abstraction is assumed to be 75% of the year 2000 quantity)
The water level will rise by 15 meters and the water quality (EC) will be improved by 45%.
The second part of this scenario is to reduce the abstraction rate of the year 2000 by 50 percent up to the year 2050. The results of the simulated groundwater levels for the periods 2008, 2020 and 2050 are presented in Figure 39, Figure 40, and Figure 41, respectively. The water level in this case will rise by 25 m and the water quality (EC) will be improved by 62%, as discussed earlier.
Figure 39: Predictive water level contour map at year 2008 for Amman-Zarqa (Abstraction is assumed to be 50% of the year 2000 quantity)
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Figure 40: Predictive water level contour map at year 2020 for Amman-Zarqa (Abstraction is assumed to be 50% of the year 2000 quantity)
Figure 41: Predictive water level contour map at year 2050 for Amman-Zarqa (Abstraction is assumed to be 50% of the year 2000 quantity)
Azraq Basin is considered as one of the groundwater basins in Jordan, which suffered heavily from overexploitation. In early sixties, a transmission pipeline was constructed to transmit water from the Azraq springs (Oasis) to Irbid city with the purpose of enhancing domestic water supply. In 1982, this basin took remarkable importance because the Amman Water Sewerage Authority (AWSA) drilled 15 wells in the upper aquifer system, which is composed of the Basalt and the Rijam Formation (B/B4). Water pumped from these wells was transferred to supply Amman with
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domestic water with a quality of an electrical conductivity of less than 500 µS/cm. The consequent effect of water pumpage from the AWSA wells was that the spring’s discharge into Azraq (Oasis) stopped completely since 1991. The most prominent feature of the Azraq Basin is its depression nature where surface water drains in its central part of the basin. It accumulates and saturates the upper aquifer and natural springs forming the Oasis of Azraq. The natural accumulation of surface water and groundwater discharge from the Azraq Springs allow the formation of Azraq Sabkha where the salinity of Sabkha reaches 290 g/l. After the progressive abstraction of the groundwater for agricultural and domestic purposes, the Oasis dried up and the cone of depression enlarged causing partial salt-water intrusion from Sabkha to the adjacent fresh ground water.
In order to simulate the effect of groundwater pumping on the groundwater quantity and quality, a groundwater flow and solute transport model for the upper aquifer was carried out with two different scenarios taking into consideration the continuity of the present situation and with the presence of Disi-Mudawarra Conveyance project.
The groundwater abstraction from the Azraq basin is divided into two sectors. The first corresponds to the agricultural consumption and equals to 34.4 MCM/year and the second corresponds to the domestic consumption and equals to 18.8 MCM/year for the year 2000. The simulated two scenarios of the Azraq Basin are:
• Scenario 1: The present abstraction rates for agricultural and domestic purposes remained the same as in the year 2000. The results concerning the water level withdrawal and water quality changes from the year 2000 to 2050 are represented for two observation wells AZ-10 and AZ-12 in Figure 42 and Figure 43, respectively. The estimated drawdown for AZ-10 observation well will increase by more than 15 meters and the water quality will deteriorate by an increment of 600 µS/cm while the drawdown in the Az-12 observation well be more than 17 m and with an increase in EC of about 100 µS/cm.
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Water level of the observation well F 1060 (AZ-10) in the Azraq Basin (Do Nothing Scenario)
515 510 505
m 500 495 490 485 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Year
EC of observation well F 1060 (AZ-10) in the Azraq Basin (Do Nothing Scenario)
4
3.5
3
EC (µS/cm) 2.5
2 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Year
Figure 42: Water level and EC values of observation well AZ-10 in Azraq Basin
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Water level of the observation well F 1043 (AZ-12) in the Azraq Basin (Do Nothing Scenarion)
515 510 505 500 m 495 490 485 480 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Year
EC of the observation well F 1043 (AZ-12) in the Azraq Basin (Do Nothing Scenarion)
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6 EC (µS/cm) 0.5
0.4 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 Year
Figure 43: Water level and EC values of observation well AZ-12 in Azraq Basin
• Scenario 2: In this scenario the abstraction rate from the AWSA wells (domestic purposes) will be reduced by 50% and 25% of its present abstraction rate. The results of these two options are presented for water level and EC values of the observation well AZ-12 in Figure 44 and Figure 45.
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Water level of the observation well F 1043 (AZ-12) in the Azraq Basin (AWSA 50% Scenario)
510 508 506 504 m 502 500 498 496 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Year
EC of the observation well F 1043 (AZ-12) in the Azraq Basin (AWSA 50% Scenario)
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6 EC (µS/cm) 0.5
0.4 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Year
Figure 44: Water level and EC values of observation well AZ-12 in Azraq Basin (with 50% reduction)
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Water level of the observation well F 1043 (AZ-12) in the Azraq Basin (AWSA 25% Scenario)
510 508 506 504 m 502 500 498 496 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Year
EC of the observation well F 1043 (AZ-12) in the Azraq Basin (AWSA 25% Scenario)
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6 EC (µS/cm) 0.5
0.4 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Year
Figure 45: Water level and EC values of observation well AZ 12 in Azraq Basin (with 25% reduction)
Figure 44 shows that by the reduction of AWSA wells abstraction by 50 percent, the water level will be recovered by 8 meters while the EC-values will stay the same as in the year 2000. Similar value in Figure 45 was found when abstraction rates of AWSA wells are reduced by 25%.
6.3.2 Impacts on Demand for Wastewater Treatment and Jordan Valley
As-Samra Wastewater Treatment Plant (SWWTP) is the main treatment plant servicing more than 60% of Jordan's population in Amman and Zarqa Governorates. This treatment plant was 3 constructed in 1985 with a design capacity of 68,000 m /day and a BOD5 loading of 526 mg/l. Few years after the construction (operation) of SWWTP, it became hydraulically overloaded and the effluent quality negatively affected the groundwater in the vicinity of the plant and the surface water quality flowing in Zarqa River and, consequently, the King Talal Dam reservoir.
During the period 1985-2001 the ratio between the annual influent to SWWTP to the supplied water to Amman and Zarqa Governorates ranged between 21.7% and 53.8% for the years 1985 and 2001, respectively.
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Table 39 shows the volumes of supplied water to Amman and Zarqa and the influent to As-Samra treatment plant. It also indicates that the SWWTP became hydraulically overloaded in 1987 when the annual influent of about 25 MCM/year exceeded the designed load.
The hydraulic overload is highly influencing the efficiency of treatment. Table 40 shows the simple descriptive statistics of some parameters of the influent and the effluent of SWWTP.
Table 39: Supplied water to Amman and Zarqa Governorates and the produced wastewater in cubic meter Supplied Water Influent to Year of Record Amman + Zarqa SWWTP 1985 73,901,772 16,060,800 1986 71,300,000 20,076,000 1987 80,788,434 25,095,000 1988 89,281,000 30,220,000 1989 90,236,000 33,147,840 1990 95,755,000 35,118,840 1991 96,949,722 35,709,045 1992 121,039,548 46,737,885 1993 124,120,900 46,355,995 1994 121,352,000 47,149,605 1995 133,041,155 52,355,965 1996 121,301,170 54,310,175 1997 120,231,000 57,212,290 1998 117,665,527 61,632,805 1999 118,233,221 60,898,060 2000 123,103,949 62,324,480 2001 126,330,713 67,919,565
Table 40: Descriptive statistics of some parameters of the influent and effluent of SWWTP during the period 1988 and 2001 Parameter Minimum Maximum Average Influent Average Flow 69,301 200,977 135,125 (m3/day) Effluent Average Flow 54,332 164,052 115,503 (m3/day) TDS Influent (mg/L) 616 2190 1185 TDS Effluent (mg/L) 876 1438 1213 TSS Influent (mg/L) 279 2157 970 TSS Effluent (mg/L) 52 1562 594 BOD5 Influent (mg/L) 308 900 651 BOD5 Effluent (mg/L) 56 406 134 COD Influent (mg/L) 970 2200 1533 COD Effluent (mg/L) 200 734 399
Table 40 clearly indicates the hydraulic and organic overload of the treatment plant. Since the SWWTP is natural stabilisation ponds, the water in the ponds is affected by evaporation during the retention periods in the different types of ponds and consequently the total dissolved solids (TDS) increase in the effluent. During the treatment process of the wastewater in the different types of ponds (anaerobic, facultative and maturation), some of the wastewater infiltrates through the bottom of the ponds to the groundwater. Due to this, the groundwater quality in the downstream area of the SWWTP has been deteriorated and most of the groundwater wells were
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abandoned where the salinity had increased from 700 mg/l (before 1985) to more than 7,700 mg/l (in 1990) such as is the case in Tillawi well. In addition to the salinity increase in the groundwater, some other pollutants, such as NO3, PO4, COD and Faecal coliform, appeared in high concentrations in the groundwater.
Since the effluent of SWWTP flows along 45 km in Zarqa River course to the King Talal Dam Reservoir (KTDR), partial self-purification may occur, but this process is not sufficient. Due to this, when the effluent enters KTDR, it mixes with the flood water collected from the catchment area of Zarqa River and consequently adversely affects the quality of the collected water in the reservoir. According to the Annual Reports of the Royal Scientific Society (1987-1999) on the monitoring of SWWTP and KTDR water quality and submitted to the JVA of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation, the contribution of As-Samra effluent to the total inflow of KTDR ranges between 10 to 66%.
Generally, the King Talal Dam water is used for irrigation purposes in the Jordan Valley. The water quality of the dam water was deteriorated after the construction of SWWTP in 1985 and onwards where the salinity of the water has increased from 400 mg/l in 1979 to more than 1,650 mg/l in 2001. This salinity increase has affected the types of crops to be planted (in a semi saline soil due to the presence of Lisan Marl) and irrigated with such water.
In the case of supplying Greater Amman with water from the Rum aquifer (Dubaydib well field) with a salinity of less than 300 mg/l, the produced wastewater will be much diluted than the present wastewater since the present supplied water to Amman from the different sources has a salinity ranging between 600 and 1,000 mg/l.
In addition to this, and taking into consideration the changes which are being approved by the government to change the wastewater treatment practice in the proposed treatment plant to be constructed instead of SWWTP, mechanical wastewater treatment plant will be constructed instead of the present natural stabilisation ponds of As-Samra. These changes will produce a treated wastewater that complies with the standards for reuse. Under these conditions, the collected flood and treated wastewater in KTDR will be acceptable for irrigation purposes for most crops planted in the Jordan Valley.
6.3.3 Overall Cumulative Impacts
Cumulative impacts include all individual or collective impacts that will affect positively or negatively the society concerned and economic activities during the project life. Those impacts comprise the different stages of the project set-up from construction, operation and maintenance and administration during the concession period.
The policy adopted by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation is to build the Disi Conveyance System on BOT basis (Build, Operate and Transfer). The project assets will be transferred to the MWI following the termination of the Concession Period of 40 years including the construction phase of about 4.5 years. The project implies the establishment of a competent private company with long outstanding experience in similar projects to undertake the following process:
1- Production of 100-120 MCM from Disi aquifer including the digging of 65-85 ground wells. 2- The construction and maintenance of the pipe. 3- The utilisation of the five turnouts to supply the five other governorates with water in case of emergency.
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4- The Administration of the system through the project life.
The role of the Contractor is to supply water to WAJ terminal reservoirs of Abu-Alanda and Dabouq. The distribution of water through the existing network and collection of water fees will be the responsibility of WAJ. It is expected that the same personnel of WAJ, offices and collection system will continue through the Concession Period.
The Disi Conveyance System will ultimately provide continuous water supply of best quality to Amman residential area. It will have positive cumulative impact on the public health in the region as well as on other areas in the direct zone of influence where salinity is increasingly affecting drinking water supply from underground resources. A clean water supply combined with good public awareness will have direct and cumulative impact on the household health conditions overtime. It is expected that substantial decline in water borne diseases will occur as a result of the Disi water quality. The wastewater produced will be of better quality due to the quality of the consumed water. This will be reflected on the treatment process and the quality of the treated wastewater. The treated wastewater will enhance the condition of irrigated land in the direction of more profitable cropping.
Over extraction of ground water from Azraq, Amman-Zarqa basins in the last 20 years to cover water shortages in the cities of Amman, Zarqa and Irbid has substantially affected water tables in all aquifers at both basins. Mining of groundwater aquifers at Azraq has far exceeded recharge to the extent that Azraq ponds and their associated wildlife and vegetation have been significantly reduced in size and their quality degraded. A large portion of the Azraq Oasis which served as a sanctuary for migrating birds, turned now been turned into desert. It is expected that water tables in these aquifers may be restored to normal within 10-15 years should the present level of extraction come to end. The supply of Disi water resources to Amman would eventually assist in the restoration of depleted aquifers and in the case of Azraq allow for partial restoration of the oasis and its wetland functions.
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7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN: MEASURES TO STRENGTHEN THE WATER SECTOR
The Disi water resource is a very valuable one and efficient management of it is therefore critical. This high standard of management is needed in order to maximise the benefits of staged development of the resource and onward conveyance system to Greater Amman. (Harza Group- Executive Summary, 1996)
In general, it is crucial that the Water Authority of Jordan to be equipped with the manpower capacities and capabilities especially to co-ordinate various imminent major projects. As this project is of a complex nature and will also be the largest water conveyance scheme to be implemented in Jordan, it is imperative that a “Project Specific Office” be established as soon as possible within the Water Authority of Jordan. This will ensure that the competent professionals to be assigned to this office are involved at the outset with the formulation and development of system components of not only this project but also other pending projects.
7.1 Mid and Long Term Institutional Strengthening
The Ministry of Water and Irrigation including its two authorities the Water Authority of Jordan and the Jordan Valley Authority have extensive programmes for capacity building of their employees. A training centre was established where regular training is carried out for all employees and in particular for engineers and technicians to keep them well informed of new techniques and improve their skills in operation and maintenance of the different facilities in the water sector.
The special unit for training is called “The Administrative Development and Training Unit”. The unit became a directory in 1998. Its main responsibility is the continuous search for methods and procedures that assures the development and training of the ministry human resources in a continuous manner. This training is also available for trainees from outside the ministry.
The objectives of having such training plans are:
• To achieve the objectives set by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation of Jordan. • To assist the Water Authorities in responding to its needs by building the capacities and setting plans for the available personnel. • To encourage and motivate the employees in exerting their best efforts in achieving the public objectives. • To change the behaviour of the individuals so that they become responsive to crisis events and able to find appropriate solutions for problems faced. • To achieve best use of available human resources by redistributing the employees in order to have them in positions suitable to their capabilities. • To provide the trainees with the knowledge, experience and recent methods for developing their work performance, building their administrative and functional capacities, and enhancing their productivity. • To assist the trainees in achieving their ambitions towards personal development and advancement. • To assist in attracting human resources and maintaining them for the longest possible time period. • To enhance career planning of which training constitutes a main support.
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• To assist in finding new leaders in the sector.
Table 21 presents the number of trainees for the period between 1994 and 2001 with the percentage to the total number of employees in the Ministry. The percentage is depending on the financial situation and the international aids. The percentage could be around 10 % in average for the eight years, which reflects the importance of human resources in the water sector. The importance could be resulted from the challenge of water problem in Jordan.
Table 41: Training of Ministry of Water and Irrigation Employee Year 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Outside 54 79 87 62 45 30 39 41 Jordan Inside Jordan 295 822 756 997 499 269 399 664 Total 349 901 843 1059 544 299 438 705 Total 6872 7300 7431 7414 7460 7762 7869 7709 Employee % to 5.1 % 12.3 % 11.3 % 14.3 % 7.3 % 3.9 % 5.6 % 9.1 % Employee
7.1.1 Needs
In order to determine the training needs, the training centre depends upon various sources including:
• Job analysis records in order to determine the level to which the employee capacity has to be raised in order to perform the job well. • Opinions of supervisors and head of departments. • Annual reports of individuals and rating of performance. • The reorganization and developments that are applied to the work. • The feedback from the trainees. • Scientific and technological advancements.
7.1.2 Types of Training
Job training is a continuous process provided to the employees by the training centre through supplying the employees with the needed knowledge and skills in order to react with the other employees and the public. This training may be provided within the centre or outside the centre. Hence, there are two types of training:
1- On-job training: trainees get the instructions and procedures from the administration of the training centre. 2- Training outside work setting: trainees stop coming to work for a given period of time in order to join a specialised training centre inside or outside the country or to participate in public or private programs that comply with the job description and the employees’ specialty.
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Training programs held during the year 1998 include:
1- A special training program on polyethylene pipes as he Water Authority of Jordan has changed to this type of pipes. 2- A special training program on pumps especially with respect to methods of daily maintenance of pumps. 3- A special training program on electricity and approaches to maintenance of electrical boards. 4- A training program on the usage of chlorine and safeguard against its hazards. 5- A training program on using personal computers for the employs at the development and training unit. 6- Development of cooperation with public and private universities in order to attract students into working in the development of the government.
These training sessions were held at Governorates of Aqaba, Tafileh and Irbid.
In 1999, the centre conducted the following training sessions:
• 22 sessions on water networks, electricity and pumping stations in which a total of 170 of the Water Authority employees participated in them. • Specialised sessions in management of projects and contracts and in which 99 managers and engineer participated. These sessions were held in cooperation with Ministry f Water and the American Project.
These training sessions were held at Governorates of Balqa, Aqaba, Tafileh, Irbid, Karak and Madaba.
In 2000, the centre organized 6 training programs and implemented them through 43 training sessions with the participation of 399 trainees from the technical employees at the water authority offices in eight Governorates. Table 42 summarizes these training programs.
Table 42: Training programs held during the year 2000 Number of Number of Training Governorates at No. Training Program Subject Related Training Program Name which training was Sessions conducted Laying and maintenance of high 1 Water Networks 4 4 density polyethylene pipes Laying and maintenance of ductile 2 Water Networks 9 6 pipes Method of use and operation of 3 Water Networks 1 1 drilling machines 4 Electric Works Safety equipment/Electricity Boards 12 8 Lifting and submerging submersible 5 Pumping Works 12 8 pumps Chlorine and the use and 6 Public Safety maintenance of breathing 5 4 equipment Total number of training sessions: 43
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In 2001, the centre participated in several workshops, courses and conferences inside and outside the country (see Table 43). These were mainly related to keeping up with:
• Recent developments in the water and environment sector; • Protecting water resources from pollution, recent methods of studying the water resources and sustainable management of groundwater resources; • Using geographic information system (GIS), remote sensing and modelling for water systems; • Reuse of treated wastewater; and • Tendering.
Table 43: Number of participation in the different types of activities Courses Seminars Conferences Workshops 5 2 3 4
Also, in the same year, the training unit managed to implement 14 training programs: 10 programs within country and 4 programs outside the country. These programs resulted in the training of more than 300 employees of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Water Authority of Jordan and the Jordan Valley Authority.
The following are the reasons that the Water Authority is emphasizing the training of the employees:
• Assistance in achieving the objectives of the Water Authority. • Increasing the knowledge of the authority’s staff. • Use of technological advancements in achieving the Water Authority objectives.
7.1.3 Scope of Training Programs for Key Institutions
Several workshops and seminars are held yearly in cooperation with the different universities in Jordan and abroad as well as with the major donors in the water sector including USAID, GTZ, and EU. In fact most of the projects include training of the ministry’s employees as part of the project. The following are samples of recent projects which included training of employees:
• Water Sector Intervention Project in Karak and Tafileh financed by EU. Three months courses were held for training engineers and technicians on design, operation and maintenance of water and wastewater treatment plants, pumping stations, electrical supply and effluent reuse. These courses were attended by employees from different parts of the Kingdom. • Collection, Treatment and Effluent Reuse System in North Jordan Valley financed by USAID. Training was carried out on hydraulic design of the system using the latest software and in this case “Mouse”, and training on using GIS software.
7.2 Mid and Long Term Monitoring
The Water Authority of Jordan has identified the several elements that can be implemented to enhance the Environmental and social Management Plan in the Water Sector; the following are some of these elements:
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• Implementing the rationing program for water supply all over the Kingdom; • Implementing comprehensive programs for rehabilitation of water supply networks to reduce losses; • Replacing the fresh water by marginal water in irrigation; • Limiting the water provided for agriculture and preventing any expansions; • Implementing projects for desalination of brackish water for domestic use; • Implementing training programmes for capacity building of its employee; • Conducting public awareness campaigns related to availability of water and its wise use; • Monitoring the water Quality at the sources; • Monitoring abstractions from wells by installing meters; • Prevention of new wells without prior licensing;
7.2.1 Management of the Disi Water
The specific elements related to the management of the Disi Project are as follows:
• The implementation of the Disi project should remain on schedule and not to be deferred; • Emergency turnouts should be provided on-route; • Using the Disi water only for domestic consumption in Greater Amman. • No agriculture water from Disi after the end of ongoing contracts. • Disi area and Aqaba will continue to use Disi water for domestic consumption. • After the operation of the Disi conveyor, the monitoring results to be used to conduct a groundwater solute transport model, which is normally constructed on the flow model, in order to simulate the future water quality changes due to water abstraction from Dubaydib area only or Dubaydib and Batn El-Ghoul well fields.
Table 44 below presents the main responsible parties in the project.
Table 44: Parties responsible Key Institution Responsibility Ministry of Water and Irrigation Development of integrated management of different user sectors Water Authority of Jordan The construction, operation and maintenance of water supply and sewage facilities Jordan Valley Authority Implementing water supply services in the Jordan Valley and replacing the fresh water by treated wastewater in irrigation Ministry of Environment Environment protection (monitoring & mitigation) Ministry of Health Monitoring water quality of the source Ministry of Municipal Affairs Urban planning, and solid waste collection Department of Antiquities Monitoring and protection of archaeological sites Royal Society for Conservation of Nature Protection of reservation sites along the corridor (if any)
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8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
8.1 Conclusions
The main conclusions related to the water sector and to this project address clearly the main issues, which were discussed through the study. These are listed below.
Project Need • The Disi water is very valuable and needs efficient and effective management in order to maximise the benefits of development of the resource and the conveyance system. • It has been clearly shown that due to municipal demands being in excess of all sources available, the Disi conveyance system is required now. • Even with all developed conventional resources, it can clearly be seen that, if Jordan’s deficits are to continue being nullified, within few years MWI will have no choice but to find another new non-traditional source such as the Red-Dead Inter-Sea Project.
General Project Benefits • Disi water could relieve over extraction of aquifers which supply domestic water to Amman. • The good quality of Disi water will enhance the water distributed to users in Greater Amman and will improve public health and even the performance of household appliances. • The use of Disi water will improve the quality of wastewater conveyed to the SWWTP and later to the King Talal Dam Reservoir which will in turn allow for an enhanced treated effluent for agricultural use in the Jordan Valley. • The water conveyance from Disi-Mudawarra to Amman will not affect the water supply to Aqaba quantitatively or qualitatively
Upland Groundwater Management • Most of the renewable groundwater basins in Jordan are overexploited where some basins are overexploited with more than 150% with respect to their safe yield. • The Highland Aquifer Systems supplying Amman for the time being, especially Amman-Zarqa and Azraq, are extensively overexploited quantitatively and degraded and salinized qualitatively. • Further utilization of the Highland Aquifer System in Amman-Zarqa and Azraq Basins will accelerate the water quality degradation and salinization in these basins.
Project Design • The Rum Aquifer System in Mudawarra-Disi area is the only promising aquifer system which may supply Amman with the necessary water for the different purposes • Recharge volume is questionable and too small to be considered in the Disi water budget. • The crossing sections for flanking wadis are too deep and flood flow of 10-year return period is of shallow water depth. • Turnouts along the route are for emergency due to the availability of the existing water supplies for all main cities crossed by the route.
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Hydrogeology • In the case of reducing or stopping the abstractions from the Highland Aquifer Systems in the basins supplying Amman with water for domestic and industrial purposes, the groundwater in these aquifers will be improved quantitatively and qualitatively. • The geological and hydrogeological characteristics of the Rum Aquifer System in Dubaydib area as indicated from the recently drilled wells (DB1, 2 and 3) are found consistent with the findings obtained in Qa Disi Aquifer Study in 1995. • The water quality of the Rum Aquifer System in Dubaydib area in DB1 and DB2 as well as the wells used for irrigation purposes in Disi and Mudawarra area showed no significant water quality deterioration. • The water quality occurring in the confining layer of Khreim Group is highly deteriorated and salinized. Due to the presence of such a confining layer in Batn El- Ghoul area, future water quality deterioration of the Rum Aquifer System in the area may occur due to downward leakage in the case where the piezometric head of the Rum Aquifer becomes lower than the water head of the Khreim Group water. • The Dubaydib area contains no Khreim Group deposits and consequently the water quality will not be deteriorated taking into consideration the consistent water quality all over the Rum Aquifer sequence. • In the case of drilling two well fields in Dubaydib and Batn El-Ghoul to convey water to Amman, future water purification (removal of Fe and Mn) for Batn El-Ghoul well field may be a necessity before blending with Dubaydib well field water to be conveyed to Amman. • The hydrogeological situation and the hydraulic characteristics of the Rum Aquifer in Dubaydib area indicate the possibilities of drilling one well field only which is capable to supply the conveyance system to Amman with necessary water without actual water quality variations. • After the operation of the Disi conveyor, the monitoring results can be used to conduct a groundwater solute transport model, which is normally constructed on the flow model, in order to simulate the future water quality changes due to water abstraction from Dubaydib area only or Dubaydib and Batn El-Ghoul well fields.
8.2 Recommendations
Based on the findings of the water sector study team the following major recommendations have been developed:
• The implementation of the Disi project should remain on schedule and not to be deferred. • Turnouts should be provided on-route just for emergency. • Disi water is recommended as good quality water just for domestic consumption of Greater Amman. • No water from Disi to large-scale agricultural farms after the end of the ongoing contracts. • Disi area and Aqaba will continue to use Disi water for domestic consumption. • Crossing bridges is the best solution for the pipe alignment to cross the flanking wadis.
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ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART B: WATER SECTOR ESA
ANNEX B2: LIST OF PROJECT TEAM MEMBERS WHO PREPARED THE ESA STUDY AND SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS
No. Name Position Credentials Technical and Managerial Staff 1- Khaled Murad Project Director B.Sc. in Civil Engineering 2- Dr. Sawsan Himmo Project Team Leader / Water Ph.D. in Civil Engineering (Hydraulic Resources Management Structures) B.Sc. in Civil Engineering 3- Ghassan Khateeb Deputy Team Leader / Masters of Engineering Administration Environmental Planning and B.Sc. in Mechanical and Aerospace Management Engineering 4- Dr. Lee Harding Project Advisor/Environmental B.Sc. in Wildlife Management Specialist Ph.D. in Wildlife Toxicology 5- Suhair Khateeb Core Team / Public Consultation- M.Sc. in Industrial Engineering Communications-Public B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering Participation Team Leader 6- Dr. Saleh Sharari Environmental Legal and Policy Ph.D. in Environmental Law Specialist Master’s Degree in Environmental Law 7- Mona Khateeb Management and Institutional M.Sc. in Biomedical Engineering Development B.Sc. in Industrial Engineering 8- Dr. Adnan Al-Salihi Core Team / Water Sector-Water Ph.D. in Civil Engineering (Hydraulic Management Studies Team Structures and Dam Engineering) Leader M.Sc. in Civil Engineering (Irrigation and Hydraulics) Diploma of Engineering in Civil Engineering (Irrigation and Hydraulics) B.Sc. (Honour) Civil Engineering 9- Dr. Omar Rimawi Hydrogeologist Ph.D. in Hydrogeology, Hydrochemistry and Isotope Hydrology M.Sc. in Geology and Mineralogy B.Sc. in Geology and Mineralogy 10- Naser Manaseer Water Systems- modelling M.Sc. in Hydrology and Water Resources B.Sc. in Geology 11- Ruba Khoury Water Study Team B.Sc. in Civil Engineering 12- Adnan Budeiri Core Team / Biotic Environment Master's Degree in Biological Sciences Study Team Leader / Hydrobiology and Ecology 13- Majdi Salameh Biodiversity - Fauna M.Sc. candidate in Environmental Science and Management B.Sc. in Genetics and Molecular Biology 14- Sharif Jbour Biodiversity - Avifaunal B.Sc. in Biological Science 15- Dr. Ibrahim Khader Biodiversity - Flora Ph.D. Candidate in Biological Sciences B M.Sc. Degree in Plant Taxonomy B.Sc. in Biological Sciences 16- Ahmad Abu Hejleh A-Biotic Environment M.Sc. in Geology (Water Resources and Environment) B.Sc. in Applied Geology (Water Resources)
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ANNEX B2: LIST OF PROJECT TEAM MEMBERS WHO PREPARED THE ESA STUDY AND SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS (CONTD.)
No. Name Position Credentials 17- Abdel Kareem Bourini Core Team/Team Leader/Social B.Sc. in Comm. Major Economics Scientist-Resettlement and Land Diploma in Demography Acquisition / indigenous People Specialist 18- Dr. Issa Masarweh Social Studies Team Ph.D. in Sociology / Demography 19- Mahmoud Hishmeh Social Studies Team M.Sc. in Population Studies B.Sc. in Sociology 20- Abdel Rahman Jaber Social Studies Team B.Sc. in Civil Engineering 21- Rola Quba’a Environmental Health M.Sc. in Environmental Technology B.Sc. in Environmental Health 22- Lama El-Awad Environmental Health M.Sc. Environmental Management B.Sc. in Environmental Health 23- Dr. Raoul Nasr Core Team / Land use Planning - Ph.D. in Agricultural Economics Regional Economist M.Sc. in Agricultural Economics B.Sc. in Agricultural Economics 24- Baker Qudah Agriculture and Rural Postgraduate Diploma in Remote Development Sensing and Land Evaluation Postgraduate Diploma in Aerial Photo Interpretation and Remote Sensing for Soil Survey and Land Classification B.Sc. in Agriculture 25- Dr. Mohammad Cultural Heritage - Archaeology Ph.D. in Archaeology Waheeb Studies Team Leader M.A. in Archaeology B.A. in Archaeology 26- Niveen Hashash Cultural Heritage - Archaeology M.A. in Archaeology B.A. in Archaeology 27- Mofid Hamza Remote Sensing Specialist Diploma in Geomorphology and Remote Sensing Engineering Geology 28- Saed Aqel GIS and Remote Sensing B.Sc. in Civil Engineering Specialist M.Sc. in GIS Training courses Support Staff 29- Hasan Naseef Biotic Environment Studies B.Sc. in Civil Engineering 30- Husam Hawwari CAD/GIS Specialist Diploma in Drafting 31- Rawshan Ramadan M.E. in Civil Engineering Social Studies Survey Team B.Sc. in Civil Engineering 32- Ahmed Yousef Public Consultation Team B.Sc. in Civil Engineering 33- Rami Salameh Project Specific ESA B.Sc. in Water and Environmental Management 34- Hala Mesmar Project Specific ESA B.Sc. in Water and Environmental Management 35- Raja' Al-A'araj Project Specific ESA Diploma – Secretarial Work
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ANNEX B3: LIST OF REFERENCES
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Caro, R. and Eugleson, P.S. (1981). Estimating Aquifer Recharge due to Rainfall. Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 53, pp. 185-211.
El-Naser, H. and Gedeon, R. (1996). Hydrochemistry and Isotopic Composition of the Nubian Sandstone Aquifers of the Disi-Mudawarra Area, South of Jordan; International Atomic Energy Agency-Technical Document No. 890, pp. 61-74.
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HARZA GROUP. (1996). The Water Conveyance System from Disi-Mudawarra to Amman Feasibility Study Report Volume 2 – Environmental Impact Assessment. Water Authority of Jordan, Ministry of Water and Irrigation.
HARZA GROUP. (January 1996). The Water Conveyance System from Disi –Mudawarra to Amman – Final Conceptual Study Report –prepared by the Harza Group for the Ministry of Water & Irrigation, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.
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Lloyd, J.W., Drennan D.S.H. and Bennol B.M.U. (1966). A Groundwater Recharge Study in North East Jordan. Proceeding Institute of Civil Engineering 35, pp.615-631.
Final Report Annex B3-1 Consolidated Consultants ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT DISI-MUDAWARRA TO AMMAN WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM PART B: WATER SECTOR ESA
Ministry of Water and Irrigation Water (MWI). (1997). Jordan’s Water Strategy. Government of Jordan.
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Ministry of Water and Irrigation Water (MWI). (1998). Groundwater Management Policy. Government of Jordan.
Ministry of Water and Irrigation Water (MWI). (1998). Irrigation Water Policy. Government of Jordan.
Ministry of Water and Irrigation Water (MWI). (1998). Wastewater Management Policy. Government of Jordan.
Ministry of Water and Irrigation Water (MWI). (2002). Water Sector Action Plan 2002 –2006.
Ministry of Water and Irrigation Water (MWI). (February 2002). Water Sector Planning and Associated Investment Program 2002-2011.
Scott Wilson Kirikpatrick Consulting Engineers. (2002): Groundwater Resources Evaluation Report Drilling, Completion and Testing of Two Exploratory Wells and One Piezometric Well in Dubydib Area, Ministry of Water and Irrigation.
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