SPORT SCIENCE AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION - CONTENTS
SPORT SCIENCE AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION
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Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) i SPORT SCIENCE AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION - CONTENTS
Preface xv
VOLUME I
Sport Science, Health and Physical Education 1 Luminita Georgescu, University of Pitesti, Targu din Vale, nr.1, Pitesti 110040, Romania
1. Introduction – definition, concepts, terminologies 2. Relevant historical dates on Sport Science, Physical Education and Health 3. Health through movement – a holistic approach 4. Present knowledge of health and human movement 4.1. Modern trends in preventive health care 4.2. Health related physical activity 4.3. Methodological characteristics of studies concerning Sport Science 5. Interdisciplinary approaches in Sport Science and Physical Education 5.1. The energetic support of physical activity 5.2. Sport pharmacology and doping 5.3. Sports traumatology: risk factors, incidence of injuries and prevention 6. Sport Science, Physical Education and Globalization 6.1. Obesity – a chronic disease 6.2. Challenges of intercultural healthy lifestyle integration 6.3. Sport Science and health promotion: state of the art 7. Conclusions and perspectives
Kinesiology - Human Movement Science 33 Włodzimierz Starosta, International Association of Sport Kinetics, University School of Physical Education and Tourism in Białystok, Institute of Sport, Trylogii Street 2/16; 01-982 Warsaw, Poland
1. Introduction 2. Movement in human life 3. Movement and accompanying emotions 4. Development of the science of kinesiology and its creators 5. Movement in textbooks of kinesiology 6. Kinesiology - science with many names 7. Kinesiology - rebirth in the best time? 8. Anthropokinesiology in Universities‟ curricula 9. Recapitulation – Summary 10. Final remarks
Sport and Exercise Physiology: Performance-Enhancing Substances - Anabolic Steroids 56 Thomas Fahey, California State University, Chico Department of Kinesiology, Chico, CA 95929, USA Michael Kalinski, Chair, Department of Applied Health Science, Murray University, 408 B North Applied Science Building, Murray, KY 42071-3347 Michael Fahey, Chico, CA, USA
1. Introduction 2. Anabolic Steroids: Historical Perspective 2.1. Historical Perspective 2.2. State-Sponsored Doping Research Program in Former Soviet Union 3. How Anabolic Steroids Work 3.1. Steroid Receptors 3.2. Anti-Catabolic Effects of Anabolic Steroids 3.3 Psychological Effects 3.4 Neural effects of steroids 4. Anabolic steroids and performance 5. Health effects of anabolic steroids
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5.1. Minor side effects 5.2. Serious Side Effects: Premature Death, Heart Attack, and Cancer 5.2.1. Steroids and longevity 5.2.2. Heart disease 5.2.3. Cancer 6. Importance of dosage 6.1. Why low steroid doses are ineffective 6.2. Health risks of higher testosterone doses 6.3. Are athletes guinea pigs for large dose steroid research? 7. Anabolic steroids and the law 7.1. The myth of the level playing field 7.2. Anabolic steroids are unhealthy 7.3. Drug testing and the law 7.4. Should steroid use be permitted in sports?
Comparative Physical Education and Sport 84 Rosa López de D‟Amico, Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador, Maracay, Venezuela Walter King Yan Ho, University of Macau, Macau, China
1. Introduction 2. Comparative Education 2.1. Its evolution 3. Comparative Physical Education and Sport 4. Methodology 4.1. Considerations about Comparative Methodology 5. The International Society for Comparative Physical Education and Sport – ISCPES 5.1. International cooperation 5.2. ISCPES Journal 5.3. Other ISCPES Publications 5.3.1. Book Series 5.3.2. Conference Proceedings 5.3.3. ISCPES Monographs 6. Tendencies in publications 6.1. Publications 6.1.1. Reference Books, Encyclopedias etc. 7. Comparative study in the global world and international development 7.1. International Organizations 8. Future in Comparative Physical Education and Sport 8.1. Challenges to cultural impact, welfare, and human development 9. Concluding Ideas
Physical Education in Higher Education 109 Gıyasettin Demirhan, Yeşim Bulca, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
1. Introduction 2. Physical Education and Sport 3. An Historical Approach Towards Physical Education 4. Physical Education Curriculum and Physical Education in Schools 5. Teaching and Physical Education Teaching 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Changing in Physical Education and Teacher Education 5.3. Teacher Qualifications and Physical Education Teachers 5.4. The Physical Education Teacher Education Program and its Contents 6. Estimates Concerning the Future 7. Conclusion
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Adapted Physical Activity and Inclusive Physical Education 134 Maria Dinold, University of Vienna, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, Auf der Schmelz 6, 1150 Vienna, Austria
1. Introduction 2. People First Terminology - Sensitive Terminology 2.1. Why is it helpful to use sensitive terminology? 2.2. What can be done to help us to use words that are sensitive? 2.2.1. Focus on People‟s Similarities 2.2.2. Consider the Person First 2.2.3. Emphasize Each Individual‟s Abilities 2.2.4. Communicate Dignity and Respect For Each Individual 2.2.5. Use Consistent Terminology to Enhance Understanding 2.2.6. Refer to People without Disabilities 2.3. What are the important terms in APA? 3. The concept of Adapted Physical Education/Activity 3.1. Historical background 3.2. Actual developments 4. The body of knowledge of APA 4.1. Theoretical background and research recommendations 4.2. Practice in three areas: physical education, recreation and sport, rehabilitation 4.3. Additional perspectives and APA as a part of disability sport 5. The concepts of Inclusion 5.1. Inclusion in general education 5.2. European legislation 6. Inclusion in physical education 7. Models of good practice 8. Conclusion and perspectives
Health and Fitness 163 Ina Shaw, Monash South Africa, Ruimsig, South Africa and Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa Brandon S. Shaw, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
1. Introduction 1.1. History of health and fitness 1.2. Good health and physical condition 1.3. Relationship among physical activity, health and fitness 2. Extrinsic factors influencing health and fitness 2.1. Beliefs about health and fitness 2.2. Setting 2.3. Socioeconomic status 2.4. Politics 2.5. Racism 2.6. Education 2.7. Societal influences on health and fitness 2.8. Environmental influences 2.9. Facilities 3. Intrinsic factors influencing health and fitness 3.1. Age 3.2. Genetics 3.3. Hormones 3.4. Disease and disability 3.5. Mental state 3.5.1. Stress 3.5.2. Depression 3.6. Religion/Spirituality 3.7. Rest
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3.8. Nutrition 3.8.1. Access to food 3.8.2. Food selection 3.9. Physical activity 3.9.1. Physical activity and its cardioprotective benefits 3.9.2. Physical activity and health and fitness 4. Conclusions and perspectives
Leisure and Tourism 187 Ricardo Ricci Uvinha, University Of Sao Paulo, Brazil
1. General introduction 2. Historical overview of leisure and tourism around the world 3. Educational perspective 4. Career opportunities 5. Challenges and trends for the 21st century in leisure and tourism 6. Conclusions and perspectives
Exercise and Aging 204 Meiko Asaka, Institute of Advanced Active Aging Research, Waseda University,Tokyo, Japan Noriyuki Fuku, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan Yuko Gando, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan Mitsuru Higuchi, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
1. Introduction 2. Effects of Aging and Exercise on Aerobic Fitness 2.1. Effects of Exercise on Aging-related Decline of Aerobic Capacity 2.2. Effects of Aerobic Exercise and Aging on Glucose Metabolism 2.3. Effects of Aerobic Exercise and Aging on Plasma Lipid and Lipoprotein Profiles 2.4. Effects of Aerobic Exercise and Aging on Blood Pressure 2.5. Aerobic Capacity and Physical Activity Levels for Health 3. Effects of Aging and Exercise on Cardiovascular Function 3.1. Age-and Aerobic Exercise/Fitness-Associated Changes in Vascular Structure and Function 3.1.1. Carotid Artery Wall Thickness 3.1.2. Central Arterial Stiffness 3.1.3. Endothelium-dependent Dilation 4. Effects of Aging and Exercise on Skeletal Muscle Mass and Function 4.1. Age-related Decrease in Skeletal Muscle Mass and Function 4.2. Causes of Age-related Decrease in Skeletal Muscle Mass and Function 4.3. Effects of Exercise on the Age-related Decrease in Skeletal Muscle Mass and Function 5. Genetic background of aging-related phenotypes 5.1. Effect of Genetics on CRF and/or Aerobic Performance 5.2. Effect of Genetics on Sarcopenia and/or Anaerobic Performance 6. Conclusion
New Realms of Agency: Promoting Peace Education and Gender Equity through Sport 233 Irene Kamberidou, University of Athens, Greek representative of the International Association of Physical Education and Sport for Girls and Women (IAPESGW), Executive Group of the European Centre for Women and Technology (ECWT)
1. Introduction: peace education 2. New realms of agency: the impact of sport interventions 2.1. Athletes Rights: the rights of sportsmen and sportswomen 3. Integrating a gender perspective 4. Racism and xenophobia 4.1 Racial intolerance and harassment in sport 5. Bridges to Understanding: sport activists
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5.1. Sport for Peace Projects bringing Arabs and Jews together 5.2. Ultimate Peace (UP) in the Middle East. 5.3. Athletes as mentors in violence prevention: Bullying Prevention Institute 5.4. Athletes United for Peace 6. Sport‟s role acknowledged by non-sport affiliated contemporary agencies: non-governmental organizations and social movements 6.1. Peace First – Peace Games 6.2. Mercy Corps: Moving forward through sport 6.3. Teachers without borders and many more! 7. Concluding Remarks–Recommendations: An all-encompassing hub of information for peace 7.1. Researchers and Activists without Borders: Multicultural and Gender-Diverse Task Forces: 7.2. Sport collaboration-alliance 7.3. Internet and digital experts 7.4. Social/gender equality experts 7.5. Mentorship experts
Sport and Exercise Psychology 269 Walter Ferreira de Oliveira, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitario, Department of Public Health, Health Sciences Center, Trindade, Florianopolis – SC, 88040-970, Brazil
1. Doing Sports and Exercise: Meanings and Feelings 2. Sport and Exercise Psychology as Complex Social and Psychological Phenomena 3. Basic Concepts in Sport and Exercise Psychology 4. Competition, Intensity, and Motivation 5. Mental Techniques for the Improvement of Performance 6. Starting, Adopting, and Maintaining Exercise Habits: Theoretical Approaches and Motivational Factors 7. Sport and Exercise as Means for Community Building and Community Organization
Sport Management 287 Darlene A. Kluka, School of Human Performance and Leisure Sciences, Barry University, Miami Shores, Florida 33161 USA Rosa Lopez de D‟Amico, Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador, Maracay, Venezuela
1. Introduction 2. Strategic Management 3. Diversity Management 4. Ethical Decision Making 5. Sport Economics 6. Sport Business and Finance 7. Facilities and Event Management 8. Human Resource Management 9. Corporate Social Responsibility and Sport 10. Sport and Development 11. Sport Law 12. Sport Governance 13. Management of Sport in a Global Society
Index 323
About EOLSS 331
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VOLUME II
Sport, Sustainable Development and Culture of Peace 1 V. I. Stolyarov, The Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism; SpArtian Humanistic Center, Russia
1. Introduction 2. Sport 2.1. Competition 2.1.1. Concept of Competition 2.1.2. Competition and “Human Nature” 2.1.3. Competition Modifications 2.2. Sports competition 2.2.1. Importance of Rivalry and Problem of Its Humanization 2.2.2. Sports Competition as a Special Form of Competition 2.3. Sport as a whole 2.3.1. Sports as a social system 2.3.2. Different Kinds of Sport 2.3.3. Modern Sports 2.4. Sports culture 2.4.1. Concept of Culture 2.4.2. Features of Sports Culture 3. Sustainable development and culture of peace 3.1. Sustainable development 3.1.1. The Term „Sustainable Development‟ 3.1.2. The Concept of Sustainable Development 3.2. Culture of peace 3.2.1. The Basic Values of Culture of Peace 3.2.2. Value of Culture of Peace 4. The role of sport in promotion of values of sustainable development and culture of peace 4.1. Methodological mistakes and principles used for solution of problems 4.1.1. Methodological Mistakes 4.1.2. Methodological Principles 4.2. Positive functions of sport 4.2.1. Integrative Function 4.2.2. Peacemaking Function 4.2.3. Symbolic Function 4.2.4. Value of Sport for Education, Oriented to Values of Sustainable Development and Culture of Peace 4.2.5. Other Positive Functions 4.3. Inconsistent character of sport functions 4.3.1. Problems and Difficulties in Realization of Positive Functions of Sport 4.3.2. The Current Situation in Olympic Sport 5. Factor analysis of the role of sport in promotion of values of sustainable development and culture of peace 5.1. Subjective factors 5.1.1. Behavior and Motivation of the Subjects of Sports Activity 5.1.2. Pedagogical Activity 5.1.3. Mass Media 5.2. Objective factors 5.2.1. Internal Factors 5.2.2. External Factors
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Sociology and Philosophy of Sport 59 E. V. Stopnikova, Coordinating Board of the SpArtistic Movement, Russia
1. Introduction 2. Sociology of sport 2.1. Basic sociological concepts 2.2. Subject of sociology of sport 2.3. The place of sociology of sport in the system of sociological disciplines 2.4. The place of sociology of sport in the system of sciences about sport 2.5. Formation and development of sociology of sport 3. Philosophy of sport 3.1. What is philosophy? 3.2. Object and subject of philosophy of sport 3.3. Formation and development of philosophy of sport
Aesthetics of Sport 92 M. Ya. Saraf, Moscow State Institute of Culture and Arts, Russia
1. Introduction 2. General Aesthetics and Other Aesthetic Disciplines 3. Subject and Tasks of Aesthetics of Sport 4. Factors of Appearance and Development of Aesthetics of Sport 4.1. Sport as Means and A Necessary Condition Of Aesthetic Education 4.2. Sport as an Aesthetic Phenomenon 4.3. Aesthetic Estimate in Sport 4.4. Mutual Relations of Sport and Other Kinds of Aesthetic Activity 5. Conclusion
Sports Adaptology 109 V. N. Seluyanov, Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism, Russia
1. Introduction 2. Methodology of sports adaptology 3. Models of systems and organs of the organism of an athlete 3.1. Ideal Cell (Muscular Fiber) 3.2. Endocrine System 3.3. Immune System 3.4. Muscles 3.5. Neuromuscular Apparatus 3.6. Heart and Circulation 4. Reaction of the organism of an athlete to exercises of different intensity 4.1. The Curve of individual Records 4.2. Classification of Loads, instant and long-term Adaptation Processes in the Organism of an Athlete 4.2.1. Exercises performed with Maximum Power 4.2.2. Performance of Exercises with Near-maximum Power 4.2.3. Exercises performed with Sub-maximum Power 4.2.4. Aerobic Exercises 5. Conclusion
Kinesitherapy In Sport 137 O. V. Kozyreva, The Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism, Russia
1. Introduction 2. Definition of kinesitherapy 3. The most prevalent diseases and traumas in sport 4. Organization of kinesitherapy of sportspersons 4.1. Launch of Rehabilitation Procedures as Early as Possible
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4.2. Complex Use of Kinesitherapeutic Means after LA Traumas 4.3. Stages (Sequence) Of a Process of Rehabilitation 4.4. Individualization of a Process of Rehabilitation 4.5. Optimization of Loading In The Course of Rehabilitation 5. Special features of kinesitherapy of sportspersons with traumas of locomotor apparatus 5.1. Kinesitherapeutic Programs 5.2. Special Regenerative Methods 6. Special features of kinesitherapy of paralympians 7. Special features of kinesitherapy of deaflympians
Learning for Sport Exercises 162 Yu. K. Gaverdovsky, Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sport, Youth and Tourism, Russia
1. Introduction 1.1. Terminology 1.2. Specificity of learning for an arbitrary movement in sport 2. Biomechanical foundations of learning for sport exercises 2.1. Biomechanics of movement and training in sport 2.2. Motor apparatus of a sportsperson 2.3. Technique of sports exercises as the subject of study 2.4. System-structural properties of sports exercises 3. Methodology of learning for sport exercises 3.1. “Training methodology” 3.2. Motor skills in sport and the process of their formation 3.3. Readiness for learning 3.4. Motor perceptions of a sportsperson and their formation 3.5. Methodology of practical learning for an exercise 3.6. Organizational and methodical aspects of learning in sport 3.7. Dynamics of a process of motor skills learning and using 4. Techniques of learning in sport 4.1. Program-managed learning in sport 5. Didactic foundations of learning in sport 5.1. Principles of traditional didactics and the problem of their transfer into the sphere of motor learning 5.2. Didactic principles in sport
Artificial Control of the Environment for Formation and Perfection of Motor Functions in Sport 213 G. I. Popov, Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sport, Youth and Tourism, Russia
1. Introduction 2. Contradictions in formation and perfection of movement 3. Variation of motor modes 4. Artificial control of the environment 5. From artificially created conditions of training to natural conditions of real competitions 6. Implementation of didactic principles in conditions of artificial control of the environment
Evolution of Exercise Machines 233 A. I. Netreba, O. L. Vinogradova, O. I. Orlov, State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation - the Institute of Medical and Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
1. Introduction 2. Free weight 3. Modification of constructive solutions 4. Modification of loading methods 5. Adoption of controlled power drives
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6. Appearance of measurement instrumentation 7. Appearance of displays of parameters 8. Training process automation 8.1. Special Features of Algorithms Underlying Work of a New-Generation Automated Training System 9. Conclusion
Sport for All (SFA) 244 T. Doczi, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest
1. Introduction 2. Historical background 3. Theoretical foundations 4. International policy documents 5. International organizations promoting SFA 5.1. The Association for International Sport For All (TAFISA) 5.2. The International Sport For All Federation/Federation Internationale Sport pour Tous (FISpT) 5.3. IOC Sport For All Commission 6. Important target groups of SFA 6.1. Disadvantaged Populations 6.2. Women 6.3. Seniors 6.4. Minorities and Immigrant Groups 6.5. Persons Living with Disabilities 7. SFA around the world 7.1. Africa 7.2. Asia 7.3. Australia and Oceania 7.4. Europe 7.5. Latin America 7.6. North America 8. International sporting events related to the SFA movement 8.1. World Challenge Day 8.2. World Walking Day 8.3. TAFISA World Sport For All Games 9. SFA: Perspectives for the future
Ethnocultural Diversity of Sport 266 A.V. Kylasov, The Russian Sport Science Institute, Russia S.N. Gavrov, The Russian Institute of Cultural Science, Russia
1. Introduction 2. Methodology 3. Ethnosport 4. Typology of ethnocultural diversity of sport 4.1. The East 4.2. The West 4.3. The North 5. Religious foundations 5.1. Sport and Christianity 5.1.1. Sport and Orthodoxy 5.2. Sport and Buddhism 5.3. Sport and Islam 5.4. Sport and Judaism 6. Structural analysis 7. Post-sport as an antithesis of ethnosport
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Children’s Sport: Problems of Humanization 307 V. I. Stolyarov and V. I. Vishnevsky, Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sport, Youth and Tourism; SpArtian Humanistic Center, Russia
1. Introduction 2. The basic approaches to evaluation of humanistic significance of children‟s sport 2.1. A positive approach to children‟s sport 2.2. A negative and skeptical approach to children‟s sport 2.3. Projects and programs of children‟s sport humanization 2.3.1. Extremely General Approach 2.3.2. Transition to Principles of Humanistic Pedagogy and Psychology 2.3.3. Activation of Educational Work 2.3.4. Search and Usage of the Most Humane Kinds of Sport 2.3.5. New Ways of Organization of Rivalry 2.3.6. Rejection of a Competitive Model of Sport 2.3.7. Integrative Program
Index 341
About EOLSS 347
VOLUME III
Single Combats and Their Athletic Practice 1 A. A. Peredelsky, Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sport, Youth and Tourism, Russia
1. Introduction 2. The general concept of single combats (martial arts) 2.1. The Concept and Systematization of Single Combats (Martial Arts) 2.2. Definition of Types of Single Combats 2.2.1. The Basic Types (Traditions) of Single Combats 2.2.2. Processes of Convergence, Unification of Single Combat Traditions 2.2.3. Military (Fighting) and Sports Single Combat Models 2.3. The Basic Operational Terms 2.3.1. Sport and Combat Sport 2.3.2. Art of Single Combats and Its Criteria 2.3.3. Humanistic Orientation of Single Combats 2.3.4. Management of the Sphere of Single Combats 3. Single combats as a developing social institution 3.1. Logic of History of Appearance and Formation of Single Combats 3.1.1. Religious and Magic Proto-Single Combats 3.1.2. Military or Fighting Single Combats 3.1.3. Combat Sports 3.2. Art as a Modern Model and a Tradition of Single Combats 3.3. The Comparative Analysis of Sport and Fighting (Military) Single Combats 3.4. The Concept of Sports Evolution of Single Combats 4. Social and pedagogic system of single combats 4.1. Definition, the Basic Structural Components and Principles of Functioning of the SPSSC. Structural Components of an Educational Process of the SPSSC 4.2. Philosophy of Single Combats 4.2.1. Interpretation of Philosophical Knowledge in Sports Pedagogy 4.2.2. Points of Interaction of Philosophy and Single Combats 4.2.3. Philosophical Models and Historical Traditions of Single Combats 4.3. Pedagogy of Single Combats 4.3.1. Pedagogy of Base Formal Complexes (By Examples of Formal Complexes of Taekwondo - Phumse)
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4.3.2. Pedagogy of a Fight 4.3.3. Age Technique of Training in Single Combats 4.3.4. Single Combats in Military-Applied Training 4.4. Psychogogy (Psychology+Pedagogy) of Single Combats 4.4.1. World-View Bases of the Eastern Single Combat Psychogogy 4.4.2. Psycho-Techniques of the East as Models of Psychophysical Management in Extreme Situations 4.4.3. Foundations of Psychophysical Management in Contact Combat Sport 5. Single combats in a modern society 5.1. Basic Reasons of Criminalization of Single Combats 5.2. Teaching Practice in the Area of Single Combats in Big Cities and in Rural (Provincial) Places 5.3. The Basic Tendencies of Change of a Social Basis of Single Combats 5.4. The Summary Social-Psychological Picture of Modern Single Combats
Competitive Swimming 106 N. Zh. Boulgakova, O. I. Popov, The Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sport, Youth and Tourism, Russia V. B. Issurin, Wingate Institute, Israel
1. Swimming in the Olympic Program and Its Interconnection with Other Kinds of Sport 2. Historiography 2.1. Stages of Development of Sport of Swimming 2.2. Dynamics of World Records as an Indicator of Training Methods Evolution 3. Foundations of Swimming (Buoyancy, Equilibrium, Water Resistance) 3.1. Buoyancy 3.2. Equilibrium of a Human Body in Water 3.3. Water Resistance 4. Technique of Swimming 5. Model of an Elite Swimmer 6. Sports Reserve Training 7. Training of a Swimmer 7.1. Technical Training 7.2. Physical Training 7.2.1. Endurance 7.2.2. Power Training 7.2.3. Flexibility 7.2.4. Speed 7.3. Mental (Psychic) and Tactical Readiness of Swimmers 8. Basic Means and Methods of Training 8.1. Means of Training 8.2. Basic Methods of Training 9. Swimming Pools, Equipment and Appliances 10. Strategy of Training of National Teams 11. Prospects of Perfection of Elite Swimmers Training System
The World of Track-and-Field Athletics 130 R. V. Orlov, Federation of Sports Journalists of Russia, Russia
1. Introduction 2. “Faster! Higher! Further!” 2.1. Running 2.1.1. Sprint 2.1.2. Hurdling 2.1.3. Relay Race 2.1.4. Middle Distance Run 2.1.5. Long Distance Run 2.1.6. Steeplechase (Athletics)
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2.1.7. Marathon 2.1.8. Super-Marathon or Ultra-Marathon 2.1.9. Cross Country Running 2.1.10. Mountain Running (Fell Running) 2.2. Racewalking 2.3. Jumping 2.3.1. High Jump 2.3.2. Pole Vault 2.3.3. Long Jump 2.3.4. Triple Jump 2.4. Throwing 2.4.1. Shot Put 2.4.2. Discus Throw 2.4.3. Hammer Throw 2.4.4. Javelin Throw 2.5. Multisport 2.5.1. Men, Juniors, Young Men (At A Stadium) 2.5.2. Men, juniors, young men (indoors) 2.5.3. Women, Juniors (Girls), Girls (At A Stadium) 3. History of track and field 4. The International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) 4.1. A little bit of history of the name 4.2. Governing body 4.3. Members of the Association 5. Events in track and field 5.1. The Olympic Games 5.2. World Championships and Cups 5.3. Championships and Cups of Europe 5.4. IAAF Golden League becomes Diamond 6. Achievements in track and field
Modern Tennis: Biomechanics, Ergonomics, Playing Techniques 190 G. P. Ivanova, Lesgaft National State University of Physical Education, Sport and Health, Russia
1. Introduction 2. Biomechanics of playing techniques of modern tennis players 2.1. Playing techniques 2.2. Beginning Position (Beginning Stance) 2.3. Ball Approaching (Receiving) 2.4. Phases of Shots in Tennis 2.5. Shot Preparation 2.6. Types of Shots and Preparation of a Muscular System of a Human for Them 3. Biomechanics of Interaction of a Racket with a Ball 3.1. The Historical Background 3.2. Methodology of Study of the Phase of Interaction of a Racket and a Ball 3.3. Time of Interaction of a Racket With a Ball 3.4. Joint Motion of a Ball and a Racket 3.5. Energy of Impact Interaction 3.6. Organization of Mass of the “Striking System” 3.7. Grip Tightness and Force of Grip 3.8. About Ball Rotation (Spinning)
Mind Games 218 Alexey Kylasov, Russian Sport Science Institute, Russia Diego Garcés, Regional Library Valle del Cauca named for Jorge Garcés Borrero, Colombia
1. Introduction 2. Collective Intelligence (Methodology)
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3. Cultural Genesis of Mind Games 4. The Problems of Institutionalization of Mind Games 5. Mind Sports 6. Conclusion
Spartian Games - The Game Model of Integration of Sport and Art 244 D. A. Sagalakov, Stankin Moscow State Technological University, Russia E. V. Stopnikova, Coordinating Committee of SpArtian Movement, Russia
1. Introduction 2. What are SpArtian Games? 2.1. Principles of development of a Games program 2.2. Principles of estimation and encouragement of achievements of the Games participants 2.3. Methods (forms) of focusing of participants of the Games on cooperation 2.4. Principles of formation of an entry list of participants of the Games 2.5. Varieties of SpArtian Games 3. Special features and value of SpArtian Games 3.1. Features of SpArtian Games 3.2. Who can participate in SpArtian Games, who may be interested in participation and who will benefit from participation? 3.3. Value of SpArtian Games 4. Conclusion
Sport and Art 275 E. M. Solodovnikova, Editor of the section “Society”, “VIP-Premier” International magazine about leaders and for leaders, Russia
1. Introduction. 2. Whether sport can be treated as an art? 2.1. Aesthetic Features of Sport 2.2. Artistic Expression of the Reality in Sport 3. The sportsperson and the actor 3.1. An Artistic Image and Aesthetic Skill 3.2. Style and Musical Support 4. Stadiums – theaters without curtains 5. Image of sport in art 6. Integration of sport and art 6.1. Whether such Integration is Necessary? 6.2. Strengthening Relations between Sport and Art 6.3. “SpArt” - The Complex Project of Sport and Art Integration 7. Sport and erotica 7.1. The Sex Appeal of Sport 7.2. Change of Priorities 7.3. The Role of Erotic Clothes 8. Conclusion: Sport and art as games of life
Sports Education and Sports Culture 300 S. Yu. Barinov, Moscow State University of International Relations (MGIMO University), Russia
1. Introduction 2. Concept of sports education 2.1. Education 2.2. Sport 2.3. Sports Education 3. Concept of sports culture 3.1. Culture 3.2. Sports Culture 3.3. Sports Culture of an Individual
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4. Structure of sports culture of a person 4.1. Prior (initial) Block 4.2. Components of Estimation 4.3. Reflexive-analytical Component 4.4. Resultant Component 4.5. Basis of Sports Culture of an Individual 4.6. Superstructure of Sports Culture of an Individual 5. Forms (kinds) of sports culture of a person 5.1. Sports-Pragmatic Culture 5.2. Antihumane Sports Culture 5.3. Sports-humanistic Culture 5.4. The Olympic Culture 5.5. SpArtian Version of Sports-Humanistic Culture
Major Contemporary Issues in Sports Economics 332 Wladimir Andreff, Professor Emeritus at the University of Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne,France
1. A globalizing sports economy 1.1 The Economic Significance of Sport 1.2 From Sport Participation to Global Sport Markets 1.3 Sports and Economic (Under-) Development 2. Sports economics: the economic determinants and impact of sport activities 2.1. The economic determinants of sport performances 2.2. The economic impact of sports mega- events 2.3. The economic theory of professional team sports 2.4. Globalization of the labor market for sport talents 2.5. Money inflows and sport dysfunctions 3. Conclusion
Index 369
About EOLSS 375
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