Introduction to Sports Biomechanics: Analysing Human Movement
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Introduction to Sports Biomechanics Introduction to Sports Biomechanics: Analysing Human Movement Patterns provides a genuinely accessible and comprehensive guide to all of the biomechanics topics covered in an undergraduate sports and exercise science degree. Now revised and in its second edition, Introduction to Sports Biomechanics is colour illustrated and full of visual aids to support the text. Every chapter contains cross- references to key terms and definitions from that chapter, learning objectives and sum- maries, study tasks to confirm and extend your understanding, and suggestions to further your reading. Highly structured and with many student-friendly features, the text covers: • Movement Patterns – Exploring the Essence and Purpose of Movement Analysis • Qualitative Analysis of Sports Movements • Movement Patterns and the Geometry of Motion • Quantitative Measurement and Analysis of Movement • Forces and Torques – Causes of Movement • The Human Body and the Anatomy of Movement This edition of Introduction to Sports Biomechanics is supported by a website containing video clips, and offers sample data tables for comparison and analysis and multiple- choice questions to confirm your understanding of the material in each chapter. This text is a must have for students of sport and exercise, human movement sciences, ergonomics, biomechanics and sports performance and coaching. Roger Bartlett is Professor of Sports Biomechanics in the School of Physical Education, University of Otago, New Zealand. He is an Invited Fellow of the International Society of Biomechanics in Sports and European College of Sports Sciences, and an Honorary Fellow of the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences, of which he was Chairman from 1991–4. Roger is currently Editor of the journal Sports Biomechanics. Introduction to Sports Biomechanics Analysing Human Movement Patterns Second edition Roger Bartlett First edition published 1997 This edition first published 2007 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 1997, 2007 Roger Bartlett All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN 0-203-46202-5 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0–415–33993–6 (hbk) ISBN10: 0–415–33994–4 (pbk) ISBN10: 0–203–46202–5 (ebk) ISBN13: 978–0–415–33993–3 (hbk) ISBN13: 978–0–415–33994–0 (pbk) ISBN13: 978–0–203–46202–7 (ebk) To the late James Hay, a source of great inspiration Contents List of figures x List of tables xv List of boxes xvi Preface xvii Introduction xix 1 Movement patterns – the essence of sports biomechanics 1 Introduction 1 Defining human movements 3 Some fundamental movements 8 Movement patterns 35 Comparison of qualitative and quantitative movement analysis 36 Summary 40 Study tasks 40 Glossary of important terms 41 Further reading 42 2 Qualitative analysis of sports movements 43 Introduction 44 A structured analysis framework 44 Preparation stage – knowing what and how to observe 48 Observation stage – observing reliably 51 Evaluation and diagnosis stage – analysing what’s right and wrong in a movement 54 Intervention stage – providing appropriate feedback 56 Identifying critical features of a movement 59 Summary 72 Study tasks 73 Glossary of important terms 75 Further reading 76 Appendix 2.1 Universal and partially general movement (biomechanical) principles 76 vii CONTENTS Appendix 2.2 Other examples of phase analysis of sports movements 78 3 More on movement patterns – the geometry of motion 83 Introduction 83 Movement patterns revisited 84 Fundamentals of movement 87 Linear motion and the centre of mass 90 The geometry of angular motion 93 The coordination of joint rotations 96 Summary 109 Study tasks 109 Glossary of important terms 111 Further reading 112 Appendix 3.1 Further exploration of angle–time patterns 112 4 Quantitative analysis of movement 115 Introduction 116 The use of videography in recording sports movements 117 Recording the movement 120 Experimental procedures 126 Data processing 133 Projectile motion 139 Linear velocities and accelerations caused by rotation 146 Rotation in three-dimensional space 146 Summary 148 Study tasks 149 Glossary of important terms 151 Further reading 152 Appendix 4.1 Data smoothing and filtering 153 Appendix 4.2 Basic vector algebra 157 5 Causes of movement – forces and torques 163 Introduction 164 Forces in sport 164 Combinations of forces on the sports performer 180 Momentum and the laws of linear motion 183 Force–time graphs as movement patterns 186 Determination of the centre of mass of the human body 189 Fundamentals of angular kinetics 191 Generation and control of angular momentum 195 Measurement of force 201 Measurement of pressure 213 Summary 215 viii CONTENTS Study tasks 216 Glossary of important terms 218 Further reading 222 6 The anatomy of human movement 223 Introduction 224 The body’s movements 225 The skeleton and its bones 232 The joints of the body 237 Muscles – the powerhouse of movement 241 Electromyography – what muscles do 258 Experimental procedures in electromyography 265 EMG data processing 268 Isokinetic dynamometry 273 Summary 276 Study tasks 276 Glossary of important terms 278 Further reading 280 Index 281 ix Figures 1.1 Cardinal planes and axes of movement 4 1.2 Reference postures 5 1.3 Movement of the forearm about the elbow joint in the sagittal plane 6 1.4 Abduction and adduction of the arm about the shoulder joint and the thigh about the hip joint 7 1.5 Medial and lateral rotation of the arm about the shoulder joint 7 1.6 Horizontal flexion and extension of the abducted arm about the shoulder joint 8 1.7 Young female walking overground at her preferred speed in trainers 10 1.8 Same young female as in Figure 1.7 walking on a level treadmill at her preferred speed in trainers 11 1.9 Older male walking on a level treadmill at his preferred speed in bowling shoes 12 1.10 Another young female walking on a level treadmill at her preferred speed in high-heeled shoes 13 1.11 Young male walking on a 20% inclined treadmill at his preferred speed in work shoes 14 1.12 Three-year-old boy walking overground 15 1.13 Young female running at her preferred speed in trainers 16 1.14 Another young female running at her preferred speed in dress shoes 17 1.15 Young male running at his preferred speed in casual shoes 18 1.16 Older male running at his preferred speed in normal trainers 19 1.17 Older male running at his preferred speed in MBT trainers 20 1.18 Three-year-old boy running at his preferred speed 21 1.19 Young male sprinting in spikes 22 1.20 Standing countermovement vertical jump with hands on hips 23 1.21 Standing countermovement vertical jump with normal arm action 24 1.22 Standing countermovement vertical jump with ‘model’ arm action 25 1.23 Standing countermovement vertical jump with abnormal arm action 26 1.24 Standing countermovement broad, or long, jump with hands on hips 27 1.25 Standing countermovement broad, or long, jump with normal arm action 28 x FIGURES 1.26 Underarm throw – female bowling a ‘drive’ 29 1.27 Underarm throw – female bowling a ‘draw’ 30 1.28 Underarm throw – young male bowling a ‘draw’ 31 1.29 Sidearm throw – the hammer throw 32 1.30 Overarm throw – javelin throw 33 1.31 Overarm throw – bowling in cricket 34 2.1 Simplified logical decision tree approach to qualitative classification of fast bowling technique 45 2.2 ‘Principles’ approach to qualitative analysis 46 2.3 Levels 1 and 2 of long jump deterministic model 62 2.4 Explanation of division of distance jumped into three components 63 2.5 Level 3 of long jump model – factors affecting flight distance 63 2.6 Level 4 of long jump model – factors affecting take-off speed 64 2.7 Level 4 of long jump model – factors affecting take-off speed – avoiding the blind alley 65 2.8 Take-off velocity components 65 2.9 Revised long jump model for flight distance 66 2.10 Factors affecting take-off horizontal velocity 66 2.11 Factors affecting take-off vertical velocity 67 2.12 Final model for take-off vertical and horizontal velocities 67 2.13 Identifying critical features that maximise force generation and vertical and horizontal acceleration paths 68 2.14 Identifying critical features that affect take-off distance 70 2.15 Identifying critical features that affect landing distance 70 3.1 Stick figure sequences of skier 85 3.2 Solid body model of cricket fast bowler 86 3.3 Curvilinear motion 87 3.4 Angular motion 88 3.5 General motion 89 3.6 Hypothetical horizontal displacement of the centre of mass with time for a novice sprinter 90 3.7 Positive (valley-type) curvature and negative (hill-type) curvature 91 3.8 Hypothetical centre of mass displacement, velocity and acceleration variation with % race time for a novice sprinter 92 3.9 Variation