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Fundamentals of Biomechanics Duane Knudson Fundamentals of Biomechanics Second Edition Duane Knudson Department of Kinesiology California State University at Chico First & Normal Street Chico, CA 95929-0330 USA [email protected] Library of Congress Control Number: 2007925371 ISBN 978-0-387-49311-4 e-ISBN 978-0-387-49312-1 Printed on acid-free paper. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. 987654321 springer.com Contents Preface ix NINE FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOMECHANICS 29 Principles and Laws 29 Acknowledgments xi Nine Principles for Application of Biomechanics 30 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS 35 PART I SUMMARY 36 INTRODUCTION REVIEW QUESTIONS 36 CHAPTER 1 KEY TERMS 37 INTRODUCTION TO BIOMECHANICS SUGGESTED READING 37 OF UMAN OVEMENT H M WEB LINKS 37 WHAT IS BIOMECHANICS?3 PART II WHY STUDY BIOMECHANICS?5 BIOLOGICAL/STRUCTURAL BASES Improving Performance 5 Preventing and Treating Injury 9 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis 11 CHAPTER 3 WHERE CAN I FIND OUT ABOUT ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION AND BIOMECHANICS?12ITS LIMITATIONS Scholarly Societies 13 Computer Searches 14 REVIEW OF KEY ANATOMICAL CONCEPTS 41 Biomechanics Textbooks 15 Directional Terms 42 BIOMECHANICAL KNOWLEDGE VERSUS Joint Motions 43 Review of Muscle Structure 46 INFORMATION 16 Kinds of Sources 16 MUSCLE ACTIONS 49 Evaluating Sources 18 Active and Passive Tension of Muscle 51 A Word About Right and Hill Muscle Model 51 Wrong Answers 19 THE LIMITATIONS OF FUNCTIONAL SUMMARY 20 ANATOMICAL ANALYSIS 53 REVIEW QUESTIONS 21 Mechanical Method of Muscle Action Analysis 53 KEY TERMS 21 The Need for Biomechanics to SUGGESTED READING 21 Understand Muscle Actions 56 Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation WEB LINKS 22 Applications 60 RANGE-OF-MOTION PRINCIPLE 60 FORCE–MOTION PRINCIPLE 63 CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY 65 FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOMECHANICS AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS REVIEW QUESTIONS 66 KEY TERMS 66 KEY MECHANICAL CONCEPTS 23 SUGGESTED READING 66 Mechanics 23 Basic Units 25 WEB LINKS 67 v VI FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOMECHANICS CHAPTER 4 OPTIMAL PROJECTION PRINCIPLE 117 ECHANICS OF THE M ANGULAR MOTION 121 MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM Angular Velocity 122 TISSUE LOADS 69 Angular Acceleration 123 COORDINATION CONTINUUM PRINCIPLE 128 RESPONSE OF TISSUES TO FORCES 69 Stress 70 SUMMARY 130 Strain 70 REVIEW QUESTIONS 130 Stiffness and Mechanical Strength 71 Viscoelasticity 72 KEY TERMS 131 BIOMECHANICS OF THE PASSIVE SUGGESTED READING 131 MUSCLE–TENDON UNIT (MTU) 75 WEB LINKS 132 BIOMECHANICS OF BONE 76 BIOMECHANICS OF LIGAMENTS 77 THREE MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS CHAPTER 6 OF MUSCLE 79 LINEAR KINETICS Force–Velocity Relationship 79 Force–Length Relationship 84 LAWS OF KINETICS 133 Force–Time Relationship 86 NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION 133 STRETCH-SHORTENING CYCLE (SSC) 88 Newton's First Law and First FORCE–TIME PRINCIPLE 92 Impressions 133 Newton's Second Law 136 NEUROMUSCULAR CONTROL 94 Newton's Third Law 137 The Functional Unit of Control: INERTIA PRINCIPLE 139 Motor Units 94 Regulation of Muscle Force 95 MUSCLE ANGLE OF PULL: Proprioception of Muscle Action QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE and Movement 99 ANALYSIS OF VECTORS 141 SUMMARY 100 Qualitative Vector Analysis of Muscle Angle of Pull 141 REVIEW QUESTIONS 101 Quantitative Vector Analysis of Muscle Angle of Pull 143 KEY TERMS 101 CONTACT FORCES 145 SUGGESTED READING 102 IMPULSE–MOMENTUM RELATIONSHIP 147 WEB LINKS 103 FORCE–TIME PRINCIPLE 149 WORK–ENERGY RELATIONSHIP 151 PART III Mechanical Energy 151 Mechanical Work 155 ECHANICAL ASES M B Mechanical Power 157 SEGMENTAL INTERACTION PRINCIPLE 160 CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY 164 LINEAR AND ANGULAR KINEMATICS REVIEW QUESTIONS 165 LINEAR MOTION 107 KEY TERMS 166 Speed and Velocity 109 SUGGESTED READING 166 Acceleration 113 Uniformly Accelerated Motion 115 WEB LINKS 167 CONTENTS VII CHAPTER 7 SUMMARY 224 ANGULAR KINETICS DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 224 TORQUE 169 SUGGESTED READING 224 SUMMING TORQUES 173 WEB LINKS 225 ANGULAR INERTIA (MOMENT OF INERTIA) 174 NEWTON'S ANGULAR ANALOGUES 178 CHAPTER 10 EQUILIBRIUM 179 APPLYING BIOMECHANICS IN CENTER OF GRAVITY 180 COACHING PRINCIPLE OF BALANCE 183 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SUMMARY 189 THROWING TECHNIQUE 227 REVIEW QUESTIONS 190 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF KEY TERMS 190 DRIBBLING TECHNIQUE 228 SUGGESTED READING 191 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF WEB LINKS 191 CONDITIONING 230 RECRUITMENT 231 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF CATCHING 233 CHAPTER 8 SUMMARY 234 FLUID MECHANICS DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 234 FLUIDS 193 SUGGESTED READING 234 FLUID FORCES 193 WEB LINKS 235 Buoyancy 193 Drag 195 Lift 200 CHAPTER 11 The Magnus Effect 203 APPLYING BIOMECHANICS IN PRINCIPLE OF SPIN 208 STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING SUMMARY 210 KEY TERMS 210 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SQUAT TECHNIQUE 237 REVIEW QUESTIONS 210 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SUGGESTED READING 210 DROP JUMPS 239 WEB LINKS 211 EXERCISE SPECIFICITY 240 INJURY RISK 242 PART IV EQUIPMENT 244 APPLICATIONS OF BIOMECHANICS SUMMARY 244 IN UALITATIVE NALYSIS Q A DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 245 CHAPTER 9 SUGGESTED READING 246 APPLYING BIOMECHANICS IN WEB LINKS 246 PHYSICAL EDUCATION QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF KICKING CHAPTER 12 TECHNIQUE 215 APPLYING BIOMECHANICS IN SPORTS QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF BATTING 218 MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE BASKETBALL FREE THROW 219 INJURY MECHANISMS 247 EXERCISE/ACTIVITY PRESCRIPTION 220 EXERCISE SPECIFICITY 248 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF CATCHING 222 EQUIPMENT 250 VIII FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOMECHANICS READINESS 251 LAB ACTIVITIES INJURY PREVENTION 252 1FINDING BIOMECHANICAL SOURCES L-2 SUMMARY 253 2QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 254 ANALYSIS OF RANGE OF MOTION L-4 SUGGESTED READING 254 3FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY? L-6 WEB LINKS 255 4MUSCLE ACTIONS AND THE STRETCH- SHORTENING CYCLE (SSC) L-8 REFERENCES 257 5A VELOCITY IN SPRINTING L-10 APPENDIX A 5B ACCURACY OF THROWING GLOSSARY 283 SPEED MEASUREMENTS L-12 APPENDIX B 6A TOP GUN KINETICS: FORCE–MOTION PRINCIPLE L–14 CONVERSION FACTORS 297 6B IMPULSE–MOMENTUM: APPENDIX C FORCE–TIME PRINCIPLE L-16 SUGGESTED ANSWERS TO SELECTED 7A ANGULAR KINETICS OF EXERCISE L-18 REVIEW QUESTIONS 299 7B CALCULATING CENTER OF GRAVITY APPENDIX D USING ANGULAR KINETICS L-20 RIGHT-ANGLE TRIGONOMETRY AGNUS FFECT IN ASEBALL REVIEW 305 8M E B PITCHING L-22 APPENDIX E 9QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF LEAD-UP ACTIVITIES L-24 BIOMECHANICAL PRINCIPLES 307 10 COMPARISON OF SKILLED AND NOVICE PERFORMANCE L-26 INDEX 309 11 COMPARISON OF TRAINING MODES L-28 12 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF WALKING GAIT L-30 Preface This second edition of Fundamentals of Lawson & McDermott, 1987; Kim & Pak, Biomechanics was developed primarily to 2002). update a well-received text. The unique- So why another textbook on the biome- ness of integrating biological and mechani- chanics of human motion? There are plenty cal bases in analyzing and improving hu- of books that are really anatomy books man movement has been expanded with with superficial mechanics, that teach me- more examples, figures, and lab activities. chanics with sport examples, or are sport Citations to the latest research and web books that use some mechanics to illustrate links help students access primary sources. technique points. Unfortunately, there are Students and instructors will appreciate the not many books that truly integrate the bi- CD with lab activities, answers to review ological and mechanical foundations of hu- questions, sample questions, and graphics man movement and show students how to files of the illustrations. apply and integrate biomechanical knowl- This book is written for students taking edge in improving human movement. This the introductory biomechanics course in book was written to address these limita- Kinesiology/HPERD. The book is designed tions in previous biomechanics texts. The for majors preparing for all kinds of human text presents a clear conceptual under- movement professions and therefore uses a standing of biomechanics and builds nine wide variety of movement examples to il- principles for the application of biomechan- lustrate the application of biomechanics. ics. These nine principles form the applied While this approach to the application of biomechanics tools kinesiology profession- biomechanics is critical, it is also important als need. The application of these biome- that students be introduced to the scientific chanical principles is illustrated in qualita- support or lack of support for these qualita- tive analysis of a variety of human move- tive judgments. Throughout the text exten- ments in several contexts for the kinesiolo- sive citations are provided to support the gy professional: physical education, coach- principles developed and give students ref- ing, strength and conditioning, and sports erences for further study. Algebraic level medicine. This qualitative analysis ap- mathematics is used to teach mechanical proach meets the NASPE Guidelines and concepts. The focus of the mathematical
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