Towards a Landscape- 55 based Regional Design Approach for Adaptive Transformation in Urbanizing Deltas

Steffen Nijhuis, Liang Xiong, Daniele Cannatella

Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment | Delft University of Technology

DOI 10.7480/rius.6.94 reduced flood risk and inclusive socio-ecological design. reduced flood risk and inclusive socio-ecological KEYWORDS transformation and management, regional landscape design, water sensitive design, resilient urban planning Delta perspective, adaptive urban planning, Pearl River assessment of the dynamics of change regarding the transformational cycles transformational the regarding change of dynamics the of assessment design regional eco-dynamic elements, landscape natural and urban of explored to reveal greater opportunities for the exploitation of are strategies of urban development. processes within the factors and social-cultural natural Furthermore, adaptive transformational perspectives are identified to ensure dynamics and speed of change. To ensure a more sustainable future for these a more sustainable To ensure of change. dynamics and speed the help i.e. resilience, strengthen to needed are strategies spatial areas, their capacity to enhance well as as to cope with their vulnerabilities systems landscape- a elaborate we article this In threats. artificial and natural overcome of urban transformation adaptive the for approach design regional based urbanizing deltas, taking the Pearl River Delta as a case study. Based on an hubs. At the same time, however, deltas are extremely vulnerable to multiple to multiple vulnerable extremely are deltas however, time, same At the hubs. include These urbanization. to rush the and change climate both from threats an increased flood risk combined with the resulting be understood as a set of deltas can urbanization The values. social-cultural loss of ecological and own each with its (and subsystems), systems of complex social-ecological Abstract Their world. the in regions promising most the among are areas Deltaic supporting factors core are soils their of quality superior and location strategic economic regions as global and the rise of these development both human

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- - - 风景园林 developments in Pazhou, Guangzhou (photo: Guangyuan Xie, 2018). developments in Pazhou, Guangzhou (photo: Guangyuan As well as contributing greatly to the global economy, they are contributing As well as they the global economy, greatly to 1 . The fast urbanization process within the PRD leads to confrontations between incremental . The fast urbanization process within the PRD leads Introduction

Urbanizing deltas can be understood as a set of complex social-ecological can be understood Urbanizing deltas 1. Urbanizing most promising the are among deltas regions and dynamic This article is an adapted version of a Chinese language article simultaneously published in published article simultaneously language a Chinese of version adapted an is article This (Landscape Architecture) 170 (9); 8-22. Figure 1 1 long-term urban developments and fast short-term developments. Typical fishing villages and new urban long-term urban developments and fast short-term (Figure 1). To ensure a more sustainable future, spatial strategies are needed future, sustainable a more ensure To 1). (Figure systems and subsystems, each with their own dynamics and speed of change systems that live around these water systems (Nijhuis, Sun & Lange, 2017). water systems (Nijhuis, Sun & that live around these risks associated with risks associated with climate change, negatively thereby impacting the envi ronment, the local economy as well as the health and prosperity of citizens by the absence of effective governance, the outcomes of delta management are management delta of outcomes the governance, effective of absence the by val often a combination damage of ecosystem loss of socio-cultural and the as the hazards as well the capacity ues. This weakens of deltas to resist natural extremely vulnerable to multiple threats (Nicholls & Cazenave, 2010; Ericson Ericson 2010; & Cazenave, (Nicholls to multiple threats vulnerable extremely use land urban of intensification the steering in difficulties to Due 2006). al., et and economic activity within a sensitive environment, compounding water also valuable also valuable (Meyer et ecosystems al., Costanza 2016; et al., Deltas 1997). accommodate populations large environ sensitive in particularly frequently are deltas As a result, urbanizing systems. by water that are dominated ments of the world. of the

- - - - AUT employs landscape-based regional as design methods an integrative From the 2000s onwards, there have been serious attempts to develop been serious attempts to develop have From the 2000s onwards, there Of course, dedicated spatial strategies should not merely improve the not merely spatial strategies should dedicated Of course, determine both the pace and form of adaptation required for adaptive urban determine both the pace and form of adaptation required for adaptive urban transformation (AUT) (Nijhuis, Sun & Lange, 2017). and multi-scale design and planning approach. The aim is to steer urban- more traditional more traditional planning strategies (Meyer & Nijhuis 2016, 2013; Van Veelen et al., the following, In 2015). we a discuss landscape-based regional design deltas, taking of urbanizing transformation approach the adaptive for urban as an example, describingapproach in River Delta while also the Pearl the so doing, some detail. In we outline an integrative approachthe plan towards dynamics and urban natural landscapes, whereby design of urban ning and Delta in the Netherlands (Meyer et al., Delta in 2015; Rhee, the Netherlands 2012), the Mississippi River Delta in the United States (Wagonner et al., 2014; Campanella, 2010) and the Mekong & De Meulder, Vietnam (Marchand et al., 2014; Shannon Delta in suggest a much greater poten paper research and related 2013). The current tial benefit in usingurban landscape dynamics in territorial governance than and disaster management in order to optimize institutions and land-use, (Nijhuis, urbanization inclusive and sustainable efficient, an for mechanisms Sun & Lange, 2017). an adaptive-systems approach to the planning and designing of urbanizing (RMS) attempts include the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt Examples of such deltas. successfully create more resilient successfully deltas. Strategies must also identify nature integration of enable the not only eco-dynamic design options that development processes, adaptive but also implement design alongside urban integrate to necessary is it Additionally, risk. flood low ensure that principles processes in combining governance transformative spatial planning, design These strategies be in should communicated persuasive ways in order to gain 2011; Healey, 2006). support and influence (Albrechts, wide understanding, promote deltas but also adaptive measures living conditions within urban to climate change in planning decrease the level of risk. Urban order to and display a management must certain degree adaptive of capacity in order to cally-sensitive urban development that ensures economic and social growth, social growth, economic and ensures that development urban cally-sensitive lower and systems providing while also natural opportunities to strengthen spa such time, same the At 2017). Lange, & Sun (Nijhuis, flooding of risk the economic actors, while range of social and involve a wide tial strategies must conditions of local people. also supporting the social, economic and cultural to strengthen resilience, assist systems to cope to cope resilience, their vulnerabilities, with systems assist to strengthen and These threats. human-made and their strengthen capacity to face natural to order in of systems complex the interrelation to consider have strategies the increases development urban when as such effects, ripple damaging avoid risk of flooding. Strategies like these can highlight the potential of ecologi

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------Pearl River Delta Pearl

On the one hand, the region is exposed to increasing flood risks due to 2. developing fastest delta has been world’s the decades, For the past four so-called national ‘Sponge City’ water policy – a concept of integrated urban management – has met with in delays the elaboration of both multiple and separate sectoral plans (Che, 2016). of more integrated planning and design approaches, these have not yet been design approaches, of more integrated planning and have these widely introduced (L. Xiong, 2016). For example, the implementation of the replaced the historically diverse environmental and cultural heritage of the cultural and diverse environmental replaced the historically topographies (Guo & Situ, 2010). While PRD with featureless more uniform, of the value awareness national authorities are showing increasing local and increasingly fragmented and vulnerable (Gao et al., 2012), resulting in a de vulnerable and increasingly fragmented cline in both ecological services (Ye & Dong, 2010) and environmental carry ing capacity (Huang, 2003). At the local level, large-scale interventions have urbanization urbanization in flood-prone areas (Figure 2) as well as rising sea levels and placing in summer, the regions infra on stress extreme typhoons/storms the deltaic On the other hand, ecosystem is systems. becoming structural crease in social security (H. Xiong, 2016). crease in social security tal degradation. These challenges include issues such as the disappearance tal degradation. These challenges include of mangroves (Zhao, 2010), the loss of farmland (Hu & He, 2003), air and water pollution (Li et al., 2008), water shortages (Wang, Hu & Li, 2006), and a de tial planning and socio-economic thinking (Yeh & Li,1999). same time, At the economic regarding its long-term the PRD now faces immense challenges posed by climate change and environmen development because of threats the Pearl River Delta (PRD) in China. In 2014, it replaced Tokyo as the largest (PRD) in the Pearl River Delta it China. In 2014, replaced Tokyo Since Bank, 2015). planet (World area on the most populatedurbanized and of China’s groundbreaking spa vanguard been at the has PRD 1980s, the the cesses, while establishing local identity in a region tangible through relation ships (Nijhuis, 2019). In summary, regional design is a transdisciplinary effort that not only safe guards sustainable and coherent development, but also guides and shapes pro about by socio-economic are brought changes that environmental and form of using regions landscape as the basic condition to generate sustain (Nijhuis, deltas spatial 2019). It employs design and planning able urbanized development. landscape urban sustainable pathways to long-term to open up rural transformative processes through a combination of sector activities activities of sector a combination through processes transformative rural regional Landscape-based outcomes. sustainable coordinated more towards the physical that shapes strategy to be an important considered design is

- Steffen Nijhuis, 2018). . The PRD is the fastest urbanizing delta in the world. Most of the construction takes place in the . The PRD is the fastest urbanizing delta in the world. In order to guide the PRD towards a more sustainable future, there is an there future, to guidea more sustainable order the PRD towards In flood-prone lowland (+10m zone, here indicated in dark blue), thereby increasing the flood risk (map: flood-prone lowland (+10m zone, here indicated Figure 2 the potential of more adaptive integrated planning approaches, such as land scape-based regional design. urgent need for new ways of planning and design in the practice of its urban need for new ways of planning and design in the practice of its urban urgent practice regional The emerging concept and of landscape-based development. design offers a way of resolving the conflicts and threats that arise between economic the recovery, as well as reducing development and environmental negative repercussions of climate change. The high speed at which the PRD has developed makes it a particularly valuable case to study explore and test

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------) (Nijhuis & Regional Jauslin, 2015). interventions ) to ensure a region’s sustainable growth while setting the ) to ensure strategy

Landscape-based regional design regional design Landscape-based the

Regional design rooted in landscape is a social-inclusive approach that Regional aimed at protecting design is like strategy an open-ended and Landscape-based regional design identifies and guides development Regional design applies principles from landscape architecture, land applies Regional design architecture, landscape principles from 3. spatial to enhance aims design regional Landscape-based development ‘actors’ to participate ‘actors’ generates a di 1999). This approach to design (Allen, rected field through which various stakeholders and other participants can contribute regional to development. In this regard, landscape-based design and yet sufficiently flexible to cope with future situations (Corner, 2004). and yet sufficiently flexible to cope with future tissue and enables various of the urban acknowledges the collective nature systems, provide the backbone for regional development; further, they facilitate they further, backbone regional development; provide the for systems, adaptation to local circumstances, are strong enough to withstand challenges ning and design (Nijhuis & Jauslin, 2015). It also sets up robust and adaptive and up robust also sets It design (Nijhuis & Jauslin, 2015). ning and that are resilient and open to change. The organizational struc systems water and transport such as i.e. ‘strong’ and coherent structures tures, developing resources. This is achieved by guiding developments and estab This is achieved by guiding and developments developing resources. conditions for spatial of development by means landscape plan lishing future nuity and promotes local contingency, also enabling a more uniform balancing of services qualities and between parts of a territory (Busquets & Correa, 2006). operates at different scales, from regional to local, as well as accommodating conti overall preserves it doing so In measures. specific more or general both design physical determines the shape of regions based on knowledge of the with the objective landscape physiology and functioning of urban and natural development. This approach also future conditions for generating favourable towards the most advantageous places, towards functions, scales and inter-relation ships ( scene for local initiatives ( water resource management, improved leisure facilities, community build improved management, leisure water resource development (Neuman, 2000). identity and economic ing, stronger cultural the urban landscape this way, landscape (Nijhuis & Jauslin, 2015). In regional design the urban offers a mode urbanfor transformation, the preservation of biodiversity, design and planning. It also utilizes thinking ideas as well as from systems plan of regional form promote a more comprehensive to complexity theory ning the complex and design that addresses web of relationships making up macher (1923), Ian McHarg (1962) and Philip Lewis (1996). (1962) and Philip Ian McHarg macher (1923), research, to spatially-oriented architecture scape ecology, geography and landscape as an landscape inclusive, complex dynamic and The approach system. builds Man Eliot (1893), Warren by Charles implemented developed and on ideas ning (1913), Pieter (1920), Verhagen Patrick Abercrombie (1922), Fritz Schu by applying bioregional planning and design principles that view the urban by applying bioregional principles design and planning view that urban the - - - - - . Four important phases in landscape-based regional design (source: Nijhuis, 2015). . Four important phases in landscape-based regional Figure 3 At the heart of landscape-based regional of landscape-based At the heart is a strong interaction design mechanisms of research and design that are combined with imagination, design that and of research mechanisms creativity, innovation. It also reveals areas in which action, and observation and searching can be applied to achieve mapping new insights.Therefore, and thinking and communication (Nijhuis, drawing are important tools for visual 2013). is employed as a vehicle not just to frame spatial also but just to frame problems visually as a vehicle not is employed to explore multiple possibilitiesTherefore, solutions. and generate various strategy in design can be as a powerful research regarded through research which complex spatial are approached in a creative problems integrated and The targeted explorative manner. process plays a central role in which think design implements Research through ing producing and in hand. go hand time (Nijhuis, 2019). time (Nijhuis, between research and design. This implies the analytical capacity that of re explorative to the power of design. Next to typi connected is closely search cal forms of research that serve as input for design, the design process itself is a transdisciplinary engineering that sees undertaking and ecology speciali ideas and the also involving while thinking design with spatial merge zations be therefore It can integrative described as an of local knowledge residents. that organizes platform individualsthe physical environment, and informa tion, governance their interaction and at distinct scales space through and

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------Collecting information and gaining understanding gaining and information Collecting Key phases in the regional design process regional design in the Key phases

In order to In order answer these questions, it is to describe, necessary select and 4.1 objectives regional strategy the design process, of the launching the Before 4. phases: iterative four of at least consists design regional Landscape-based What are the spatio-visual, or historical, social and ecological structures systems? and natural functioning of the urban What is the current How does an area operate at local scale and in the larger regional context? operate at local scale and in the larger How does an area lenges and opportunities for spatial development. Outcomes are agreed col lectively and supported by pointers and specified values to ensure inclusive plan development and action perspectives. clues. This co-creation of knowledge leads to a shared understanding of the understanding clues. This co-creation of knowledge leads to a shared as well as helping to identify the main chal characteristics of the territory complete picture. The various perspectives The various perspectives can be and synthesized, shared complete picture. primarily via interactive participatory at the same time, workshops; inter views, questionnaires can provide and observations important additional such as governmental officials, land owners and community representatives different These region. the of understanding inclusive and robust a develop to perspectives will bring insights, and complementary fresh creating a more ing (or ‘insight’) is the application of knowledge to increase effectiveness and effectiveness increase to knowledge of application the is ‘insight’) (or ing to exercise judgement in order to add value (Rowley & Hartley, 2006). In this the participation process, it of expertsis and stakeholders crucial to secure and information in order to increase the level of understanding on (aspects of) to increase the level of understanding information in order and Understand and patterns. the region in terms of spatial relations, structures in comprehensive urban landscape planning and design. During this pro design. During landscape planning and urban in comprehensive cess of interpreting, applying synthesizing and data, the individual acquires knowledge. The process is about exploring, analyzing data and synthesizing evaluate various spatial elements while also considering aspects of import - the region at different scales? processes that determine - process, such as: - data/information as well as analyzing and evaluating the region at multiple evaluating the region as well as analyzing and data/information A stakeholders. relevant all of support and identification the including scales, number of important be questions should considered at the beginning of this must first be identified, based on a proper understanding of the site, particu site, the of understanding a proper on based identified, be first must create to collect and it potentials. For this its challenges and is necessary larly perspective (Figure 3). (Figure perspective collecting collecting information, gaining action development and plan understanding,

- - - - - Plan development and action perspective and development Plan Previous studies as well as scenario building and research through design through building Previous studies as well as scenario research and 4.2 Once the analysis and evaluation phase is finalized and the main chal What is the optimal solution from a spatial, social ecological and point of Is it possible to introduce historical aspects to the design? How can the plan be adapted to and strengthen the regional identity? Does the design allow for change and flexibility over time? How can the composition of land use-patterns, vegetation, water, urban How can they be applied at multiple scales in the region, and what are the Are there any instructive (international) precedents? Are there any instructive (international) design interventions short-term strategies and do long-term which ways In What are the strategic locations? What are the strategic be fostered at regional scale? conditions that can Which favourable region? for on-going projects in the What are the implications social-economic involved to ensure be should stakeholders Which important What can be done to address the challenges of the area? the challenges be done to address What can pro multiscale of means by exploited be region the of potential the can How addressed need to be processes that and spatial structures key are the What Which spatial-planning design strategies and principles are most promising? most are principles and strategies design spatial-planning Which typologies and other elements facilitate ecosystem services as well as cultural typologies other elements facilitate and ecosystem services as well as cultural expression? - view? - - - - elling to aid visualization and testing as well as to generate Questions ideas. include: that need to be addressed in this phase - - probable outcomes? can all be exploited to answer these questions. Design thinking is also a use questions. can all be exploited these to answer ful way of exploring the spatial possibilities of various design strategies and principles. in The keywords this part of the process are innovation, creativity and imagination. Design strategies and principles are also explored visually while their feasibility is evaluated by designers, specialists and stakeholders. This process can also include computer models, field experiments and mod - - one another? interrelate, and how can they reinforce and coordinated at regional scale? and coordinated at - - - - and ecological embedment? questions here are: questions - - jects? - lenges and opportunities have been determined in a participatory in a participatory been determined and inclu opportunities lenges and have sive way, step the next to explore is and develop multiscale integral and various principles, and design strategies potential. Typical their especially regarding

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------is consist longue durée system velocity of change (Mey complex and as a viewed Mapping landscape systems Mapping landscape Understanding the PRD as a complex system Understanding the PRD

5.1 The spatial relationships between environmental circumstances and can be landscape The PRD’s urban 5. Regional Regional to prioritize, a platform is not just design and organize integrate (Nijhuis & Pouderoijen, 2014). Layers with a low dynamic of change are the climate (e.g. precipita soil) and (e.g. topography, hydrology, substratum as factors, regarded environmental These wind). temperature, tion patterns, conditions that inform adaptive planning strategies and design principles. of dynamic according to the landscape into layers Decomposing the urban landscape system urban the to help understand change is a proven method dynamic of change rather than indicating areas where urban developments indicating than areas where urban dynamic of change rather (for example) can take place. Maps reveal the spatial of landscape systems forces and the effects of distinct dynamics. The mapping of landscape sys tems is different from the suitability maps as proposed byspatial relationships and the understand In the former, maps are created to McHarg (1969). human actions can be or interventions studied by means of cartographic human explorations (i.e. mapping) important conditions, critical to identify driving socio-cultural, economic and political factors. socio-cultural, landscape is developing continually through the action interaction or of nat depend on ecological, processes that and patterns structures, human and ural formation, repetition and natural succession; the second level is linked to the succession; formation, repetition natural and level dynamical third the history; social, cultural long-term economic and the urban short, In political and occurrences. human of short-term is that landscape under constant change. According landscape under constant change. to French Fernand historian Braudel (1966), the first levelof dynamics, which is rooted in the natural en imperceptible process of almost vironment, is characterized by a slow trans organizational distinct spatial levels that address dimensions and temporal (Doxiadis, 1968; Otto, 2011; Batty, 2013). Here, the concept of of an urban structures persistent and long-term essential, emphasizing the er & Nijhuis, 2013). Understood as a system, the urban landscape is a mate urban the a system, as er & Nijhuis, 2013). Understood places with various and of networks as a constellation rial space structured each within its own dynamics ing of subsystems, policymakers, policymakers, authorities governmental as well as who other stakeholders, process. from the early stages of the planning must all be engaged long-term strategy. However, new governance arrangements often need to be to need often arrangements governance new However, strategy. long-term such design elements important conditions for to create the right developed end, it this relevant is vital to involve as the realization To of local projects. physical structures through the application application it the skills; design through and planning of structures physical their spatial authorities to align responsible also requires policies a towards

. - . Displaying . Displaying first tierconditions second tier conditions Mapping the PRD’s natural and urban system Mapping the PRD’s natural and urban . Understanding the urban landscape as a layered and complex system (image: Steffen Nijhuis). . Understanding the urban landscape as a layered The basic components of the natural system are the climate, landforms, are the system natural The basic of the components 6. of the PRD, three system urban and the natural to understand In order Figure 4 settlements or cities. The PRD can be divided into two geomorphological settlements types. The western part of the delta is a plain river-dominated over formed processes such as siltation and of the past millennia by natural the course 5). deposition (Figure the dynamic of the territory, the natural and urban system and their interac and system urban and of the territory, the natural the dynamic tions. Specifically, they show the eco-agricultural system, theurban system, tissue, and their relationships. networks and urban the infrastructure water and rock type. These drive the formation of soils, hydrology determine historical and land-use agricultural distribution of ecosystems, as well as the maps were constructed based on available knowledge and input from experts input from knowledge and based on available maps were constructed Drawn up in a participatory process, maps show the stakeholders. these and and characteristic patterns of the PRD to illustrate core physical structures first and second tier conditions together pave the way for the development of development the for way the pave together conditions tier second and first resulting in settlements, layer with the the and urban land use agricultural dynamics (Nijhuis highest change & and transformation Pouderoijen, 2014) 4). (Figure the most influential conditions for landuse, are known as energy and water management transportation, for networks Infrastructural layer, termed grouped in another supply are quicker growth and change than the first-tierthese are also significant environmental conditional variables for conditions, land use.Together, these

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- . Landscape formation of the PRD from 4000 BC to 2015 AD (source: Xiong & Nijhuis, 2018). . Landscape formation of the PRD from 4000 BC The estuary to the east is tide-dominated (Xiong & Nijhuis, 2018). Almost 2018). Nijhuis, & (Xiong tide-dominated is east the to estuary The Figure 5 tember. The estuary also suffers from extreme tides inducedby typhoons or in to the typhoon season from July September. mainly occurring storm surges, discharge and sediment load is the West River (80% of total water discharge, 90% of total sediment load). Seasonal flooding is a common characteristic in River the West and North sub-deltas, primarily in the period from April to Sep River. Together they form a drainage basin of 453,690 km2 and have a total a drainage basin of 453,690 have km2 and form they River. Together length of 2,200 km (Zhang et al. 2008). The most important river in terms of of 160 hills and 187 islands spread around the coast (Huang & Zhang, 2004). The deltaic lowland is characterized The by two and a tidal estuary. sub-deltas are the West River, River dominate the PRD rivers that and the East the North 90% of the land in the PRD is flat terrain, with the remaining 10% made up

- - . A map showing the eco-agricultural system of the PRD . A map showing the eco-agricultural system of the (Map: Steffen Nijhuis, Daniele Cannatella & Liang Xiong, 2019) (Map: Steffen Nijhuis, Daniele Cannatella & Liang Figure 6 The wet and flat topographical features of the PRD provide favourable until it hit a peak around the 1920s (Ruddle & Zhong, 1988). Today, most of until it hit a peak & around the 1920s (Ruddle Zhong, 1988). Today, these areas still feature fishponds alongside industrial plots andurban set tlements, but almost without silk production. One of the most notable of these methods, developed from the 14th century century the 14th developed from methods, of the most notable of these One onwards in the sub-deltas, is the dike-pond system in which fish ponds are between bearing constructed dykes & Zhong, fruit trees (Ruddle 1988). By the trees to facilitate the fruit trees were replaced by mulberry century, 17th early silk production while four species of fish were farmed in the ponds. Subse prosper to grow and pattern continued type of agri-aquaculture quently, this has arisen through frequent flooding and the continual seaward expansion of expansion seaward continual the and flooding frequent through arisen has the land (Weng, 2000; Zhao & Yang, 2011). Due to the wet and flat conditions of the terrain, the local population developed over many years sophisticated plains known warm hot in the methods multiscale, water-sensitive farming of the local economy. the basis this formed For centuries as agri-aquaculture. conditions for wetland ecology as well as urban development and agriculture, development and agriculture, conditions ecologyfor wetland as well as urban confirmed by the long history of extensive agricultural activities stretching human- proven to be a sustainable This has back 4000 years. more than that environment wetland relationship in the ever-changing environment

RIUS 6: INCLUSIVE URBANISM 68 TOWARDS A LANDSCAPE-BASED REGIONAL DESIGN APPROACH FOR ADAPTIVE TRANSFORMATION IN URBANIZING DELTAS 69 - . A map of the PRD’s infrastructural system Figure 7 (Map: Steffen Nijhuis, Daniele Cannatella & Liang Xiong, 2019) (Map: Steffen Nijhuis, Daniele Cannatella & Liang In the pre-industrial period, the region relied heavily on water-borne In the pre-industrial period, the region relied heavily Reflecting the area’s large bays and riparian zones,the natural vege from Guangzhou-Shenzhen/Hong-Kong and Guangzhou-Zhuhai/Macau. The Guangzhou-Zhuhai/Macau. and Guangzhou-Shenzhen/Hong-Kong from the are as hubs, transportation important are Nansha and Kong Hong of ports 7). international airports of Hong Kong and Guangzhou (Figure road infrastructure all helped to foster the region’s rapid urban expansion. all helped to foster the region’s rapid urban road infrastructure corridors in the can be found train infrastructure and road Well-developed ownership of land enabled major infrastructural developments in the PRD. infrastructural ownership of land enabled major Large-scale dike reconstructions (Xiong & Nijhuis, 2018), the development train connections and an expansion of a vast network of (high-speed) in established for the supply of fresh water as well as for irrigation (Figure 6). water as well as for irrigation (Figure established for the supply of fresh private shift from From the 1950s, however, the to public transportation. individual mountains and ridges have forests, large traditionally hosted dry individual and ridges mountains have of the process were cut down in previous today decades; of woodland swathes been replanting . At has started the trees the foot of the slopes, basins have tation in the PRD is largely mangrove and wet forest, wetland While forest.

------. Urban development from 1950-2015 (source: Xiong & Nijhuis, 2018). . Urban development from Figure 8 Within this wide-ranging urban development, different spatial patterns From the 1950s onwards, the historical cities have benefited from infra The histories of ancient cities such as Guangzhou, Foshan and Macau and as Guangzhou, Foshan of ancient cities The histories such hemmed in by mountain ridges; finally, in the west, we can observe more dis more observe can we west, the in finally, ridges; mountain by in hemmed the Today area. this of fields polder traditional the reflecting patterns, persed corridor Guangzhou-Shenzhen, with is the urban epicentre of urbanization 9). an important role for Nansha as a connection hub (Figure of 2016, there are now 60 million inhabitants in the PRD, expecteda to figure rise to 80 million by 2030. can be discerned: in fairly concentric the north, patterns of development are has followed the historical town cores; in the east, urbanization around found a more linear pattern along the coastline, where new areas are settlement urbanizing delta (Figure 8). This gave the Pearl River Delta a certain degree of Pearl the 8). This gave (Figure delta urbanizing autonomy in terms of customs, finance and taxes. Manufacturing companies process the During factories, creating a thriving economy. opened numerous from farm large the polders were areas inside transformed of urbanization, According to the Guangdong Statistical settlement. Yearbook into urban land cro-climate. In general, the cores of these historical citiesgeneral, the cores of these are all oriented cro-climate. In towards rivers and the coast for strategic as well as to facilitate reasons trans portation. created the PRD Special the 1980s, China In investment. Economic structural fastest the area into the world’s turning Zone to attract foreign investment, around 203 BC, showcasing the rich culture of the Nanyue kingdom of the Nanyue & (Wu around 203 BC, showcasing the rich culture Chen, is 2010). It to note that the historic interesting Lingnan in gardens the adapted were clearly Guangdong province, traditional architecture, with their to the specific climatic conditions regarding site selection, orientation, lay a positive of which had out and construction materials, all impact on the mi can be traced back more than 2000 years. In Guangzhou, Guangzhou, can be In for instance, traced back 2000 years. ar than more palace garden and from of a large royal the remains chaeologists discovered

RIUS 6: INCLUSIVE URBANISM 70 TOWARDS A LANDSCAPE-BASED REGIONAL DESIGN APPROACH FOR ADAPTIVE TRANSFORMATION IN URBANIZING DELTAS 71 Xiong, 2019). . The urban landscape of the PRD (Steffen Nijhuis, Daniele Cannatella & Liang Xiong, 2019). . A map of the structure of the PRD’s urban tissue (Steffen Nijhuis, Daniele Cannatella & Liang . A map of the structure of the PRD’s urban tissue Figure 10 Figure 9

------Towards a sustainable future for the PRD the future for a sustainable Towards

7. form the basis for a transformations landscape-based Adaptive urban The synthesis map (Figure 10) shows the urban landscape resulting from resulting landscape urban shows the 10) map (Figure The synthesis city-level water networks are identified with the aim of increasing adaptive capacities, ecosystem services as well as water safety. growth. These areas, which possesses good spatial conditions for long term economic development, are generally located reclaimed on newly land with network of waterways, vast areas a dense in the delta’s estuaries, featuring highly contain they land; agricultural and wetlands as well as ponds fishing of sensitive ecosystems and are vulnerable to flooding. In this phase, the pos and sibilities regional for the development of green-blue infrastructure quent implementation will focus on the potential quent implementation will focus on of interlinked economic and ecological development at multiple The goal is to facilitate scales. sustain as well as the region’s of old industrial/housing areas able transformations on the expansion removing constraints of landscape, thereby agricultural built-up accommodating thus areas and continued economic and population regional strategy to address the main challenges and potentials of the PRD. In PRD. potentials of the and main challenges the to address regional strategy analysis systems from as derived dynamics urban and natural strategy, this of adaptation. The plan development and subse must set the pace nature and intrusion, smaller areas of farmland (and thus lower food production), (and thus lower intrusion, areas of farmland socio- smaller of important ecological cultural- loss and economic problems as well as the historical sites. The collective recognition opportuni of these challenges and ties underlies efforts to realize a more sustainable and inclusive strategy for planning and design in the PRD. capacity to cope with additional discharge. Large farming areas have been capacity to cope with additional discharge. Large farming areas have reducing greatly areas, thereby urban sites and industrial into transformed their rainwater absorption/storage capacity the ability and thus to mitigate not only the risk flooding. of to vulnerable more floodingareas coastal making down, butcut been have alsoforests water shortages. Natural mangrove In addition to flooding, the PRD is also suffering from subsidence,saltwater highest dynamics of change and transformation. However, the fast pace of Along to some severe problems. led and climate have change urbanization and increased typhoons from side rising surges sea levels, unpreceded storm risk The areas. urban of flooding frequent the in resulted have discharge river of floodinghas been increased by the canalization of rivers with insufficient the interaction interaction the and between substratum (e.g. conditions environmental networks for transportation, water manage climate) infrastructural and the the development the way for paved have These conditions and energy. ment leading settlements, layer with to the the uses and urban land of agricultural

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2018). . Exploring future scenarios for the spatial development of the PRD (photo: Steffen Nijhuis, for the spatial development of the PRD (photo: . Exploring future scenarios Developing a regional strategic vision Developing a regional strategic Scenario studies 7.2 growth over time landscape and of urban with the assessment Together Scenario studies have been employed to investigate the PRD’s likely future to investigate likely future been employed the PRD’s have Scenario studies 7.1 Figure 11 the evaluation of present spatial development projects in the region, several determine the course of spatial of spatial development (Veeneklaas & Van den Berg, determine the course 1995). of these assumptions, a systematic yet selective description of the current current selective description of the yet a systematic assumptions, of these that variables external significant most the identifying made, be can scenario involvement of governmental involvement of governmental authorities and water boards. In order to build consistent and coherent a scenario, an internally to formulate it is necessary basis the On relationships to be explored.primary on the set of hypotheses structures strategic discussions and facilitates the involvement of diverse of diverse involvement facilitates the and strategic discussions structures et al. 2013, (Dammers & Veeneklaas stakeholders Van den Berg, 1995). In the case, the scenarios are conducted in an academic setting with current the Nijhuis, 2016) (Figure 11). Scenario building constitutes an Nijhuis, useful instrument (Figure 2016) their and about trends and to generate understanding uncertainty to address relationships as well as new challenges or policies and their effects. It also imagination, it is possible to identify critical key locations, driving forces and (Meyer & opportunities or threats events, whether likely impacts of future development. Through a combination of empirical Through data, forecasting and development.

- - - - - Transformation perspectives Each of these transformation perspectives Each of these transformation must be elaborated into more 7.3 of the regional The primary use strategic vision is to determine prior mental sites to test the possibilities of application in a spatial and visual way. Sun, Nijhuis & Bracken (2019) provides details of a multiscale water-sensitive in the PRD. design of agri-aquaculture of waterfronts as well as the protection and development of mangroves and development of mangroves protection and as well as the of waterfronts other coastal ecosystems. successful and relevant studying by identified be can principles Design detail. (international) cases. In addition, their potential be should explored by means design. Strategic through areas can serve as experi of a process of research districts, the integration of (historical) villages, transformation industrial perspectives are mainly the transformation the estuary, In and eco-tourism. connected to seawater adaptive approaches, encompassing design principles for multifunctional flood protection, harbour and marina development, land reclamation (sedimentation, erosion), the development and transformation estuary. The perspective of each transformation has spatial dimensions, has The perspective of each transformation estuary. namely: water sensitive and socio-ecologically inclusive, flexible and mul tifunctional, multiple addressing temporal and spatial In the sub- scales. perspectives deltas, the transformation are connected to river and rainwater adaptive approaches, encompassing design principles riverways, resilient for new urban transformations, urban sustainable integrated agri-aquaculture, ities design. Backcasting in spatial to identify spatial planning and is used perspectives accomplish that help transformation the objectives set by the strategic plan, and guide per actions accordingly. The spatial transformation spectives provide a set of adaptive design strategies that are specific to the and the PRD in the sub-deltas challenges and potentials of the territories formed into a blue axis featuring water sensitive ecological agri-aquaculture water sensitive ecological agri-aquaculture into formed a blue axis featuring and considerable flood retention capacity, complemented by strong (TOD). from transit-oriented development hubs that benefit urban sensitive socio-ecological inclusive urbanism. According to the initial idea, sensitive socio-ecologicalthe inclusive urbanism. East wing (Guangzhou-Hong Kong corridor) of the PRD will further develop and hubs necklace, urban red-green where strong into a well-connected corridors connecting with robust green to the mountains marinas alternate wet plains, development of West wing sea. With the the will be trans the significant factors futureof development have identified, been elaboration, an initial strategic vision for This the PRD. vision further needs leading to into China’s Silicon will develop the PRD Valley, the idea that based around qualities, green- robust urban well-connected and developed with strongly water and region to the connected assets cultural-historical blue frameworks,

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- - - - - (photo: Steffen Nijhuis, 2018). (photo: Steffen Nijhuis, evaluation of scenarios of potential adaptation strategies of scenarios of potential adaptation evaluation evaluation of existing urban planning strategies planning strategies and projects evaluation of existing urban . Thinking together about the future of the PRD using a digital map table the future of the PRD using a digital map table . Thinking together about ex ante ex post Figure 12 Action outlook 7.4 ideas into action, gained knowledge and it is important to put the order In further development of the regional vision These trans and related strategy. further a towards perspectives delta development of the formation will guide the more sustainable future. participants to see the potential repercussions of their initiatives on other These innovative systems. visualization serve to speed methods up discus sions of different proposals with all stakeholders and form the basis for the illustrate the relationships between different systems. Augmented and virtual and Augmented systems. different between relationships the illustrate & Lange, 2019), enabling reality tools can also be employed (see e.g. Tomkins Throughout the process, interviews are and workshops with stakeholders the workshops, organized to explore potential areas of agreement. During 12) that digital map-tables (Figure are brought together around stakeholders (Nijhuis, Sun & Lange, 2017). Here communication is a central issue. In par ticular, it is vital to develop and utilize innovative visualization and methods tools that aid involvement of the and decision-makers. local stakeholders cilitate an understanding of urban landscape dynamics and transformations landscape dynamics cilitate of urban an understanding an through as well as an tigation of ways in which different stakeholders could collaborate on, agree to and fine-tune a design. As regional discussed, the design process must fa to address the question of whether the right conditions for new governance right conditions for the the question of whether to address can be inves arrangements the regional created. Therefore, design demands

------which and pro of various change of result dynamics is the landscape urban PRD’s that display different systems Conclusion and

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS has been supported NSFC, by the This research and the EPSRC NWO Joint In sum, landscape-based regional design brings new operational power Here we advance landscape-based regional design as an inclusive planning inclusive an as design regional landscape-based advance we Here 8. the As discussed, Delta’ (grant no. ALWSD 2016.013 sustainable delta programme). Delta’ (grant no. ALWSD 2016.013 sustainable Research Project: ‘Adaptive Urban Transformation (AUT) – Territorial gov Research Project: ‘Adaptive Transformation Urban landscape dynamics in the Pearl River ernance, spatial strategy and urban a process of creating local identity and safeguarding regional relationships, regional relationships, safeguarding and a process of creating local identity forms. and social processes to urban while simultaneously linking ecological to spatial as an integrative, design – creative activity – and recognizes the context- is that inquiry, one of significant field a as landscape urban regional driven, solution-focused and transdisciplinary. built environment. Furthermore, as an inclusive design approach, it estab built Furthermore, environment. factors, between pro lishes relationships between ecological cultural and as well as developments short-term and form, between long-term cess and between regional strategies and local interventions. As such, landscape-based in guiding for regional design is a powerful vehicle territorial transformations outcome. At a time complex of challenges, the development of alternative approaches such as this offers a pathway to realizing socio-ecological inclu sive for collaboration amongst disciplines processes as well as modes design cooperation regional design stimulates Landscape-based stakeholders. and planning ar and landscape urban between disciplines as architecture, such also reviews the agency of spatial It design in giving the shape to chitecture. systems and their formal expression is a fundamental aspect aspect expression their formal and is of contemporary a fundamental systems development. regional above, the In PRD. the of adaptive design approach the transformation for and an approach to this form of design has been than any specific outlined rather cesses impact other. The ability on each spatial through to interrelate systems different of interconnection the as important, increasingly become has design

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