Planning for Parks, Recreation, and Open Space in Your Community

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Planning for Parks, Recreation, and Open Space in Your Community Planning for Parks, Recreation, and Open Space in Your Community 1 Planning for Parks, Recreation, and Open Space in Your Community Washington State Department of Community, Trade and Economic Development Interagency Committee for Outdoor Recreation CTED STAFF Juli Wilkerson, Director Local Government Division Nancy K. Ousley, Assistant Director Growth Management Services Leonard Bauer, AICP, Managing Director Rita R. Robison, AICP, Senior Planner Jan Unwin, Office Support Supervisor PO Box 42525 Olympia, Washington 98504-2525 (360) 725-3000 Fax (360) 753-2950 www.cted.wa.gov/growth IAC STAFF Lorinda Anderson, Recreation Planner Jim Eychander, Recreation Planner Text by Susan C. Enger, AICP Municipal Research & Services Center Seattle, Washington February 2005 Photo Credits CTED/Rita R. Robison, cover and pages 1, 3, 7, 14, 15, 16, 18, 32, 34, 35, 37, 39, 46, 57, 61, 64, 66, 68, 74, 79, 80, 86 Mark Fry, page 5 Courtesy of the City of Tigard, page 10 Interagency Committee for Outdoor Recreation, page 20 Courtesy of the City of Stanwood, page 22 Courtesy of the City of Puyallup, page 33 Courtesy of the City of Vancouver, page 71 Courtesy of the City of Snohomish, page 76 Courtesy of Metro Parks Tacoma, page 91 Table of Contents Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 1 GMA Provisions and Case Law Relating to Parks, Recreation, and Open Space.......................... 5 Building an Integrated Open Space System.................................................................................. 12 Different Open Space Types and Purposes................................................................................... 14 Hazardous Critical Areas .......................................................................................................... 14 Ecologically Critical Areas....................................................................................................... 15 Commercially Significant Resource Lands .............................................................................. 16 Recreation, Education, and Cultural Sites ................................................................................ 17 Lands That Shape Urban Form................................................................................................. 18 Lands With Aesthetic Values Defining Community Identify................................................... 18 Urban Reserves or Future Urban Areas.................................................................................... 19 Parks, Recreation, and Open Space Planning Processes............................................................... 20 Step 1: Consider Goals and Overall Planning Framework ...................................................... 21 Step 2: Initiate Community Visioning and Ongoing Citizen Participation ............................. 21 Step 3: Inventory Existing Conditions, Trends, and Resources/Identify Problems and Opportunities............................................................................................................................. 24 Step 4: Develop Goals and Priorities to Guide Parks, Recreation, and Open Space Measures ................................................................................................................................... 28 Step 5: Enlist the Support of Other Local Groups, Jurisdictions, and Departments................ 31 Step 6: Assess Parks/Open Space/Recreation Needs and Demand ......................................... 37 Step 7: Develop Site Selection Criteria and Priorities, Based on Community Goals.............. 56 Step 8: Evaluate Plan Alternatives; Select and Adopt the Preferred Plan ............................... 56 Step 9: Prepare the Parks, Recreation, and Open Space Plan Element.................................... 57 Step 10: Develop Tools to Implement Your Parks, Recreation, and Open Space Strategy .... 59 Step 11: Adopt and Transmit the Element............................................................................... 59 Open Space Designation Criteria.................................................................................................. 61 Criteria Must Be Tied to Local Objectives............................................................................... 61 Different Types of Criteria Can Aid the Decision Process....................................................... 61 Structure Sets of Criteria to Focus Selection Decisions ........................................................... 62 Open Space Protection Techniques .............................................................................................. 64 Be Prepared to Apply a Variety of Tools to Address a Variety of Purposes............................ 64 Decide on a Balance of Regulatory and Nonregulatory Approaches ....................................... 64 Build a Program that Combines Public and Private Protection Efforts.................................... 69 Select the Tools Best Matched to the Job and Local Conditions.............................................. 70 Issues in Designating Open Space Areas...................................................................................... 71 Economic Issues........................................................................................................................ 71 Access Issues ............................................................................................................................ 73 Maintenance/Stewardship......................................................................................................... 74 Legal and Political Considerations ........................................................................................... 76 Park Design Issues/Planning Parks for People ......................................................................... 78 Address Needs of Different Population Groups ....................................................................... 79 Open Space Corridors............................................................................................................... 81 Funding for Parks and Recreation (Or You Must Pay to Play) .................................................... 84 Traditional Local Funding Sources Authorized by Statutes..................................................... 85 Several Newer Funding Sources Adopted as a Part of GMA Legislation................................ 85 Federal and State Funding Programs ........................................................................................ 86 Interlocal Cooperation .............................................................................................................. 87 Alternative Approaches for Providing Park and Recreation Services...................................... 87 Special Purpose Districts .......................................................................................................... 89 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 92 Appendix A: User Demand and Park Use Survey Examples Appendix B: Park Inventory Examples Appendix C: Comparison of Recreational Districts Appendix D: Interlocal Agreements Examples Appendix E: IAC Recreation and Habitat Grants Appendix F: City of Bellevue Summary of Funding Resources Appendix G: References and Resources Appendix H: Resources for ADA Assistance Appendix I: Online Resources for Parks, Recreation, and Open Space Planning Table of Figures Figure 1. Participation in General Recreation Categories as a Percent of State Population........ 52 Figure 2. Major Outdoor Activities: Average Events Per Year, All Ages ................................. 53 Figure 3. Percent Change in Participation in Outdoor Recreational Activities, 1982-1995........ 54 Figure 4. Kitsap County Allocation of Dollars for Facilities....................................................... 84 Table of Tables Table 1. King County Parks, Recreation, and Open Space Policies.............................................29 Table 2: Parks, Open Space, and Pathways Classification Table.................................................42 Table 3: IAC 2003 Estimates of Future Participation in Outdoor Recreation in Washington State .......................................................................................................................55 To obtain this publication in alternative format, please contact the CTED ADA coordinator at: Post Office Box 42525 Olympia, Washington 98504-2525 (360) 725-2652 (360) 753-1128 (Fax) Introduction The Growth Management Act (GMA) charts a new course for Washington communities that has tremendous implications for parks, recreation, and open space planning. The GMA promotes wise use of limited land and resources which helps conserve open space. It aims to reverse the trend toward converting undeveloped land into sprawling, low-density land use that represents a threat to open space in this state. The GMA also encourages the enhancement of recreational opportunities for the enjoyment of Washington citizens. It calls for the development of parks and recreation facilities, which adds to the quality of life in communities throughout the state. The GMA recognizes a variety of types of open space and recreational opportunities and provides new policy direction, tools, and opportunities for open space protection and recreational enhancement.
Recommended publications
  • 2014 Utah State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan 2014 Utah
    2014 Utah State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan UTAH STATE PARKS Division of Utah State Parks and Recreation Planning Section 1594 West North Temple, Ste. 116 P.O. Box 146001 Salt Lake City, UT 84116-6001 (877) UT-PARKS stateparks.utah.gov State of Utah Figure 1. Public land ownership in Utah. ii 2014 SCORP ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research and publication of the 2014 Utah State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan (SCORP) is a product of a team effort. The Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Utah State Parks and Recreation, Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, Utah Department of Transportation, Utah Division of Water Resources, Governor’s Office of Planning and Budget, National Park Service (Omaha Regional Office), U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation, Utah League of Cities and Towns, Utah Association of Counties, Utah Recreation and Parks Association, and others provided data, information, advice, recommendations, and encouragement. The 2014 Utah SCORP was completed under contract by BIO-WEST, Inc. (BIO-WEST), with survey work completed by Dan Jones & Associates. Key project contributors include Gary Armstrong, project manager for BIO-WEST, and David Howard, lead survey research associate for Dan Jones & Associates. Susan Zarekarizi of the Division of Utah State Parks and Recreation served as the overall project manager and provided contractor oversight. Additional staff contributing to the project include Sean Keenan of BIO-WEST, and Tyson Chapman and Kjersten Adams of Dan Jones & Associates. The 2014 Utah SCORP represents demand for future recreation facilities as identified in a series of public opinion surveys, special reports, park surveys, federal and local plans, technical reports, and other data.
    [Show full text]
  • Resource-Based Outdoor Recreation
    Resource‐Based Outdoor Recreation Activity Definitions Outdoor recreation, broadly defined, is any leisure time activity conducted outdoors. Within the vast range of such a definition lies an almost unlimited number of possible activities, from wilderness camping to neighborhood playground use and outdoor performances. This wide range of activities can generally be subdivided into “resource‐ based” and “user‐oriented” recreation. Resource‐based outdoor recreation is dependent on a particular element or combination of elements in the natural and cultural environments that cannot be easily duplicated by man. In contrast, user‐ oriented recreation can generally be provided anywhere, assuming the availability of space and funds for development. This document provides activity definitions for a narrowed down list of outdoor recreation activities that are commonly provided on Florida’s conservation lands. Generally, many activities not included in this list can be grouped into one of the activity types that utilize the same resource. For the purpose of planning outdoor recreation, some commonly identified activities, such as walking for pleasure have been omitted entirely because of the inability to practically measure and plan for the resources needed to support the activity. Bicycling Horseback Riding Camping Hunting Canoeing/Kayaking Motorized – OHV Riding Freshwater and Saltwater Boating Nature Study Freshwater and Saltwater Fishing Picnicking Freshwater Swimming Saltwater Beach Activities Hiking Visiting Archeological and Historic Sites Bicycling Bicycling as a recreational activity is the simple act of riding a bicycle in an outdoor setting for the enjoyment, amusement, or pleasure of participation. Common bicycling activities are mountain biking, road cycling and bicycle touring. These activities differ from the utilitarian usage of bicycles for transportation, in that they are participated in for the enjoyment of natural and cultural resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Home Landscape Planning Worksheet: 12 Steps to a Functional Design
    Home Landscape Planning Worksheet: 12 steps to a functional design This worksheet will guide you through the process of Gather information designing a functional landscape plan. The process includes these steps: Step 1. Make a scale drawing • Gather information about the site and who will use it. Landscape designs are generally drawn from a bird’s- • Prioritize needs and wants. eye view in what designers call “plan view.” To prepare a base map (scale drawing) of your property use graph • Consider maintenance requirements. paper and let one square equal a certain number of feet • Determine a budget. (e.g. 1 square = 2 feet), or draw it to scale using a ruler • Organize the landscape space. or scale (e.g. 1 inch = 8 feet). • Determine the shape of the spaces and how they The base map should include these features: relate to each other. • Scale used • Select the plants that will fi ll the landscape. • North directional arrow • Property lines Base Map and Initial Site Analysis (not to scale) You may want to make several photocopies of this base map to use for the following steps in the design process. Step 2. Site analysis A thorough site analysis tells you what you have to work NICE VIEW with on the property. Part 1 of the “Home Landscape Questionnaire” (see insert) includes questions that NEED PRIVACY should be answered when completing a site analysis. Lay a piece of tracing paper over the base map and draw the information gathered during the site analysis. This layer should include these features: KITCHEN/ DINING ROOM • Basic drainage patterns
    [Show full text]
  • Outdoor Natural Resource Recreation Emphasis the Following Is a Sample Outline for Completion of This Bachelor’S Degree
    2020-2021 Catalog Academic Plan: Outdoor Recreation in Parks and Tourism Outdoor Natural Resource Recreation Emphasis The following is a sample outline for completion of this bachelor’s degree. Each student’s reality will vary slightly, as this plan does not include transfer work, Advanced Placement (AP), or concurrent enrollment credits. Math and English placement will be based on the student’s ACT/SAT scores. PLEASE NOTE: The following plan assumes students are prepared to take the Math course listed. If prerequisites are required, additional semesters may be required to complete the degree. This is a GUIDE ONLY. Please meet with your academic advisor and consult DegreeWorks for specifics. 1st Year Fall (15/16 credits) 1st Year Spring (15 credits) ENGL 1010 Intro to Academic Writing (3) ENGL 2010 Intermediate Writing (3) Mathematics GE Course (3/4) INFO 1010 Information Literacy (1) American Institutions Course (3) Social Behavioral Sciences Course (3) BIOL 1610/1615 General Biology w/lab (4) ORPT 2040 Americans in the Outdoors (3) Elective (2-3) GEO XXXX ORPT Physical Science Option (4) nd nd 2 Year Fall (15 credits) 2 Year Spring (14 credits) Fine Arts Course (3) Humanities Course (3) ORPT 3000/3005 Found. In Outdoor Rec/Lab (4) ORPT 3040 Leadership in Outdoor Rec (3) ORPT Elective (1) ORPT 1030 Intro to Backpacking (2) BIOL 1620/1625 General Biology II w/ lab (4) GEOG 2900 GPS Theory, Tech, Methods (2) Electives (3) BIOL 3030/3035 Ecology w/ lab (4) 3rd Year Fall (15 credits) 3rd Year Spring (15 credits) ORPT 3030 Recreation Resource Mgmt (3) ORPT 1542 Wilderness First Responder*** (3) ORPT 3050 Risk Mgmt&Safety Outdoor Rec (3) ORPT 4745 Organization & Admin Lab (1) ORPT 4020 Interpretation (3) (Fall, even years) ORPT Elective (2) ORPT 4740 Organization & Admin for ORPT (3) HRHM 3000 Intro to Hospitality Management** (3) ORPT 3060 Behav.
    [Show full text]
  • Uranium Mining, Tourism and Outdoor Recreation in Gateway, Colorado Prepared By: Josef E
    Uranium Mining, Tourism and Outdoor Recreation in Gateway, Colorado Prepared by: Josef E. Marlow, Ph.D. Land and Resource Economist Sonoran Institute July 2009 SONORAN INSTITUTE OFFICES 7650 E. Broadway Blvd., Suite 203 Tucson, Arizona 85710 520-290-0828 Fax: 520-290-0969 11010 N. Tatum Blvd., Suite D101 Phoenix, Arizona 85028 602-393-4310 Fax: 602-393-4319 201 S. Wallace Ave., Suite B3C Bozeman, Montana 59715 406-587-7331 Fax: 406-587-2027 1536 Wynkoop Street #307 Denver, Colorado 80202 303-605-3484 Fax: 303-265-9632 FIELD OFFICES 817 Colorado Ave., Suite 201 Glenwood Springs, Colorado 81601 The nonprofit Sonoran Institute inspires, informs and enables community 970-384-4364 Fax: 970-384-4370 decisions and policies that respect the land and people of western North America. Facing rapid change, communities in the West value their P.O. Box 543 Helena, Montana 59624 natural and cultural assets, which support resilient environmental Tel/Fax: 406-449-6086 and economic systems. Founded in 1990, the Sonoran Institute helps communities conserve and restore those assets and manage growth P.O. Box 20665 Cheyenne, Wyoming 82003 and change through collaboration, civil dialogue, sound information, 307-635-1973 practical solutions and big-picture thinking. Magisterio #627 The Sonoran Institute contributes to a vision of a West with: Col. Profesores Federales Mexicali, Baja California, C.P. • Healthy landscapes—including native plants and wildlife, diverse 21370 Mexico habitat, open spaces, clean air and water—from northern Mexico 011-52-686-580-5431 to Western Canada. Joshua Tree National Park • Vibrant communities where people embrace conservation to protect 74485 National Park Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Landscape Planning Objectives for Developing the Arid Middle East By
    Landscape Planning Objectives for Developing the Arid Middle East by Safei El-Deen Harned Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fuliillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Design and Planning APPROVED: éobert H. Giles, Jr. Co·Cha.irrnan Robert G. Dyck, Co-Chairman éäéäffgWilliamL. Ochsenwald Saifur Rahman ä i éandolph May, 1988 Blacksburg, Virginia Landscape Planning Objectives for Developing the Arid Middle East by Safei El-Deen Hamed Robert H. Giles, Jr. Co-Chairman Robert G. Dyck, Co-Chairman Environmental Design and Planning (ABSTRACT) The purpose of this dissertation is to develop an approach which may aid decision-makers in the arid regions of the Middle East in formulating a comprehensive and operational set of landscape planning objectives. This purpose is sought through a dual approach; the first deals with objectives as the comerstone of the landscape planning process, and the second focuses on objectives as a signiiicant element of regional development studies. The benefits of developing landscape planning objectives are discussed, and contextual, ethical, political, social, and procedural diliiculties are examined. The relationship between setting public objectives and the rational planning process is surveyed and an iterative model of that process is suggested. Four models of setting public objcctives are compared and comprehensive criteria for evaluating these and other ones are suggested. Three existing approaches to determining landscape planning objectives are described and analyzed. The first, i.e., the Problem-Focused Approach as suggested by Lynch is applied within the context of typical problems that challenge the common land uses in the arid Middle East.
    [Show full text]
  • LANDSCAPE and URBAN PLANNING an International Journal of Landscape Science, Planning and Design
    LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING An International Journal of Landscape Science, Planning and Design AUTHOR INFORMATION PACK TABLE OF CONTENTS XXX . • Description p.1 • Audience p.1 • Impact Factor p.1 • Abstracting and Indexing p.2 • Editorial Board p.2 • Guide for Authors p.5 ISSN: 0169-2046 DESCRIPTION . Landscape and Urban Planning is an international journal aimed at advancing conceptual, scientific, and applied understandings of landscape in order to promote sustainable solutions for landscape change. Landscapes are visible and integrative social-ecological systems with variable spatial and temporal dimensions. They have expressive aesthetic, natural, and cultural qualities that are perceived and valued by people in multiple ways and invite actions resulting in landscape change. Landscapes are increasingly urban in nature and ecologically and culturally sensitive to changes at local through global scales. Multiple disciplines and perspectives are required to understand landscapes and align social and ecological values to ensure the sustainability of landscapes. The journal is based on the premise that landscape science linked to planning and design can provide mutually supportive outcomes for people and nature. Landscape science brings landscape ecology and urban ecology together with other disciplines and cross-disciplinary fields to identify patterns and understand social-ecological processes influencing landscape change. Landscape planning brings landscape architecture, urban and regional planning, landscape and ecological engineering, and other practice-oriented fields to bear in processes for identifying problems and analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating desirable alternatives for landscape change. Landscape design brings plans, designs, management prescriptions, policies and other activities and form-giving products to bear in effecting landscape change.
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Blue Acupuncture: an Experiment on Preferences for Design Options Using Virtual Models
    sustainability Article Urban Blue Acupuncture: An Experiment on Preferences for Design Options Using Virtual Models Peeter Vassiljev 1,* , Simon Bell 1,2 , Jekaterina Balicka 1 and Umme Aymona Ali Amrita 1 1 Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; [email protected] (S.B.); [email protected] (J.B.); [email protected] (U.A.A.A.) 2 Edinburgh School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, Edinburgh College of Art, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 9DF, UK * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 9 November 2020; Accepted: 17 December 2020; Published: 20 December 2020 Abstract: Within the BlueHealth project, funded under the Horizon 2020 European Union research framework, a number of targeted experimental design interventions created in virtual reality (VR) were used to test the effect and impact of planning and design on encouraging people to use various blue spaces. A set of designs in three different coastal landscape types—a cliff/steep slope; a sandy beach and an area of reed beds—located in Tallinn, Estonia, were used as the sites for nine different intervention designs. The designs were based on a combination of the site features and inspirations from solutions found in different locations internationally. Using 3D modelling and a Virtual Reality system, a set of nine videos, one to depict each intervention, was created and shown to a quota sample of 252 Estonian residents. Respondents were asked a set of questions associated with each option. The results were analysed statistically and qualitatively. The results uncovered key preferences for designs and revealed differences among age groups and the levels of personal interconnection with nature.
    [Show full text]
  • Land and Water Conservation Fund to Assist the States and Federal [H
    78 STAT.] PUBLIC LAW 88-578-SEPT. 3, 1964 897 Public Law 88-578 AN ACT September 3, 1964 To establish a land and water conservation fund to assist the States and Federal [H. R. 3846] agencies in meeting present and future outdoor recreation demands and needs of the American people, and for other purposes. Be It enacted hy the Senate and House of Representatives of the Land and Water United States of America in Congress assembled^ Conservation Fund Act of 1965. TITLE I—LAND AND WATER CONSERVATION PROVISIONS SHORT TITLE AND STATEMENT OF PURPOSES SECTION 1. (a) CITATION ; EFFECTIVE DATE.—This Act may be cited as the "Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965" and shall become effective on January 1, 1965. (b) PURPOSES.—The purposes of this Act are to assist in preserving, developing, and assuring accessibility to all citizens of the United States of America of present and future generations and visitors who are lawfully present within the boundaries of the United States of America such quality and quantity of outdoor recreation resources as may be available and are necessary and desirable for individual active participation in such recreation and to strengthen the health and vital­ ity of the citizens of the United States by (1) providing funds for and authorizing Federal assistance to the States in planning, acquisition, and development of needed land and water areas and facilities and (2) providing funds for the Federal acquisition and development of certain lands and other areas. CERTAIN REVENUES PLACED IN SEPARATE FUND SEC. 2. SEPARATE
    [Show full text]
  • The “Recreation Boom” on Public Lands in Western Washington: Impacts to Wildlife and Implications for Treaty Tribes
    The “Recreation Boom” on Public Lands in Western Washington: Impacts to Wildlife and Implications for Treaty Tribes A Summary of Current Literature The Tulalip Tribes Natural Resources Department Treaty Rights Office 6406 Marine Drive Tulalip, WA 98271 February 28, 2021 “ It’s important that we never lose our right to access our traditional foods and our materials that we gather, our fish and our game, and all those things from the land and the water that our people remain spiritually connected to which defines us and our living culture.” Ray Fryberg, Sr., Tribal Research Historian, Tulalip Tribes Natural and Cultural Resources Department 2 | Recreational Impacts to Wildlife, Treaty Rights Acknowledgements We wish to acknowledge those who both inspired and contributed directly to this work: Tulalip’s ancestors who fought hard to protect the resources that would enable generations that follow to be able to continue tribal lifeways, and who ensured these resources were protected in the treaty; Tulalip Board leadership and staff Ray Fryberg, Jason Gobin, Mike Sevigny, Molly Alves, Ryan Miller, Patti Gobin, Amanda Shelton, Kurt Nelson, and Tim Brewer. We also wish to thank Chris Madsen and Cecilia Gobin of the Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission for their review and contributions to this paper, and Frank Bob, Lummi and Tino Villaluz, Swinomish for their insights on recreation that helped us in our approach to this report. We want to acknowledge and thank Richard Knight and Courtney Larson for steering us toward available research as well as sharing their detailed knowledge on this topic with us at the early stages of our search.
    [Show full text]
  • The Importance of Landscape in Urban Land Use, Planning, and Development
    Buffalo Environmental Law Journal Volume 16 Number 1 Issue 1-2 Article 3 1-1-2009 Building Livable Places: The Importance of Landscape in Urban Land Use, Planning, and Development Adrienne Lyles-Chockley Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/belj Part of the Land Use Law Commons Recommended Citation Adrienne Lyles-Chockley, Building Livable Places: The Importance of Landscape in Urban Land Use, Planning, and Development, 16 Buff. Envtl. L.J. 95 (2008-2009). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/belj/vol16/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at Digital Commons @ University at Buffalo School of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Buffalo Environmental Law Journal by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ University at Buffalo School of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BUILDING LIVABLE PLACES: THE IMPORTANCE OF LANDSCAPE IN URBAN LAND USE, PLANNING, AND DEVELOPMENT Adrienne Lyles-Chockley* Table of Contents I. A HISTORY OF LANDSCAPE POLICY ........................................ 97 II. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE IS A NECESSARY URBAN PLANNING CONSIDERATION .................................................... 100 A. Landscape Architecture and Social Consciousness ........... 101 B. Reconciliation of environmental considerations and low-income housing development ..................................... 103 C. Landscape Architecture for Crime Prevention ................... 105 III. LANDSCAPE AS A TOOL FOR ALLEVIATING
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated Urbanism 48Th ISOCARP Congress 2012
    Brigitte Schmelzer Integrated Urbanism 48th ISOCARP Congress 2012 Integrated Urbanism – The Role of Landscape Strategies for Hyper- Dynamic Urban Change Brigitte Schmelzer Landscape Architect Germany 1.Definition of Landscape for The Urban Discourse Landscape is an oscillating term. The enumeration of physical and metaphorical terms of landscape compounds are confusing like: City landscape or urbanized countryside /countrified city, urban landscape - posturban landscape, natural landscape or romantic landscape, cultural landscape - regional landscape, drosscape - infrastructural landscape, logistic landscape. Landscape contains ecological, geographical and visual parameters and their transformation through anthropogenic use. Looking at cities worldwide the built up city and the surrounding landscape are blurred .That applies specially to metropolitan regions. None the less city is not landscape and landscape is not city. Landscape is a man-made cultural and aesthetic product. It is initially formed by natural powers. It offers natural resources and near-nature impressions but it is not nature by itself, although in vernacular use landscape is mostly called nature. In landscape coincide three categories : 1. Natural elements 2.its transformation into culture and 3.its visual perception as aesthetic concept. “What landscape finally differentiates from the city is, not its cultural shaping nor the category of aesthetical perception. In the deepest core the term in differentiation to city implies a vision of nature in landscape “(das Aufscheinen von Natur in Landschaft, Wolfrum, Sophie) 1 Natural Ice Age Lake Mazursky Poland 2011 In my short outline I will present to you the concept of landscape along different theories of urban discourses as an important strategy in dynamic urban processes.
    [Show full text]