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Green Infrastructure Green Infrastructure Green Green Infrastructure: A Landscape Approach American Planning Association Planning PAS Report Number 571 Number Report PAS David C. Rouse, AICP, and Ignacio F. Bunster-Ossa www.planning.org American Planning Association Planning Advisory Service Report Number 571 David C. Rouse, AICP, is a planner and landscape architect at Wallace, Roberts & Todd (WRT) in Philadelphia. His projects include comprehensive plans for cities, counties, and regions; parks and open space system plans; urban design plans; and zoning and development regulations. Rouse is an active participant in national initiatives of the American Planning Association and speaks across the country on topics ranging from the role of planning and design in pub- lic health to green infrastructure and urban forestry. Ignacio F. Bunster-Ossa is a landscape architect and urban designer whose work is consistently recognized for design innovation. He is a leading practitioner of Landscape Urbanism, an approach to urban design based on the fusion of ecology, community identity, infrastruc- ture, recreation, and public art. Bunster-Ossa directs WRT’s landscape architecture studio in Philadelphia as well as many of the firm’s large-scale landscape projects. He is a Harvard Loeb Fellow and periodically lectures, teaches, writes, and serves on design award juries. Contributors Bj Adigun is program coordinator at CH2M Hill in Syracuse, New York. Patrice Carroll is senior planner for the City of Seattle. Bill Cesanek, AICP, is vice president in the Edison, New Jersey, office of CDM Smith.Andrew Dobshinsky, AICP, is an associate at WRT in Philadelphia. Greg Dorolek is senior associate and landscape architect at Wenk Associates in Denver. Dave LaClergue is an urban designer for the City of Seattle. Tom Leader is principal of Tom Leader Studio in Berkeley, California. Mia Lehrer is president of Mia Lehrer + Associates in Los Angeles. Brian Marengo is senior water resources technologist in the Philadelphia office of CH2M Hill. Dee Merriam works on the relationship between health and the built environ- ment; she has a particular interest in developing synergies between water management and public access to outdoor space. Leah Rominger is staff consultant and landscape designer in the Philadelphia office of CH2M Hill. Terry Schwarz, AICP, is the director of Kent State University’s Cleveland Urban Design Collaborative. Eric Tamulonis is a landscape architect at WRT in Philadelphia who focuses on the planning and design of parks and open space systems, as well as institutional, historical, and academic landscapes. Nancy Templeton, AICP, is an associ- ate at WRT in Philadelphia. Karen Walz, FAICP, is principal of Strategic Community Solutions, a consulting firm based in Dallas. Bill Wenk is founder and president of Wenk Associates in Denver. Cover design by Lisa Barton; this report is printed on recyclable paper. Cover image: Aerial visualization of green infrastructure practices in Philadelphia, as envisioned by the Philadelphia Water Department’s Green City Clean Waters Program. Prepared by WRT The Planning Advisory Service is a subscription service offered by the Research Department of the American Planning Association. Four reports are produced each year. Subscribers also receive PAS Memo and PAS QuickNotes, and they have access to the Inquiry Answering Service and other valuable benefits. To learn more, visit www.planning.org/pas/index.htm. W. Paul Farmer, faicp, Chief Executive Officer; Sylvia Lewis, Director of Publications; William R. Klein, aicp, Director of Research. Planning Advisory Service Reports are produced in the Research Department of APA. Timothy Mennel, Editor; Lisa Barton, Design Associate. Missing and damaged print issues: Contact Customer Service, American Planning Association, 205 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 1200, Chicago, IL 60601 (312-431-9100 or [email protected]) within 90 days of the publication date. Include the name of the publication, year, volume and issue number or month, and your name, mailing address, and membership number if applicable. © January 2013 by the American Planning Association. APA’s publications office is at 205 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 1200, Chicago, IL 60601–5927. APA headquarters office is at 1030 15th St., NW, Suite 750 West, Washington, DC 20005–1503. E-mail: [email protected] GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE: A LANDSCAPE APPROACH DAVID C. ROUSE, AICP, AND IGNACIO F. BUNSTER-OSSA TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Landscape Planning, Design, and Green Infrastructure .......................................... 5 Historic Antecedents ..................................................................................................... 6 Definitions of Landscape and Green Infrastructure ............................................... 10 Key Concepts ................................................................................................................ 11 Chapter 3: Green Infrastructure in Practice ............................................................................. 17 Planning and Design Principles ................................................................................. 18 Scales of Planning Practice ......................................................................................... 22 Green Infrastructure in the Planning Process .......................................................... 28 Landscape Architecture and Green Infrastructure .................................................. 36 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 41 Chapter 4: Case Studies ............................................................................................................ 47 Green Infrastructure at the Regional Scale Cleveland and Northeast Ohio: Green Infrastructure for a City in Transition ... 48 North Texas: Returning to the Trinity ....................................................................... 56 Green Infrastructure in Large Cities Philadelphia: Making the Greenest City in America .............................................. 68 Seattle: A City’s Journey toward Sustainability ....................................................... 76 Green Infrastructure in Smaller Communities Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Managing Stormwater Pollution and Enhancing Community through Green Infrastructure ....................................... 84 Lenexa, Kansas: Rain to Recreation ........................................................................... 93 Onondaga County, New York: Save the Rain ........................................................ 100 Parks, Greenways, and River Corridors as Green Infrastructure Birmingham, Alabama: A Green Infrastructure Movement ................................ 107 Los Angeles River: Using Green Infrastructure to Revitalize a City .................. 118 Louisville Metro, Kentucky: Application of Green Infrastructure from Region to Site ................................................................................................ 125 Menomonee Valley Park and Redevelopment, Milwaukee ................................. 135 Summarizing the Case Studies ...................................................................................... 141 Appendix: A Model Regulatory Framework for Green Infrastructure .................................... 145 References ............................................................................................................................... 155 CHAPTER 1 Introduction ▲ In recent years the term “green infrastructure” has assumed a lead- ing position in the lexicon of planners and designers. At the city and regional scales, it has been defined as a multifunctional open- space network. At the local and site scales, it has been defined as a stormwater management approach that mimics natural hydrologic processes. This PAS Report explores the unifying concept of land- scape as green infrastructure—the visible expression of natural and human ecosystem processes that work across scales and contexts to provide multiple benefits for people and their environments. 1 2 Green Infrastructure: A Landscape Approach Infrastructure is commonly defined as the facilities and services necessary for a society, community, or economy to function. In this definition, facilities and services can be grouped into two broad categories: “hard” and “soft” infrastructure. Hard infrastructure generally refers to transportation (roads, mass transit, etc.), utilities (water, sewer, etc.), and other physical networks. Soft infrastructure encompasses the institutional systems (education, health care, governance, etc.) that are required to meet the economic, social, and other needs of a community. While green infrastructure has an important role to play as soft infrastructure (e.g., by building capacity—improved health, job opportunities, community cohesion, etc.), this report addresses it primarily in the context of hard infrastructure. In the 20th century, hard infrastructure most often referred to the physical or “gray” systems engineered and constructed by humans, such as roads, utilities, and flood control works. In this paradigm, natural or “green” sys- tems and the services they provide for society were treated separately. Today, however, our green infrastructure lens views “gray” and “green” systems as interconnected ones that
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