Landscape Urbanism and Green Infrastructure Edited by Thomas Panagopoulos Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Land www.mdpi.com/journal/land Landscape Urbanism and Green Infrastructure Landscape Urbanism and Green Infrastructure Special Issue Editor Thomas Panagopoulos MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editor Thomas Panagopoulos University of Algarve Portugal Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Land (ISSN 2073-445X) from 2018 to 2019 (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/land/special issues/greeninfrastructure) For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03921-369-6 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03921-370-2 (PDF) Cover image courtesy of Thomas Panagopoulos. c 2019 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Special Issue Editor ...................................... vii Thomas Panagopoulos Special Issue: Landscape Urbanism and Green Infrastructure Reprinted from: Land 2019, 8, 112, doi:10.3390/land8070112 ...................... 1 Jon Bryan Burley The Emergence of Landscape Urbanism: A Chronological Criticism Essay Reprinted from: Land 2018, 7, 147, doi:10.3390/land7040147 ...................... 5 Jackie Parker and Greg D. Simpson Public Green Infrastructure Contributes to City Livability: A Systematic Quantitative Review Reprinted from: Land 2018, 7, 161, doi:10.3390/land7040161 ...................... 22 Catarina de Sousa Silva, InˆesViegas, Thomas Panagopoulos and Simon Bell Environmental Justice in Accessibility to Green Infrastructure in Two European Cities Reprinted from: Land 2018, 7, 134, doi:10.3390/land7040134 ...................... 48 Minseo Kim, Christoph D. D. Rupprecht and Katsunori Furuya Residents’ Perception of Informal Green Space—A Case Study of Ichikawa City, Japan Reprinted from: Land 2018, 7, 102, doi:10.3390/land7030102 ...................... 71 Zachary Christman, Mahbubur Meenar, Lynn Mandarano and Kyle Hearing Prioritizing Suitable Locations for Green Stormwater Infrastructure Based on Social Factors in Philadelphia Reprinted from: Land 2018, 7, 145, doi:10.3390/land7040145 ...................... 91 Giampaolo Zanin, Lucia Bortolini and Maurizio Borin Assessing Stormwater Nutrient and Heavy Metal Plant Uptake in an Experimental Bioretention Pond Reprinted from: Land 2018, 7, 150, doi:10.3390/land7040150 ......................108 Marie Luise Blau, Frieder Luz and Thomas Panagopoulos Urban River Recovery Inspired by Nature-Based Solutions and Biophilic Design in Albufeira, Portugal Reprinted from: Land 2018, 7, 141, doi:10.3390/land7040141 ......................124 Jackie Parker and Greg D. Simpson Visitor Satisfaction with a Public Green Infrastructure and Urban Nature Space in Perth, Western Australia Reprinted from: Land 2018, 7, 159, doi:10.3390/land7040159 ......................140 Thomas Panagopoulos, Stilianos Tampakis, Paraskevi Karanikola, Aikaterini Karipidou-Kanari and Apostolos Kantartzis The Usage and Perception of Pedestrian and Cycling Streets on Residents’ Well-being in Kalamaria, Greece Reprinted from: Land 2018, 7, 100, doi:10.3390/land7030100 ......................157 v About the Special Issue Editor Thomas Panagopoulos (Dr) is Professor of landscape architecture with specialization in landscape restoration. He received his MSc in renewable natural resources in 1992 and PhD in forestry and natural environment in 1995. He is currently a member of the Research Centre for Tourism, Sustainability and Well-Being and a member of the coordinating body of the PhD program in innovation and land management. He was the department head of landscape architecture and master’s degree director at the University of Algarve, Portugal. He is a reviewer and member of the editorial board of several reputed international journals on sustainability and environmental management. He has acted as a principal investigator, co-principal investigator, and investigator in projects with a total of approved funding of over 8 million euros. This is a result of his research strategy that crosses many disciplinary boundaries to create a holistic transdisciplinary approach to science, and his multicultural background in fostering research at an international level. Further, he has vast experience in working in many European and private projects. Currently, he is coordinating the projects: BIODES “Improving life in a changing urban environment through biophilic design”; RESTORE: Rethinking sustainability towards a regenerative economy; and TrailGazerBid Enhancing natural and cultural assets to stimulate economic development. He has also helped many cities to develop their sustainability plan. From 2011 to 2017, he was in the executive board of the UNISCAPE (the Network of Universities for the implementation of the European Landscape Convention). vii land Editorial Special Issue: Landscape Urbanism and Green Infrastructure Thomas Panagopoulos Research Centre of Tourism, Sustainability and Well-Being, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, Gambelas Campus, 8000 Faro, Portugal; [email protected]; Tel.: +351-289800900 Received: 15 July 2019; Accepted: 16 July 2019; Published: 17 July 2019 Abstract: With the notion of landscape urbanism long neglected, interlinkages between ecology and architecture in the built environment are becoming visible. Yet, the diversity in understandings of the interconnections between cities and nature is the starting point for our research interest. This volume contains nine thoroughly refereed contributions concerning a wide range of topics in landscape architecture and urban green infrastructure. While some papers attempt to conceptualize the relation further, others clearly have an empirical focus. Thereby, this special issue provides a rich body of work, and will act as a starting point for further studies on biophilic urbanism and integrative policies, such as the sustainable development goals of the United Nations. Keywords: built environment; nature-based solutions; sustainable cities; biophilic design; urban planning; landscape architecture; environmental justice; public perception; well-being 1. Introduction The global population is projected to grow from 7.7 billion in 2019 to almost 10 billion by the middle of the century, with urban areas to absorb all of the future growth [1]. Rapid urban growth presents an important opportunity for economic prosperity, meanwhile, unsustainable, non-resilient urbanization patterns have caused the degradation of ecosystems and their services. Therefore, urbanization presents one of the most urgent challenges of the 21st century to the implementation of an ambitious urban development agenda that seeks to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable (according the 11th goal of the United Nations 2030 agenda for sustainable development) [2]. Green infrastructure is a network of green spaces designed and managed to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services that can improve environmental conditions and therefore citizens’ health and quality of life [3]. As cities grow bigger, it is imperative to maintain or increase ecosystem services per inhabitant. Restoring, rehabilitating, and increasing connectivity between existing, modified, and new green areas within cities and at the urban–rural interface is necessary to enhance the adaptive capacity of cities to cope with the effects of changes and to enable ecosystems to deliver their services for more livable, healthier, and resilient cities [4]. The underlying economic conditions and the need for urban growth due to the growing population require environmentally sustainable policies in order to address the problem in accordance with a healthy environment. Cities already find themselves in a challenging context facing risks associated with climate change, increasing health crises, social inequality, and global competition [5]. A paradigm shift is needed towards restorative sustainability for new and existing urban areas, and increasing efforts must be made to ensure that multidisciplinary knowledge is adequately taken into consideration. Doing so will help promote solutions that celebrate the richness of design creativity while enhancing users’ experience, comfort, health, well-being, and satisfaction, and will allow for improved harmony between urban and natural ecosystems, thus helping to reconnect urban dwellers to nature. Land 2019, 8, 112; doi:10.3390/land8070112 1 www.mdpi.com/journal/land Land 2019, 8, 112 To address these issues, the prime aim of this Special Issue was to provide a set of innovative contributions regarding the links between cities and nature. Furthermore, it focused on the emerging opportunities and challenges of landscape architecture, as innovative nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation issues require transdisciplinary research. This collection of