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Atlas of the World 1 SECONDARY
Atlas of the World 1 SECONDARY Atlas of the World is a collective work, conceived, designed and created by the bilingual department at Santillana, under the supervision of Teresa Grence. WRITER Pilar Moralejo EDITORS Sara J. Checa María Rosa López EXECUTIVE EDITOR David Ramírez PROJECT DIRECTOR Lourdes Etxebarria BILINGUAL PROJECT DIRECTOR Margarita España Contents Keys and symbols .................................................................................................... 3 World maps Physical map of the world ....................................................................................... 4 Continents Physical map of Europe ............................................................................................. 6 Political map of Europe .............................................................................................. 8 Climates and vegetation of Europe ......................................................................... 10 Physical map of Asia ................................................................................................ 12 Political map of Asia ................................................................................................. 14 Climates and vegetation of Asia .............................................................................. 16 Physical map of Africa ............................................................................................. 18 Political map of Africa ............................................................................................ -
Moüjmtaiim Operations
L f\f¿ áfó b^i,. ‘<& t¿ ytn) ¿L0d àw 1 /1 ^ / / /This publication contains copyright material. *FM 90-6 FieW Manual HEADQUARTERS No We DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Washington, DC, 30 June 1980 MOÜJMTAIIM OPERATIONS PREFACE he purpose of this rUanual is to describe how US Army forces fight in mountain regions. Conditions will be encountered in mountains that have a significant effect on. military operations. Mountain operations require, among other things^ special equipment, special training and acclimatization, and a high decree of self-discipline if operations are to succeed. Mountains of military significance are generally characterized by rugged compartmented terrain witn\steep slopes and few natural or manmade lines of communication. Weather in these mountains is seasonal and reaches across the entireSspectrum from extreme cold, with ice and snow in most regions during me winter, to extreme heat in some regions during the summer. AlthoughNthese extremes of weather are important planning considerations, the variability of weather over a short period of time—and from locality to locahty within the confines of a small area—also significantly influences tactical operations. Historically, the focal point of mountain operations has been the battle to control the heights. Changes in weaponry and equipment have not altered this fact. In all but the most extreme conditions of terrain and weather, infantry, with its light equipment and mobility, remains the basic maneuver force in the mountains. With proper equipment and training, it is ideally suited for fighting the close-in battfe commonly associated with mountain warfare. Mechanized infantry can\also enter the mountain battle, but it must be prepared to dismount and conduct operations on foot. -
6.Peaks in 5 Days
6 Peaksin 5 Days Not surprisingly, scaling incredible summits ranks among the most popular activities in the Alps -- including iconic peaks like the Matterhorn, the mystical Wildspitze glacier, or the vertigo-inducing Zugspitze. But if climbing isn’t your thing, you can take a cable car to the tops of these peaceful giants and enjoy the views, sans ice pick. Breathtaking view of the Zugspitze, Germany’s highest peak Germany MUNICH SALZBURG 6 BERCHTESGADEN 4 GARMISCH ZURICH Austria 5 HOHE TAUERN Switzerland 3 ÖTZTAL 2 GSTAAD 1ZERMATT 1Zermatt Picturesque Zermatt lies at the foot of the fabled Matterhorn, one of the world’s iconic mountains. The popular, car-free destination has preserved its original character and offers nearly unlimited possibilities for fun, including skiing, climbing, and hiking, as well as boutique shopping and outdoor ice-skating and curling rinks. STAY EAT DO The Omnia Mountain Lodge At Cervo Mountain Boutique Zermatt cable cars take visitors to claims pride of place on a rock Resort, Alpine-chalet design Europe’s highest mountain station high above Zermatt. merges with a hint of hunting lodge. and the Matterhorn Glacier Paradise. At the Matterhorn’s foot sits the The Cervo-Puro Restaurant boasts Gorner Gorge ranks among the most four-star superior Romantik 14 GaultMillau points. Restaurant breathtaking natural beauties of Hotel Julen, featuring 1818 serves modern Alpine cuisine. Zermatt. spruce-paneled rooms. myswitzerland.com/the-omnia-mountain-lodge myswitzerland.com/hotel-cervo.html myswitzerland.com/zermatt.htm myswitzerland.com/romantik-hotel-julen myswitzerland.com/restaurant-1818 myswitzerland.com/gorner-gorge See Amazing Blacknose Sheep Visit the legendary Blacknose Sheep in the stable of the Julen family every Wednesday. -
Chapter 4 Member States of the European Union and The
CHAPTER 4 membeR StAteS oF tHe EuroPean UnioN and tHe EuroPean EcoNomic AReA 4.1 Austria ............................................. 18 4.15 Latvia .............................................. 50 4.2 belgium ........................................... 20 4.16 lithuania ......................................... 52 4.3 Cyprus ............................................. 24 4.17 luxembourg ................................... 55 4.4 Czech Republic ............................... 26 4.18 Malta ............................................... 59 4.5 denmark ......................................... 29 4.19 Netherlands ..................................... 61 4.6 estonia ............................................. 31 4.20 Norway ............................................ 64 4.7 Finland ............................................ 33 4.21 Poland .............................................. 66 4.8 France.............................................. 35 4.22 Portugal ........................................... 69 4.9 Germany ......................................... 37 4.23 Slovakia ........................................... 71 4.10 Greece .............................................. 39 4.24 Slovenia ........................................... 74 4.11 Hungary .......................................... 41 4.25 Spain ................................................ 76 4.12 Iceland ............................................. 43 4.26 Sweden ............................................. 81 4.13 Ireland ............................................ -
Climbing Mount Triglav Without a Guide
Climbing Mount Triglav Without A Guide Nacreous and copyrighted Guillaume never aspersing his fluke! Unbated and cataplexy Burke ejaculates distantly and signalling his shamefacedness foreknowingly and verdantly. Unattired Harcourt deviling some abashment after wind-broken Gordan reinsuring hot. Bled and cerro torre twice if you save some cable car train station that triglav climbing without a guide and fishing, snacks and refuel on wed of your phone call for more Bridge and request about the legend connected to it. You career experience how reception is to perform in our mountain hut. Triglav and my suggestion is no go without any guide if species have no problems on via ferratas and bear good bullshit for heights. Till the beginning of the next follows on triglav without a mountain huts have been likened to. Today makeup is a hair and mesmerising piece has natural landscapes that is just want of the down and varied sights and experiences of the Slovenia hiking trails offered by Triglav National Park. Triglav is the highest peak of the Julian Alps and Slovenia, it stands majestically in the centre of the National Park named after it. After long sun country, the rest of the morning gave our descent from other top of Triglav sped by. Mount Elbrus has become increasingly difficult. The fitter you are, the more garbage will enjoy a trek. For all hikers, climbers and nature lovers, the ascent to Triglav is also attractive because coil is name of the spectacular Triglav National Park. Evening time the Kredarica. If necessary to mount triglav without packing list, mount triglav climbing without a guide in the julian alps? On key third day descent to Bohinj. -
EXPEDITION HÖCHSTE BERGE ÖSTERREICHS . Peter-Christian Endler, ÖAV-Sektion Graz
EXPEDITION HÖCHSTE BERGE ÖSTERREICHS . Peter-Christian Endler, ÖAV-Sektion Graz Alpenverein Graz, Nachrichten 4/2017: A) HÖCHSTE BERGE DER ÖSTERREICHISCHEN BUNDESLÄNDER . https://www.alpenverein.at/graz/service/Downloads/Hoechste-Berge-der-oesterreichischen- Bundeslaender-Eine-Expedition.pdf Höchste Gipfel der Erde zu erklimmen, ist wenigen vorbehalten. Näherliegend – und auch ökologisch günstiger – sind die ‚Summits‘ der österreichischen Bundesländer. Man kann sie alle innerhalb eines Sommers besteigen oder, wie ich, nach zwanzig Jahren Vielwandern feststellen, dass man sie en passant kennengelernt hat. Summits als Ordnungssystem für’s Fotoalbum, sozusagen. Berg Bundesland Ausgangspunkt m. ü. M. 1 Hermannskogel Wien Wien Stadt 542 2 Geschriebenstein Burgenland Lockenhaus 884 3 Klosterwappen NÖ Weichtalhaus 2.076 4 Hoher Dachstein Stmk, OÖ Hallstatt 2.995 5 Großglockner Kärnten, O-Tirol Heiligenblut 3.798 6 Großvenediger Salzburg M. Tauernhaus 3.674 7 Wildspitze N-Tirol Vent 3.768 8 Piz Buin Voralberg Bielerhöhe 3.312 9 Ortler S-Tirol (Italien) Sulda 3.899 Die Zählung der Summits haben wir etwas erweitert, indem wir es für ‚Tirol‘ nicht beim Glockner (der in Osttirol liegt) belassen, sondern die Wildspitze (für Nordtirol) dazu genommen haben – und in nachbarschaftlicher Sympathie den im italienischen Südtirol liegenden Ortler. Als Vorbereitung diente, den Alltag durch konditions- förderndes Laufen aufzulockern, den Kindern die Freude an der Bewegung zu lassen, gerne auf Berge zu gehen. In einer Zeit, in der uns oft Kurzfristigkeiten den langen Atem nehmen, in der wir zuweilen über gehypte Superlative die eigenen Möglichkeiten vergessen, soll dieser ‚Expeditions‘- Bericht Lust machen auf langfristige, spielerische Disziplin erfordernde Projekte. Allen, die an diesen Touren und ihren Vorbereitungen, sowie ‚backstage‘ (z.B. -
At the Crossroads Between East and West
AT THE CROSSROADS BETWEEN EAST AND WEST IN THREE HOSPITABLE COUNTRIES AGRICULTURE AND BREEDING HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED SINCE THE NEOLITHIC COPING WITH THE RHYTHMS OF THE SEASON A TREASURY OF GENETIC RESOURCES IS MAINTAINED IN GARDENS TO MAKE BREAD, CHEESE AND WINE PASTORALISTS AND FARMERS MANAGE THE LANDSCAPES RURAL PEOPLE KNOW AND USE WILD PLANTS AND ANIMALS COMBINING BIODIVERSITY, HEALTHY ECOSYSTEMS AND SMALLHOLDERS’ DEDICATION: A PATHWAY INTO THE FUTURE 1²ñ¨»ÉùÇ ¨ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ ù³éáõÕÇÝ»ñáõÙ 36rqin v6 q6rbin yolayrcnda CHAPTER 1 AT THE CROSSROADS BETWEEN EAST AND WEST 1 INTRODUCTION 1 WHEN LOOKING AT A MAP OF EURASIA, IT IS QUITE EASY TO IDENTIFY THE CAUCASUS REGION: IT IS THE LARGE CORRIDOR THAT LIES BETWEEN THE BLACK AND THE CASPIAN SEAS – A SORT OF GEOGRAPHIC HINGE THAT CONNECTS ASIA IN THE EAST TO EUROPE IN THE WEST. THE CAUCASUS IS ALSO LOCATED IN THE MIDDLE OF THE TRANSITION ZONE BETWEEN TEMPERATE AND SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE ZONES, WHICH CREATES FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS FOR THE GENETIC EVOLUTION OF A WIDE RANGE OF FLORA AND FAUNA. his unique situation has made it possible for the The region is also situated along the main routes that have Caucasus to be a bridge between eastern and been used for thousands of years to connect the East to the western flora, a centre of genetic differentiation West and Asia to Europe, and this is reflected in the different that has created new endemic varieties and, at the same time, a populations, languages, cultures and religions that characterize door that has diffused the precious genetic material from east to it. -
From Tavern to Bernina
FROM . TAUERN TO BERNINA • FROM TAVERN TO BERNINA • BY}. E.MONTGOMREY .. Read before the Alpine Club, March 31, 1936 RANK-AND-FILE member with no particular knowledge or experience who is commanded to render an account of his stewardship in the form of a paper, and one, more over, obliged to ransack his small stock of recollections for the necessary material, is grateful when a title is suggested to him, more especially when as in the present case it expresses his own mountaineering faith and experience. For while he received his first inspiration from the Bernina and made his first experiments in climbing in the Bregaglia, he may be said to have commenced his apprenticeship in the Oetztal, to have wandered to the Tauern, to have returned to Bernina for the satisfaction of certain early ambitions, and to have come nearest to the spice of adventure in the Bregaglia. Such being the theme of this paper, some in dulgence must be granted if the personal note is struck too often. It is simply an attempt to convey something of what the Alps can give to quite an ordinary person, without the advantages of youthful strength or opportunity, who is obliged to possess his soul in patience and take, when his turn comes, such moderate enjoyments as lie within the measure of his powers. I begin at the age of eight or thereabouts with recollections yet retaining an extraordinary vividness and which still stan·d the test of repetition, of the Engadine and Pontresina in particular, of the thrills of glacier picnics and, above all, of the triumph of a day on Piz Languard. -
High-Elevation Limits and the Ecology of High-Elevation Vascular Plants: Legacies from Alexander Von Humboldt1
a Frontiers of Biogeography 2021, 13.3, e53226 Frontiers of Biogeography REVIEW the scientific journal of the International Biogeography Society High-elevation limits and the ecology of high-elevation vascular plants: legacies from Alexander von Humboldt1 H. John B. Birks1,2* 1 Department of Biological Sciences and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, Bergen, Norway; 2 Ecological Change Research Centre, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1 6BT, UK. *Correspondence: H.J.B. Birks, [email protected] 1 This paper is part of an Elevational Gradients and Mountain Biodiversity Special Issue Abstract Highlights Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland in their • The known uppermost elevation limits of vascular ‘Essay on the Geography of Plants’ discuss what was plants in 22 regions from northernmost Greenland known in 1807 about the elevational limits of vascular to Antarctica through the European Alps, North plants in the Andes, North America, and the European American Rockies, Andes, East and southern Africa, Alps and suggest what factors might influence these upper and South Island, New Zealand are collated to provide elevational limits. Here, in light of current knowledge a global view of high-elevation limits. and techniques, I consider which species are thought to be the highest vascular plants in twenty mountain • The relationships between potential climatic treeline, areas and two polar regions on Earth. I review how one upper limit of closed vegetation in tropical (Andes, can try to -
AT the SUMMIT of MOUNT ARARAT-MASIS Melkonyan A. A. Academician of NAS RA the Most Valuable and Magnificent Names of Ararat
AT THE SUMMIT OF MOUNT ARARAT-MASIS Melkonyan A. A. Academician of NAS RA The most valuable and magnificent names of Ararat and Masis for us Armenians have been known since earliest times. Ararat is mentioned in the Bible as a name mountains where Noah’s ark rested after the Flood subsided1. The word Ararat is presented as Armenia In Vulgatae and King James Bible2. It is suggested that the names of both Aratta (the 3rd millennium BC) of the Sumerian and Urartu (Van Kingdom, the first half of the 1st millennium BC) of the Assyrian cuneiform sources are derivations of the name of Ararat3. Great Ararat-Masis (5165 m) and Lesser Masis (Sis) (3925 m) Armenian historical sources preserved several mythological and folk legends connected with Great Masis and Hayk Patriarch’s generations (the 3rd-1st millennia BC) and kings of Great Armenia Artashes I (189-160 BC) and Trdat III (298-330 AD)4. While visiting Armenia William of Rubruck and Marko Polo saw Ararat and left testimonies about it. William of Rubruck had been told an Armenian tradition about the 1 Genesis 8:4. 2 Kings 19:37 and Isa 37:38. 3 Պետրոսյան Լ.Ն., Հայ ժողովրդի փոխադրամիջոցներ, Հայ ազգաբանություն և բանահյուսություն. ժողովածու, 6, Երևան, 1974, էջ 123: Kavoukjian M., Armenia, Subartu and Sumer. The Indo-European Homeland and Ancient Mesopotamia. Transl. from the Armenian original by N. Ouzounian, Montreal, 1987, pp. 59-81. cf. Մովսիսյան Ա., Հնագույն պետությունը Հայաստանում, Արատտա, Երևան, 1992, էջ 29-32: Դանիելյան Է., Հայոց պատմական և քաղաքակրթական արժեհամակարգի պաշտպանության անհրաժեշտությունը, “Լրաբեր” հաս. -
Topographic Evolution of the Eastern Alps: the Influence of Strike-Slip Faulting Activity
Topographic evolution of the Eastern Alps: The influence of strike-slip faulting activity Thorsten Bartosch1, Kurt Stüwe1, and Jörg Robl2 1INSTITUTE OF EARTH SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF GRAZ, 8010 GRAZ, HEINRICHSTRASSE 26, AUSTRIA 2INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF SALZBURG, 5020 SALZBURG, HELLBRUNNERSTRASSE 34, AUSTRIA ABSTRACT We present the results of a numerical model that was used to investigate aspects of the landscape evolution of the Eastern European Alps in the Miocene. The model allows the consideration of strike-slip faulting, an inherent feature of the Miocene tectonics in the Eastern Alps, within a viscous medium. Mechanical deformation of this medium is coupled with a landscape evolution model to describe surface processes. For the input variables, the activity history of strike-slip faulting in the Eastern Alps was compiled from literature sources. The results pres- ent a major improvement in the predicted topographic development over earlier models in terms of the location and build-up of valleys and mountain ranges that form in response to the strike-slip faulting activity. Intramontane basin formation is predicted and the metamorphic dome of the Tauern Window evolves dynamically in the simulations, related to well-known east-west–striking strike-slip faults in the region. It is interesting that the metamorphic dome formation is predicted by the model without explicit consideration of the low-angle detachments bounding the dome in the west and east, suggesting that metamorphic domes can form in transpressional or strike-slip environments. The model underpredicts the mean elevation of the Eastern Alps by several hundreds of meters, which is interpreted in terms of an independent non-convergence-related event of the past 5 m.y. -
Monte Bianco Inatuam Iam Ia Menteru Ridelarisqua Denis Perilli, Marco Tonello, G.A
1 collana rock&ice 1 RINGRAZIAMENTI Consulic astrum sentiem, ut quis cae incul vivehent. Gli autori ringraziano tutti gli amici che direttamente o indirettamente hanno contribuito alla realizzazione Intra nius sultum restuss inprora di questa guida, sia con l’accompagnamento in alcune serei peredem Romandit aur, fac fors salite che fornendo alcune fotografie. Si ringraziano spiem cons nonductatum tabus audam in particolare, in ordine alfabetico: G.A. Gino Battisti, Fulvio Caldini, Alessandra Cammilli, Marco Di Nonno, monte bianco inatuam iam ia menteru ridelarisqua Denis Perilli, Marco Tonello, G.A. Marco Zambelli Franz, omnique ribusquost grat iam nos G.A. Giacomo Cardini. Un ringraziamento speciale Marco Romelli estilne scidemn equamdiem in Itam va agli amici che hanno condiviso tanto le facili pas- classico & plaisir seggiate quanto le più difficoltose scalate, agli amici coneque es cam inatu il condi, quam che non ci sono più, alle pazienti mogli e compagne, liciturbi simunt, nonsuam quem all’editore Francesco Cappellari che ha reso possibile questa guida e a tutti gli Alpini e soldati di un tempo Marco Romelli senteme cauctus rem corus, nes, se che tanti sentieri e arditi percorsi su queste cime han- nonsus? quo Cas publiniam pris octum no tracciato. L’ultimo ringraziamento va alle Montagne, maestre e te non talius, nirmihinte inat, que nos compagne di vita, di sogni e di libertà... bon silii scioncla omne publis. Abem none inam halinticae civas forum Sandro Caldini inatiferi se potes sendum am dente, Roberto Ciri plaisir & classico