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Historija Autarijata Filozofski fakultet u Sarajevu HISTORIJA AUTARIJATA SALMEDIN MESIHOVIĆ Sarajevo, 2014 Historija Autarijata ii Historija Autarijata Prof. dr. sc. Salmedin Mesihović HISTORIJA AUTARIJATA Urednik: Prof. dr. Ivo Komšić Recenzenti: Dr. Enver Imamović, profesor emeritus Dr. Bego Omerčević, redovni profesor Izdanje: Prvo Izdavač: Filozofski fakultet u Sarajevu Sarajevo, 2014 Elektronsko izdanje ------------------------------------------------- CIP - Katalogizacija u publikaciji Nacionalna i univerzitetska biblioteka Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo 904(497=291.6)"638" MESIHOVIĆ, Salmedin Historija Autarijata [Elektronski izvor] / Salmedin Mesihović. - Sarajevo : Filozofski fakultet, 2014. - 1 elektronski optički disk (CD-ROM) : tekst, slike ; 12 cm Način dostupa (URL): http://www.ff-eizdavastvo.ba/Books/SM-HISTORIJAAUT ARIJATA. - Biografija: str. 173. - Nasl. s naslovnog ekrana. ISBN 978-9958-625-43-5 COBISS.BH-ID 20902662 ------------------------------------------------------------- iii Historija Autarijata iv Historija Autarijata SALMEDIN MESIHOVIĆ HISTORIJA AUTARIJATA Sarajevo, 2014 v Historija Autarijata Trikvetrum, simbol sunca, je čest motiv u autarijatsko – glasinačkoj umjetnosti. Solarni simbol sa naslovnice je prikazan na dvije potkoljenice iz groba Ilijak, III, 9 (u zoni srednjeg toka rijeke Prače). vi Historija Autarijata Brončana „glasinačka kultna kolica“, pronađena u porodičnom tumulu na lokalitetu Glasinačko polje- Bjelosavljevići. Predstava vodenih barskih ptica na kutnim kolicima, povezuje se sa kultom sunca. „Glasinačka kultna kolica“ se sada nalaze u Naturhistorisches Museum u Beču. vii Historija Autarijata Sažetak Autarijati su predstavljali najmoćniji i najbrojniji ilirski narod u periodu koji je predstavljao prekretnicu u povijesnom razvitku čitavog Balkanskog poluotoka (VI – IV. st. p. n. e.) i autarijatski uspon i pad korenspodirali su sa klasičnim razdobljem grčke povijesti. Njihovo prisustvo na zapadnom i centralnom Balkanu osvjedočeno je nizom povijesnih podataka, filološkim reliktima i obiljem do sada pronađene materijalne građe. Istraživanje Autarijata i glasinačke kulture starijeg željeznog doba započelo je krajem XIX. st. i nastavljeno je uz prekide sve do kraja XX. st., ali i pored intenzivnog istraživanja do danas još uvijek nije prezentirana cjelovita studija o Autarijatima. Porijeklo ovog ilirskog naroda treba tražiti u kontinuiranom razvitku proto-ilirskih populacija koje su naseljavale jugoistočnu Bosnu i gornje Podrinje u brončano doba. Seoba «nosilaca žarnih polja» koja je u velikoj mjeri izmijenila etničku i kulturnu sliku Podunavlja i jednog dijela Balkana nije u tolikoj mjeri zahvatila prostor rasprostiranja glasinačke kulture kasnog brončanog doba. Nakon stabilizacije prilika, prelaskom u starije željezno doba započinje i nagli narodnosni, kulturni i politički razvitak autarijatskih zajednica. Taj proces je rezultirao i usložnjavanjem društveno-političke strukture autarijatskih zajednica, i prerastanjem rodovsko-plemenske organizacije u prve začetke teritorijalno omeđenih kneževina od kraja VIII. st. p. n. e. U više tumula koji se datiraju u VII. i VI. st. p. n. e. pronađeni su iznimno bogati grobovi u koje su bili sahranjeni članovi lokalnih kneževskih dinastija. Međutim, uslijed više razloga izazvanih vanjskim političkim i ekonomskim uticajima, krajem VI. st. p. n. e. dolazi do ujedinjena autarijatskih zajednica u jedinstveni politički entitet. Zahvaljujući ujedinjenju Autarijati započinju ekspanziju najvećim dijelom usmjerenu prema istoku i zemlji Tribala, te prema jugu gdje su pobijedili Ardijejce, svoje stare suparnike u borbi za zone ispaše i slana vrela. Svojom aktivnošću na prijelazu iz VI. u V. st. p. n. e. Autarijati su za narode, koji su direktno osjetili njihovu ekspanziju imali, velike posljedice. Ardijejci su pomjereni prema primorju a Tribali dalje prema istoku, na prostore na kojima su oba naroda odigrala svoju povijesnu ulogu. Svojom ekspanzijom Autarijati su ostvarili hegemoniju na jednom dijelu unutrašnjosti Balkanskog poluotoka. I autarijatski vladajući sloj je sada dostigao zenit svoga imovinskog i političkog razvitka, što se na najbolji način pokazuje u nizu bogatih vladarskih tumula i grobova nastalih tijekom V. st. p. n. e. Na ovo vrijeme se sigurno odnose i Strabonove riječi o Autarijatima kao «nekoć najvećem i najmoćnijem ilirskom narodu». Nakon dostignutog zenita započinje lagani pad Autarijata koji se završava 310. god. p. n. e. naglim prestankom egzistencije autarijatske narodnosne zajednice i glasinačke kulture starijeg željeznog doba uslijed keltske invazije. Autarijati su iza sebe ostavili materijalno bogatstvo. Do sada je evidentirano više od 100 gradina koje su sigurno naseljavali Autarijati, odnosno zajednice iz kojih su oni nastali i na tisuće tumula u koje su oni bili sahranjivani. Pokretni materijal (poglavito nakit i oružje) pokazuje na sebi sve specifičnosti autarijatskog narodnosnog i kulturnog bića i svu viii Historija Autarijata originalnost autarijatskog duha. Sva višestoljetna produkcija metalnih proizvoda i keramike se odvija u kontinuiranom slijedu i jedan tipski oblik u velikom broju slučajeva postupno prelazi u novi tip. Najbolji primjer spomenutog tipskog kontinuiranog razvitka nalazi se na objektima izrađenim od metalnog lima koji kao završni tip svoje evolucije imaju luksuzne zlatne i srebrne pojaseve «mramoračkog tipa». Autarijati kao klasičan primjer gorštačkog naroda pokazuju i sve osobenosti gorštačkog mentaliteta, koji se najviše izražava u sklonosti ka konzervativnosti i što je moguće dužem zadržavanju starih formi života i vjerovanja. U navedenoj činjenici nalaze se i razlozi zbog kojih Autarijati uporno zadržavaju sahranjivanje u tumule na načine koji se u načelima nije mnogo mijenjao sve do konačnog kraja glasinačke kulture. Sudeći po nalazima izgleda da je pored kulta predaka veliku ulogu u religioznom životu Autarijata imao i kult solarnog božanstva. Na tragove solarnog kulta se nailazi u iznimnom broju širom autarijatskog teritorija. Gospodarstvo Autarijata se zasnivalo na stočarstvu kao primarnoj grani te na metalurgiji, zanatstvu i trgovini. Ovaj ilirski narod zbog svoga značaja i velike potražnje za grčke i italske robe je bio i najveći trgovački partner na zapadnom i centralnom Balkanu grčkim i italskim trgovcima između VII. i IV. st. p. n. e. ix Historija Autarijata Summary The Autariates were the most powerful and numerous Illyrian people in the period that constituted the turning point in the historical development of the entire Balkan peninsula (6th – 4th century B.C.) and the decline and the rise of the Autariates corresponded to the classical period of Greek history. Their presence in the western and central Balkans has been proved by a range of historical data, philological relicts and the abundance of identified material evidence. The research on the Autariates and Glasinac culture of the Old Iron Age started in the late 19th century and was resumed, though with some interruptions, until the end of the 20th century. However, in spite of intensive research, a comprehensive study of the Autariates has not been produced to the present day. The origin of this Illyrian people should be traced in the continuous development of proto-Illyrian populations which used to inhabit the southeastern Bosnia and the Upper Podrinje in the Bronze Age. The movement of the “urnfield people” that considerably changed the ethnical and cultural makeup of Podunavlje and one part of the Balkans did not significantly affect the area of Glasinac culture of the late Bronze Age. The overall stabilization that ensued upon embarking on the Old Iron Age triggered rapid ethnical, cultural and political development of the Autariate community. As a result of that process social and political structures of the Autariate community became more complex and started developing from tribal organization into first principalities with marked out territories from the end of the 8th century B.C. Immensely rich graves in which members of local dynasties had been buried were found in a number of tumula dating from 7th and 6th century B.C. However, due to numerous external political and economic influences, late 6th century B.C. witnessed the unification of Autariate communities into a single political entity. Once united, the Autariates started expanding mostly to the east and the land of Triball, as well as to the south where they defeated the Ardiates – their old rivals in the struggle for pastures and salty springs. Activities of the Autariates at the turn of the 6th and the 5th centuries B.C. profoundly influenced the peoples who were directly affected by their expansion. The Ardiates were moved toward the coast land and Triballs to the east - that is to the areas where these peoples came to play their historical role. The expansion of the Autariates enabled them to achieve hegemonic control over one part of the interior of the Balkan Peninsula. The leading class of the Autariate society reached the peak of its political and economic development, the best example of which are great many luxurious royal tumula and graves created during the 5th century B.C. Strabon’s comment on the Autariates as “the once greatest and most powerful Illyrian people” most likely refers to this period. The peak of development was followed by the gradual decline of the Autariates ending in x Historija Autarijata 310 B.C. with the sudden disappearance of the Autariate community and Glasinac culture of the Old Iron Age due to Celtic invasion. The Autariates left a legacy of material
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