Ex Asia Et Syria Oriental Religions in the Roman Central Balkans

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Ex Asia Et Syria Oriental Religions in the Roman Central Balkans Ex Asia et Syria Oriental Religions in the Roman Central Balkans Nadežda Gavrilović Vitas Archaeopress Roman Archaeology 78 Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978-1-78969-913-5 ISBN 978-1-78969-914-2 (e-Pdf) © Archaeopress and Nadežda Gavrilović Vitas 2021 Front cover: The statuette of Magna Mater or her priestess from unknown locality, kept in the National Museum in Belgrade (photo-documentation: National Museum Belgrade) Back cover: Back cover image: The head of a statue of Jupiter Dolichenus from Karataš (Diana), kept in National Museum Belgrade, The Archaeological Museum of Đerdap collection (photo: Popović, Borić Brešković 2013: 309, num. 70) All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, elec- tronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Contents List of Figures ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� iii Acknowledgements ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� iv Introduction ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 Geographical Frame and Pre-Roman History of the Central Balkan Roman Provinces �������������������������������������������3 The History of the Research of Asia Minor and Syrian Religions and Cults ����������������������������������������������������������������7 Cultural Influences and Romanisation ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10 I Asia Minor Religions and Cults 1. Magna Mater ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������13 1.1. Magna Mater Cult in Graeco-Roman Culture �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������13 1.2. Epigraphic and archaeological monuments of Cybele/Magna Mater in Central Balkans �����������������������28 1.3. The Cult of Cybele / Magna Mater in the Central Balkans �������������������������������������������������������������������������������37 2. Attis ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������49 2.1. The Cult of Attis in Graeco-Roman Culture...........................................................................................................49 2.2 The archaeological monuments of Attis in the Central Balkans ���������������������������������������������������������������������57 2.3. The Cult of Attis in the Central Balkans ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������65 3. Sabazius �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������77 3.1. The Cult of Sabazius in Graeco-Roman culture ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������77 3.2. Epigraphic and archaeological monuments of Sabazius in the Central Balkans ����������������������������������������81 3.3. The Cult of Sabazius in the Central Balkans ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������90 4. Jupiter Dolichenus ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������92 4.1. The Cult of Jupiter Dolichenus in Roman Culture ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������92 4.2. Epigraphic and Archaeological Monuments of Jupiter Dolichenus in the Central Balkans ��������������������96 4.3. The Cult of Jupiter Dolichenus in the Central Balkans ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������106 5. Jupiter Turmasgades ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������114 5.1. The Cult of Jupiter Turmasgades in the Central Balkans ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������114 6. The Cult of Jupiter Melanus and other Asia Minor Local Gods �������������������������������������������������������������������������������118 6.1. The Cult of Jupiter Melanus and other Asia Minor local gods in the Central Balkans ����������������������������118 7. Mēn �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������123 7.1. The Cult of the god Mēn in Graeco-Roman culture ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������123 7.2. The Cult of the god Mēn in the Central Balkans �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������127 8. Artemis of Ephesus �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������130 8.1. The Cult of Artemis of Ephesus in Graeco-Roman culture..............................................................................130 8.2. The Cult of Artemis of Ephesus in the Central Balkans ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������137 II Syrian Religions in the Central Balkans 1. Sol Invictus ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������140 1.1. The Cult of Sol Invictus in Roman culture ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������140 1.2. The Cult of Sol Invictus in the Central Balkans �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������144 2. Dea Syria �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������151 2.1. The Cult of Dea Syria in Graeco-Roman culture ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������151 2.2. The Cult of Dea Syria in the Central Balkans �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������155 3. Theos Hypsistos ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������165 3.1. The Cult of Theos Hypsistos in Graeco-Roman culture �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������165 3.2. The Cult of Theos Hypsistos in the Central Balkans ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������168 i III Quarries, Workshops and their Localisation ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������172 IV Palmyrene Funerary Monuments in the Central Balkans ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������174 V Conclusion ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������183 VI Bibliography ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������194 VII Catalogue ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������214 VIII Maps �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������250 ii List of Figures Map of indigenous tribes in central Balkans ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������4 Localities in Danube Limes Moesia Superior ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6 Fresco of Magna Mater procession, Pompeii ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������18 Marble relief of a gallus from Lanuvium ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������20 Statue and drawing of a standing gallus ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������21 Drawing of the reconstruction
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