LEG(Io) X GEM(Ina): Hispanic Legionary Countermarks During the Reign of Vitellius
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Far from the Dragging Plough~
~FAR FROM THE DRAGGING PLOUGH~ VETERANS IN TRADE AND BUSINESS DURING THE ROMAN PRINCIPATE by Joseph Adam Hall School of Classics University of Wales, Trinity Saint David Dissertation submitted for MA degree in Ancient History and Classical Studies January 2013 Master’s Degrees by Examination and Dissertation Declaration Form. 1. This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed……………………………………………………………………………… Date ………………………………………………………………………………... 2. This dissertation is being submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MA Ancient History and Classical Studies Signed……………………………………………………………………………… Date..…………………………………………………………………..…………... 3. This dissertation is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. Signed candidate:………………………………………………………………… Date: …………………………………………………….………………………. 4. I hereby give consent for my dissertation, if accepted, to be available for photocopying, inter- library loan, and for deposit in the University’s digital repository Signed…………………………………………………………….……………… Date………………………………………………….…………….…………….. Supervisor’s Declaration. I am satisfied that this work is the result of the student’s own efforts. Signed…………………………………………………………………………….. Date……………………………………………………………………………….. ~SUMMARY~ In the study of the Roman world, few demographics receive scanter attention from modern scholarship than those time-served veterans who eschewed an agricultural life in favour of setting up in business for themselves. This study, then, is an examination of this class of men and the evidence we have for them. Modern scholarship’s apathy in this field of study is no doubt an effect of the lack of anything more than sparse one-dimensional references to veterans in the ancient literary sources, an aspect this paper will also examine. -
People, Plagues, and Prices in the Roman World: the Evidence from Egypt
People, Plagues, and Prices in the Roman World: The Evidence from Egypt KYLE HARPER The papyri of Roman Egypt provide some of the most important quantifiable data from a first-millennium economy. This paper builds a new dataset of wheat prices, land prices, rents, and wages over the entire period of Roman control in Egypt. Movements in both nominal and real prices over these centuries suggest periods of intensive and extensive economic growth as well as contraction. Across a timeframe that covers several severe mortality shocks, demographic changes appear to be an important, but by no means the only, force behind changes in factor prices. his article creates and analyzes a time series of wheat and factor Tprices for Egypt from AD 1 to the Muslim conquest, ~AD 641. From the time the territory was annexed by Octavian in 30 BCE until it was permanently taken around AD 641, Egypt was an important part of the Roman Empire. Famously, it supplied grain for the populations of Rome and later Constantinople, but more broadly it was integrated into the culture, society, and economy of the Roman Mediterranean. While every province of the sprawling Roman Empire was distinctive, recent work stresses that Egypt was not peculiar (Bagnall 1993; Rathbone 2007). Neither its Pharaonic legacy, nor the geography of the Nile valley, make it unrepresentative of the Roman world. In one crucial sense, however, Roman Egypt is truly unique: the rich- ness of its surviving documentation. Because of the valley’s arid climate, tens of thousands of papyri, covering the entire spectrum of public and private documents, survive from the Roman period (Bagnall 2009). -
2011: Durham University
THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION ANNUAL CONFERENCE DURHAM UNIVERSITY FRIDAY 15TH APRIL - MONDAY 18TH APRIL 2011 CONFERENCE INFORMATION We are delighted to invite you to attend the 2011 Classical Association Annual Conference, which this year will be hosted by Durham University. Founded by Royal Charter in 1832, Durham University is among the contenders to the title of third oldest University of England; yet despite its ancient roots, Durham prides itself on combining tradition with innovation. The same is true of its Classics Department, one of the largest, youngest, and most international Classics Departments around. Two-thirds of staff in the department are non- British nationals: Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Serbia, and the USA are all represented; current research postgraduates add Egypt, Greece, Hungary, Korea, and Japan to the list. All of this is testimony to our view that Classics not only continues to be relevant, but has become increasingly important as a shared cultural resource through which diverse contemporary cultures can communicate. In various ways, then, Durham Classics operates across boundaries of time and of space and stands for intellectual exchange across languages and cultures, and it is this spirit of open exchange and dialogue that we hope to enact and celebrate during the Classical Association Annual Conference as well. The Durham colleges allow us to return to the traditional format of the on-campus event, with both accommodation and academic sessions in the main conference venue, Collingwood College. It will however also be possible to book a room at the Business school, or at the Marriott; and Durham city offers a range of other possibilities. -
The Antonine Wall, the Roman Frontier in Scotland, Was the Most and Northerly Frontier of the Roman Empire for a Generation from AD 142
Breeze The Antonine Wall, the Roman frontier in Scotland, was the most and northerly frontier of the Roman Empire for a generation from AD 142. Hanson It is a World Heritage Site and Scotland’s largest ancient monument. The Antonine Wall Today, it cuts across the densely populated central belt between Forth (eds) and Clyde. In The Antonine Wall: Papers in Honour of Professor Lawrence Keppie, Papers in honour of nearly 40 archaeologists, historians and heritage managers present their researches on the Antonine Wall in recognition of the work Professor Lawrence Keppie of Lawrence Keppie, formerly Professor of Roman History and Wall Antonine The Archaeology at the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow University, who spent edited by much of his academic career recording and studying the Wall. The 32 papers cover a wide variety of aspects, embracing the environmental and prehistoric background to the Wall, its structure, planning and David J. Breeze and William S. Hanson construction, military deployment on its line, associated artefacts and inscriptions, the logistics of its supply, as well as new insights into the study of its history. Due attention is paid to the people of the Wall, not just the ofcers and soldiers, but their womenfolk and children. Important aspects of the book are new developments in the recording, interpretation and presentation of the Antonine Wall to today’s visitors. Considerable use is also made of modern scientifc techniques, from pollen, soil and spectrographic analysis to geophysical survey and airborne laser scanning. In short, the papers embody present- day cutting edge research on, and summarise the most up-to-date understanding of, Rome’s shortest-lived frontier. -
The Top-Ranking Towns in the Balkan and Pannonian Provinces of the Roman Empire Najpomembnejša Antična Mesta Balkanskih Provinc in Obeh Panonij
Arheološki vestnik 71, 2020, 193–215; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3986/AV.71.05 193 The top-ranking towns in the Balkan and Pannonian provinces of the Roman Empire Najpomembnejša antična mesta balkanskih provinc in obeh Panonij Damjan DONEV Izvleček Rimska mesta balkanskih in podonavskih provinc so bila doslej le redko del raziskav širših mestnih mrež. Namen prispevka je prepoznati glavne značilnosti mestnih sistemov in na podlagi najpomembnejših mest provincialne mestne hierarhije poiskati njihovo vpetost v ekonomijo provinc v času severske dinastije. Avtor se osredotoča na primerjavo veli- kosti prvorazrednih mest z ostalimi naselbinami, upošteva pa tudi njihovo lego in kmetijsko bogastvo zaledja. Ugotavlja, da moramo obravnavano območje glede na ekonomske vire razumeti kot obrobje rimskega imperija. Glavna bogastva obravnavanih provinc so bili namreč les, volna, ruda in delovna sila, kar se jasno izraža tudi v osnovnih geografskih parametrih prvorazrednih mest: v njihovi relativno skromni velikosti, obrobni legi in vojaški naravi. Ključne besede: Balkanski polotok; Donava; principat; urbanizacija; urbani sistemi Abstract The Roman towns of the Balkan and Danube provinces have rarely been studied as parts of wider urban networks. This paper attempts to identify the principle features of these urban systems and their implications for the economy of the provinces at the time of the Severan dynasty, through the prism of the top-ranking towns in the provincial urban hierarchies. The focus will be on the size of the first-ranking settlements in relation to the size of the lower-ranking towns, their location and the agricultural riches of their hinterlands. One of the main conclusions of this study is that, from an economic perspective, the region under study was a peripheral part of the Roman Empire. -
Isurium Brigantum
Isurium Brigantum an archaeological survey of Roman Aldborough The authors and publisher wish to thank the following individuals and organisations for their help with this Isurium Brigantum publication: Historic England an archaeological survey of Roman Aldborough Society of Antiquaries of London Thriplow Charitable Trust Faculty of Classics and the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge Chris and Jan Martins Rose Ferraby and Martin Millett with contributions by Jason Lucas, James Lyall, Jess Ogden, Dominic Powlesland, Lieven Verdonck and Lacey Wallace Research Report of the Society of Antiquaries of London No. 81 For RWS Norfolk ‒ RF Contents First published 2020 by The Society of Antiquaries of London Burlington House List of figures vii Piccadilly Preface x London W1J 0BE Acknowledgements xi Summary xii www.sal.org.uk Résumé xiii © The Society of Antiquaries of London 2020 Zusammenfassung xiv Notes on referencing and archives xv ISBN: 978 0 8543 1301 3 British Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background to this study 1 Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data 1.2 Geographical setting 2 A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the 1.3 Historical background 2 Library of Congress, Washington DC 1.4 Previous inferences on urban origins 6 The moral rights of Rose Ferraby, Martin Millett, Jason Lucas, 1.5 Textual evidence 7 James Lyall, Jess Ogden, Dominic Powlesland, Lieven 1.6 History of the town 7 Verdonck and Lacey Wallace to be identified as the authors of 1.7 Previous archaeological work 8 this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. -
Marcas Legionarias De La Vi Victrix Y La X Gemina En El Foro De Caesar Augusta1
MARCAS LEGIONARIAS DE LA VI VICTRIX Y LA X GEMINA EN EL FORO DE CAESAR AUGUSTA1 Resumen: Edición y comentario de las marcas de cantero de las legiones VI Victrix y X Gemina procedentes del foro de Caesar Augusta. Palabras clave: Legio VI Victrix, legio X Gemina, legio IIII Macedonica, marcas de cante- ro, Caesar Augusta. Abstract: Edition and comment of the legionary quarry marks (legio VI Victrix and legio X Gemina) from the Caesar Augusta forum. Kay words: Legio VI Victrix, legio X Gemina, legio IIII Macedonica, quarry marks, Caesar Augusta. Conocí a Ignacio Barandiarán Maestu en los años 70, cuando profesaba en la Universidad cesarau- gustana formando parte, primero, del Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología que entonces dirigía mi padre, Antonio Beltrán Martínez, y después, efímeramente, como cabeza del recién creado Departa- mento de Historia Antigua, en el que fue mi profesor y al que yo mismo me incorporé poco después de su traslado a la Universidad del País Vasco en 1976. Sirvan estas páginas como testimonio de mi gran res- peto intelectual por su fértil trayectoria académica y recuerdo de aquellos años en los que frecuentaba sus brillantes clases de metodología histórica y de Hispania «prerromana». 1. Como es bien sabido, el imponente dispositivo militar puesto en pie por Augusto a partir de 26 a. E. para culminar la conquista de Hispania sólo fue parcialmente desactivado tras el fi nal de las Guerras Cántabras, de manera que, tras la evacuación del grueso de los efectivos entre 19 y 13 a. E., tres de las siete u ocho legiones empleadas durante el confl icto permanecieron acuarteladas en torno al escenario de la guerra, tal y como refl eja Estrabón en su Geografía a comienzos del reinado de Tiberio (III 3, 8; 4, 20). -
Representations of Veterans in the Imperial Cult in Gallia Narbonensis, 46 BC-79 AD
Representations of veterans in the imperial cult in Gallia Narbonensis, 46 BC-79 AD Dennis Hermans s4165527 15-08-2017 Master thesis Eternal Rome Index Introduction p. 2 Chapter 1 – Creating a corpus regarding veterans and the imperial cult p. 10 1.1 Baeterrae p. 15 1.2 Narbo Martius p. 19 1.3 Arausio p. 22 1.4 Forum Iulii p. 24 1.5 Arelate p. 26 1.6 Cularo p. 29 1.7 Geneva p. 30 1.8 Alba Helviorum p. 33 1.9 Allebaece Reiorum Apollinarum p. 34 1.10 Vienna p. 36 1.11 Nemausus p. 38 1.12 Massilia p. 43 Chapter 2 – Inscriptions and the career path for equites and nobiles p. 45 Conclusion p. 54 Bibliography p. 57 Appendix p. 63 1 Introduction1 ‘I settled colonies of soldiers in Africa, Sicily, Macedonia, both Spains, Achaea, Asia, Syria, Gallia Narbonensis, Pisidia. Moreover, Italy has twenty-eight colonies founded under my auspices which have grown to be famous and populous during my lifetime.’2 The quote above comes from the Res Gestae divi Augusti, the works or deeds of the deified Augustus, published after his death in 14 AD. Much like the rest of the Res Gestae, the quote above contains a boasting and propaganda element: Augustus has settled soldiers in colonies all over the world and they have all become great and grew very large. This gives an insight into the image that Augustus wanted to portray about his deeds and himself. Although Augustus has settled veterans in many colonies, he was definitely not the first to do so, as the process of establishing veteran colonies already started around 100 BC. -
Rome, Inc. Campaign Game Replay 27 BCE Scenario
Rome, Inc. Campaign Game Replay Caesar. Quiet turn, relatively speaking. Only one Barbarian leader arrives and with no matching War just sits in his With the rules for Rome, Inc. pretty much complete, I figured homeland. Money is low, so I don’t purchase new units, and I’d do a replay of the four-scenario campaign game. The keep my legions and Auxilia in place to put down empire starts out with Augustus as Caesar, and his friend insurgencies. I pick up Paulinus, who has a high military Agrippa as Consul. Only one War is on the map, an 8/1 (8 ability of 4. Paulinus takes over Hispania, but he can only land strength, 1 naval strength) Cantabrian War in Hispania. muster a -1 advantage over the War that had kicked Numerous provinces across the empire are in insurgency Claudius’ ass, and I don’t want to risk a repeat (negative die status, but legions and auxilia are stacked up against some roll modifiers benefit the player). of them, using the stick approach to make the provinces Turn 3 (9-1 BCE) loyal. As the game moves along, more barbarian wars and leaders will appear along the frontier, and statesmen will More Inflation, leaving the Treasury with just 12 Gold, and show up, some welcome, others not. Let the games begin! Plague. Legions have two levels – ordinary legions with one shield icon on its counter, and veteran legions with two shield icons on their reverse. The Plague Event flips one veteran in each command to its ordinary side, halving their 27 BCE Scenario strength, though they can be promoted back to veteran later, usually in a Triumph. -
THE SUCIDAVA TYPE of BUCKLES and the RELATIONS BETWEEN the LATE ROMAN EMPIRE and the BARBARIANS in the 6Th CENTURY
THE SUCIDAVA TYPE OF BUCKLES AND THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE LATE ROMAN EMPIRE AND THE BARBARIANS IN THE 6th CENTURY , by ALEXANDRU MADGEARU Joachim Wemer gave the name of this type of buckles because several pieces have been found at Celei- Sucidava when he published its paper (in 1955)1 . These buckles have a sheld-shaped plate and are adomed by pierced work with cruciform or crescent motifs or with a human stylized face. Joachim Wemer established their dating in second half of the 6th century. Dezso Csallâny wrote, few years after, a study on these buckles, focused especially on the pieces with human face2 . The number of buckles increased very much during the last three decades. Dan Gh. Teodor 3 and Syna Uenze 4 made two typologies in 1991 and 1992. In 1992 Valentin Varsik also published a study about several types of buckles including Sucidava, but he did not proposed a typology3. In the same year the buckles found in the Lower Danubian area were put together into a repertory by Uwe Fiedler 6. The typologies drawn up by S. Uenze and Dan Gh. Teodor are very important for the study of these objects, but we consider possibie a more accurate classification. We remind here that S. Uenze classified the Sucidava buckles into five types: a) - with a simple cruciform decor; , ■ , b) - a cross with all the arms rounded; • c) - a cross with the down arm rounded; d) - with tangent circles; e) - with a human stylized face. The classification made by D. Gh. Teodor is based on the same criterion of the ornament, but is more coherent: a) - without ornament; • b) - with a simple cross; c) - wiţh a cross and a crescent; . -
The Catalyst for Warfare: Dacia's Threat to the Roman Empire
The Catalyst for Warfare: Dacia’s Threat to the Roman Empire ______________________________________ ALEXANDRU MARTALOGU The Roman Republic and Empire survived for centuries despite imminent threats from the various peoples at the frontiers of their territory. Warfare, plundering, settlements and other diplomatic agreements were common throughout the Roman world. Contemporary scholars have given in-depth analyses of some wars and conflicts. Many, however, remain poorly analyzed given the scarce selection of period documents and subsequent inquiry. The Dacian conflicts are one such example. These emerged under the rule of Domitian1 and were ended by Trajan2. Several issues require clarification prior to discussing this topic. The few sources available on Domitian’s reign describe the emperor in hostile terms.3 They depict him as a negative figure. By contrast, the rule of Trajan, during which the Roman Empire reached its peak, is one of the least documented reigns of a major emperor. The primary sources necessary to analyze the Dacian wars include Cassius Dio’s Roman History, Jordanes’ Getica and a few other brief mentions by several ancient authors, including Pliny the Younger and Eutropius. Pliny is the only author contemporary to the wars. The others inherited an already existing opinion about the battles and emperors. It is no surprise that scholars continue to disagree on various issues concerning the Dacian conflicts, including the causes behind Domitian’s and Trajan’s individual decisions to attack Dacia. This study will explore various possible causes behind the Dacian Wars. A variety of reasons lead some to believe that the Romans felt threatened by the Dacians. -
Roman Roads of Britain
Roman Roads of Britain A Wikipedia Compilation by Michael A. Linton PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Thu, 04 Jul 2013 02:32:02 UTC Contents Articles Roman roads in Britain 1 Ackling Dyke 9 Akeman Street 10 Cade's Road 11 Dere Street 13 Devil's Causeway 17 Ermin Street 20 Ermine Street 21 Fen Causeway 23 Fosse Way 24 Icknield Street 27 King Street (Roman road) 33 Military Way (Hadrian's Wall) 36 Peddars Way 37 Portway 39 Pye Road 40 Stane Street (Chichester) 41 Stane Street (Colchester) 46 Stanegate 48 Watling Street 51 Via Devana 56 Wade's Causeway 57 References Article Sources and Contributors 59 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 61 Article Licenses License 63 Roman roads in Britain 1 Roman roads in Britain Roman roads, together with Roman aqueducts and the vast standing Roman army, constituted the three most impressive features of the Roman Empire. In Britain, as in their other provinces, the Romans constructed a comprehensive network of paved trunk roads (i.e. surfaced highways) during their nearly four centuries of occupation (43 - 410 AD). This article focuses on the ca. 2,000 mi (3,200 km) of Roman roads in Britain shown on the Ordnance Survey's Map of Roman Britain.[1] This contains the most accurate and up-to-date layout of certain and probable routes that is readily available to the general public. The pre-Roman Britons used mostly unpaved trackways for their communications, including very ancient ones running along elevated ridges of hills, such as the South Downs Way, now a public long-distance footpath.