CONTENTS Foreword Appian − His Life and Work − Introduction − Appian's career − Appian's Roman History − The state of preservation of Appian's History − The geographic division of Appian's History − Sources for his History − Greek and Latin writers mentioned by name − His supposed sources and their characteristics − His method of writing − Appian's aims and audience − Evaluation of Appian The Illyrica: Greek Text and Translation Characteristics of the Illyrica − The place of the Illyrica within Appian's Roman History − The structure of the Illyrica − Illyricum and Italy − The sources and Appian's way of using them The Dimensions of Illyria (Illyr. 1) − Appian's measurements − The problem of maps − The longitude of Illyria − Strabo's data concerning the length of the Illyrian coast − Comparison with Pliny's data − The latitude of Illyria − Possible explanations of Appian's latitude of Illyria − Livy and the longitude of Illyricum − Conclusion The Mythological Origin of the Illyrian Peoples (Illyr. 2) − The importance of mythology in Greek and Roman historiography − Appian's genealogy − The different origins of Illyrius − The origin of the love story of Polyphemus and Galatea − The hero Ionius Illyria in Upheaval − Sacrilege against the Delphic Sanctuary (Illyr. 3−5) − Introduction − The Scordisci Their appearance in the Balkans The territories of the Scordisci Scordiscan domination Their decline − The Triballi Their territories An outline of the history of the Triballi The decline of the Triballi − The Ardiaei and the Autariatae The disputed salt-springs The location of both peoples − The Liburni − The first expedition against Delphi: 'the Autariatae and the Celts called Cimbri' − Did the Autariatae join the Celts in their invasion of Delphi? − The plague of frogs − The migration of the Autariatae − The Cimbri − The Cimbri in Appian's Illyrica − The second attack on the Delphic sanctuary − The date of the expedition − The Celts of the fifth chapter are the Cimbri − The retreat of the Scordisci to the Danubian islands − The monarchy of Sulla or of Augustus? − Appian's source(s) for the third, fourth, and fifth chapters Appian's Definition of Illyria (Illyr. 6) − Appian's explanation of Illyris and comparison with the Greeks − Some modern assessments of the Illyrians − The onomastic approach − The Illyrii proprie dicti − The Illyrians and the Greek world − The Illyrian kingdoms and the Roman conquest − The Roman Illyria − Late Roman Illyricum − Modern misconceptions The Illyrian Wars (Illyr. 7−9) − Sources for the wars and their reliability − The First Illyrian War Polybius' data Appian's data Pyrrhus Causes for the war The death of Agron Teuta and Pinnes The extent of Demetrius' dominion Dio's data − The Second Illyrian War Polybius' data Appian's and Dio's data The absence of Scerdilaidas in Appian Demetrius and the Histri The Atintanes Demetrius' death Pinnes − The Third Illyrian War Scerdilaidas and Pleuratus The reign of Genthius Livy's description of the war Differing data in Appian Conquests of Illyricum in the Second and Early First Centuries BC (Illyr. 10−11) − The Delmatae − The First Delmataean War − C. Fannius Strabo, C. Marcius Figulus, and P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica (Corculum) − The Scordisci − allies of the Delmatae? − Delmium/Delminium − L. Caecilius Metellus − C. Cosconius − The Ardei and Palarii, and Ser. Fulvius Flaccus − C. Sempronius Tuditanus and Ti. (Latinius?) Pandusa − L. Aurelius Cotta and 'Metellus' Caesar and Illyricum (Illyr. 12−13; 15) − Appian's account and the extent of Illyricum at the time of Caesar − Caesar's proconsulship in Illyricum − The Pirustae − Promona − A. Gabinius − The first mission of Gabinius, the defeat of C. Antonius, and the siege of Salonae by M. Octavius − P. Vatinius and the battle at Tauris − The embassy of the Delmatae and Vatinius' proconsulship − Vatinius' march to Dyrrhachium − Cn. Asinius Pollio Appian's Paeones (Illyr. 14) − Pannonians and Paeonians − The wars against the Pannonians and the Segestani − The enigmatic Cornelius − The Scordisci − Cornelius and Augustus' Commentarii Octavian's Campaigns in Illyricum (Illyr. 15−28) − Appian's source(s) − The historical and geographical situation of Illyricum before Octavian: considerations on a long- lasting conquest − Peoples offering only slight resistance − Appian's second group of peoples − The third group of peoples, attacked by Octavian The Salassi The Iapodes Strabo's location of the Iapodes The Cisalpine Iapodes The Transalpine Iapodes The war engines of Decimus Brutus Metulum Segesta Military campaigns in Dalmatia Promona Sinotium Setovia − The disputed date of the Triumvirate − The Derbani − Hostages − The extent of Octavian's Illyrian Wars and their motives − Illyricum in the light of Octavian's aspirations: some modern considerations − The evaluation of Octavian's Illyrian Wars Raetia and Noricum (Illyr. 29) − The Raeti − The Norici Moesia in Appian's Illyrica (Illyr. 30) − The most important stages in the conquest of Moesia before M. Terentius Varro Lucullus − The Western Pontic cities − M. Terentius Varro Lucullus − C. Antonius Hybrida and Burebistas − An outline of the conquest of Moesia M. Licinius Crassus Macedonian governors after M. Licinius Crassus: the military independence of Moesia When did Moesia become a province? Data Relating to Illyria, Drawn from Other Parts of Appian's Roman History − Boundaries of the Roman world − The invasion of the Cimbri into Noricum − Short notes concerning the Illyrian Wars − From Pompey's war against the pirates − Mithridates' planned attack on Italy through the Balkans − C. Sempronius Tuditanus − A military base against Sulla in Liburnia − Caesar's wish to retain Illyricum and Cisalpine Gaul − The mythical origins of Epidamnus/Dyrrhachium − From Caesar's war against Pompey: Caesar's defeat at Dyrrhachium − The period just before and after Caesar's death − Octavian − Brutus and Cassius − Decimus Brutus − Before the battle at Philippi − The pact of Brundisium − Antony and Octavian after Brundisium Bibliography of Works Cited − Abbreviations − Editions and translations of Appian's works − Works cited .