DOCSLIB.ORG

When 2 Or 3 Come Together

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
When 2 Or 3 Come Together When 2 or 3 Come Together Tracey L. Meares* Kelsi Brown Corkran** Abstract This article investigates policies that are responsive to crime in disadvantaged, urban neighborhoods from a community -based context. The vehicle is an analysis of a community -wide prayer vigil held in Chicago in May of 1997. The vigil resulted from a collaboration between the Chicago Police Department and hundreds of (mostly) African - American churches on Chicago’s West Side. Strikingly, the local police district’s commander fac ilitated the vigil. We explain the sociological and political significance of this collaboration by drawing upon the “Chicago School” of urban sociology and demonstrating theoretically and empirically the potential for the collaboration, through the integr ation of key community institutions, to promote community capacity to resist crime and to complete other goals and projects of residents. The article’s end addresses constitutional questions. If collaboration between churches and the police through religio us activity enhances the community efficacy of poor minority neighborhoods, is there any way to reconcile the benefits of such activity with constitutional concerns about religious establishment? We focus on the extent to which African Americans have been able to influence this jurisprudence through litigation rather than the internal structure of Establishment Clause jurisprudence. A review of the litigation reveals the particular nature of the involvement of African Americans in the development of Establi shment Clause jurisprudence, and it demonstrates plainly the extent to which judicial sanction of church -state interaction has had, and continues to have, important racial consequences. African Americans, through representative litigating institutions, hav e consistently recognized the disparate impact of church -state partnerships, but the Court has never acknowledged the non -religious implications of its Establishment Clause decisions. As a result, Establishment Clause jurisprudence is disconnected from the realities of disparate impact, and that is potentially problematic for African - American communities. We believe excavation of the realities of disparate impact is critical in assessing the extent to which modern church state partnerships should be allowed or even blessed by the state. * Max Pam Professor and Director of the Center for Studies in Criminal Justice, The University of Chicago Law School; Senior Research Fellow, American Bar Foundation. ** Law Clerk to the Honorable David S. Tatel, Federal Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit. J.D. and M.P.P., University of Chicago; B.A., University of Pennsylvania. Hosted by The Berkeley Electronic Press When 2 or 3 Come Together Tracey L. Meares* Kelsi Brown Corkran** INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 3 I. CRIME AND COMMUNITY PERSPECTIVES................................... 4 A. Community Social Organization and Collective Efficacy ......... 5 B. Building Social Capital .......................................................... 9 C. Ecological Crime Policy........................................................ 15 II. THE CHICAGO PRAYER VIGILS ................................................. 16 A. The West Side Vigil as an Example of a State-Supported Social Organization .................................................................... 18 B. Empirical Evidence Regarding Social Structural Change in WSC....................................................................................... 21 1. Before the Vigil ............................................................... 21 2. After the Vigil ................................................................. 25 3. Implementing the WSC Prayer Vigil................................. 32 III. THE PRAYER VIGIL AND THE CONSTITUTION........................... 41 A. Government Aid to Religious Schools................................... 43 1. Religious School Aid and the Desegregation Battle: Lemon v. Kurtzman............................................................. 44 2. Shifting Tides in the Black Community: Aguilar v. Felton ................................................................................. 46 3. Shifting Tides in the Supreme Court: Agostini v. Felton.. 47 4. The Voucher Battle: Zelman v. Simmons-Harris............. 48 5. The Continuing School Aid Debate in the Black Community ......................................................................... 50 B. Faith-Based Social Services................................................. 50 * Max Pam Professor and Director of the Center for Studies in Criminal Justice, The University of Chicago Law School; Research Fellow, American Bar Foundation. The MacArthur Foundation and the Center for Studies In Race Politics and Culture at the University of Chicago provided funding for the Research Project, Institutional Integration Between the Church and the police in Chicago’s Disadvantaged Neig hborhoods from which the data described in the paper is taken. I am indebted to Mark Jolin, Marc Sanford and Mark Thiele for their hard work on the project design, data collection, and data analysis in the Project. I am grateful to Sam Jordan, Brian Rubens , and Britnee Cole for their research assistance, and I am especially appreciative of the comments I received during workshops at Columbia, Iowa, Yale and the University of Southern California Law Schools and the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton Universi ty. Financial support was provided by The Arnold and Frieda Shure Research and Dwight P. Green Funds at the University of Chicago and the American Bar Foundation. ** Law Clerk to the Honorable David S. Tatel, Federal Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit. J.D. and M.P.P., University of Chicago; B.A., University of Pennsylvania. http://law.bepress.com/expresso/eps/1183 WHEN 2 OR 3 COME TOGETHER 1. The Constitutionality of Faith-Based Social Services: Bowen v. Kendrick ............................................... 51 2. Faith-Based Social Services and Disparate Racial Impact: Wilder v. Bernstein...................................... 52 C. WSC and the Constitution................................................... 54 CONCLUSION: CHURCHES, POLICE AND CONSTITUTIONAL NORMS ...................................................................................... 57 INTRODUCTION The title of this paper quotes biblical text from the Gospel of Matthew: “For where two or three come together in my name, there am I with them.”1 In May of 1997, these words were invoked as a kind of catchphrase by participants in a set of extraordinary undertakings between the Chicago Police Department and hundreds of predominantly African-American churches on the West Side of Chicago. This collaboration began with a “call to action” by the local police commander and culminated in a community-wide prayer vigil in w hich groups of ten stood on designated street corners and prayed to end violence in their neighborhoods. On that day, not just two or three, but hundreds of West Side church members and police officers came together in prayer for their community. In using this phrase as our title, we mean to do more than highlight its use by participants in the joint police-church venture that is the subject of this article. “When 2 or 3 Come Together” has sociological, political and constitutional significance in the context of church-police collaboration in poor minority communities. As a sociological matter, the phrase brings to mind the potential for building community capacity to resist crime and to complete other goals and projects of residents through the integration of key community institutions. Its political significance flows from the connection between the deployment of this religious text by police and church leaders and a subsequent change in the perceptions of West Side of Chicago (“WSC”) residents regarding t he legitimacy of local police in particular and local government in general. 1 Matt 18:20 (New International Version translation) Hosted by The Berkeley Electronic Press The constitutional significance of the phrase brings together the sociological and the political: If collaboration between churches and the police in religious activity enhances t he community efficacy of poor minority neighborhoods, is there any way to reconcile the benefits of such activity with constitutional concerns about religious establishment? In other words, does the success of such ventures so depend on overt demonstrations of public religiosity that the law and norms supporting the concept of separation of church and state are (hopelessly?) transgressed? Together, these three related themes comprise the central inquiry of this article. Our primary project is to investigate policies that are responsive to crime in a community-based context, namely that of disadvantaged, urban neighborhoods. Accordingly, Part one begins by explaining the importance of community perspective in developing a crime prevention strategy, discussing specifically the notion of ecological crime policy. We then provide a sociological framework for understanding the ways in which policy can engender improved community social structure and norms of community-based crime resistance and reduction. In Part two, we describe the methods of collaboration between predominantly African-American churches in WSC and the Chicago Police Department, and tie that description to the sociological theory canvassed in Part One. Part two then offers empirical evidence that provides
Load more

Recommended publications
  • IRS on Behalf of Nonbelief Relief Preferential Treatment Treatment of Churches Vis-À-Vis Other Tax-Exempt Nonprofits
    Graduate / ‘older’ Why do we The bible student essay portray atheists as taught me that contest winners broken believers? God is a jerk PAGE 12-17 PAGE 5 PAGE 6 Vol. 35 No. 9 Published by the Freedom From Religion Foundation, Inc. November 2018 FFRF sues IRS on behalf of Nonbelief Relief Preferential treatment treatment of churches vis-à-vis other tax-exempt nonprofits. Nonbelief given to churches over Relief’s tax exemption was revoked annual financial report on Aug. 20 for failure to file the Form 990 return for three consecutive years. FFRF is taking the Internal Revenue Nonbelief Relief “has and will suffer Associated Press Service to court over yet another reli- harm, detriment and disadvantage as President Trump shows off the “religious freedom” executive order he signed on gion-related tax privilege. a result of the revocation of its tax- May 4, 2017, in the Rose Garden, surrounded by members of the faith community The national state/church watch- exempt status, including tax liabilities and Vice President Pence. dog filed a federal lawsuit Oct. 10 in and loss of charitable donations D.C. district court to challenge the which are no longer tax-deductible by preferential exemption of churches donors.” New Treasury report vindicates and related organiza- Nonbelief Relief is tions from reporting asking the court to re- FFRF’s stance on politicking ban annual information instate its tax-exempt returns required of status, and to enjoin FFRF welcomes a new report high- openly flout the law and are not held all other tax-exempt the IRS from continu- lighting deficiencies in the IRS’ en- accountable.” groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Perceptions of Religious Music in a Southern U.S. Public Middle School
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 3-30-2018 Perceptions of Religious Music in a Southern U.S. Public Middle School: A Case Study Emily Marie Mercado Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Music Education Commons, and the Other Religion Commons Recommended Citation Mercado, Emily Marie, "Perceptions of Religious Music in a Southern U.S. Public Middle School: A Case Study" (2018). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 4526. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/4526 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. ! PERCEPTIONS OF RELIGIOUS MUSIC IN A SOUTHERN U.S. PUBLIC MIDDLE SCHOOL: A CASE STUDY! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! A Dissertation! Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The College of Music and Dramatic Arts ! by Emily Marie Mercado B.A., Oregon State University, 2005 M.A.T., Oregon State University, 2007 May 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ! ! I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Ann Marie Stanley for guiding me through this rewarding process. Her expertise, calming presence, and “get it done” attitude kept me sane and on track to complete a successful dissertation. To the rest of my committee Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • No Aid, No Agency
    NO AID, NO AGENCY Steven K. Green* ABSTRACT Over the past three decades, members of the Supreme Court have demonstrated increasing hostility to the Establishment Clause’s rule against funding religion, first enunciated in 1947. Over the years, the Court has not only narrowed the rule to allow for government aid to flow to religious schools and faith-based charities, it has more recently declared that to enforce that rule may amount to discrimination against reli- gion. This Article argues that a key reason for the decline in the no-aid principle rests on the weakness of the rationale underlying that rule: that funding of religion coerces the conscience of taxpayers. The taxpayer conscience rationale, though valid his- torically as basis for the clause’s prohibition on government funding of religion, no longer makes sense. And because the taxpayer conscience rationale is wanting, so too is the Flast v. Cohen rule permitting taxpayer standing to challenge government disbursements to religious entities. This Article then proposes an alternative basis for the no-aid principle, that being the concept that government has “no agency” over religious matters, a theory originally enunciated by James Madison. As explained, the no-agency theory is a structural or jurisdictional limitation on the power of gov- ernment to finance inherently religious activity. If adopted, the no-agency rationale would restore needed credibility to the no-aid principle. INTRODUCTION To state the obvious, the Supreme Court’s decisions prohibiting government financial aid to religious institutions have been controversial since the Court’s first holding in Everson v. Board of Education in 1947.1 There, a unanimous Court em- braced the “no-aid” theory underlying the Establishment Clause despite a bare majority upholding the aid in question: state reimbursements for transportation costs for stu- dents to travel safely to parochial schools.2 Speaking for the majority, Justice Hugo Black wrote: “The ‘establishment of religion’ clause of the First Amendment means at least this: .
    [Show full text]
  • What We'll Do in This Course the Historical Evolution of the First
    10/9/2019 Historical Evolution of the First Amendment – Supreme Court Cases Day 2 65 65 What We’ll Do In This Course • Day 1: Philosophical origins of the First Amendment • Day 2: 200+ years of Supreme Court Cases • Day 3: Current First Amendment Issues 66 66 The Historical Evolution of the First Amendment –Three eras of Court History – Pre-Civil War – Post-Civil War – 20th century 68 68 1 10/9/2019 Current Understanding of the First Amendment – “The First Amendment is [still] a work in progress.” – Early Americans demanded speech protections, but those protections were not consistently enforced. – The Sedition Act was abandoned by Congessional action. – John Stuart Mill (mid-19th century) – Marketplace of ideas – expressive freedom as a means of discovering truth 69 69 Current Understanding of the First Amendment – Judicial interpretation of the First Amendment began in earnest toward the end of WWI. – The courts have concluded that expressive freedom’s primary value is ensuring an informed electorate. – The courts gives political speech the highest status, provided lesser but not insignificant protection to commercial speech, and categorically devalues fighting words and obscenity. 70 70 Current Understanding of the First Amendment –Freedom of Association – can the government force an organization to accept members it does not want? – Roberts v. United States Jaycees (1984) 71 71 2 10/9/2019 Reasons Supreme Court Takes Cases – Procedural Oversight – Did the lower court follow the rules? – Statutory Interpretation – What does the relevant law mean in connection to this set of facts? – Is the law constitutional? 72 72 Name of Case: People involved: Reynolds v.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dissertation Committee for Crystal L
    THE CORE WAY: THE CONGRESS OF RACIAL EQUALITY AND THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT 1942-1968 BY 2011 CRYSTAL L. JOHNSON Submitted to the graduate degree program in History and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________________________ Co-Chairperson Dr. William Tuttle _______________________________ Co-Chairperson Dr. Jeffrey Moran ______________________________ Dr. Elizabeth MacGonagle ______________________________ Dr. Theodore A. Wilson ______________________________ Dr. James Woelful Date Defended: 07-15-2011 The Dissertation Committee for Crystal L. Johnson certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: THE CORE WAY: THE CONGRESS OF RACIAL EQUALITY AND THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT 1942-1968 _________________________________ Co-Chairperson Dr. William Tuttle _________________________________ Co-Chairperson Dr. Jeffrey Moran Date approved: 07-15-2011 ii ABSTRACT The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) pursued a vision to bring racial harmony to a nation divided. CORE—regionally known as the Chicago Committee of Racial Equality—began in the spring of 1942 in Chicago through the work of James Farmer, George Houser, Bernice Fisher, Homer Jack, James Robinson, and Joe Guinn. This group of young idealists directed its attention to social action and according to August Meier and Elliott Rudwick applied Gandhian techniques of nonviolent direct action to the resolution of racial conflict in the United States.1 THE CORE WAY: THE CONGRESS OF RACIAL EQUALITY AND THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT—1942-1968 reexamines CORE, its members, philosophies, and transitions. Chapter one, A New Reflection: Revisiting the Voices of CORE‟s Past—The Birth of CORE 1942, looks at the formation of the organization in 1942 and the development of its foundational principles and ideas.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pursuit of Justice Supreme Court Decisions That Shaped America
    THE PURSUIT OF JUSTICE SUPREME COURT DECISIONS THAT SHAPED AMERICA KERMIT L. HALL & JOHN PATRICK Contents INTRODUCTION: THE SUPREME COURT AS 14. ESTABLISHING EQUALITY IN VOTING AND A MIRROR OF AMERICA............................................ 5 REPRESENTATION.................................................. 120 Baker v. Carr (1962) 1. THE RISE OF JUDICIAL REVIEW............................... 12 Reynolds v. Sims (1964) Marbury v. Madison (1803) 15. FREEDOM OF THE PRESS IN A FREE SOCIETY.......... 126 2. THE NATIONAL BANK AND FEDERALISM.................. 22 New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) 16. FINDING A RIGHT TO PRIVACY...............................134 3. STEAMBOATS, STATES’ RIGHTS AND THE POWERS Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) OF CONGRESS.................................................... 29 Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) 17. THE RIGHT TO REMAIN SILENT............................. 140 Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 4. DENYING AN APPEAL FOR FREEDOM........................ 37 Scott v. Sandford (1857) 18. FREEDOM OF SPEECH IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS..............146 Tinker v. Des Moines Independent 5. CIVIL LIBERTIES AND THE CIVIL WAR..................... 45 Community School District (1969) Ex parte Milligan (1866) 19. STANDARDS FOR INTERPRETING THE 6. SEPARATE BUT NOT EQUAL..................................... 53 ESTABLISHMENT CLAUSE...................................... 152 Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) 7. THE RIGHTS OF LABOR AND THE RIGHTS 20. ABORTION, PRIVACY, AND VALUES IN CONFLICT.... 159 OF WOMEN.......................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Why President Bush's Faith-Based Initiatives Violate the Establishment Clause
    Compassion Inaction: Why President Bush's Faith-Based Initiatives Violate the Establishment Clause Martha A. Bodent I. INTRODUCTION Within a week of his 2001 inauguration, President George W. Bush launched an aggressive campaign to expand governmental funding for private religious groups to provide social services to the poor.' Although it is widely believed that the President's Faith-Based Initiatives died on the Senate floor, in fact, the Initiatives are a multi-billion dollar enter- prise today.2 Like presidents before him, President Bush circumvented Congress by invoking executive authority to override Congressional in- action; unlike his predecessors however, President Bush pushed his plan into action all the way down to the local level on a national scale. 3 In a series of executive orders, President Bush shifted power from the legisla- ture to the executive branch.4 Through these orders the Bush Administra- f J.D., magna cure laude, Seattle Univ. School of Law, 2006; M.A., Anthropology, Univ. of New Mexico, 1990; B.A., Anthropology, Haverford College, 1986. The author wishes sincerely to thank Lisa Leone for convincing her that she could be a lawyer, Jeff Robinson and Amanda Lee for con- vincing her to accept a position on SEATTLE U. L. REV., and Elisa Scalise and Deena Ledger for patiently ushering this Comment to press. In addition, the author wishes to express deep gratitude to Dr. Richard E. Boden for inspiring her dedication to civil liberties, and to Richard and Mary-Ann Boden for giving generously to the author's education fund. This Comment is dedicated to the au- thor's children, Isabel and Owen, who lovingly light her way; and to her husband, Ken Juell, who provides irreplaceable emotional support, unfaltering patience, and who graciously has accepted a lifetime of loan debt so that his wife could follow her dream.
    [Show full text]
  • Lamb's Chapel V. Center Moriches Union Free School District Wirt P
    University of Richmond Law Review Volume 27 | Issue 5 Article 7 1993 The Lemon Test Rears Its Ugly Head Again: Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District Wirt P. Marks IV University of Richmond Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/lawreview Part of the First Amendment Commons Recommended Citation Wirt P. Marks IV, The Lemon Test Rears Its Ugly Head Again: Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District, 27 U. Rich. L. Rev. 1153 (1993). Available at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/lawreview/vol27/iss5/7 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Law School Journals at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Richmond Law Review by an authorized editor of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CASENOTE THE LEMON TEST REARS ITS UGLY HEAD AGAIN: LAMB'S CHAPEL V. CENTER MORICHES UNION FREE SCHOOL DISTRICT Like some ghoul in a late night horror movie that repeatedly sits up in its grave and shuffles abroad, after being repeat- edly killed and buried, Lemon stalks our Establishment Clause jurisprudence once again -Justice Scalia' I. INTRODUCTION Since 1971, Establishment Clause cases have been analyzed under the three-prong test articulated by the Supreme Court in Lemon v. Kurtzman.2 However, this test has often been criti- cized for producing inconsistent results.3 In addition, inconsis- 1. Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free Sch. Dist., 113 S. Ct. 2141 (1993) (Scalia, J., concurring). 2. 403 U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Promotion of First Amendment Rights in U.S. Foreign Policy
    TASK THE PROMOTION OF FIRST FORCE AMENDMENT RIGHTS IN U.S. 2013 FOREIGN POLICY UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON | HENRY M. JACKSON SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES Photo Credit: http://medialaw.unc.edu/ THE PROMOTION OF FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHTS IN U.S. FOREIGN POLICY Advisor Hon. Brian Baird Ph.D. Evaluator Ambassador Margaret Scobey Authors John Albert Benjamin Bomber Yair Cohenca Shahed Nancy Erickson Emily Ma Ashley Metcalf Meredith Morrow-Okon Hannah Paukstis Erin Peña Maya Schaumberg Dena Seabrook Edgar Vazquez Austin Yang Crystal Zhu Coordinators Hannah Paukstis Crystal Zhu Editors John Albert Meredith Morrow-Okon Erin Peña Communication Consultants Benjamin Bomber Emily Ma Ashley Metcalf 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank our advisor Brian Baird for directing and counseling us throughout this process. Additionally, thanks are due to Emily Keller and Cass Hartnett of the University of Washington Libraries for providing our Task Force with a comprehensive toolkit of resources and for helping to guide us through the initial stages of our research. 2 TASK FORCE 2013 | PROMOTION OF FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHTS AND U.S. FOREIGN POLICY TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary……………………………………………………………….2 Introduction……………………………………………………………………….4 History of First Amendment Rights……………………………………………...5 Intrinsic Value of First Amendment Rights……………………………………21 Current U.S. Efforts……………………………………………………………..32 Regional Section I: East Asia……………………………………………………52 Regional Section II: Southeast Asia…………………………………………….82 Regional Section III: North Africa……………………………………………116
    [Show full text]
  • Monuments and Symbols
    Tulsa Law Review Volume 56 Issue 2 Winter 2021 The Replacement Campaign: Monuments and Symbols Lisa Shaw Roy Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/tlr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Lisa Shaw Roy, The Replacement Campaign: Monuments and Symbols, 56 Tulsa L. Rev. 255 (2021). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/tlr/vol56/iss2/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by TU Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Tulsa Law Review by an authorized editor of TU Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Shaw Roy: The Replacement Campaign: Monuments and Symbols THE REPLACEMENT CAMPAIGN: MONUMENTS AND SYMBOLS Lisa Shaw Roy* I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 256 II. THE OLD REGIME:MONEY,PRAYER, AND RELIGIOUS SYMBOLS ............................... 259 A. Funding Cases ............................................................................................... 259 B. School Prayer ................................................................................................ 261 C. Ceremonies, Traditions, and Religious Symbols .......................................... 264 i. Symbols in the Supreme Court ............................................................... 265 ii. Age and Divisiveness ............................................................................. 267 III. THE NEW REGIME:MONUMENTS,SYMBOLS,
    [Show full text]
  • Amicus Brief
    No. 06-157 _______________________________ IN THE Supreme Court of the United States ———— JAY F. HEIN,DIRECTOR,WHITE HOUSE OFFICE OF FAITH-BASED AND COMMUNITY INITIATIVES, ET AL., Petitioners, v. FREEDOM FROM RELIGION FOUNDATION, ET AL., Respondents. ———— On Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit ———— Brief of Amicus Curiae Foundation for Moral Law, Inc., Suggesting Reversal ———— ROY S. MOORE GREGORY M. JONES (Counsel of record) BENJAMIN D. DUPRÉ FOUNDATION FOR MORAL LAW,INC. Amicus Curiae One Dexter Avenue Montgomery, AL 36104 (334) 262-1245 _______________________________ WILSON-EPES PRINTING CO., INC. – (202) 789-0096 – WASHINGTON, D. C. 20001 QUESTION PRESENTED FOR REVIEW 1. Whether taxpayers have standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge on Establishment Clause grounds the actions of Executive Branch officials pursuant to an Executive Order, where the plaintiffs challenge no Act of Congress, the Executive Branch actions at issue are financed only indirectly through general appropriations, and no funds are disbursed to any entities or individuals outside the government. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page QUESTION PRESENTED.........................................................i TABLE OF CONTENTS.......................................................... ii TABLE OF CITED AUTHORITIES ...................................... iii STATEMENT OF INTEREST OF AMICUS CURIAE.............1 SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT.................................................2 ARGUMENT.............................................................................3
    [Show full text]
  • July-August-2013-Newsletter-Web
    July/August 2013 2013 Pennsylvania State Conference Update Volume 5, Number 4 by Margaret Downey The Freethought Society News ezine is published by The In March 2012, the Freethought Society (FS) board announced a collaboration with the Freethought Society (FS) for board of the Pennsylvania Non-Believers (PAN) to co-host the second annual the nontheist community. Pennsylvania Atheist/Humanist State Conference, September 13-15, 2013. The Free subscriptions conference will take place at the Embassy Suites located at 9000 Bartram Avenue, are available for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19153. supporters, donors The discounted hotel price of $130 includes free parking, Internet access, a and like-minded individuals complimentary daily breakfast, and tickets to the nightly happy hour. All rooms are upon request. suites. There is a limit of 5 people per room with a two-bed feature. A couch-to-bed pull out is located in the living room area of each suite. Please call the following number to Contact FS at: make your reservations as rooms will go fast at this low price: [email protected] Embassy Suites Reservation Phone Number: (215) 365-4500 (mention group code “113” to get the discounted price) Attention writers! See photos at the Embassy Suites website: Articles on topics of interest http://bit.ly/YMSZPc to freethinkers are welcomed and will be considered The opening of a Friggatriskaidekaphobia Treatment Center at 7:00 PM, on Friday, for publication. September 13, 2013 in the grand ballroom of the hotel will kick off the weekend-long conference. Party guests will be entertained with live musical performances by Aimee Submit articles Streeter and James DeFrances.
    [Show full text]