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Universidade De So Paulo 3 Universidade de São Paulo Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" Busca de Tetranychus evansi e seus inimigos naturais no Peru e no norte da Argentina Alberto Daniel Guanilo Alvarado Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências. Área de concentração: Entomologia Piracicaba 2007 4 Alberto Daniel Guanilo Alvarado Biólogo Busca de Tetranychus evansi e seus inimigos naturais no Peru e no norte da Argentina Orientador: Prof. Dr. GILBERTO JOSÉ DE MORAES Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências. Área de concentração: Entomologia Piracicaba 2007 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) DIVISÃO DE BIBLIOTECA E DOCUMENTAÇÃO - ESALQ/USP Guanilo Alvarado, Alberto Daniel Busca de Tetranychus evansi e seus inimigos naturais no Peru e no norte da Argentina /Alberto Daniel Guanilo Alvarado. - - Piracicaba, 2007. 186 p. : il. Dissertação (Mestrado) - - Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, 2007. Bibliografia. 1. Ácaros 2. Ácaros parasitos de plantas 3. Argentina 3. Controle Biológico 4. Fungo entomopatogênico 5. Peru 6. Predação (Biologia) I. Título CDD 632.96 “Permitida a cópia total ou parcial deste documento, desde que citada a fonte – O autor” 5 A Deus e a meus pais Victor Guanilo del Rio e Pola Alvarado Milla, os que foram minha energia em cada momento, sendo meus suportes apesar das dificuldades... A meus irmãos Rocio, Armando, Carlos, Pola e Eduardo por seu incentivo e apoio a cada momento... DEDICO 6 AGRADECIMENTOS Ao Prof Dr. Gilberto José de Moraes, pela orientação, apoio, oportunidade e aprendizagem durante o mestrado; Ao Departamento de Entomologia, Fitopatologia e Zoologia Agrícola da ESALQ/USP pela oportunidade de realizar este curso; Ao Programa de Estudantes-Convênio de Pós-Graduação (PEC-PG), administrado pelo Departamento Cultural do Ministério das Relações Exteriores do Brasil, pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) e pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), pela concessão da bolsa de estudos; Ao German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development pelo apoio financeiro ao projeto; A Claudia e Renzo Sotomayor Ugarte pelo incentivo e ajuda durante o Mestrado; À Eng. Agr. Me. Marisol Giraldo Jaramillo, pela amizade e ajuda incondicional durante o mestrado; Ao casal Edmilson S. Silva e Jurema R. Q. Silva pela amizade e preocupação constate por meu bem estar desde minha chegada ao Brasil; Ao Dr. Markus Knapp do “African Insect Science for Food and Health” (ICIPE), Nairobi, Quênia, pelo valioso apoio na realização do trabalho; À Bióloga Nesly Ortega do Laboratório de Botânica do Museo de Historia Natural “Javier Prado” (Lima, Peru), pela valiosa ajuda nas coletas e nas identificações das plantas no Peru; 7 À Dra. Silvana Norma Toledo e o Dr. Eduardo Willink da Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres (Tucumán, Argentina), pela disposição em contribuir na realização das coletas pela Argentina; Os seguintes pesquisadores foram elementos essenciais nas identificações e/ou confirmações das amostras coletadas: Angélico Asenjo (Coccinellidae), Aníbal R. Oliveira (Oribatida), Carlos H. W. Flechtmann (Tetranychidae), Gilberto J. de Moraes e Ignace D. Zannou (Phytoseiidae), Guilherme B. do Amaral (Ascidae), Jacob Den Heyer e Tatiane M. M. G. Castro (Cunaxidae), Sheila Spongoski (Stigmaeidae) e Vitalis W. Wekesa (Neozygitaceae); Ao Dr. Gerardo Lamas, do Laboratório de Entomologia do Museo de Historia Natural “Javier Prado”, pela ajuda nas permissões de empréstimo do material coletado no Peru; À professora Norberta Martinez, do Laboratório de Entomologia da Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (Lima, Peru), pelo apoio na logística da coleta no Peru; Aos PhD. Antonio Carlos Lofego, Carlos H. W. Flechtmann, Italo Delalibera Júnior e Mário Sato por aceitar formar parte da minha banca; Aos meus amigos da minha república e ex-república: Fernando R. da Silva, Geraldo J. N. Vasconcelos, Joel Kalkmann, Marcelo P. Miranda, Renato G. Pecchio, Rodolfo Mendonça, Rodrigo N. Marques, pela convivência enriquecedora; Ao meus amigos da Entomologia e da Zoología Agrícola: Aníbal R. Oliveira, Claudia F. Marinho, Daiane H. Nunes, Eveline Calderan, Fabio A. Albuquerque, Guilherme B. do Amaral, Guilherme Oliveira, Ignace D. Zannou, Imelda P. Furtado, Jhon J.S. Ausique, Katherine Girón, Lásaro V. F. da Silva, Luciana O. Silva, Marcelo G. Ruiz, Marcos R. Bellini, Paula C. Lopes, Ralf V. Araújo, Raphael C. Castillo, Renata A. Simões, Samuel Roggia, Sheila Spongoski, Tatiane M. M. G. Castro, Thiago R. Castro e Vitalis W. Wekesa, pela ajuda e apoio durante estes dois anos de trabalho. 8 SUMÁRIO RESUMO........................................................................................................................................9 ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................10 RESUMEN.....................................................................................................................................11 1 INTRODUÇÃO...........................................................................................................................12 Referências.....................................................................................................................................18 2 BUSCA DE Tetranychus evansi E SEUS INIMIGOS NATURAIS NO PERU........................24 Resumo...........................................................................................................................................24 Abstract...........................................................................................................................................24 2.1 Introdução.................................................................................................................................25 2.2 Desenvolvimento......................................................................................................................26 2.2.1 Material e métodos................................................................................................................26 2.2.1.1 Coleta, triagem e identificação das amostras......................................................................26 2.2.2 Resultados..............................................................................................................................30 2.2.2.1 Análise faunística................................................................................................................30 2.2.2.1.1 Ácaros preponderantemente fitófagos.............................................................................36 2.2.2.1.2 Ácaros preponderantemente predadores..........................................................................37 2.2.2.1.3 Ácaros com hábitos alimentares diversos........................................................................38 2.2.2.1.4 Insetos predadores...........................................................................................................38 2.2.2.2 Análise taxonômica das espécies de Phytoseiidae..............................................................38 9 2.2.2.2.1 Amblyseiinae Muma........................................................................................................39 2.2.2.2.2 Phytoseiinae Berlese......................................................................................................105 2.2.2.2.3 Typhlodrominae Scheuten.............................................................................................110 2.2.2.3 Chave taxonômica............................................................................................................120 2.2.2.4 Ácaros tetraniquídeos mais comumente encontrados e suas associações........................132 2.2.3 Discussão de resultados.......................................................................................................137 2.2.3.1 Análise faunística..............................................................................................................137 2.2.3.2 Seria possível que T. evansi se estabelecesse no Peru?....................................................138 2.2.3.3 É importante buscar T. evansi e seus inimigos naturais no local de origem do tomateiro? ......................................................................................................................................................140 2.3. Conclusões.............................................................................................................................141 Referências...................................................................................................................................142 3 BUSCA DE INIMIGOS NATURAIS DE Tetranychus evansi NO NORTE DA ARGENTINA ......................................................................................................................................................155 Resumo.........................................................................................................................................155 Abstract.........................................................................................................................................155 3.1 Introdução...............................................................................................................................156 3.2 Desenvolvimento....................................................................................................................157
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