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New Species of Solanum and Capsicum (Solanaceae) from Bolivia, with Clarification of Nomenclature in Some Bolivian Solanum

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New Species of Solanum and Capsicum (Solanaceae) from Bolivia, with Clarification of Nomenclature in Some Bolivian Solanum New species of Solanum and Capsicum (Solanaceae) from Bolivia, with clarification of nomenclature in some Bolivian Solanum M ic h a e l N e e , L y n n B o h s 1, a n d S a n d r a K n a p p Nee, M. (The New York Botanical Garden, 200th Street & Kazimiroff Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10458-5126, U.S.A.; e-mail: [email protected]), L. Bohs (Department of Biology, 257 South 1400 East, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0840, U.S.A.; e-mail: [email protected]) & S. Knapp (Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; e­ mail: [email protected]). New species of Solanum and Capsicum (Solanaceae) from Bolivia, with clarification of nomenclature in some Bolivian Solanum. Brittonia 58: 322-356. 2006.—Nine new species of Solanum and two of Capsicum are de­ scribed from Bolivia. Notes are provided on some other species, including the com­ plex typification of Solanum aridum. Capsicum caballeroi, C. ceratocalyx, Solanum chalmersii, S. clandestinum, S. comarapanum, S. complectens, S. mo- nanthemon, S. moxosense, S. pedemontanum, S. saturatum, and S. whalenii are described and illustrated, and a new name, S. scuticum, is proposed for the species previously known as S. tabacifolium. Key Words: biodiversity, Bolivia, Capsicum, Solanaceae, Solanum, South America. Bolivian floristic diversity is high, reflect­ country’s being relatively neglected as a ing its great topographic and habitat diver­ “hot-spot” of solanaceous diversity. Recent sity. Habitats in Bolivia range from season­ work by a number of institutions, both Boli­ ally flooded savannas to arid Chaco and high vian and others, has led to an explosive in­ elevation deserts to hyper-humid montane crease in the number of Bolivian collections and lowland rainforests. Four areas in the available for study. This has uncovered many country have been identified as centers of new, narrowly endemic taxa and has led to plant diversity and endemism: the Gran the re-examination and clarification of other, Chaco (SA 22 of Davis et al., 1997), south­ previously poorly understood species. Re­ eastern Santa Cruz (SA 23 of Davis et al., newed impetus for the study of the Bolivian 1997), the Llanos de Mojos region (SA 24 of flora will undoubtably reveal many more new Davis et al., 1997), and the Madidi-Apolo re­ taxa in the future, and the new generation of gion (SA 36 of Davis et al., 1997). The posi­ Bolivian botanists actively working on the tion of Bolivia at the western edge of the flora will accelerate this even further. Amazon basin with large areas occupied by One of the species described here, the eastern flank of the geologically young Solanum pedemontanum, shows how even Andes makes it a particularly rich region for widespread and evidently common species Solanaceae, whose diversity is largely associ­ have remained nearly unknown until collect­ ated with the Andean slopes (Gentry, 1982; ing in previously little-explored parts of trop­ Knapp, 2002a). The genus Solanum in partic­ ical America greatly increased in the last few ular is highly diverse in the Andes, but lack decades. Exploration and collecting are also of collections for Bolivia may have led to the essential for uncovering the existence of rare, local endemics, such as Capsicum caballeroi or S. moxosense. 1Author for correspondence The following notes and new species are Brittonia, 58(4), 2006, pp. 322-356. ISSUED: 28 December 2006 © 2006, by The New York Botanical Garden Press, Bronx, NY 10458-5126 U.S.A. 2006] NEE ET AL.: SOLANUM AND CAPSICUM (SOLANACEAE) 323 based primarily on 15 years of botanizing in structure described above. In many Solanum Bolivia by Nee, by a field trip by Nee and species, particularly in Solanum subgenus Bohs in 1998, and one by all three authors in Leptostemonum, the anthers are tapered dis­ May of 2001. This last trip was instrumental tally and the terminal pores do not enlarge as in solidifying our concepts of a number of the flower ages. Other species have oblong new and critical taxa, and provided the op­ anthers with blunt tips and the pores expand portunity to see them in the field and obtain into longitudinal slits with age. material for molecular studies. The notes and Most Solanaceae have complex branching new species here are in anticipation of the patterns on their flowering shoots, and the Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Bolivia details of these patterns can be taxonomically by P. J0rgensen et al. (in prep.) of the Mis­ useful. Inflorescences are morphologically souri Botanical Garden and a number of Bo­ terminal. Further stem growth occurs by ex­ livian institutions, and are part of the world­ pansion of axillary shoots located below the wide revision of Solanum being undertaken inflorescence; these, in turn, will terminate in by the authors in collaboration with Dr. an inflorescence. Thus, the flowering portion David Spooner of the University of Wiscon- of the plant is composed of a series of sym- sin/U.S.D.A. and a host of other contributors. podial units, with number and arrangement This paper, and one of the most striking of leaves in each sympodial unit of system­ new species, is dedicated to the memory of atic importance. For instance, Solanum sec­ Dr. Michael D. Whalen (1950-1985), the tion Geminata takes its name from the fre­ major professor of Knapp at Cornell Univer­ quent occurrence of two-leaved sympodia in sity and colleague of Nee. Dr. Whalen was which the leaves are arranged in pairs (gemi­ travelling in Peru and scheduled to meet with nate). More information on branching pat­ Nee on his first trip to Bolivia in late 1984. It terns in Solanaceae can be found in Danert was at this time that Dr. Whalen began to ex­ (1958, 1967), Child (1979), Bohs (1989), perience the visual problems which cut short Bell and Dines (1995), and Knapp (2002b). his Peruvian trip and which were symptoms of the brain cancer that tragically ended his Capsicum L. productive botanical life. He thus never had the chance to visit Bolivia and study its var­ Bolivia is especially rich in species of ied and fascinating Solanaceae. He was a Capsicum; eight wild or domesticated taxa professor, mentor, and friend sorely missed are mapped for Bolivia by Eshbaugh (1975). even still. With the two species described below, nine native or naturalized species are now known Notes on systematic characters from the country (Nee, unpubl. data), while several others are widely grown for their The species described here belong to the pungent fruits. Neither of the new species genera Capsicum and Solanum, both of listed below appears to be close to any of the Solanaceae subfamily Solanoideae. Cap­ domesticated species, nor is either known to sicum is distinguished by its longitudinal an­ be gathered in the wild or to enter into com­ ther dehiscence and, in at least the majority merce. of species, its pungent fruits. In the Cap­ sicum species described here, the calyx mar­ Capsicum caballeroi M. Nee, sp. nov. T ype: gin is truncate with five or ten appendages Bolivia. Santa Cruz. Prov. Caballero: Par- that emerge from below the calyx rim. Simi­ que Nacional Amboro, Cerro Bravo, 10 km lar calyces are found in the related genus Ly- al N de Comarapa, 17°49.5'S, 64°32.5'W, cianthes Hassl., and they have a different pat­ 2400-2500 m, 7-10 Apr 1994 (fl, fr), I. tern of vasculature than is found in other Vargas C. & J.M. Camacho 3118 ( h o l o - Solanaceae with a more conventional calyx ty p e : USZ; is o ty p e s : CORD, MO, NY, structure (D’Arcy, 1986). US). (Fig. 1) The generic characters distinguishing Herba vel frutex, 1-7 m altus. Inflorescentia axillaris, Solanum are poricidal anther dehiscence and 1-2-flora, pedicellis per anthesin 20-25 mm longis, fruc- lack of the specialized Lycianthes calyx tiferis 24-45 mm longis; calyx cupulatus, 2.5 mm 324 BRITTONIA [VOL. 58 Fig. 1. Capsicum caballeroi M. Nee. A. Flowering branch. B. Branch with detail of flower and fruit. C. Flower. D. Corolla spread open to show stamens. E. Gynoecium and section of calyx. F. Branch with mature fruit. G. Seed. (A-E based on Nee et al. 52407, NY; F-G based on Dorr & Barnett 7041, NY.) 2006] NEE ET AL.: SOLANUM AND CAPSICUM (SOLANACEAE) 325 longus, appendicibus 5, per anthesin 0.8-1.8 mm longis, ical zone into Dept. Cochabamba, Prov. Car­ plerumque 5 appendicibus interpositis brevioribus; rasco, in the adjacent Parque Nacional Car­ corolla angusti-campanulata, 10.5-13 x 4-6 mm, lobis 3 x 2 mm, flava; filamenta 4.5 mm longa; antherae 2-2.1 rasco. mm longae. Fructus globosus, 9-11 mm diam., vivide Phenology.—Found in flower in April, ruber, sapore pungenti; semina 5-17, reniformia, 3.8-4.2 May, and November and in fruit in January, 3.2 mm. March, May, and November; it likely flowers Herb, shrub or treelet, 1-7 m tall; stems and fruits all year long. glabrous or sparsely pubescent with simple Etymology.—Named in honor of Bolivian hairs. Sympodial units difoliate and gemi­ botanist Israel Gerardo Vargas Caballero, nate. Leaves 2-13 x 0.8-4.2 cm, more or less whose own investigations and those of his uniform in size and shape, lanceolate, students are making wild and domesticated glabrous adaxially and abaxially or sparsely plants of this part of Bolivia much better pubescent abaxially along the midrib with known, and incidentally (although incorrect simple hairs 0.3 mm long; base acute to at­ grammatically) for the Province Manuel tenuate and somewhat oblique; margin Marfa Caballero, where most of the speci­ slightly revolute; apex attenuate; petioles 2-8 mens have been collected.
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