African American NHL Assessment Study

National Park Service Organization of American Historians National Museum of African American History and Culture

February 6, 2008

CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………………………………1

BACKGROUND………………………………………………………………………………………………..…… 3

PART A. ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING THEMES…………………………………………………………….. 5

PART B. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ADDITIONAL THEMES………..……………………………………. 7

PART C. FURTURE RESEARCH AND NOMINATION EFFORTS……..………………………………….. 10

CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 11

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS…………...…………………………………………………………………………… 12

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: AFRICAN AMERICAN NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS………….………….14

APPENDIX B: ANALYSIS OF AFRICAN AMERICAN NHLS………………………….…………….42

APPENDIX C: SCHOLAR COMPOSITE ASSESSMENT……………………………….………..… 45

APPENDIX D: NPS UNITS ASSOCIATED WITH AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY……………. 46

APPENDIX E: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EXISTING NHLs………..……………..…………..... 53

APPENDIX F: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR POTENTIAL NHLs.…………..……………………... 57

APPENDIX G: ASSOCIATED THEME STUDIES………………..…………..………….………...…76

AFRICAN AMERICAN NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS ASSESSMENT STUDY National Park Service – Cultural Resources National Historic Landmarks Program

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Introduction

The African American National Historic Landmarks Assessment Study evaluated the National Historic Landmarks Program’s comprehensiveness in commemorating nationally significant African American history. The goal of the assessment study was to identify patterns in the identification, evaluation, and nomination of properties associated with African American history and to determine if all aspects of this history are represented. Working under a long-standing cooperative agreement, the National Historic Landmarks Program (NHL Program) and the Organization of American Historians (OAH) assembled a team of scholars to review the current list of National Historic Landmarks (NHLs) and offer feedback. The reviewing scholars convened on September 10, 2007, at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, DC, to discuss their assessments and make recommendations for future research and nomination efforts. The final report will assist the National Park Service (NPS) in creating a network of scholars and organizations that may be interested in the recommendations of the Scholars Meeting Group, and undertake the necessary research and documentation to prepare nominations that lead to NHL designation of new properties associated with African American history. The report will assist planners in evaluating proposals by Congress and others for additions to the National Park System, National Historic Trails, and National Heritage Areas as well as assist states, Federal agencies, and the general public in identifying properties that should be nominated for NHL status.

Methodology

In fiscal year 2005, the NPS Park Planning Office provided $25,000 to the NHL Program to evaluate the comprehensiveness of the program’s efforts in commemorating nationally significant African American history. To facilitate this assessment, the NHL Program defined African American history as the broad range of themes, events, ideas, and technologies that are directly associated with a person or people of African ancestry; or that have a nationally significant cultural, economic, legal, social, or political impact on people of African ancestry from European settlement of North America to the present. Therefore, the list of NHLs identified for the assessment study may not be directly associated with a person of African ancestry but all represent national trends and events that had a nationally significant impact on or were uniquely influenced by the African American community.

In Phase I of the Assessment Study, the NHL Program identified and compiled documentation on currently listed NHLs and NPS units designated for their association with African American history. Relevant sites were identified using National Landmarks, American Treasures (2000) by S. Allen Chambers, Jr., the NHL Program’s “List of National Historic Landmarks by State” (May 2006), and the National Register Information System (NRIS).

During Phase II, the NHL Program invited NPS regional offices, State Historic Preservation Offices (SHPOs), other government agencies, private organizations, and other interested parties to comment on the Assessment Study and recommend properties associated with African American history for potential NHL nomination. The query garnered responses from 32 SHPOs, 3 NPS regional offices, several National Park System units, private preservation organizations, and other interested individuals.

For Phase III of the Assessment Study, OAH recruited distinguished scholars of African American history to participate in the Scholars Meeting Group. Prior to the meeting held on

1 September 10, 2007, participants reviewed the list of previously identified NHLs with three objectives:

1. Evaluate the current comprehensiveness of research and nominations of properties within ten major themes in African American history: Archeology; Colonial and Early America; Culture, Arts, and Ideas; Economics and Commerce; Emancipation and Reconstruction; History of the American West; Law, Society, and Government; Notable Individuals; Sciences and Technology; and Slavery and Civil War.

2. Recommend additional themes in African American history to target for future research, documentation, and nomination efforts; and

3. Identify potential properties and partners to facilitate future research and documentation of African American history, leading to the preparation of NHL nominations.

Study Findings

The Scholars Meeting Group found the following:

1. Current NHLs provide fair coverage of nationally significant African American history and reflect a limited range of events, ideas, themes, and significant individuals.

2. Five of the ten evaluated themes are minimally covered or require significant improvement in documentation and NHL nomination efforts: Archeology, Colonial and Early America, History of the American West, Science and Technology, and Economics and Commerce.

3. The evaluated themes and existing NHLs do not sufficiently represent recent scholarship in African American history.

Recommendations

The Scholars Meeting Group recommended the following:

1. Expansion of research and nomination efforts in five of the ten evaluated themes: Archeology, Colonial and Early America, History of the American West, Science and Technology, and Economics and Commerce.

2. Development of ten additional themes for future research and NHL nomination efforts: Black Freedom Struggles; Grassroots and Vernacular History; Institutional History; Intellectual History; Education and Literacy; Era of Jim Crow; Racial Violence and Intimidation; Migration and Movement; Family Life and Relationships; and Black Recreation, Leisure, and Entertainment.

3. Dissemination of the findings of the Assessment Study to preservation organizations and other interested parties that may partner with the National Park Service to facilitate and increase research, documentation, and nomination of properties associated with African American history.

2 AFRICAN AMERICAN NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS ASSESSMENT STUDY

Background

National Historic Landmarks (NHLs) are cultural properties designated by the Secretary of the Interior as being nationally significant. They are acknowledged as among the nation’s most important historic places and the most outstanding representations of American history and identity. The NHL Program focuses attention on these historic places by recognizing and promoting preservation efforts by government agencies, private organizations, local communities, and individuals. Working with these parties, the NHL Program facilitates nomination of properties for designation by the Secretary of the Interior. Today, approximately 2,500 historic places bear this national distinction and represent many aspects of United States history.

To address the need for the NHLs to be fully representative of the nation’s history, in 1991 Congress authorized the National Park Service (NPS), through Public Law 102-98, to conduct an African American History Theme Study, but did not provide funding for this project. Many NHLs are nominated through congressionally-mandated theme studies, which identify and consider related properties for designation within a specific historic theme. Despite limited resources, the NHL Program has recently undertaken several NHL theme studies associated with African American history (see Appendix G). These include the four-part American Civil Rights Theme Study that examines the desegregation of public accommodations, voting rights, access to open housing, and access to equal employment opportunities. OAH collaborated with the NHL Program in undertaking the American Civil Rights Theme Study, which has produced twelve NHL designations to date.

In addition to properties designated in conjunction with theme studies, the NHL Program facilitated designation of several individual properties associated with African American history—with nominations prepared by SHPOs, NPS regional offices, private organizations, and interested individuals. The home of attorney Roswell Field, located in St. Louis, Missouri, is the most recent related property to be designated as an NHL. The Field House is associated with Field’s preparation of the legal defense for freedom seeker Dred Scott. Field formulated the legal argument that brought the case Scott v. Sanford before the U. S. Supreme Court but then turned the defense over to an attorney with more experience in arguing before the Court. The 1857 decision, written by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, ruled that no person of African ancestry could be a U.S. citizen and declared unconstitutional the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which prohibited slavery in the territory north of Missouri. The ruling, commonly known as the Dred Scott Decision, became a critical impetus for the American Civil War.

In fiscal year 2005, the NPS Park Planning Office provided funding to undertake an assessment of the comprehensiveness of the NHL program’s nomination efforts in the area of African American history. The goal of the African American National Historic Landmarks Assessment Study was to identify patterns in the identification, evaluation, and nomination of properties associated with African American history and to determine if all aspects of this history are presently represented.

Initial efforts focused on digitizing the official NHL documentation related to African American history. Completed at the end of fiscal year 2006, the NHL Program, in partnership with the Organization of American Historians, digitized the nominations and made them available to the public through the NPS website: www.nps.gov/nhl.

3 Recognizing the breadth of both the thematic and chronological scope of “African American history,” the NHL Program formulated a definition to capture both the African American experience in the United States and delineate the NHL Program’s criteria for a property’s eligibility as a NHL. For the assessment study, African American history was defined as the broad range of themes, events, ideas, and technologies that are directly associated with a person or people of African ancestry; or that have a nationally significant cultural, economic, legal, social, or political impact on people of African ancestry, from European settlement of North America to the present. Therefore, some NHLs identified for the Assessment Study may not be directly associated with a person of African ancestry but all represent national trends and events that had a nationally significant impact on or were uniquely influenced by the African American community. Using this definition as a starting point, 174 existing NHLs (see Appendix A) and 47 National Park units (see Appendix D) were identified for their association with African American history.

The NHL Program recognizes 30 categories of areas of significance (including "Other") that identify the topic under which a building, site, structure, object, or district is nominated for NHL designation. These areas of significance are topics in an overarching theme, by which a nomination preparer explains and justifies a property’s historical importance to the nation as a whole and by which a property’s significance is evaluated in comparison to other properties. In analyzing the list of identified properties, the NHL Program found that existing NHLs were designated using most of the recognized areas of significance but that some categories had no associated NHLs or were significantly less represented compared with other categories.

An analysis of the extant NHLs provided in Appendix B, using the 29 areas of significance categories (excluding the category “Other”) to evaluate current commemoration of African American history, shows that: • Zero NHLs are associated with African American history in the following categories: Art, Conservation, and Maritime history; • Ten or fewer NHLs are associated with African American history in these categories: Agriculture (4), Archeology (2), Communications (4), Community Planning and Development (5), Economics (5), Engineering (2), Entertainment/Recreation (5), Health/Medicine (2), Invention (5), Landscape Architecture (2), Philosophy (1), Science (4), and Transportation (4); and • Eleven or more NHLs are associated with African American history in these categories: Architecture (11), Commerce (18), Education (44), Ethnic Heritage-Black (173); Exploration/ Settlement (23), Industry (19), Law (35), Literature (12), Military history (12), Performing Arts (16), Politics/Government (56), Religion (14), and Social history (140).*

* An NHL property may be significant in more than one area of significance, which explains why the total is more than the 174 existing NHLs associated with African American history.

4 Part A. Assessment of Existing Themes

In 1999, the National Park Service’s Revised Thematic Framework highlighted the agency’s responsibility to ensure that research and NHL nomination efforts “reflect current scholarship and represent the full diversity of America’s past” (National Register Bulletin, “Appendix A,” How To Prepare National Historic Landmark Nominations. 1999: U.S. Department of the Interior, p. 79). The African American Assessment Study evaluates the fulfillment of this mission in the field of African American history. Most of the NHL Program’s historical themes were established in the 1950s and 60s, reflecting the dominant scholarship of that period. Given the development of recent scholarship, the Scholars Meeting Group’s first major objective was to evaluate the existing historical themes and recommend which merited better coverage in the NHL Program. To facilitate assessment by the participating scholars, the NHL Program’s 30 areas of significance categories were condensed into ten major themes through which the existing 175 African American NHLs were evaluated. The selected themes were: Economics and Commerce; Science and Technology; Culture, Art, and Ideas; Law, Society, and Government; Archeology; Notable Individuals; Colonial and Early America; Slavery and Civil War; Emancipation and Reconstruction; and History of the American West. By no means exhaustive, the ten were chosen with the recognition that some themes would overlap, that some NHLs could be representative of multiple themes, and that some NHLs would not neatly fit any of the chosen themes. Prior to the meeting on September 10, 2007, the scholars were given the list of existing NHLs, a brief analysis of the NHLs by theme, and the objectives of the Assessment Study. The scholars were asked to evaluate the existing NHLs within the ten themes—providing an explanation for their ratings—and recommend additional themes in African American history for future research and nomination efforts.

The scholars used a sliding scale rating system, from 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent), which assessed the sufficiency of NHL documentation of events, ideas, themes, or significant individuals critical to commemorating the history and significance of the 10 evaluated themes. Scholars were specifically asked to provide an explanation of ratings below 4 (good). To view the complete rating system, see “Scholar Assessment Composite” in Appendix C.

Findings

The Scholars Meeting Group generally concluded that the current list of NHLs provided fair coverage of nationally-significant African American history and reflect a limited range of events, ideas, themes, and significant individuals. The scholars noted that the pattern of NHL Program nomination efforts focused extensively on legalistic and policy driven documentation of historic themes. The scholars determined that this focus did not capture many aspects of African American history and recommended that the NHL Program broaden its thematic scope. The Scholars Meeting Group also identified five themes where documentation and nomination efforts required significant improvement: Archeology, Colonial and Early America, History of the American West, Science and Technology, and Economics and Commerce. The Scholars Meeting Group determined that the numbers of existing NHLs associated with five themes were very small, or that extant NHLs represented history limited to a specific topic. While coverage was good or even excellent on a single topic (such as the Underground Railroad and desegregation of public education), the current NHLs were deficient in representing the broader histories of five themes. A synopsis of the five themes evaluated as poorly covered or needing improvement follows.

Archeology: Citing recently discovered archeological sites, such as New Philadelphia Townsite in Barry, Illinois and the Slave Tunnel at the George Washington House in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Scholars Meeting Group assessed the scarcity of archeological properties designated for African American history as poor, defined as having little or no coverage of major events, ideas, themes or significant persons in the category. The scholars pointed out that since African American resources were historical

5 targets of racial violence, intimidation, and destruction (see “Additional Themes”), archeological remains are quite possibly the only resources for research and documentation of large portions of nationally significant African American history.

Colonial and Early America: The Scholars Meeting Group noted the need for documentation of the history of African American life and contributions during Colonial and Early America. The Meeting Group particularly noted the lack of properties associated with the American maritime history of the Middle Passage and the Internal Slave Trade, African Americans’ roles in colonial settlement, and African American involvement in the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812.

History of the American West: The Scholars Meeting Group observed the absence of NHLs documenting African American history in the American West, particularly in the territorial and state history of California. Citing the expansion of slavery and the admittance of territories into the United States as a pivotal issue in American history, the absence of NHLs commemorating this history was particularly problematic. The NHL Program does not include the history of African American migration and settlement of the region, particularly during the California Gold Rush of the late 1840 and 50s, the creation of post-Reconstruction all-black towns, and the development of urban western communities in the early to mid-20th century.

Science and Technology: Although the Scholars Meeting Group noted that existing NHLs did commemorate African American history in the area of science and technology, demonstrated by the Charles R. Drew House NHL, the group also noted that the NHL Program does not fully document the range of African American inventors, architects, engineers, academicians, and institutions of scientific research. The Scholars Meeting Group was particularly critical of the absence of NHLs associated with the black medical profession, the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, and the schools of science and engineering at Historically Black Colleges and Universities.

Economics and Commerce: The Scholars Meeting Group determined that the existing NHLs provided only a small sampling of black businesses and commercial activity in the United States and noted that very few NHLs commemorated the history of African American craftsmanship or labor. The Scholars Meeting Group criticized the absence of NHLs that represent the larger history of collective black enterprise, such as mutual aid and benevolent societies, and the existence of black business districts—including their destruction due to white racial violence, as exemplified by the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921.

6 Part B. Recommendations for Additional Themes

The second major objective in undertaking the Assessment Study was to ensure that future research and nomination efforts reflect current scholarship in the field of African American history. Reviewing scholars were asked to identify emerging scholarship in the field of African American history that deserves research and documentation within the NHL Program and to identify non-designated properties that best represent this new scholarship. The Scholars Meeting Group recommended ten additional thematic areas for future research and documentation: Black Freedom Struggles; Grassroots and Vernacular History; Institutional History; Intellectual History; Education and Literacy; Era of Jim Crow; Racial Violence and Intimidation; Migration and Movement; Family Life and Relationships; and Black Recreation, Leisure, and Entertainment. The Scholars Meeting Group viewed these recommendations as a beginning point to address gaps in NHL research and documentation of African American history, and not as a definitive list.

Black Freedom Struggles or Struggles for Full Freedom, Justice, and Equality: At every moment in American history, various groups have contested the meaning of citizenship and freedom; never more so than with the struggles of African Americans for inclusion in or separation from American society. The Scholars Meeting Group determined that the NHL Program has largely succeeded in nominating a wide range of resources important for documenting civil rights history, or African American struggles for inclusion in American society. However, past nomination efforts have ignored the history of African American struggles for self-determination that do not have integration as its goal. The absence of NHLs documenting this history, therefore, does not represent the full complexity and significance of African American history, particularly since reactions to more radical African American definitions of freedom frequently spurred transformations in American society. Expanding research and nomination efforts to represent a larger Black Freedom Struggles theme would continue nomination efforts within the theme of civil rights but would also illustrate the national significance and impact of black nationalism and other radical movements—both domestic and international—on American society.

Grassroots and Vernacular History: The Scholars Meeting Group noted that existing NHLs and National Park System units provide broad representation of notable African American leaders and major events in African American history, such as the Mary McLeod Bethune Council House National Historic Site and the Tuskegee Airman National Historic Site. However, the Scholars Meeting Group also pointed out that the most striking feature of African Americans’ profound impact on American society has been through the ordinary experiences of their daily lives. Although the importance of African American leaders and mass movements can never be understated, it has often been the everyday African American knowledge that has soaked into the fabric of American life, often in previously undocumented ways. The Scholars Meeting Group determined that NHL Program nomination efforts should capture the national significance of “ordinary” lived experiences. For example, emerging scholarship on the importance and impact of African American foodways illustrates the need for increased nomination efforts in the category of social history. Scholarly studies of African American recipes and cooking techniques, commonly called “soul food,” have recently gained prominence. NPS has begun to commemorate this history, particularly in the Historic American Buildings Survey and Historical American Engineering Record Program’s focus on documenting vernacular architecture, such as exemplary examples of shotgun houses, as well as in the Park Ethnography Division’s recently launched “National Parks Associated with African Americans: An Ethnographic Perspective” Program.

Institutional History: In tandem with the daily experiences of African American life, institutions form a critical locus from and around which African Americans organized as a

7 community to effectively transform American society. Black religious institutions (African Methodist Episcopal Church, United House of Prayer, Nation Of Islam), Black fraternal organizations (Prince Hall Masons, Easter Star, Greek fraternities and sororities), political and social clubs (National Association of Colored Women, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, National Urban League), Black business/professional/economic organizations (Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, benevolent societies), and educational institutions (Historically Black Colleges and Universities) form the nucleus of organized activities to build African American communities and challenge institutional racism in the United States. The Scholars Meeting Group recommended that future NHL nomination efforts focus on documenting this legacy.

Intellectual History: In addition to building institutions, African American also invented and developed theories, ideas, concepts, and products that further transformed American society. The Scholars Meeting Group determined that future NHL efforts should recognize and preserve the creation of ideas and products developed within African American intellectual traditions, by researching and documenting sites associated with African American architects, authors, artists, academicians, community scholars, scientific researchers, and inventors. For example, the W. E. B. DuBois Boyhood Homesite is an NHL designated for its association with the famed civil rights activist and first African American Ph.D. recipient from Harvard university. DuBois researched and wrote The Philadelphia Negro, which is widely regarded as one of the foundational texts for the field of American sociology.

Education and Literacy: Connected to the theme of Intellectual History is the unique struggle of African Americans to obtain education and literacy in the United States. Acknowledging past NHL nomination efforts around the theme of education, the Scholars Meeting Group determined that more focused research was necessary to document the legal and extra-legal barriers used to deny education to African Americans and the unique solutions that African Americans, their supporters, and their opponents used to challenge or maintain educational inequality. The Scholars Meeting Group pointed out that the struggle for African American education and literacy was the result as well as the catalyst for changes in national education policy, both governmental and privately-sponsored. The Scholars Meeting Group cited such examples as racially- segregated public schools; Freedman Bureau schools; Historically Black Colleges and Universities; Rosenwald Schools; Church-sponsored schools; and current debates surrounding multi-cultural education, integration and community-controlled schools.

Era of Jim Crow: The Scholars Meeting Group determined that there were significant chronological gaps in the documentation of current NHLs. The small number of NHLs whose periods of significance span the 1880s to the 1930s and the post-1960s history merited attention. Because of the general 50-Year Rule in NHL nomination criteria, the Scholars Meeting Group determined to prioritize the 1880s-1930s, designating the period as the “Era of Jim Crow” to encompass both its thematic and chronological aspects. The Era of Jim Crow includes institution and community-building post- Reconstruction, the extreme racial violence and intimidation of African Americans, the First Great Migration, regionalism, the development of scientific racism, and government policy decisions leading to the Modern Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 60s.

Racial Intimidation and Violence: The Scholars Meeting Group also recommended a Racial Intimidation and Violence theme associated with African American history, as an important historical demonstration of and catalyst for community and government action to control issues of race, power, and citizenship. The Racial Intimidation and Violence theme spans the establishment, maintenance, and demise of the American slave system; lynching and white racial riots of the late 19th and early 20th centuries; as well as violence during the 1950s and 60s Civil Rights Movement such as the 1955 murder of

8 Emmett Till and the murder of African American civil rights leader Medgar Evers in 1963 in Mississippi. The theme also encompasses the history of resistance to such violence through anti-lynching campaigns, establishment of institutions such as the NAACP, theories such as non-violence and self-defense, and events such as the integration of Little Rock Central High School (an NHL and National Park System unit) in Arkansas.

Migration and Movement: African American history is also the story of movement, both forced and voluntary. The Scholars Meeting Group recommended a Migration and Movement theme as a target for future research and nomination efforts. More broad than the settlement/exploration area of significance category currently used by the NHL Program, African American movement extends beyond the simple “peopling” of the United States, as the category has primarily been documented in NHL nominations. The theme encompasses the reality that, in African American history, movement becomes a method for either claiming or being denied freedom in American society. The Scholars Meeting Group quickly noted that the Migration and Movement theme also closely aligns with the Racial Intimidation and Violence theme because voluntary movement by African Americans was often an attempt to escape intimidation and violence—leading to the establishment of maroon communities during enslavement; all-Black townships; African repatriation movements; and expatriation to other countries such as Mexico, Canada, and France. The Migration and Movement theme would provide for increased NHL representation of the International and Internal Slave Trade, immigration, national transformations in transportation as well as government policy-making, such as urban renewal projects and military assignments. The theme also captures the history of movements based on economic factors (history of labor, agriculture, American industry), and the demographic and institutional results (urbanization, suburbanization, unionism).

African American Family Life and Relationships: The African American family as a unit of historical change, protest, and support is closely aligned with the Grassroots and Vernacular History theme, and includes the documentation of the historical impact of multi-generational black families on the national landscape. The contributions of notable African American families, significant for successive generations of importance instead of a single person, would recognize and preserve the collective impact. Examples include the military contributions of the Benjamin O. Davis family, the educational and civil rights impact of the Forten-Grimke family, and the economic and cultural impact of the Madame C. J. Walker family. Emerging scholarship on multi-generational African American families also documents the unique systems and laws regarding inheritance, heirs’ property, and other issues that resulted from their existence. In addition to property ownership issues, legislation associated with Black families occupies a unique and significant place in American social and labor history—particularly within the American slave system, through miscegenation laws, within early 20th century eugenics debates, and other governmental policy development such as in social assistance programs.

Black Recreation, Leisure, and Entertainment: African American culture in the United States has frequently provided the foundations of American cultural identity. In recognizing this influence, the Scholars Meeting Group recommended that future research and documentation commemorate the development of African American culture and its impact on the transformation of American culture. Resources in this category could include back-owned media outlets, performance venues, sporting arenas/facilities, tourist and resort communities, record companies and recording studios, as well as notable artists and athletes that entertained American audiences.

9 Part C. Future Research and Nomination Efforts

The larger purpose of undertaking the Assessment Study is to ensure that existing and future NHLs are broadly representative of African Americans’ contributions to the nation’s history and to find strategies to increase future research and documentation efforts leading to NHL nominations. The Assessment Study findings noted the need to develop these strategies. To that end, the Scholars Meeting Group developed a list of organizations and other interested parties that may partner with the NPS to promote the findings of the Assessment Study and undertake its recommendations. The Scholars Meeting Group recommended that the National Park Service widely disseminate the Assessment Study findings and encourage private organizations and individuals to research and nominate properties associated with African American history.

Recommendations for Future Research and Potential NHL Nomination

To further address deficiently covered and newly emerged themes in nationally significant African American history, the NHL Program queried NPS Regional Offices, State Historic Preservation Officers, and other government agencies to obtain recommendations of properties associated with African American history for potential NHL nomination. The query garnered responses from 32 SHPOs, 3 NPS Regional Offices, several National Park System units, private preservation organizations, and interested individuals.

Queried parties recommended 89 current National Register properties and 112 properties that are not listed in the National Register for further research. In addition, SHPOs recommended revision to the official documentation of 47 NHLs to include information on the property’s previously undocumented association with nationally significant African American history (see Appendix E). The recommended properties represent a wide range of themes and property types. Each recommendation must be further researched, documented, and evaluated in accordance with NHL Program criteria. A sample of these property recommendations are provided in Appendix F.

10 Conclusion

The African American National Historic Landmarks Assessment Study illustrates the ongoing challenges of ensuring that the National Park Service’s programs represent the full diversity of United States heritage through the identification, documentation, and nomination of National Historic Landmarks. As new scholarship emerges, the NHL Program must respond by ensuring that future research and nomination efforts reflect and represent current thinking about the American past. The NHL Program must create a network of scholars and organizations that will become invested in the findings and recommendations of the Scholars Meeting Group and will undertake the needed research and documentation leading to National Historic Landmark nominations. The Scholars Meeting Group recommendations offer a strategy to best market the documentation opportunities so that limited resources can be used to greatest advantage.

11 ASSESSMENT STUDY PARTICIPANTS

PROJECT MANAGERS

Susan Ferentinos, Ph.D. Turkiya L. Lowe, Ph.C. Public History Manager Contractor/Project Manager Organization of American Historians National Park Service 112 N. Bryan Ave 1201 Eye Street, NW PO Box 5457 8th Floor Bloomington IN 47407-5457 Washington, DC 20005 812-855-8726 202-354-2266

[email protected] [email protected]

SCHOLARS MEETING GROUP

Jeffrey Harris, Ph.C. Cheryl LaRoche, Ph.D. Director for Diversity Visiting Assistant Professor National Trust for Historic Preservation Department of American Studies 1785 Massachusetts Avenue, NW 1130 Holzapfel Hall Washington, DC 20036 University of Maryland 202-588-6027 College Park, MD 20742 [email protected] 301-946-4471

[email protected] Waldo Martin, Ph.D. Professor of History Michéle Gates Moresi, Ph.D. Department of History Curator of Collections University of California, Berkeley National Museum of African American 3118 Dwinelle Hall History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution Mail Code: 2550 600 Maryland Ave, SW Suite 7001 Berkeley, CA 94720 MRC 509 P.O. Box 37012 510-642-2559 Washington, DC 20013 [email protected] 202-633-4751

[email protected] Larry Rivers, Ph.D. President Harvard Sitkoff, Ph.D. Fort Valley State University Professor of History 1005 State University Drive University of New Hampshire Fort Valley, GA 31030 Horton Hall 403 478-825-6315 Durham, NH 03824

[email protected] 603-862-3024

[email protected] Patricia Sullivan, Ph.D. Associate Professor of History and African American Studies University of South Carolina 228 Gambrell Hall Columbia, SC 29208 803-777-2766 [email protected]

12

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

Brian Joyner, B.A. Antoinette Lee, Ph.D. Writer/Editor Assistant Associate Director Cultural Resources Diversity Program Historical Documentation Programs National Park Service National Park Service 1201 Eye Street, NW 1201 Eye Street, NW 8th Floor 8th Floor Washington, DC 20005 Washington, DC 20005 202-354-2276 202-354-2272 [email protected] [email protected]

J. Paul Loether, M.A. Jan Matthews, Ph.D. Chief Associate Director National Register of Historic Places and Cultural Resources National Historic Landmarks Program National Park Service National Park Service 1849 C Street, NW 1201 Eye Street, NW Room 3128 8th Floor Washington, DC 20240 Washington, DC 20005 202-206-7625

202-354-2272 [email protected]

[email protected] Dan Vivian, Ph.C. Susan Salvatore, M.A. Historian Contractor/Project Manager National Register of Historic Places National Historic Landmarks Program National Park Service National Park Service 1201 Eye Street, NW 1201 Eye Street, NW 8th Floor 8th Floor Washington, DC 20005 Washington, DC 20005 202-354-2256 202-354-2256 [email protected] [email protected]

13

APPENDIX A AFRICAN AMERICAN NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS

Note on Methodology: Relevant National Historic Landmarks were identified for their association with nationally significant events, ideas, movements, themes, and individuals in general African American history. Therefore, some NHLs identified in conjunction with the Assessment Study are not associated with an African American person but have significance to the overall history of African Americans in the United States from the period of European colonialism to the modern Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s (Ex. Robert Barnwell Rhett House in Charleston, South Carolina). In addition, the listed properties may not identify these specific areas of significance in their NHL documentation but manifest these areas of significance in relation to nationally significant African American history. For example, the current nomination may not specify "Ethnic Heritage-Black" as an area of significance; however, the association with nationally significant African American history exists (ex. Sloss Blast Furnace). As a result, property nominations may require revision to include the additional area of significance. NHLs that require such revision are marked here with an asterisk (*) and others are listed in Appendix F. Alternate names of the NHL properties follow in parentheses.

AREA OF THEME STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED NOMINATION SIGNIFICANCE STUDY Bethel Baptist 3200 28th Avenue Law-Civil Rights Act of Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee http://pdfhost.fo http://nps.gov/ Church, North, Birmingham, 1964; Politics/ (SNCC) decided to continue the Freedom Rides of cus.nps.gov/doc nhl/themes/Pu Parsonage, and Jefferson County, Government; Significant May 1961 rather than buckle under white s/NHLS/Text/05 b%20Accom.p

Guard House Alabama Person-Reverend Fred segregationist violence. From Bethel Baptist Church, 000455.pdf df Shuttlesworth; Social Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth coordinated the

History-Civil Rights renewed ride with SNCC and Attorney General Movement (1961 Robert Kennedy. The Alabama Christian Movement Alabama Apr. 5, 2005 Freedom Rides, Public for Human Rights (ACMHR), headquartered in Accommodations); Bethel Baptist Church from 1956 to 1961, confronted Transportation multiple aspects of racial discrimination that served as a model for the 1963 Birmingham campaign and

14 led to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The church and parsonage were places of refuge for wounded and stranded riders rescued by ACMHR members. Brown Chapel 410 Martin Luther Law-Voting Rights Act of Led by community leaders in cooperation with the http://pdfhost.fo http://nps.gov/ African Methodist King, Jr. Street, 1965; Politics/ Southern Christian Leadership Conference and cus.nps.gov/doc nhl/themes/Pu Episcopal Church Selma, Dallas County, Government; Significant other national civil rights organizations, this church s/NHLS/Text/82 b%20Accom.p

Alabama Person-Martin Luther was the headquarters of the Selma Voting Rights 002009.pdf df King, Jr.; Social History- Movement that led to the passage of the Voting Dec. 9, 1997 Civil Rights Movement Rights Act of 1965. (Voting Rights), Selma-to- Montgomery March Dexter Avenue 454 Dexter Avenue, Commerce; Significant This church is associated with its pastor and civil http://pdfhost.fo http://nps.gov/ Baptist Church Montgomery, Person-Martin Luther rights activist, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the cus.nps.gov/doc nhl/themes/Pu Montgomery County, King, Jr.; Social History- Montgomery Bus Boycott (MBB) — described as the s/NHLS/Text/74 b%20Accom.p

Alabama Civil Rights Movement first mass protest against racial discrimination. The 000431.pdf df May 30, 1974 (Montgomery Bus Boycott MBB heralded a new era of direct action of the and Public modern civil rights movement. King was chosen Accommodations); president of the newly formed Montgomery Transportation Improvement Association to lead the bus boycott. Foster Auditorium University of Alabama, Education; Law-Brown v. Foster Auditorium is the site of the June 11, 1963 http://pdfhost.fo Tuscaloosa, Board of Education “stand in the schoolhouse door” by Governor cus.nps.gov/doc Tuscaloosa County, (1954); Politics and George Wallace in defiance of a proclamation by s/NHLS/Text/05 Alabama Government-Civil Rights President John F. Kennedy to obey a court order to 000457.pdf

Act of 1964; Social admit two African-American students to the History-Civil Rights university. The auditorium is a symbol of southern Apr. 5, 2005 Movement massive resistance to school desegregation (Desegregation) following the 1954 Brown decision and the call by the Kennedy administration for a stronger federal commitment to civil rights that became the foundation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. AREA OF THEME STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED NOMINATION APPENDIX SIGNIFICANCE STUDY J. L. M. (Jabez Hwy 21, 3 miles east Education; Social History- Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry, as an agent for the http://pdfhost.fo Lamar Monroe) from the center of Civil Rights, George Peabody Education Fund and the John F. cus.nps.gov/doc Curry Home Talladega, Talladega Reconstruction Slater Fund, was influential in establishing public Dec. 21, 1965 s/NHLS/Text/66

County, Alabama education for emancipated African Americans 000154.pdf

A--AFRICAN throughout the south after the Civil War. Sixteenth Street 1530 6th Avenue Law; Politics/ This church served as the organizational and http://pdfhost.fo http://nps.gov/ Baptist Church North at 16th Street, Government-Civil Rights staging background of the Easter Sunday children’s cus.nps.gov/doc nhl/themes/Pu Birmingham, Jefferson Act of 1964; Social march to integrate public accommodations that s/NHLS/Text/80 b%20Accom.p

County, Alabama History-Civil Rights proved to be one of the most dramatic Feb. 2, 2006, 000696.pdf df Movement (Public confrontations with segregation in the nonviolent National

AMERICAN Accommodations); movement. The church was bombed by white Register listed supremacists on September 15, 1963, killing four 1980 little girls. Mass coverage of the event garnered national empathy for the civil rights movement and led to passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

NHLs Sloss Blast 1st Avenue at 32nd Industry; Politics/ Completed in 1882, this site was designated as a http://pdfhost.fo http://www.np Furnaces * Street, Birmingham, Government National Historic Landmark in 1981 in industrial cus.nps.gov/doc s.gov/nhl/them Jefferson County, heritage for its association with diversifying the s/NHLS/Text/72 es/Labor%20T

Alabama. South’s post-Civil War economy. Further study could 000162.pdf S.pdf be conducted for its association with advances May 29, 1981 made in African American labor in the 1930s by the Congress of Industrial Organizations in its efforts to gain democracy for workers of all races. Swayne Hall, Talladega College Education; Industry Originally constructed by enslaved African American http://pdfhost.fo Talladega College Campus, 627 West labor in 1857 and initially used as a white Baptist cus.nps.gov/doc Battle Street, school, the hall was purchased by the American s/NHLS/Text/74 15 Talladega County, Missionary Association in 1867 to form Talladega 002223.pdf Dec. 2, 1974 Alabama College for freed African Americans. Talladega established a liberal arts program in 1890, unlike other contemporary African American educational institutions which focused on vocational training. Tuskegee Institute Vicinity of Tuskegee, Agriculture; Education; Tuskegee Institute was founded in 1881 by Booker http://pdfhost.fo Macon County, Invention; Science; T. Washington, a leading late 19th century civil cus.nps.gov/doc Alabama Significant Persons- rights advocate and educator. Scientist and inventor s/NHLS/Text/66

Booker T. Washington George Washington Carver, as head of the Jun. 23, 1965 000151.pdf and George Washington Agricultural Department, founded over 500 uses for Carver; Social History- the peanut while working at the college. Civil Rights Fort Huachuca 3.6 miles West of Military History; The fort was the headquarters for the U.S. Army’s http://pdfhost.fo Sierra Vista, Settlement/Exploration four all-black regiments: the 9th and 10th Calvary and cus.nps.gov/doc Cochise County, the 24th and 25th Infantry. The fort was founded in s/NHLS/Text/74 Arizona May, 11, 1976 Arizona 1877 between Tombstone and the U.S.-Mexican 000443.pdf border and played a prominent role in the subjugation of Geronimo’s Chiracahua Apache. Daisy Bates House 1207 West 28th Street, Education; Law-Brown v. Bates shepherded the Little Rock Nine to http://www.nps. http://pdfhost.f Little Rock, Pulaski Board of Education and desegregate Central High School after the Brown v. gov/history/histo ocus.nps.gov/

County, Arkansas Brown II; Politics/ Board of Education and Brown II decisions ended de ry/school.pdf docs/NHLS/Te Government; Significant juré segregation in public education. The house xt/01000072.p

Person-Daisy Bates became the de facto command post for the Central df High School desegregation crisis and served as a Arkansas Jan. 3, 2001 haven for the nine African American students who desegregated the school and a place to plan the best way to achieve their goals. For the first time, a U.S. President used federal powers to uphold and implement a federal court ruling regarding school desegregation. APPENDIX

AREA OF THEME STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED NOMINATION SIGNIFICANCE STUDY Centennial Baptist York and Columbia Religion; Significant From the Centennial Baptist Church's 1905 http://pdfhost.fo A--AFRICAN Church Streets, Helena, Person-Reverend Dr. construction until his death in 1922, Reverend Dr. cus.nps.gov/doc Phillips County, Elias Camp Morris; Social Elias Camp Morris was president (1895-1922) of the s/NHLS/Text/03

Arkansas History-Civil Rights National Baptist Convention (NBC), the largest 001044.pdf African American organization in the United States at the end of the 19th century. Through the NBC, Morris brought attention to the right of African AMERICAN Americans to establish independent religious Jul. 31, 2003 associations. The church functioned as the headquarters of the National Baptist Convention while Morris was pastor. Morris also provided a voice for African American scholars through the NHLs Convention's National Baptist Publishing Board, which was devoted to the production of religious materials for African American congregations. Little Rock Central 14th and Park Streets, Law-Brown v. Board of The school is the site of the first national test site for http://pdfhost.fo http://www.np High School Little Rock, Pulaski Education, Brown II, and desegregation after the Brown v. Board of Education cus.nps.gov/doc s.gov/history/h County, Arkansas Executive Enforcement; (1954) and Brown II (1955) decisions. The crisis at s/NHLS/Text/77 istory/school.p NHL- May 20, Politics/ Government; Little Rock is the first instance since Reconstruction 000268.pdf df 1982; Significant Persons-Little of federal intervention to enforce civil rights. National Historic Rock Nine and Daisy Site, Nov. Bates; Social History-Civil 6,1998. Rights Movement

16 (Desegregation) and Massive Resistance Leland Stanford 800 N Street, Exploration/Settlement- Although its association with African American http://pdfhost.fo House* Sacramento, California; Significant history is not described in current NHL cus.nps.gov/doc (Stanford-Lathrop Sacramento County, Person-Leland Stanford; documentation, Stanford played a pivotal role in s/NHLS/Text/71 California May 28, 1987 House) California Social History-Civil Rights early California civil rights history as a political and 000178.pdf financial supporter of African American civil rights and abolition in the state. Prudence Crandall Southwest corner of Education; Significant Crandall was an educator and reformer who opened http://pdfhost.fo House State Routes 14 and Person- Prudence a school exclusively for African American women cus.nps.gov/doc Connecticut 169, Canterbury, Crandall; Social History- despite community protest and violence in1832. Jul. 17, 1991 s/NHLS/Text/70

Windham County, Civil Rights She closed the school in 1834 after a white mob 000696.pdf Connecticut attacked the house. First Church of 75 Main Street, Law-Amistad case; Mendé Africans from the slave ship, La Amistad, http://pdfhost.fo Christ, Farmington Farmington, Hartford Politics/ Government; worshiped here after being declared free by the cus.nps.gov/doc County, Connecticut Social History-Atlantic United States Supreme Court on March 9, 1841. s/NHLS/Text/75 May 15, 1975 Slave Trade, Abolitionism The Africans remained in Farmington for three 002056.pdf months before setting sail for Sierra Leone in November 1841. Austin F. Williams 127 Main Street, Significant Person-Austin A leading abolitionist, Williams established an http://www.nps. Carriagehouse and Farmington, Hartford F. Williams; Social Underground Railroad station here and headed the gov/history/nr/tr House County, Connecticut History- Slavery, defense team for the 43 Mendé Africans from La avel/undergroun

Abolitionism, Amistad. He provided housing for the Africans after d/thhome.htm Aug. 5, 1998 Underground Railroad, their release from prison by the United States and Reconstruction Supreme Court. Williams was appointed director of the Freedman's Bureau of New England after the Civil War. APPENDIX

AREA OF THEME STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED NOMINATION

A--AFRICAN SIGNIFICANCE STUDY Howard High 401 East 12th Street, Education; Law-Brown v. Howard High School is linked with one of the five http://pdfhost.fo http://www.np School Wilmington, New Board of Education public school segregation cases combined in Brown cus.nps.gov/doc s.gov/history/h Castle County, (1954), and Belton v. v. Board of Education, the landmark U.S. Supreme s/NHLS/Text/85 istory/school.p

Delaware Gebhart (1953); Politics/ Court decision that struck down the “separate but 000309.pdf df Government; Social equal” doctrine governing public policy with regard to

AMERICAN Delaware History-Civil Rights race. In the case, Belton v. Gebhart (1953), a Apr. 5, 2005 Movement group of black parents requested that the school (Desegregation) board allow their children to attend the all-white school within walking distance of their homes, rather than busing their children to the all-black Howard

NHLs High School. New Castle County 211 Delaware Street, Law; Politics/ The name of the previously designated National http://pdfhost.fo Court House New Castle, New Government- Fugitive Historic Landmark was officially changed to New cus.nps.gov/doc Castle County, Slave Act of 1793; Social Castle Court House, and its nationally significant s/NHLS/Text/72

Delaware History-Abolitionism and association with the prosecution of two Quaker 000285.pdf Colonial History abolitionists for violating the Fugitive Slave Act of Nov. 28, 1972 1793 was formally acknowledged. The courthouse had originally received NHL designation only in recognition of its role as the seat of governance in Delaware during the colonial and early statehood eras. Andrew Rankin Howard University, Significant Persons- A portion of the Howard University campus is http://www.nps. http://www.np 17 Memorial Chapel, Washington, DC Thurgood Marshall and nationally significant for the institution’s role in the gov/nhl/designat s.gov/history/h Founders Library, Charles Hamilton legal establishment of racially desegregated public ions/samples/dc istory/school.p

and Frederick Houston; Law-Brown v. education and for its association with two nationally /howard.pdf df Douglas Memorial Board of Education recognized leaders of that fight: Charles Hamilton Hall (Howard (1954); Politics/ Houston and Thurgood Marshall. Beginning in University) Government; Education; 1929, Howard Law School became an educational Social History-Civil Rights training ground for civil rights through the vision of (Desegregation) Charles Hamilton Houston. This program produced District of activist black lawyers dedicated to securing the civil Jan. 31, 2001 Columbia rights of all people of color and, in 1936, established the first course in civil rights law. Thereafter, lawyer Thurgood Marshall of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Legal Defense Fund (LDF) led the organization’s strategy to desegregate schools leading up to the Brown v. Board of Education case. In this case, the U.S. Supreme Court declared school segregation unconstitutional. Blanche K. Bruce 909 M Street, NW Politics/ Government; Blanche K. Bruce was the first African American to http://pdfhost.fo House Washington, DC Social History- serve a full term in the U.S. Senate from 1875 to cus.nps.gov/doc Reconstruction 1881. Bruce represented Mississippi and lived in s/NHLS/Text/75 May 15, 1975 this house during his term. He remained in 002046.pdf Washington, DC and was appointed DC Recorder of Deeds and Registrar of the U. S. Treasury. AREA OF THEME

APPENDIX STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED NOMINATION SIGNIFICANCE STUDY Mary Ann Shadd 1421 W Street, NW Education; Law; Politics/ In 1850, Mary Ann Shadd Cary founded a racially http://pdfhost.fo Cary House Washington, DC Government; Significant integrated school in Canada and fought against cus.nps.gov/doc Person-Mary Ann Shadd exploitive antislavery agents known as "begging s/NHLS/Text/76

Cary; Social History- agents." In 1852, she wrote "Notes on Canada 002128.pdf A--AFRICAN Women's Suffrage, Civil West" which persuaded American Blacks to come to Rights Canada. In 1853, Cary founded Canada's first anti- slavery newspaper, the Provincial Freeman, also becoming the first African American female newspaperperson in North America. During the Civil Dec. 8, 1976 War, Mary Shadd Cary was appointed a Recruiting AMERICAN Officer for the Union Army. Later, Cary moved to Washington, DC and established a school for black children and attended Howard University Law School. She became the first black, female lawyer in the United States when she graduated in 1870 NHLs and was one of the few woman to receive the right to vote in federal elections. Cary organized the Colored Women's Progressive Franchise. Charlotte Forten 1608 R Street, NW Education; Literature; Charlotte Forten was the first African American to http://pdfhost.fo Grimke House Washington, DC Significant Person- teach in Salem, Massachusetts schools. She was cus.nps.gov/doc Charlotte Forten Grimke; also the first, documented, northern African- s/NHLS/Text/76

Social History-Civil Rights American schoolteacher to go south to teach former May 11, 1976 002129.pdf and Reconstruction slaves, teaching on St. Helena Island for two years. In 1864, she published "Life on the Sea Islands" in The Atlantic Monthly. General Oliver Otis 607 Howard Place, Education; Significant General Howard was the first Commissioner of the http://pdfhost.fo

18 Howard House Howard University, Person-Gen. Oliver Otis Freedman’s Bureau and third president of Howard cus.nps.gov/doc NW Washington, DC Howard; Social History- University, a private historically-black college and his May 30, 1974 s/NHLS/Text/74

Civil War, Reconstruction namesake. The house is located on the campus of 002163.pdf the university. National Training 601 50th Street, NE Education; Significant The National Training School was founded by http://pdfhost.fo School for Women Washington, DC Person-Nannie H. educator Nannie H. Burroughs to educate young cus.nps.gov/doc Jul. 17, 1991 and Girls (Trades Burroughs; Social History black women and girls in the domestic arts, s/NHLS/Text/91

Hall) academics, and religious instruction. 002049.pdf St. Luke’s 15th and Church Education; Religion- Alexander Crummell was a scholar, college http://pdfhost.fo Episcopal Church Streets, NW Episcopal Church; professor, Episcopal preacher, advocate for the cus.nps.gov/doc Washington, DC Significant Persons- emigration of Blacks to Africa and advocate of s/NHLS/Text/76

Alexander Crummell and African self-help. The church was founded in 1880 002131.pdf Calvin T. S. Brent; Social by Crummell (who also founded the American Negro May 11, 1976 History-Civil Rights, Pan Academy) and designed by Calvin T. S. Brent, Africanism Washington’s first African American architect, in the 1870s. From this location, Crummell organized black clergymen to fight racism in the Episcopal Church. John Phillip Sousa 3650 Ely Place, SE Education; Law-Bolling v. The John Philip Sousa Junior High School (now the http://pdfhost.fo http://www.np Junior High School Washington, DC Sharpe (1951), Brown v. John Philip Sousa Middle School) is associated with cus.nps.gov/doc s.gov/history/h Board of Education the struggle to desegregate schools in the nation’s s/NHLS/Text/01 istory/school.p

(1954); Politics/ capitol as part of the Bolling v. Sharpe (1951) court 001045.pdf df Government; Social case. The U.S. Supreme Court decided this case on History-Civil Rights the same day as the public school segregation Movement cases in Kansas, Virginia, Delaware, and South Jul. 7, 2001 (Desegregation) Carolina combined in Brown v. Board of Education. The Bolling case was an integral part of the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision that neither the federal or state governments could maintain racially segregated schools. AREA OF THEME STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED NOMINATION SIGNIFICANCE STUDY Mary Church 326 T Street, NW Education; Significant Terrell was a prominent educator and a civil and http://pdfhost.fo APPENDIX Terrell House Washington, DC Person-Mary Church women’s rights leader who was the first president of cus.nps.gov/doc Terrell; Social History-Civil the National Association of Colored Women s/NHLS/Text/75

Rights, Women's Rights (NACW). The NACW was the largest organization 002055.pdf th May 15, 1975 (National Association of of African American women in the late 19 century Colored Women) and early 20th century. She also was an A--AFRICAN accomplished writer and the first black woman to serve on an American school board (1895). Twelfth Street 1816 12th Street, NW Social History-YMCA, Built between 1908 and 1912, this was the home of http://www.nps. YMCA Building Washington, DC Progressive Movement the first African American chapter of the Young gov/nhl/designat Men's Christian Association (YMCA). The building Oct. 12, 1994 ions/samples/dc

AMERICAN was designed by African American architect, William /YMCA.pdf Sidney Pittman. United States First and East Capitol Law-Brown v. Board, The United States Supreme Court is significant as http://www.np Supreme Court Streets, NE Brown II and Plessy v. the site of multiple pivotal civil rights decisions s.gov/history/h Washington, DC Ferguson; Politics/ including Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), Brown v. Board istory/school.p

Government; Significant of Education (1954), and Brown II (1955). df NHLs May 4, 1987 Person-Thurgood Marshall; Social History- Civil Rights Movement (Desegregation) Carter G. Woodson 1538 Ninth Street, Education; Significant Dr. Woodson is the founder of African American http://pdfhost.fo House NW, Washington DC Person-Carter G. history and Black Studies as academic disciplines cus.nps.gov/doc Woodson; Social History and founder of Negro History Week, which has s/NHLS/Text/76

evolved into the currently the federally-recognized 002135.pdf program, Black History Month. Woodson also established the Association for the Study of Negro May 11, 1976 Life and History, The Journal of Negro History, and 19 The Negro History Bulletin. The Woodson House was designated a National Historic Site by Congress and became a unit of the National Park System on Dec. 19, 2003. Mary McLeod Bethune-Cookman Education; Politics/ Mary McLeod Bethune was an educator, civil rights http://pdfhost.fo Bethune Home College, Government; Significant activist, presidential Cabinet Member for Franklin cus.nps.gov/doc 640 Mary McLeod Person-Mary McLeod Delano Roosevelt’s administration, a presidential s/NHLS/Text/74

Florida Bethune Boulevard, Bethune; Social History- advisor, and a United Nations consultant. Bethune Dec. 2, 1974 000655.pdf Daytona Beach, Civil Rights founded Bethune-Cookman College, a historically- Volusia County, black college located in Daytona, Florida, and the Florida National Council of Negro Women. Fort Mose Site St. Johns County, Archeology-Historic Non- Fort Mose is a precursor site of the Underground http://pdfhost.fo http://www.np Florida aboriginal; Social History- Railroad, demonstrating that resistance to slavery cus.nps.gov/doc s.gov/history/n Underground Railroad was both early and fierce, and that it arose decades s/NHLS/Text/94 r/travel/underg before abolitionism became organized and 001645.pdf round/thhome.

influential. Established during the mid-18th century htm Oct. 12, 1994 as a Spanish military post, it was the earliest-known, legally-sanctioned free black community in the present United States. Fort Moses was designated in conjunction with the Underground Railroad Theme Study. Zora Neale Hurston 1734 Avenue L, Literature; Science- Hurston was a seminal Harlem Renaissance writer, http://pdfhost.fo House Fort Pierce, Anthropology*; Significant African American folklorist, and anthropologist cus.nps.gov/doc Saint Lucie County, Person-Zora Neal Hurston trained under Franz Boaz at Barnard College. Her s/NHLS/Text/91 Dec. 4, 1991 Florida most famous works were Mules and Men (1935), 002047.pdf Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937), and Dust Tracks on the Road (1942). Maple Leaf Address restricted, Military; Social History- This Union army transport ship was sunk by the http://pdfhost.fo Mandarin, Civil War Confederacy on April 11, 1864, which killed 5 black cus.nps.gov/doc Duval County, Florida crew members. This ship commemorates the history Oct. 12, 1994 s/NHLS/Text/94

of African American naval participation in American 001650.pdf military history and the Civil War. AREA OF THEME STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED NOMINATION APPENDIX SIGNIFICANCE STUDY Dorchester GA38/US 82 Midway, Education; Law-Voting Dorchester Academy Boys’ Dormitory is nationally http://pdfhost.fo Academy Boys' Liberty County, Rights Act; Politics/ significant as the primary training site for the Citizen cus.nps.gov/doc Dormitory Georgia Government; Significant Education Program sponsored by the Southern s/NHLS/Text/86

Person-Septima Poinsetta Christian Leadership Conference, which educated 001371.pdf

A--AFRICAN Clarke; Social History-Civil thousands of mostly rural Southern African Rights Movement Americans about their legal rights and responsibilities, and taught them the skills needed to pass racially-motivated voter registration tests. The Citizen Education Program furthered the goals of the civil rights movement and ultimately led to the

AMERICAN Georgia Jun. 1, 2006 passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The Dorchester Academy building is also associated with civil rights activist Septima Poinsetta Clark, whose vision and grassroots organizing made the Citizen Education Program successful. Ms. Clark developed

NHLs the citizen education model and oversaw the program from its inception in 1956 in the South Carolina Sea Islands, and carried it with her from the Highlander Folk School to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Henry W. Grady 634 Prince Avenue, Politics/ Government, The Grady house was the home (1863-72) of a http://pdfhost.fo House Athens, Clarke Significant Person-Henry major proponent of national reconciliation during the cus.nps.gov/doc (Taylor-Grady County, Georgia W. Grady; Social History- post-Civil War era, who delivered his famous "New s/NHLS/Text/76

House) Reconstruction South" speech in 1866 in New York City. As a 000613.pdf member of the Atlanta Ring of Democratic political leaders, Grady used his office and influence to May 11, 1976

20 promote a New South program of northern investment, southern industrial growth, diversified farming, and white supremacy. Grady typified the return to “White Home Rule” after the demise of Reconstruction. Herndon Home 587 University Place, Commerce; Economics; Built in 1910, this is the home of founder of the http://pdfhost.fo Atlanta, Fulton County, Industry; Significant Atlanta Life Insurance Company, Alonzo Franklin cus.nps.gov/doc Georgia Person-Alonzo Franklin Herndon, and his family. The company became one s/NHLS/Text/00

Herndon; Social History- of the largest black-owned insurance companies in 000261.pdf early 20th c. the United States. A former enslaved person, Herndon's life reflects the ideal of the American dream, that anyone can be successful in the United States with hard work and determination. Adrienne Herndon, Alonzo’s wife, designed the residence but Feb. 16, 2000 passed away a few months after its completion. Their son Norris was influential in the family’s enterprises and he succeeded his father in running the Atlanta Life Insurance Company. Their home illustrates the family’s aspirations and lifestyle, and also represents the culture of wealthy African Americans during the first half of the 20th century. Martin Luther King, Bounded by Irwin, Architecture; Commerce; This historic district contains civil rights leader Martin http://pdfhost.fo Jr. Historic District Randolph, Edgewood, Community Planning and Luther King, Jr.’s birthplace, the first church he cus.nps.gov/doc Jackson, and Auburn Development; Education; ministered, and his gravesite. The district is part of s/NHLS/Text/74

Avenues, Atlanta, Industry; Landscape the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site and 000677.pdf Fulton County, Architecture; Religion; Preservation District, a National Park System unit. May 5, 1977 Georgia Significant Person-Martin Luther King, Jr.; Social History-Civil Rights Movement; Transportation AREA OF THEME

APPENDIX STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED NOMINATION SIGNIFICANCE STUDY Stone Hall, Morris Brown College, Education Stone Hall is the main classroom and administration http://pdfhost.fo Atlanta University Atlanta, Fulton County, building of Atlanta University, built in 1882. Atlanta cus.nps.gov/doc Dec. 2, 1974 Georgia University is one of the oldest historically-black s/NHLS/Text/74

colleges in the United States. 000680.pdf A--AFRICAN Sweet Auburn Auburn Avenue, Commerce; Economics; This historic district was an important center of black http://pdfhost.fo Historic District Atlanta, Fulton County, Entertainment/ economic, social, religious, and cultural life from the cus.nps.gov/doc Georgia Recreation; Exploration/ Civil War to the 1930s. s/NHLS/Text/76 Dec. 8, 1976 Settlement-Urbanization; 000631.pdf Industry; Religion; Social History-Reconstruction AMERICAN Robert S. Abbott 4742 Martin Luther Communications; Abbott was the founder and publisher of the Chicago http://pdfhost.fo House King, Jr. Drive, Exploration/Settlement- Defender newspaper, the largest African American cus.nps.gov/doc Chicago, Urbanization; Literature; circular of its time during the 1910s to the 1940s. s/NHLS/Text/76

Cook County, Illinois Significant Person-Robert Abbott’s newspaper is credited with spurring the 000686.pdf S. Abbot; Social History- First Great Migration of African Americans from the

NHLs Illinois Dec. 8, 1976 Civil Rights, Great South to northern cities after World War I. The Migration “Great Northern Migration,” as it was called in the Defender, resulted in more than one million blacks migrating northward, about 100,000 of them moving to Chicago. Oscar Stanton 4536-4538 Martin Commerce; Exploration/ In 1928, DePriest was elected to the U.S. House of http://pdfhost.fo DePriest House Luther King, Jr. Drive, Settlement-Urbanization; Representatives from the First Congressional District cus.nps.gov/doc Chicago, Law; Politics/ of Illinois. He was the first African American s/NHLS/Text/75

Cook County, Illinois Government; Social Congressman since 1901 and was the first African 000646.pdf History-Great Migration American ever elected from a northern state. A May 15, 1975 strong advocate for racial justice, his 1933

21 amendment barring racial discrimination in the federal Civilian Conservation Corps was attached to the measure that established the CCC. Jean Baptist Point 401 North Michigan Commerce; Du Sable was a pioneer settler, fur trader, and http://pdfhost.fo Du Sable Homesite Avenue, Chicago, Exploration/Settlement- entrepreneur whose establishment of a trading post cus.nps.gov/doc Cook County, Illinois Urbanization; Industry; marked the 1779 beginning of the city of Chicago. s/NHLS/Text/76 May 11, 1976 Social History-Colonial Du Sable built his first house on the land now known 000690.pdf History as Pioneer Court, thirty years before Fort Dearborn was established on the banks of the Chicago River. Abraham Lincoln Eighth and Jackson Politics/ Government; This NHL was the home of Lincoln before becoming http://pdfhost.fo Home Streets, Springfield, Significant Person- President in 1861. From this home, Lincoln cus.nps.gov/doc (Lincoln Home Sangamon County, Abraham Lincoln; Social campaigned for the Republican Party nomination, Dec. 19, 1960 s/NRHP/Text/71

NHS) Illinois History-Abolitionism, Civil establishing an anti-slavery platform that lead to 000076.pdf War succession by southern states. Owen Lovejoy East Peru Street, Social History- Owen Lovejoy, an influential abolitionist politician, http://pdfhost.fo http://www.np House Princeton, Underground Railroad; lived here from 1838 until his death in 1864. He cus.nps.gov/doc s.gov/history/n Bureau County, Illinois Politics/ Government used this home to harbor fugitive slaves on their way s/NHLS/Text/73 r/travel/underg north and several times he faced prosecution in the 000690.pdf round/thhome.

courts for his role in the Underground Railroad. htm Elected to Congress in 1856, he gained a national Feb. 18, 1997 reputation through his congressional and party leadership and his fiery anti-slavery speeches on the floor of the House. The Lovejoy House was designated in conjunction with the Underground Railroad Theme Study. Old Main Knox College, facing Politics/ Government; Old Main was the site of the Lincoln-Douglas http://pdfhost.fo South Street, Significant Person- debates of 1858 that established Lincoln’s stance on cus.nps.gov/doc Galesburg, Knox Abraham Lincoln; Social the question of slavery and further led toward Jul. 4, 1961 s/NHLS/Text/66

County, Illinois History-Civil War, succession of southern states and the Civil War. 000323.pdf Abolitionism, Slavery AREA OF THEME STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED NOMINATION SIGNIFICANCE STUDY

APPENDIX Lyman Trumball 1105 Henry Street, Law; Politics/ Trumball was a Republican senator that chaired the http://pdfhost.fo House Alton, Lake County, Government; Social Judiciary Committee from 1861 to 1871. During that cus.nps.gov/doc Illinois History-Civil War, time, he sponsored and secured passage of much s/NHLS/Text/75

Emancipation and Reconstruction legislation that impacted the rights May 15, 1975 000667.pdf Reconstruction and condition of newly freed African Americans,

A--AFRICAN including the establishment of the Freedman's Bureau and the Civil Rights Act of 1866. Ida B. Wells- 3624 S. MLK, Jr. Dr. Communications; Politics/ This was the home of educator, journalist, civic http://pdfhost.fo Barnett House Chicago, Cook Government; Significant activist, and women’s and civil rights leader, Ida B. cus.nps.gov/doc County, Illinois Person-Ida B. Wells- Wells-Barnett. From this location, Wells-Barnett s/NHLS/Text/74

Barnett; Social History- conducted a fiery international campaign against 000757.pdf

AMERICAN May 30, 1974 Anti-Lynching Campaign, racially-motivated lynching in the United States and Civil Rights was a founder of the National Association of Colored Women’s Clubs and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Daniel Hale 445 East 42nd Street, Health/ Medicine; Science Dr. Williams was an African American physician who http://pdfhost.fo

NHLs Williams House Chicago, Cook performed the first successful open heart surgery on cus.nps.gov/doc May 15, 1975 County, Illinois July 9, 1893, at Chicago’s Provident Hospital. s/NHLS/Text/75

Williams lived in this house from 1905 to 1929. 000655.pdf Eleutherian College State Route 250, Social History- Constructed between 1854 and 1856, this building is http://pdfhost.fo http://www.np Classroom and Lancaster, Jefferson Underground Railroad; the only surviving site with integrity associated with cus.nps.gov/doc s.gov/history/n Chapel Building County, Indiana Religion one of the first colleges west of the Allegheny s/NHLS/Text/93 r/travel/underg Mountains to promote college-level equal 001410.pdf round/thhome.

educational opportunities prior to the Civil War. htm Families affiliated with the Neil's Creek Abolitionist Indiana Baptist Church were responsible for the founding Feb. 18, 1997 and administration of Eleutherian College and were

22 involved in the clandestine activities of the Underground Railroad. As a hotbed of abolitionism, Lancaster was well-known as a stopping point for enslaved people seeking refuge on their escape to freedom. Levi Coffin House 115 North Main Street, Significant Person-Levi Originally from New Garden, North Carolina, http://pdfhost.fo Fountain City, Wayne Coffin; Social History- Quakers Levi Coffin and his wife Catherine were cus.nps.gov/doc County, Indiana Abolitionism, pivotal Underground Railroad conductors who are s/NHLS/Text/66

Underground Railroad documented to have helped an estimated 2,000 000009.pdf Jun. 23, 1965 enslaved people to freedom into Canada from this location. One of the many slaves who hid in the Coffin home was "Eliza", whose story is told in the influential 19th century novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin. Madison Historic Bounded by Michigan Social History- The Madison Historic District contains impressive http://pdfhost.fo District Road, Craven Street, Abolitionism, numbers of significant buildings from the 19th and cus.nps.gov/doc Madison Country Club, Underground Railroad early 20th centuries, many in the Federal, Greek s/NHLS/Text/73

City Boundary and the Revival, and Italianate styles. The range of 000020.pdf Mar. 20, 2006 Ohio River, Madison, domestic, commercial, public, religious, and Jefferson County, industrial buildings reflect small-town America. The Indiana district includes houses identified with Underground Railroad activities. Madame C. J. 617 Indiana Avenue, Architecture; Commerce; Completed in 1927, this was the main hub of http://pdfhost.fo Walker Indianapolis, Marion Education; Economics; Madame C. J. (Sarah Breedlove) Walker's cus.nps.gov/doc Manufacturing County, Indiana Entertainment/ cosmetology company which made her the nation's s/NHLS/Text/80

Company Recreation; Exploration/ first black, female millionaire and, at the time, the 000062.pdf Settlement- Urbanization; owner of the most successful black-owned business Industry; Invention; in the country. At its height, Walker’s company Jul. 17, 1991 Literature; Performing employed some 3,000 African-American women and Arts; Significant Person- men to manufacture and sell hair products and Madame C. J. Walker; cosmetics. Her technique of selling products door- Social History-Great to-door by employing field agents became a model Migration for other well-known American businesses. APPENDIX AREA OF THEME STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED NOMINATION SIGNIFICANCE STUDY Fort Des Moines Fort Des Moines Military; Social History- This site became a training camp for black officers http://pdfhost.fo Provisional Army Military Reservation, World War I during WWI. On Oct. 15, 1917, 639 black men cus.nps.gov/doc Iowa Officer Training Des Moines, Polk graduated from the school and a year later served in May 30, 1974 s/NHLS/Text/74 A--AFRICAN School County, Iowa the European theater as the 92nd Division, one of 000805.pdf the most successful units of the United States Army. Rev. George B. 63788 567th Lane, Exploration/Settlement- The Hitchcock House is significant for its association http://pdfhost.fo Hitchcock House Lewis, Cass County, Western Expansion; with the abolitionist reform movement, and as a link cus.nps.gov/doc Iowa Religion; Significant in the network that came to be known as the s/NHLS/Text/77

Person-George B. Underground Railroad. The house represents the 000500.pdf AMERICAN Hitchcock; Social History- diversity of localized anti-slavery efforts and the Abolitionism, western expansion of the abolitionist movement. Nov. 9, 1977 Underground Railroad George B. Hitchcock was prominent among the militant anti-slavery leadership of the Congregation Church mission in Iowa, and it is believed he used NHLs his home outside of Lewis to assist in the safe passage of fugitive enslaved people east and north through southwestern Iowa. Fort Scott Town of Fort Scott, Ethnic Heritage-Native Established in 1842 as a frontier outpost, Fort Scott http://pdfhost.fo Bourbon County, American; Exploration/ became a Civil War garrison and training center for cus.nps.gov/doc Kansas Settlement-Western the units of the US Colored Troops. The fort s/NHLS/Text/66 Kansas Jul. 4, 1961 Expansion; Military; Social became a base of operations for the USCT to fight 000106.pdf History-Civil War Native Americans for control of western land, from 1869 to 1873. LeCompton Elmore Street between Law; Politics/ As a consequence of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of http://pdfhost.fo Constitution Hall Woodson and Third Government- Kansas 1854 which allowed Kansans to determine whether cus.nps.gov/doc 23 Streets, Lecompton, Nebraska Act of 1854; their territory would become a free or slave state, s/NHLS/Text/71

Douglas County, Social History-"Bleeding pro-slavery supporters met here and drafted a 000312.pdf Kansas Kansas", Civil War constitution ensuring slavery. The constitution was rejected by Congress, despite President Buchanan's May 30, 1974 support, and by Kansas citizens who voted to outlaw slavery in August1858. The term “Bleeding Kansas” refers to the violent political clashed that took place in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions. Marais des Cygnes 5 miles northeast of Social History-Anti- On May 19, 1858, 30 pro-slavery sympathizers http://pdfhost.fo Massacre Site Trading Post, Linn Slavery, Civil War, crossed into Kansas from Missouri, captured 11 cus.nps.gov/doc County, Kansas "Bleeding Kansas"; free-state settlers, and shot them in this ravine near s/NHLS/Text/71 May 30, 1974 Politics/ Government the state line. This episode helped to nationalize the 000317.pdf fight of "Bleeding Kansas" and defeat the pro-slavery faction. Nicodemus Historic US Route 24, Exploration/Settlement- Founded on Sept. 17, 1877, it is the only remaining http://pdfhost.fo District Nicodemus, Graham Urbanization, Westward town established by African Americans in the post- cus.nps.gov/doc County, Kansas Expansion; Social History- Civil War "Exoduster" Movement, which occurred in s/NHLS/Text/76

Civil Rights, post- response to the demise of Reconstruction and 000820.pdf Jan. 7, 1976 Reconstruction; Politics/ increased racial violence against African Americans. Government; Commerce, The all-black town was launched by Benjamin "Pap" Religion Singleton, who founded 11 such colonies between 1873 and 1880. Sumner 330 Western Avenue Law; Education; Politics/ These two schools were the parties in the lead case http://pdfhost.fo Elementary School and 1515 Monroe Government-Brown v. under which Brown v. Board of Education was Sumner- May 4, cus.nps.gov/doc (all-white) and Street, Topeka, Board of Education; named. Brown consolidated five desegregation 1987; s/NHLS/Text/87

Monroe Elementary Shawnee County, Social History- Civil Rights cases in order to defeat the "separate but equal" Monroe- Oct. 26, 001283.pdf School (all-black) Kansas Movement doctrine established by Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896. 1992 (Desegregation) AREA OF THEME STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED NOMINATION SIGNIFICANCE STUDY Lincoln Hall Berea College, Education; Law-Berea A private school founded in 1855, Berea College http://pdfhost.fo

APPENDIX Madison County, College v. Kentucky; was the first college established in the U.S. for the cus.nps.gov/doc Kentucky Politics/ Government; specific purpose of educating black and white s/NHLS/Text/74

Social History- Civil Rights students together. In 1904, the Kentucky state 000892.pdf Movement legislature mandated that black and white students (Desegregation); could only be taught simultaneously if they were

A--AFRICAN Kentucky taught twenty-five miles apart. The U.S. Supreme Dec. 2, 1974. Court upheld the state’s right to pass laws to regulate state chartered private institutions on the basis of race, thus lending additional credence to do the same for public schools. This is the only instance in which the U.S. Supreme Court upheld AMERICAN school segregation in higher education. Evergreen Louisiana Highway 18, Social History-Slavery and Evergreen is a preserved sugar cane plantation http://pdfhost.fo Plantation Wallace, St. John the Domestic Slave Trade, which includes 22 slave cabins and artifacts owned cus.nps.gov/doc Louisiana Apr. 27, 1992 Baptist Parish, Antebellum South by the site’s African American laborers. s/NHLS/Text/91

Louisiana 001386.pdf NHLs James H. Dillard 571 Audubon Street, Education; Significant This is the home of educator and philanthropist http://pdfhost.fo Home New Orleans, Orleans Person-James H. Dillard; James Dillard, who became a trustee at Xavier cus.nps.gov/doc Parish, Louisiana Social History- University and Dillard University, which was named s/NHLS/Text/74

Reconstruction in his honor. Both universities are historically-black 000929.pdf th Dec. 2, 1974 universities founded in the late 19 century. Dillard built a library and several philanthropic foundations to support African American education and teacher training. Port Hudson Along US 61, Port Military On May 27, 1863, the First (free blacks led by black http://pdfhost.fo Hudson, East officers) and Third (ex-enslaved blacks led by white cus.nps.gov/doc Feliciana Parish, officers) Regiments of the Louisiana Native Guards s/NHLS/Text/74 24 Louisiana laid siege to this Confederate stronghold. Port May 30, 1974 002349.pdf Hudson surrendered on July 8, 1963 to the Union Army, which marked the demise of the last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River. Yucca Plantation Intersection of Architecture; Industry*; Yucca Plantation was established by former http://pdfhost.fo (commonly Melrose Louisiana Routes 119 Social History; enslaved woman Marie Therese Coin-Coin, who cus.nps.gov/doc Plantation) and 493, Melrose, became a wealthy business woman in the late 18th s/NHLS/Text/72

Natchitoches Parish, century. The plantation has some of the oldest June 13, 1972 000556.pdf Louisiana buildings of African design and African American construction in the U.S., especially the African House. Harriet Beecher 63 Federal Street, Literature; Social History- Stowe authored the influential anti-slavery novel, http://pdfhost.fo Stowe House Brunswick, Abolitionism, Civil Rights, Uncle Tom's Cabin. Many historians argue that the cus.nps.gov/doc Maine Cumberland County, Social Reform Movements popular and widely-distributed novel provided the Dec. 29, 1962 s/NHLS/Text/66

Maine final social catalyst for the Civil War. 000091.pdf Kennedy Farm Chestnut Grove Road, Significant Person-John Anti-slavery activist John Brown used Kennedy Farm http://pdfhost.fo (John Brown's Samples Manor, Brown; Social History-the as a headquarters to launch his failed October 1859 cus.nps.gov/doc Maryland Nov. 7, 1973 Headquarters; Washington County, Civil War, Abolitionism raid on Harper's Ferry Armory and Arsenal. s/NHLS/Text/73

Samples Manor) Maryland 000941.pdf African Meeting 8 Smith Court, Religion-African Baptist This 1806 meetinghouse of the African Baptist http://pdfhost.fo House Boston, Suffolk Church; Social History- Church, which was founded in 1805, was the first cus.nps.gov/doc (First African County, Abolitionism; Significant African American church in Boston. It is the oldest s/NHLS/Text/71

Massachusetts Baptist) Massachusetts Person-William Lloyd extant black church building in the U.S. and the May 30, 1974 000087.pdf Garrison 1832 founding place of William Lloyd Garrison's New England Anti-Slavery Society, which became the leading abolitionist organization of the 19th century. Maria Baldwin 196 Prospect Street, Education; Social History Appointed Principal of Cambridge's predominately- http://pdfhost.fo House Cambridge, Middlesex white Agassiz Grammar School in 1889, Baldwin cus.nps.gov/doc County, became the only African American school master in May 11, 1976 s/NHLS/Text/76

Massachusetts New England in 1916. She remained a master for 000272.pdf over 30 years. AREA OF THEME STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED NOMINATION APPENDIX SIGNIFICANCE STUDY Beacon Hill Historic Bounded by Beacon Social History- Designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962, NHL, Dec. 19, http://pdfhost.fo District Street, the Charles Abolitionism, Significant the existing nomination has received new 1962; Revised cus.nps.gov/doc River Embankment, Person-William Lloyd documentation that expands its significance as a NHL, Apr. 4, s/NHLS/Text/66

and Pinckney, Revere, Garrison National Historic Landmark. The original 2007 000130.pdf

A--AFRICAN and Hancock Streets, designation included a boundary that focused on the Boston, Suffolk south slope of the Hill. In 1972, the boundary was County, extended to include the north slope. The original Massachusetts nomination provided recognition for the district’s

Federal and Greek Revival architecture and its early urban design. Added documentation incorporates AMERICAN recent scholarship and extends its period of significance to include late 19th century and early 20th century architectural styles as seen in small apartment buildings. It also documents Beacon Hill’s African American history and role in the NHLs abolition movement. Paul Cuffe Farm 1504 Drift Road, Significant Person-Paul Paul Cuffe was an influential black rights advocate, http://pdfhost.fo Westport, Bristol Cuffe; Social History-Pan philosopher, wealthy merchant, and leader of the cus.nps.gov/doc County, Africanism, Back to Africa early 18th century African Repatriation Movement May 30, 1974 s/NHLS/Text/74

Massachusetts Movement, Civil Rights that advocated the resettlement of African 000394.pdf Americans to the African continent. W. E. B. DuBois Route 23, Great Education; Literature; William E. B. DuBois was a philosopher, writer, civil http://pdfhost.fo Boyhood Homesite Barrington vicinity, Philosophy*; Significant rights activist, sociologist, and co-founder of the cus.nps.gov/doc Berkshire County Person-W. E. B. DuBois; NAACP. DuBois is the first African American s/NHLS/Text/76 May 11, 1976 Massachusetts Social History-Civil Rights awarded a Ph.D. degree from Harvard and his The 000947.pdf Philadelphia Negro is considered one of the 25 foundational texts in the field of American sociology. Gore Place * 52 Gore Street, Education; Industry; Gore Place was designated for its association of http://pdfhost.fo Waltham, Middlesex Literature signer of the Constitution, U.S. Senator, and cus.nps.gov/doc County, governor of Massachusetts, Christopher Gore. s/NHLS/Text/70 Massachusetts African American Robert Roberts, the Gore family Dec. 30, 1970 000542.pdf

butler, wrote The House Servant's Directory, one of the few guidebooks in the world written by a domestic worker for other domestic workers. Samuel Gridley 13 Chestnut Street, Social History- While the Howe family lived here (1863-1866), they http://pdfhost.fo and Julia Ward Boston, Suffolk Abolitionism, Social were key figures in Boston abolitionist circles, and cus.nps.gov/doc May 30, 1974 Howe House County, Reform Movements pursued other reform and humanitarian interests. s/NHLS/Text/74

Massachusetts 002044.pdf Nathan and Mary 17, 19 and 21 Seventh Significant Persons- These properties are significant for their association http://pdfhost.fo (Polly) Johnson Street, New Bedford, Frederick Douglass and with renowned civil and women’s rights activist cus.nps.gov/doc Properties Bristol County, Nathan Johnson; Social Frederick Douglass and for the influential role s/NHLS/Text/00

Massachusetts History-Abolitionism, longtime owner, Nathan Johnson, played in 000260.pdf Underground Railroad Douglass’s life. Johnson was influential in the antebellum effort to eradicate American slavery and in assisting enslaved people escaping from the South. The 21 Seventh Street property was the first home of Frederick Douglass after his 1838 escape Feb. 2, 2000 from slavery. Nathan Johnson and the New Bedford abolitionist community provided Douglass with the example and opportunity to become one of the most renowned abolitionists of his time. In addition, the 21 Seventh Street home is documented to have housed at least one other fugitive slave, and from what is known of Nathan Johnson’s antislavery work it is likely that it, and possibly 17-19 Seventh Street, harbored other fugitive slaves. AREA OF THEME

APPENDIX STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED NOMINATION SIGNIFICANCE STUDY Liberty Farm 116 Mower Street, Social History- Liberty Farm was the home of anti-slavery and http://pdfhost.fo Worchester, Abolitionism, women's rights reformers Abigail Kelly and Stephen cus.nps.gov/doc Worchester County, Underground Railroad Symonds Foster. Kelly and Foster established a May 30, 1974 s/NHLS/Text/74

Massachusetts station on the Underground Railroad at this location. 002046.pdf A--AFRICAN William C. Nell 3 Smith Court, Boston, Education-Field of History; William C. Nell was the leading abolitionist and civil http://pdfhost.fo Residence Suffolk County, Significant Person-William rights advocate from the 1830s to the end of the cus.nps.gov/doc Massachusetts C. Nell; Social History- Civil War. He published the first history of African s/NHLS/Text/76 May 11, 1976 Abolition Americans written by an African American, The 001979.pdf Colored Patriots of the American Revolution, in AMERICAN 1855. Charles Sumner 20 Hancock Street, Law-Roberts v. City of Caucasian abolitionist and attorney Charles Sumner, House Boston, Suffolk Boston (1849); Politics/ along with Boston’s first black attorney, Robert County, Government; Significant Morris, argued for equal education in Roberts v. City

NHLs Massachusetts Person-Charles Sumner of Boston. Sumner concluded that separate could never be inherently equal and that segregation Nov. 7, 1973 marked a race as inferior. The Roberts case provided a pivotal legal precedent for overturning de jure’ racial segregation in the watershed Brown v. Board of Education case. William Monroe 97 Sawyer Avenue, Significant Person-William William Monroe Trotter was a wealthy journalist and http://pdfhost.fo Trotter House Boston, Suffolk Monroe Trotter; Social civil rights advocate at the turn of the 19th century, cus.nps.gov/doc County, History-Civil Rights, post- whose militant strategy to obtain African American s/NHLS/Text/76

Massachusetts Reconstruction civil rights opposed Booker T. Washington's 002003.pdf accommodation with racial segregation and African May 11, 1976

26 American disenfranchisement. A classmate of activist W. E. B. DuBois, Trotter graduated from Harvard in 1895 and founded the weekly newspaper, The Guardian, in 1901. Columbia Nicholson Terminal Commerce; Law-Bob-Lo In June 1945, African American student Sarah http://pdfhost.fo (excursion and Dock Company's Excursion Company v. Elizabeth Ray was denied passage from Detroit to cus.nps.gov/doc steamer) South Slip, Ecorse, Michigan (1948); Politics/ privately-owned Bois Blanc Island in Ontario, s/NHLS/Text/79

Ste. Claire Michigan Government-Civil Rights Canada on the two steamer ships due to her race. 001171.pdf (passenger Act of 1964, Social Ray sued the Bob-Lo Excursion Company which Michigan steamboat)* History- Civil Rights operated the ships. In the 1948 Bob-Lo Excursion July 6, 1992 Movement (Public Company v. Michigan, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled Accommodations); that racial discrimination in foreign commerce was Transportation illegal. The current nomination needs revision to more fully document the African American historical significance associated with the properties. Isaiah T. West Main Street, Exploration/Settlement- Isaiah Thornton Montgomery and his cousin http://pdfhost.fo Montgomery House Mound Bayou, Alcorn Urbanization, Politics/ Benjamin Green, former enslaved people of the cus.nps.gov/doc County, Mississippi Government; Significant Jefferson Davis family, founded the town of Mound s/NHLS/Text/76

Person-Isaiah Thornton Bayou in July 1887. Montgomery is representative 001092.pdf Mississippi May 11, 1976 Montgomery; Social of the post-Reconstruction Black Township History- Black Township Movement. The home was built in 1910. Movement, post- Reconstruction Oakland Memorial Alcorn State Education; Politics and Initially built in 1838 for the all-white Oakland http://pdfhost.fo Chapel University, Alcorn, Government; Significant College, the Chapel is the only extant building from cus.nps.gov/doc Claiborne County, Person-Hiram Revels; the founding of historically-black Alcorn State s/NHLS/Text/74

Mississippi Social History-post- University in 1871. Alcorn was the United States' May 11, 1976 001057.pdf Reconstruction first land-grant college for African Americans and had first African American U.S. Senator, Hiram Revels, as its first president. APPENDIX

AREA OF THEME STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED NOMINATION SIGNIFICANCE STUDY Old Mississippi East side of State Law; Politics/ Passage of the 1890 Constitution at the Old http://pdfhost.fo

A--AFRICAN State Capitol Street at the head of Government; Social Mississippi State Capitol disenfranchised African cus.nps.gov/doc Capitol Street, History-Segregation, Civil Americans and codified segregation on a state level. s/NHLS/Text/69 Jackson, Hinds Rights, post- This action by the Mississippi State legislature 000087.pdf

County, Mississippi Reconstruction began the state-level, constitutional Dec. 14, 1990 disenfranchisement of African Americans after Reconstruction. Southern disfranchisement of black

AMERICAN citizens continued until passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1964. Jefferson National 11 N. 4th Street, Law-Dred Scott Decision The Courthouse contained in this memorial was the http://pdfhost.fo Expansion St. Louis (Independent (1857); Politics/ site of lower court ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford cus.nps.gov/doc Memorial City), Missouri Government-Missouri (1857) in which the Supreme Court ruled that the s/NRHP/Text/66

NHLs Compromise of 1820; Missouri Compromise of 1820, which limited the 000941.pdf Missouri Oct. 15, 1966 Social History-Slavery and expansion of slavery into western U.S. territories, Domestic Slave Trade was unconstitutional. The Courthouse was also the site of property auctions of enslaved people for payment of slaveholders’ personal debts. Roswell Field 634 South Broadway, Law-Dred Scott Decision This is the home of Roswell Field, the attorney who http://www.np House St. Louis, Missouri (1857); Politics/ formulated the legal strategy that placed enslaved s.gov/history/n Government-Missouri laborer Dred Scott’s lawsuit for freedom before the r/travel/underg Compromise of 1820; U.S. Supreme Court. In Scott v. Sandford, the Court round/thhome.

Social History-Slavery and declared that no person of African ancestry could be htm Domestic Slave Trade a U.S. citizen and that the Missouri Compromise of 1820 (that prohibited slavery in the western 27 territories) was unconstitutional. The 1857 decision, authored by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, widened Mar. 29, 2007 the political gap between the North and the South and helped precipitate the Civil War. Anger over the Dred Scott Decision energized the Republican Party and led the nation’s first antislavery political party to presidential victory in 1860. It took the Civil War and passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th post-war constitutional amendments to overturn the Dred Scott Decision. Mutual Musicians' 1823 Highland Ethnic Heritage-Black; This building was the home of the American http://pdfhost.fo Foundation Avenue, Kansas City, Performing Arts; Social Federation of Musicians Local 627 from the 1920s to cus.nps.gov/doc Building Jackson County, History the 1940s. It became the training ground and s/NHLS/Text/79

Missouri second home to renowned American jazz artists 001372.pdf Dec. 21, 1981 such as Count Basie, Charlie "Bird" Parkers, Hot Lips Page, and others. Today, the Foundation Building continues as a practice and concert hall for jazz musicians. Scott Joplin 2685-A Morgan Street, Performing Arts-Jazz; Scott Joplin was the founding composer of popular http://pdfhost.fo Residence St. Louis, St. Louis Significant Person-Scott Ragtime music, which was the forerunner to cus.nps.gov/doc Country, Missouri Joplin American jazz. Dec. 8, 1976 s/NHLS/Text/76

002235.pdf Shelly House 4600 Labadie Avenue, Ethnic Heritage-Black; This site was home to the plaintiffs in Shelly v. http://pdfhost.fo St. Louis, St. Louis Law-Shelly v. Kraemer; Kraemer in which the U.S. Supreme Court struck cus.nps.gov/doc Country, Missouri Politics and Government; down the legality of racially-restrictive housing Dec. 14, 1990 s/NHLS/Text/88

Social Rights-Civil Rights covenants, making de juré housing segregation 000437.pdf Movement (Housing) illegal. AREA OF THEME

APPENDIX STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED NOMINATION SIGNIFICANCE STUDY T. Thomas Fortune Red Bank, Communications; From 1901 to 1915, this was the home of the http://pdfhost.fo House Monmouth County, Significant Person-T. crusading black journalist and civil rights activist T. cus.nps.gov/doc New Jersey Thomas Fortune; Social Thomas Fortune, who advocated the cause of civil s/NHLS/Text/76

History-Civil Rights rights in his newspapers at the turn of the 20th 001171.pdf A--AFRICAN century. Fortune was co-owner and editor of The New Jersey Dec. 8, 1976 New York Age, the most widely-read, black-owned newspaper during the late 19th century. He also became editor of the Negro World, the official newsletter of the Universal Negro Improvement Association, in 1923. AMERICAN Hawikuh Zuni Indian Ethnic Heritage-Native One of the legendary "Seven Cities of Gold", the first http://pdfhost.fo Reservation, American; Exploration/ non-Native American to see it was a Moor (a black cus.nps.gov/doc Valencia County, Settlement-Spanish African Muslim) named Estevanico (also called s/NHLS/Text/66

New Mexico Colonial Exploration the Estéban or Estevan). Estevanico explored the 000502.pdf New Mexico Southwest; Social History- Americas with Spanish conquistadors and was one Oct. 9, 1960 NHLs Colonial History of only three survivors of the Narvaez Expedition of 1527-28. He was killed in 1539 after leading a Spanish expedition in a return to the New Mexico area. African Burial Broadway and Reade Archeology; The African Burial Ground’s seven acre location http://pdfhost.fo Ground National Streets, Exploration/Settlement- contains the graves of an estimated 20,000 free and cus.nps.gov/doc Monument New York City, Urbanization; Social enslaved Africans dating from 1712. The remains of s/NHLS/Text/93 NHL- Apr. 19, New York New York History-Colonial America, at least 400 persons were recovered and then 001597.pdf Slavery reburied in 2003. The site was designated a 1993 National Monument by President George W. Bush, Jr. on Feb. 26, 2006. 28 Louis Armstrong 3456 107th Street, Performing Arts-Jazz; Armstrong was a legendary composer, arranger, http://pdfhost.fo House Corona, Queens Significant Person-Louis and musician that helped create and popularize cus.nps.gov/doc County, New York Armstrong American jazz and blues from the 1920s to his death s/NHLS/Text/76 May 11, 1976 in 1971. During his international tours, he also acted 001265.pdf as a goodwill ambassador for the U.S. State Department. John Brown Farm John Brown Road, Significant Person-John This property is the childhood home and gravesite of http://pdfhost.fo http://www.np and Gravesite Lake Placid, Erie Brown; Social History- radical abolitionist, John Brown. Brown’s body was cus.nps.gov/doc s.gov/history/n County, New York Anti-slavery, Abolitionism, returned here for internment after his execution in s/NHLS/Text/72 r/travel/underg Civil War Harper's Ferry, West Virginia after being convicted Aug. 5, 1998 000840.pdf round/thhome.

of treason for his raid on the Army Arsenal in an htm attempt to begin an insurrection against American slavery. Ralph Johnson 115-125 Grosvenor Significant Person-Ralph As Undersecretary General to the United Nations, http://pdfhost.fo Bunche House Road, Kew Gardens, J. Bunche; Law; Politics Bunche was the highest ranked person of African cus.nps.gov/doc Queens County, New and Government, Social descent in the UN until the ascendancy of Kofi s/NHLS/Text/76

York History-Civil Rights, Annon to UN Secretary-General on December 19, 001266.pdf Diplomatic History 1996. Bunche negotiated the Israeli-Arab Treaty of May 11, 1976 1949 for which he won the Nobel Prize, the first African American to do so. Bunche helped settle the Suez Canal Crisis and was given the Medal of Freedom by President Kennedy in 1956. He lived here from 1952 to 1971. Will Marion Cook 221 West 138th Street, Performing Arts-Jazz; Cook was a violinist, composer, songwriter, and http://pdfhost.fo House New York City, New Significant Person- Will orchestra conductor who helped popularize ragtime cus.nps.gov/doc York Marion Cook and gospel music, especially through his first New s/NHLS/Text/76

York Broadway production, The Origin of the May 11, 1976 001238.pdf Cakewalk. Cakewalk, staged at the Casino Theater Roof Garden, was the first African American theater production on Broadway. AREA OF THEME STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED NOMINATION SIGNIFICANCE STUDY Cooper Union 7th Street and 4th Significant Person- Cooper Union was the site of the pivotal speech by http://pdfhost.fo APPENDIX Avenue, Abraham Lincoln; Social then presidential candidate Abraham Lincoln on the cus.nps.gov/doc New York City, New History-Civil War, slavery question that helped him gain the 1860 s/NHLS/Text/66

York Abolitionism, Republican presidential nomination. In the speech 000540.pdf Jul. 4, 1961 Emancipation Lincoln examined the 39 signers of the Constitution and explained that 21 of the signers, a majority, had A--AFRICAN voted at least once, some more than once, for the restriction of slavery in National Territories. Edward Kennedy 935 St. Nichols Significant Person-Duke Ellington is one of the greatest American composers http://pdfhost.fo "Duke" Ellington Avenue, Apt #4A Ellington; Performing Arts- and arrangers of the 20th century. He and his cus.nps.gov/doc Residence New York City, New Jazz orchestra developed and expanded jazz as a music s/NHLS/Text/76 May 11, 1976 AMERICAN York form, especially through radio broadcasts of his 001239.pdf performances as leader of the house band of the famous Cotton Club in Harlem. Lemuel Haynes Route 149 Religion-Congregational Haynes was a member of the Green Mountain Boys http://pdfhost.fo House South Granville, Church; Military; Politics/ during the Revolutionary War. In 1785, he became cus.nps.gov/doc

NHLs Washington County, Government; Significant the first African American, ordained minister of the s/NHLS/Text/75

New York Person-Lemuel Haynes; Congregational Church and the first to minister an 001235.pdf Social History-Colonial all-white congregation. In 1801, he published a tract America called "The Nature and Importance of True May 15, 1975 Republicanism..." which contained his only public statement on the subject of race or slavery. In 1804, he received an honorary Master of Arts degree from Middlebury College, the first ever bestowed upon an African American. The house was built in 1793. Matthew Henson 246 W. 150th Street, Architecture; Exploration/ On April 6, 1909, Henson was the first known man to http://pdfhost.fo Residence (Dunbar Apt. 3F, Settlement*; Science reach the North Pole as part of the Robert Perry cus.nps.gov/doc

29 Apartments) New York City, New expedition. He lived in this apartment, part of the s/NHLS/Text/75 May 15, 1975 York Dunbar Apartments, the first large majority-black 001207.pdf housing cooperative in the city, from 1929 to his death in 1955. Hurley Historic Bounded by Hurley Significant Person- This district contains the early childhood home, http://pdfhost.fo District Street, Hurley Sojourner Truth; Social located at 1750 Hardenberg House, of 19th century cus.nps.gov/doc Mountain Road, and History-Abolitionism, abolitionist, women’s rights activist, and orator, s/NHLS/Text/66

Schoonmarker Lane, Women's Rights Sojourner Truth (Isabella Baumfree). Truth was Nov. 5, 1961 000577.pdf Hurley, Ulster County, born to enslaved parents Elizabeth and James New York Baumfree, one of 13 children, on the Charles Hardenberg plantation. James Weldon 187 West 135th Street, Literature; Performing James Weldon Johnson was a writer, composer, http://pdfhost.fo Johnson New York City, New Arts-Music; civil rights activist, and field secretary for the cus.nps.gov/doc York Politics/Government; National Association for the Advancement of s/NHLS/Text/76

Significant Person-James Colored People until his death in 1938. He wrote May 11, 1976 001241.pdf Weldon Johnson; Social the hymn, Lift Ev’ry Voice and Sing, which was History-Civil Rights, adopted by the NAACP in 1919 and called the Harlem Renaissance “Negro National Anthem,” as it is still known today. Claude McKay 180 West 135th Street, Literature; Significant McKay was an influential poet and writer largely http://pdfhost.fo Residence New York City, New Person-Claude McKay; credited with beginning the Harlem Renaissance cus.nps.gov/doc York Social History-New Negro literary movement after WWI. He wrote Home to Dec. 8, 1976 s/NHLS/Text/76

Movement, Harlem Harlem, the first book by an African American to 002143.pdf Renaissance reach national bestseller lists. Florence Mills 220 West 135th Street, Performing Arts-Theater; Milles was an actress who received national acclaim http://pdfhost.fo House New York City, New Significant Person- for her role in the Broadway production of Shuffle cus.nps.gov/doc York Florence Mills; Social Along, the first musical composed, directed, and s/NHLS/Text/76

History-Harlem performed by African Americans. It has been 001244.pdf Dec. 8, 1976 Renaissance brought to the NHL Program's attention that this building might not have been Mrs. Mill's actual residence. Further research is necessary to assess this claim. APPENDIX AREA OF THEME STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED NOMINATION SIGNIFICANCE STUDY New York 2293 Seventh Avenue, Communications, One of the largest African American newspapers of http://pdfhost.fo Amsterdam News New York City, New Exploration/Settlement- its time, the New York Amsterdam News was cus.nps.gov/doc May 11, 1976 A--AFRICAN Building York Urbanization; Social founded in 1909 and housed in this building from s/NHLS/Text/76

History-Great Migration 1916 to 1938. 001247.pdf Plymouth Church 75 Hicks Street, Religion; Significant The Plymouth Church of the Pilgrims, founded in http://pdfhost.fo of the Pilgrims Brooklyn, Kings Person-Henry Ward 1847, was a major center for the abolitionist cus.nps.gov/doc County, New York Beecher; Social History- movement in the United States between its founding s/NHLS/Text/66

AMERICAN Underground Railroad and the outbreak of the Civil War. Its minister, Rev. 000525.pdf Henry Ward Beecher, was an anti-slavery advocate Jul. 4, 1961 and stationmaster on the Underground Railroad. Beecher used his skills as an orator, thinker, and showman to put Plymouth at the moral and physical center of the Underground Railroad. NHLs Paul Robeson 555 Edgecombe Entertainment/ Paul Robeson was a legendary international civil http://pdfhost.fo Residence Avenue, New York Recreation-Movies; rights activist, lawyer, actor, singer, and athlete. cus.nps.gov/doc City, New York Performing Arts-Theater Robeson spoke out against racial discrimination and s/NHLS/Text/76

and Music; Significant violence against Asian and African Americans. In 001248.pdf Person-Paul Roberson; 1946, he founded the American Crusade Against Social History-Civil Rights Lynching to challenge President Truman to enact anti-lynching laws. The organization had many Dec. 8, 1976 prominent intellectuals as members such as scientist Albert Einstein and W. E. B. DuBois. Robeson’s portrayal of Othello, for which he won a Donaldson Award and the 1945 Spingarn Medal, continues to 30 be the longest running of any Shakespeare play on Broadway. John Roosevelt 5224 Tilden Street, Entertainment/ In 1947, Robinson was the first African American to http://pdfhost.fo "Jackie" Robinson Brooklyn, Kings Recreation- Baseball; play on a Major League Baseball team, the Brooklyn cus.nps.gov/doc House County, New York Significant Person-Jackie Dodgers, during the modern era. While not the first s/NHLS/Text/76

Robinson; Social History- African American professional baseball player in 001226.pdf Civil Rights U.S. history, his debut ended almost eighty years of baseball segregation. During his career, Robinson May 11, 1976 was a member of six World Series teams and earned six consecutive All-Star Game nominations. In 1947, Robinson won The Sporting News Rookie of the Year Award and the first MLB Rookie of the Year Award. Two years later, he was awarded the National League MVP Award. Gerrit Smith Estate Main and Nelson Significant Person-Gerrit The Gerrit Smith Estate is significant for its http://www.nps. Streets, Peterboro, Smith; Social History- association with Gerrit Smith (1797-1874), a figure of gov/nhl/designat Madison County, New Abolitionism, national prominence in politics and social reform ions/samples/ny

York Underground Railroad movements. Smith engaged in the abolition /gerrit.pdf movement through active involvement in national anti-slavery societies, reform through political involvement, the Free Church movement, education Jan. 31, 2001 reform, and land reform. He openly defied the Fugitive Slave Act or 1850, providing a widely- recognized safe haven in Peterboro for refugees from enslavement en route to Canada. The estate was also an important gathering place for abolitionists interested in discussing the issues of the day and planning political action. AREA OF THEME

APPENDIX STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED NOMINATION SIGNIFICANCE STUDY Harriet Tubman Home for the Aged: Military; Significant Civil rights activist, Union general and spy, and http://pdfhost.fo Home for the Aged 180 South Street Person- Harriet Tubman; Underground Railroad conductor, Harriet Tubman cus.nps.gov/doc NHL- May 30, ------Social History- Anti- used her Auburn residence to resettle family s/NHLS/Text/74 1974 Harriet Tubman Residence: slavery, Underground members that she led out of enslavement in 001222.pdf A--AFRICAN NR-Apr. 2, 1999 Residence; and 182 South Street Railroad, Civil War Maryland’s Eastern Shore area. The Church was as part of the ------her primary place of worship and Tubman Harriet Tubman Thompson AME Thompson Church: established the home for "aged and indigent African in Auburn, New Zion Church (MPS) 33 Parker Street, Americans” in 1908. Tubman died at the Home in York MPS) Auburn, Cayuga 1913 at age 93.

AMERICAN County, New York Saint George's Third Avenue and East Performing Arts-Gospel; Composer and arranger Harry Thacker Burleigh http://pdfhost.fo Episcopal Church 16th Street, Religion-Episcopal; developed and popularized the genre of Negro cus.nps.gov/doc New York City, New Significant Person-Harry spirituals in America music as the baritone soloist for Dec. 8, 1976 s/NHLS/Text/76

York Thacker Burleigh this church. 001249.pdf

NHLs Villa Lewaro North Broadway, Architecture; Significant Completed in August 1818, Villa Lewaro was the last http://pdfhost.fo Irvington-on-the- Person-Vertner Woodson home of entrepreneur, activist, and philanthropist cus.nps.gov/doc Hudson, Tancy, Madame C. J. Madame C. J. (Sarah Breedlove) Walker and her s/NHLS/Text/76

Westchester County, Walker, Leila Walker. ohilanthropist daughter, Leila Walker. During the 001289.pdf New York 1890s, Madame Walker began selling her hair care products across the country using innovative sales techniques and became on of the wealthiest women in the country. Walker developed an enormous May 11, 1976 marketing network, headquartered in Indianapolis, that employed thousands of African-American women and was the largest African-American owned

31 business in the nation. African American architect Vertner Woodson Tandy, a 1909 graduate of Cornell University, designed the home. Tandy was New York's first licensed black architect. Hinton Rowan U.S. 64 off I-40 Literature; Social History- Helper, a Southern author of an influential anti- http://pdfhost.fo Helper House vicinity of Mocksville Abolitionism slavery tract The Impending Crisis (1857), lived here cus.nps.gov/doc Davie County, for the first 20 years of his life and returned in later s/NHLS/Text/73

North Carolina years. In the book, Helper argued that slavery hurt 001336.pdf the economic status of non-slaveholding whites and North Carolina impeded the general growth of the South as a Nov. 7, 1973 region. The book raised fears among slaveholding Southerners that landless Southern whites might turn against them on the issue of slavery. The book was subsequently banned and burned by authorities. North Carolina 114-116 West Parish Commerce; Economics; The North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company http://pdfhost.fo Mutual Life Street, Durham, North Industry; Social History was founded in 1898 and is representative of the cus.nps.gov/doc Insurance Carolina mutual benefit/aid society tradition of African s/NHLS/Text/75

Company Americans in the early 20th century. African May 15, 1975 001258.pdf Americans formed mutual benefit/aid organizations to combat racism in the American insurance and banking industries. Union Tavern Main Street, Architecture; Commerce; Union Tavern was the workshop of Thomas Day, a http://pdfhost.fo (Thomas Day Milton, Caswell Industry; Significant free black cabinetmaker recognized for the superior cus.nps.gov/doc House) County, North Carolina Person-Thomas Day quality of his craftsmanship. By the mid-19th s/NHLS/Text/75

century, his workshop had the largest production 001245.pdf May 15, 1975 rate and greatest number of apprentices in North Carolina. Day also became a major stockholder in the local branch of the North Carolina Bank and owned property beyond Milton. AREA OF THEME STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED NOMINATION APPENDIX SIGNIFICANCE STUDY Wilson Bruce 33 East Vine Street, Law; Politics/ Evans was an influential African American http://pdfhost.fo http://www.np Evans House Oberlin, Lorain Government- Fugitive abolitionist and member of Oberlin's commercial and cus.nps.gov/doc s.gov/history/n County, Ohio Slave Act of 1850; educational communities. He and brother Henry s/NHLS/Text/80 r/travel/underg Significant Persons- participated in the 1858 Oberlin-Wellington Rescue, 003143.pdf round/thhome.

A--AFRICAN Ohio Wilson Bruce Evans and in defiance of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. The Dec. 9, 1997 htm Henry Evans; Social rescue provided another important impetus to the History-Abolitionism, Civil War. The Evans House was designated in Underground Railroad conjunction with the Underground Railroad Theme Study. Joshua R. Giddings 112 North Chestnut Politics/ Government; A white abolitionist and a member of the Whig Party, http://pdfhost.fo AMERICAN Law Office Street, Jefferson, Social History- Giddings was elected to Ohio's House of cus.nps.gov/doc Ashtabula County, Abolitionism Representatives in 1826. Elected to the 25th s/NHLS/Text/74

Ohio Congress in 1838, Giddings was forced to resign in 001396.pdf May 30, 1974 March 1842, after he was censured when he defended slave mutineers. However, he was

NHLs promptly re-elected, serving 17 more years as a Radical Republican. John Mercer 207 East College Education; Politics/ Langston was the first African American known to be http://pdfhost.fo Langston House Street, Government; Significant elected to public office, as the township clerk in cus.nps.gov/doc Oberlin, Lorain Person-John Mercer Brownhelm, Ohio in 1855. He served in the s/NHLS/Text/75

County, Ohio Langston Freedman's Bureau and became Howard 001464.pdf University's organizer and first dean of its Law May 15, 1975 School. Langston was appointed minister to Haiti in 1877 and was voted a member of Congress from Virginia upon his return, the first African American to be elected from that state.

32 Benjamin Lundy Union and Third Street Exploration/Settlement- Lundy was a premier abolitionist of the 1820s. He http://pdfhost.fo Mount Pleasant, Mexican Texas; established the anti-slavery newspaper, Genius of cus.nps.gov/doc Jefferson County, Ohio Significant Person- Universal Emancipation, and was an avid s/NHLS/Text/74 May 30, 1974 Benjamin Lundy; Social spokesperson against the Texas Revolutionary 001537.pdf History-Abolitionism War's goal to expand slavery in opposition to Mexican law. Mount Pleasant Union Street between Social History- Mount Pleasant was established in 1803 and is http://pdfhost.fo Historic District Cemetery and Market Abolitionism, important for its role in the antislavery movement cus.nps.gov/doc Sts., Mount Pleasant, Underground Railroad; and the Underground Railroad. The prominent s/NHLS/Text/74

Jefferson County, Ohio Commerce; Education Quaker population in Mt. Pleasant preached and 001536.pdf practiced its abolitionist views and published antislavery literature, such as Benjamin Lundy's Genius of Universal Emancipation. A station on the Apr. 5, 2005 Underground Railroad, the town was a refuge for fugitive slaves and a welcomed home for free blacks. Local residents built and administered a school for free black children, and in 1848 established a Free Labor Store which sold no products that were produced by slave labor. Oberlin College Tappan Square Education Founded in 1833, Oberlin Collegiate Institute http://pdfhost.fo Oberlin, Lorain admitted free African Americans (and women) on the cus.nps.gov/doc County, Ohio same basis as Caucasian students. Oberlin is s/NHLS/Text/66 Dec. 21, 1965 considered the first documented American institution 000615.pdf of higher learning to have a non-discriminatory admission policy. John P. Parker 300 Front Street, Commerce; Industry; A former enslaved person, Parker became a http://www.nps. http://www.np House Ripley, Brown County, Significant Person- John conductor on the Underground Railroad and helped gov/nr/travel/un s.gov/history/n Ohio P. Parker; Social History- enslaved persons escape over the border of the Feb. 18, 1997 derground/oh2.h r/travel/underg Civil War, Reconstruction, Ohio River. He also operated a successful iron tm round/thhome.

Underground Railroad foundry at this site from 1853 to his death in 1900. htm AREA OF THEME STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED NOMINATION APPENDIX SIGNIFICANCE STUDY John Rankin House 6152 Rankin Road, Significant Person-John The Rankin family helped thousands of enslaved http://pdfhost.fo http://www.np Ripley, Brown County, Rankin; Social History- people escape over the Ohio River as one of the first cus.nps.gov/doc s.gov/history/n Ohio Abolitionism, and most important mid-western stops on the s/NHLS/Text/70 r/travel/underg Feb. 18, 1997 Underground Railroad Underground Railroad. Rankin wrote Letters on 000485.pdf round/thhome.

A--AFRICAN American Slavery in 1829, which became a standard htm text for abolitionists. Colonel Charles Columbus Pike Education; Military; Social The 3rd African American graduate of West Point, http://pdfhost.fo Young House between Clifton and History-Civil Rights Young became the highest ranking African American cus.nps.gov/doc Stevenson Roads, officer in WWI and the first black military attaché. May 30, 1974 s/NHLS/Text/74

Wilberforce, Also a musician and linguist, Young taught at 001506.pdf AMERICAN Greene County, Ohio Wilberforce University from 1894 to 1898. Bizzell Library University of Education; Law-McLaurin The University of Oklahoma’s Board of Regents http://www.nps. http://www.np Oklahoma, 401 W. v. Oklahoma Board of voted to admit George McLaurin, but on a racially- gov/history/nhl/t s.gov/history/h Brooks Street, Regents; Politics/ segregated basis. He was made to sit isolated from hemes/Scanned istory/school.p

Norman, Cleveland Government; Social other students in his classrooms and in the cafeteria. %20Nomination df

NHLs County, Oklahoma History- Civil Rights In Bizzell Library, he sat at a separate desk on the s/Desegregation

Movement mezzanine level away from the white students in the /bizzell.pdf (Desegregation) main reading room. Ruling in McLaurin v. Oklahoma Oklahoma Board of Regents, the U.S. Supreme Court found Jan. 3, 2001 that under the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, “separate but equal” conditions were not feasible in graduate and professional education based on intangible factors. The McLaurin case established one of the pivotal legal precedents on which Brown v. Board of Education was decided.

33 Boley Historic Roughly bounded by Commerce; Community Founded in 1903 as a camp for African Americans http://pdfhost.fo District Seward Avenue, Planning/ Development; employed in constructing Fort Smith and Western cus.nps.gov/doc Cedar Street, Walnut Exploration/Settlement- Railway, Boley became one of the largest all-black s/NHLS/Text/75

Street, and the original Western Expansion; townships in Oklahoma. It had almost 4,000 001568.pdf southern boundary of Industry; Law-Guinn and residents by 1911 but declined due to crop failures the city limits Beal v. United States and the Great Depression in the 1920s. The district Okfuskee County, (1915), Lane v. Wilson is associated with two cases: Guinn and Beal v. May 15, 1975 Oklahoma (1939); Politics/ United States (1915), which ruled Oklahoma's Government; Social literacy test, as a requirement for blacks to vote, History-Black Townships, unconstitutional; and Lane v. Wilson (1939), which Civil Rights (Voting) required that all persons who were previously denied the franchise by a discriminatory 1916 statute, be registered to vote. Fort Sill Hwy 62 Ethnic Heritage- Native Construction on the fort was begun on Jan. 8, 1869, http://pdfhost.fo Comanche County, American; Exploration/ by the all-black 10th Calvary Regiment (“Buffalo cus.nps.gov/doc Oklahoma Settlement-Western Soldiers”) under the charge of Gen. Phillip H. s/NHLS/Text/66

Expansion; Invention; Sheridan. Fort Sill is also associated with Henry 000629.pdf Dec. 19, 1960 Military; Significant Ossian Flipper, first African American West Point Person-Henry O. Flipper military academy graduate. He designed a drainage system (called Flipper's Ditch) that alleviated a devastating outbreak of malaria at the fort. 101 Ranch Historic Oklahoma State Agriculture; Commerce; Once the home base of the 101 Wild West Show http://pdfhost.fo District Highway 156, Entertainment/ from 1904 to 1916 and 1925 to 1931, the district is cus.nps.gov/doc 13 miles southwest of Recreation-Rodeo; associated with Bill Pickett, the African American s/NHLS/Text/73 May 15, 1975 Ponca City, Significant Person-Bill Cowboy Hall of Farmer and rodeo star that invented 001560.pdf Kay County, Pickett "bulldogging" (steer wrestling). Oklahoma Church of the 18th and Diamond Religion-Church of the In the late 20th century, the Church became an http://www.nps. Advocate Street, Philadelphia, Advocate; Social History- advocate for social reforms and embraced civil gov/nhl/designat Pennsylvania Jun. 19, 1996 Philadelphia County, Civil Rights, Social rights. It was the site of the third annual National ions/samples/pa

Pennsylvania Reform Movements Conference on Black Power in 1968. /advocate.pdf AREA OF THEME STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED NOMINATION SIGNIFICANCE STUDY

APPENDIX John Coltrane 1511 N. 33rd Street, Performing Arts-Jazz; Coltrane was a legendary saxophonist and http://pdfhost.fo House Philadelphia, Significant Person-John composer who pioneered the improvisional and cus.nps.gov/doc Philadelphia County, Coltrane avante garde jazz form. He played with jazz legend s/NHLS/Text/99 May 15, 1975 Pennsylvania Miles Davis from 1955 to 1957 as well as jazz great 000628.pdf Thelonious Monk. Coltrane lived in this house from

A--AFRICAN 1952 until his death in 1967. Frances Ellen 1006 Bainbridge Significant Person- Born in 1825 to free parents in Baltimore, Harper http://pdfhost.fo Watkins Harper Street, Philadelphia, Frances Ellen Watkins became a leading writer, spokesperson, and social cus.nps.gov/doc House Philadelphia County, Harper; Social History- activist for the causes of abolition, civil rights, s/NHLS/Text/76

Pennsylvania Abolitionism, Women's women's rights, and the temperance movement. 001663.pdf Dec. 8, 1976 Rights, Temperance The Maine Anti-Slavery Society hired her as a AMERICAN Movement spokesperson in 1854 to travel as a lecturer in New England and lower Canada. Harper lived in this house from 1870 to 1911. Johnson House 6306 Germantown Social History- Johnson House held 5 generations of this influential http://pdfhost.fo http://www.np Avenue, Philadelphia, Abolitionism, Civil Rights, Quaker family from 1770 to 1908. The house cus.nps.gov/doc s.gov/history/n

NHLs Philadelphia County, Social Reform Movement became an important station on the Underground Dec. 9, 1997 s/NHLS/Text/72 r/travel/underg

Pennsylvania Railroad and was designated an NHL in conjunction 001162.pdf round/thhome.

with the Underground Railroad Theme Study. htm F. Julius Le Moyne 49 E. Madison Street, Significant Person-Dr. F. In 1834, LeMoyne joined the Washington Anti- http://pdfhost.fo http://www.np House Washington, Julius Le Moyne; Social Slavery Society and was the organization's president cus.nps.gov/doc s.gov/history/n Washington County, History-Abolitionism, from 1835 to 1837, after which he was s/NHLS/Text/97 r/travel/underg Pennsylvania Underground Railroad commissioned by the American Anti-Slavery Society Sept. 25, 1997 001271.pdf round/thhome.

to be its regional agent. Dr. Le Moyne lived in this htm house from 1827 to 1879, which served as a major depot on the Underground Railroad. Mother Bethel 419 Sixth Street, Religion-African Methodist Founded in 1793 by free African American Richard http://pdfhost.fo

34 African Methodist Philadelphia, Episcopal Church; Allen, Mother Bethel is the mother church of the cus.nps.gov/doc Episcopal Church Philadelphia County, Significant Person- African Methodist Episcopal Church created to May 30, 1974 s/NHLS/Text/72

Pennsylvania Richard Allen; Social protest against racism in the larger Methodist 001166.pdf History-Civil Rights church. Richard Allen is buried in its crypt. Terence V. 614 N. Main Street, Industry; Significant Powderly’s leadership as the Knights of Labor http://pdfhost.fo http://www.np Powderly House Scranton, Lackawanna Person-Terence V. president led to women and African Americans cus.nps.gov/doc s.gov/nhl/them County, Pennsylvania Powdery being allowed membership in the organization, in May 23, 1966 s/NHLS/Text/66 es/Labor%20T

contrast with most other labor organizations. This 000667.pdf S.pdf was his home from 1879 to 1893. Henry Ossawa 2903 W. Diamond Art; Literature; Performing One of America's foremost African American http://pdfhost.fo Tanner Homesite Street, Philadelphia, Arts- Theater; Significant painters, Tanner spent much of his productive life in cus.nps.gov/doc Philadelphia County, Person-Henry O. Tanner Europe and his subjects focused on African s/NHLS/Text/76

Pennsylvania American experiences in America. Considered a 001672.pdf Realist, his most well-known work is The Banjo May 11, 1976 Lesson, painted in 1893. Tanner was inducted into the National Academy of Design in 1927 as its first black member. Woodmont 1622 Spring Mill Road, Religion-United House of Built in the 1890s, Reverend M. F. Divine, founder of http://pdfhost.fo Gladwyne, Prayer; Significant the religious sect International Peace Mission cus.nps.gov/doc Montgomery County, Person-Father Divine Movement, made Woodmont his home and s/NHLS/Text/98

Pennsylvania organizational headquarters in 1952. Although 001192.pdf Dec. 24, 1967 much of his early life remains a mystery, Divine was an outspoken anti-lynching and civil rights activist during the 1930s to the 1950s. Father Divine's burial site is located on the property. Site of the Battle of Lehigh Hill and Rhode Military; Social History- The Battle of Rhode Island, Aug. 29, 1778, was the http://pdfhost.fo Rhode Island Island Rte 21 between Revolutionary America only battle in which African Americans participated in cus.nps.gov/doc Medley and Dexter the Revolutionary War as a distinct fighting unit, s/NHLS/Text/74 Rhode Island May 30, 1974 Streets, Portsmouth, composed of 138 black soldiers. African American 002054.pdf Newport County, recruits were promised absolute freedom by the Rhode Island Rhode Island legislature for their participation. APPENDIX AREA OF THEME STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED NOMINATION SIGNIFICANCE STUDY Beaufort Historic Bounded by the Architecture; Commerce; Beaufort is the second oldest settlement in South http://pdfhost.fo District Beaufort River, Community Planning and Carolina and has one of the oldest documented cus.nps.gov/doc

A--AFRICAN Bladen, Hamar, and Development; Exploration/ communities of African Americans in the country. s/NHLS/Text/69

Boundary Streets, Settlement; Military; 000159.pdf South Carolina Nov. 7, 1973 Beaufort, Beaufort Ethnic Heritage-Native County, South American; Politics/ Carolina Government; Social History AMERICAN Chapelle 1530 Harden Street, Architecture; Significant The Chapelle Administration Building is associated http://pdfhost.fo Administration Richland County, Person-John Anderson with African American architect, John Anderson cus.nps.gov/doc Building South Carolina Lankford Lankford, who opened the first African American s/NHLS/Text/76

architectural firm in Jacksonville, Florida in 1899. An 001710.pdf 1896 graduate of Tuskegee Institute, he paved the Dec. 8, 1976 NHLs way for African Americans to gain recognition in the architecture profession. The 1925 building contains the administrative offices of historical-black educational institution, Allen University. First Baptist 1306 Hampton Street, Law; Politics/ On December 17, 1890, 159 delegates unanimously http://pdfhost.fo Church Columbia, Richland Government; Social voted for South Carolina to secede from the United cus.nps.gov/doc County, South History-Civil War States at this location. South Carolina had the first Nov. 7, 1973 s/NHLS/Text/71

Carolina (Succession), state legislature vote to secede from the Union but 000800.pdf Confederacy others quickly followed, leading to the Civil War. Dubose Heyward 76 Church Street, Literature; Performing Caucasian southern writer Dubose Heyward wrote http://pdfhost.fo House Charleston, Arts-Theater; Significant the novel Porgy in 1925 on which the George cus.nps.gov/doc 35 Charleston County, Person-Dubose Heyward Gershwin Broadway play, Porgy and Bess, is based. s/NHLS/Text/71

South Carolina Heyward’s stage play Porgy opened as the first 000749.pdf major Broadway production with an all-black cast in 1927, earning Heyward a Pulitzer Prize. Heyward Nov. 11, 1971 worked as a salesman on the Charleston waterfront, on which the novel is set, and marks the first novel that presents southern African Americans in a dramatic light without overwhelmingly negative stereotypes, not as figures of comic relief, or as a dramatic statement of social protest. Middleton Place 4300 Ashley River Agriculture; Social History- Middleton Place features a house, gardens, and http://pdfhost.fo Road, Dorchester Antebellum South, stable yards associated with an 18th and 19th cus.nps.gov/doc County, South Slavery; century plantation. It also includes several s/NHLS/Text/71

Carolina structures and sites associated with the heritage of 000770.pdf African Americans who lived on the plantation. The plantation chapel, a room above the spring house dairy, was used by slaves as a house of worship. Archeological remains, oral tradition, and mid-19th century markers provide evidence that the area Nov. 11, 1971 above the rice millpond and adjacent to the stable yards was once a cemetery for enslaved Africans. Eliza’s House is a small frame building named for Eliza Leach (1891-1986), who worked at Middleton Place for over forty years, and was the last person to live in the house. In the 1880s, Eliza’s House was apparently the home of Ned and Chloe, former enslaved laborers of William and Susan Middleton, who worked on Middleton Place. AREA OF THEME STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED NOMINATION SIGNIFICANCE STUDY Old Marine 20 Franklin Street, Architecture; Significant This building, which was designed by Robert Mills, http://pdfhost.fo APPENDIX Hospital (Jenkins Charleston, Charleston Person-Robert Mills; was constructed in 1833 for the care of sick and cus.nps.gov/doc Orphanage) County, South Social History- disabled seamen. After the Civil War, it became a s/NHLS/Text/73

Carolina Reconstruction, early 20th school for African American children. From 1895 to 001690.pdf century 1939 the building was the home of Jenkins Orphanage, established by Rev. Daniel J. Jenkins A--AFRICAN for African American children who were orphans or had poor or disabled parents. Enrollment at the orphanage grew to include over 500 children. In Nov. 7, 1973 addition to this building, the orphanage included a 100-acre farm, a print shop, and a shoe repair shop.

AMERICAN The Jenkins Orphanage Band, wearing uniforms discarded by the Citadel, performed throughout the country and in England raising money to support the orphanage. In 1973, the Old Marine Hospital was designated a National Historic Landmark as an outstanding example of the work of Robert Mills. NHLs Penn School 1 mile South of Education; Engineering; After plantation owners fled from Union forces in http://pdfhost.fo (Center) Historic Frogmore, Beaufort Politics/ Government; 1861, Northern missionaries set up the first school cus.nps.gov/doc District County, South Social History- for emancipated persons in 1892 on St. Helena s/NHLS/Text/74

Carolina Reconstruction Island. The Brick Church, built in 1855, is the oldest Dec. 2, 1974 001824.pdf building in the historic district and served as the first school. The Church is now a part of the Penn Community Services Center. Joseph Hayne 909 Prince Street, Law; Politics/ Rainey was the first African American elected to the http://pdfhost.fo Rainey House Georgetown, Government; Significant U.S. House of Representatives, serving from 1870- cus.nps.gov/doc Georgetown County, Person-Joseph Hayne 1879. The election of Rainey to the House and s/NHLS/Text/84 Apr. 20, 1984 South Carolina Rainey; Social History- Hiram Revels' election to the U.S. Senate marks the 003877.pdf 36 Reconstruction beginning of African American federal legislative participation. Robert Barnwell 9 East Battery, Significant Person-Robert Beginning in 1850 with the launch of the Charleston http://pdfhost.fo Rhett House Charleston, Barnwell Rhett; Social Mercury newspaper, Robert Barnwell Rhett emerged cus.nps.gov/doc Charleston County, History-Civil War as an influential, pro-slavery radical that authored s/NHLS/Text/73

South Carolina (Secessionism) much of the slave-holding states' succession 001691.pdf legislation. With the justification provided by Rhett's pro-slavery report titled "Address to the Slave Nov. 7, 1973 holding States," South Carolina was the first state to pass an ordinance of succession in 1860. Many southern states emulated South Carolina’s actions, adopting Rhett’s justification and call to secede from the United States. Robert Smalls 511 Prince Street, Law; Politics/ Robert Smalls was an emancipated person who http://pdfhost.fo House Beaufort, Beaufort Government; Significant served in the South Carolina legislature from 1868- cus.nps.gov/doc County, South Person-Robert Smalls; 1874, was a US Congressman from 1875 to 1881, s/NHLS/Text/74

Carolina Social History-Civil War, and was a customs collector for the Port of Beaufort 001823.pdf May 30, 1973 Reconstruction from 1889 to 1913. Smalls organized the capture and abduction the Confederate steamship, Planter, on May 13, 1962. He purchased this house, where he had lived as a slave, at a tax sale in 1863. South Carolina Capitol Square, Law; Politics/ From 1869 to 1874, the only legislature in American http://pdfhost.fo State House Columbia, Richland Government; Social history with an African American majority met here. cus.nps.gov/doc County, South History-Reconstruction This historic legislature provided the fictitious setting s/NHLS/Text/70

Carolina for the influential white supremacist book, The 000598.pdf Prostate State, by Sheperd Pike that characterized May 11, 1976 Reconstruction as an era of black domination, corruption, and incompetence. The State House is also the site of political fights to end federal troop presence in the state, resulting in their removal in 1876 and the demise of Reconstruction. AREA OF THEME STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED NOMINATION SIGNIFICANCE STUDY Stono River Slave West Bank of the Social History-Colonial On Sept. 9, 1739, 51 enslaved persons, led by an http://pdfhost.fo APPENDIX Rebellion Site Wallace River, America, Slave Rebellions Angolan named Jemmy, attacked a warehouse here cus.nps.gov/doc Rantowles vicinity, and seized weapons. The group then tried to s/NHLS/Text/74

Charleston County, escape to Spanish Florida but was stopped by a 001840.pdf South Carolina Colonial militia. This revolt was the largest and most May 30, 1974 successful during the Colonial period and led to A--AFRICAN South Carolina's enactment of the most repressive and comprehensive slave codes in the English Colonies. Denmark Vesey 56 Bull Street, Politics/ Government- Vesey was a free black carpenter who planned a http://pdfhost.fo House Charleston, Charleston Black Codes; Significant major 1822 slave rebellion, set for July 14. The cus.nps.gov/doc

AMERICAN County, South Person-Denmark Vesey; plans were betrayed and 313 alleged participants s/NHLS/Text/76

Carolina Social History-Colonial were arrested, of which 67 were convicted and 35 001698.pdf America, Slave Rebellions were executed. Vesey was sentenced to death and May 11, 1976 executed on July 2, 1822. White fears prompted by the averted slave rebellion resulted in the institution

NHLs of harsh Black Codes that restricted free African Americans' movements in slaveholding states. Beale Street Beale Street, from Performing Arts-Blues and Beale Street is the widely-acknowledged birthplace http://pdfhost.fo Historic District Main to Fourth Streets, Jazz; Significant Person- of American blues music, which transitioned African cus.nps.gov/doc Memphis, Shelby W. C. Handy American music from a focus on the vocal to the s/NHLS/Text/66 Tennessee May 23, 1966 County, Tennessee instrumental. W. C. Handy, to many the "father of 000731.pdf blues," wrote most of his famous songs at Peewee's Saloon. Fort Pillow Tennessee Route 87, Military; Social History- This earthwork was captured by Union troops in http://pdfhost.fo Fort Pillow, Lauderdale Civil War June 1862, then was garrisoned by some 570 Union cus.nps.gov/doc County, Tennessee troops, of whom 262 were African Americans— s/NHLS/Text/73

37 formerly enslaved men who were recruited in 001806.pdf Tennessee and Alabama. The fort was recaptured in April 1864 by Confederate forces under Major General Nathan Bedford Forrest. In the savage May 30, 1974 fight, Confederates aimed their fury particularly at the African Americans, killing 229 rather than accepting their surrender. News of the fight, labeled a massacre, had a profound effect: "Remember Fort Pillow" became a battle cry of black soldiers and the fort itself their Alamo. The fort is now the centerpiece of Fort Pillow State Historic Park. George Peabody 21st Avenue South Education; Significant Peabody College was established by the Peabody http://pdfhost.fo College for and Edgehill Avenue, Person-George Peabody; Education Fund, which sought to revive public cus.nps.gov/doc Teachers Nashville, Davidson Social History- education after the Civil War. Started as the s/NHLS/Text/66

County, Tennessee Reconstruction University of Nashville in 1826, the university 000723.pdf became a normal school in 1875 and was Dec. 21, 1965 incorporated as the George Peabody College for Teachers in 1909. The college trained teachers, many of whom became teachers at schools for freedpeople. Jubilee Hall, Fisk 17th Avenue North, Education; Social History- Jubilee Hall is the oldest building on the Fisk http://pdfhost.fo University Nashville, Davidson Social Reform Movements University campus, which was founded in 1865 by cus.nps.gov/doc County, Tennessee the American Missionary Society. Fisk evolved into s/NHLS/Text/73 Dec. 2, 1974 a liberal arts college, unique to most historically 001806.pdf black colleges and universities established during this period. The building dates from 1873 to 1876. Montgomery Bell Harpeth River and Bell Engineering; Industry From 1818 to 1819, enslaved Africans, owned by http://pdfhost.fo Tunnel Bend Road, White Montgomery Bell, constructed the first known large- cus.nps.gov/doc Bluff vicinity, diameter tunnel in the United States, through a 290 s/NHLS/Text/94 Apr. 19, 1994 Cheatham County, ft. limestone ridge. The tunnel connected the two 001188.pdf Tennessee sections of the Harpeth River to create water power from a man-made water flume. AREA OF THEME STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED NOMINATION

APPENDIX SIGNIFICANCE STUDY Sun Record 706 Union Avenue, Industry; Performing Arts- Some of the South’s greatest contributions to http://pdfhost.fo Company/ Memphis, Shelby Rock-n-Roll; Significant American music occurred during the 1950s in this cus.nps.gov/doc Memphis County, Tennessee Persons-Sam C. Phillips small brick building in Memphis, Tennessee. Here, s/NHLS/Text/03

Recording Service at Sun Studios, Sam C. Phillips recognized the 001031.pdf

A--AFRICAN talent and produced commercially successful recordings of artists such as: B. B. King, Howlin’ Wolf, Ike Turner, Rufus Thomas, Elvis Presley, Jul. 31, 2003 Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, Charlie Rich, Roy Orbison, and many others. Out of this emerged the unique American style of music known

AMERICAN as rock’n’roll, a blend of African American and white country styles. Sam Phillips and his recording studio were instrumental in this development. Rokeby US Route 7, Social History- The Robinson family established an Underground http://www.nps. Ferrisburgh, Abolitionism, Railroad station at their farmstead, a stop for many gov/history/nr/tr

NHLs Vermont Addison County, Underground Railroad escaped enslaved persons before going on to Dec. 9, 1997 avel/undergroun

Vermont Canada. Rokeby was designated in conjunction d/thhome.htm with the Underground Railroad Theme Study. Fort Frederik South of the junction of European; Fort Frederik was the site of two events which led to http://pdfhost.fo Mahogany Road and Exploration/Settlement- the abolition of slavery in the Virgin Islands: cus.nps.gov/doc Route 631, Dutch Settlement; Social 1) the Emancipation Revolt of 1848, which ended s/NHLS/Text/97 US Virgin Frederiksted, Saint History-Abolitionism and slavery in the Danish West Indies but inaugurated a Sept. 25, 1997 001269.pdf Islands Croix, US Virgin Emancipation* 30-year period of serfdom based on contract labor; Islands and 2) the 1878 Labor Riot and Fireburn, which brought an end to the contract labor system. Benjamin Banneker 18th and Van Buren Community Planning and This stone, engraved with the date 1791, is one of http://pdfhost.fo

38 SW-9 Intermediate Streets, Arlington, Development; Invention; 40 erected to mark each mile along the boundary of cus.nps.gov/doc Boundary Stone Arlington County, Significant Person- the "ten mile square" that became the District of s/NHLS/Text/76 Virginia May 11, 1976 Virginia Benjamin Banneker Columbia. The stone commemorates the 002094.pdf accomplishments of mathematician, inventor, writer, surveyor, and scientist, Benjamin Banneker. Charles Richard 2505 South First Education; Health/ Dr. Charles R. Drew, the first African American to http://pdfhost.fo Drew House Street, Arlington, Medicine; Invention; receive a Doctor of Science in Medicine (McGill cus.nps.gov/doc Arlington County, Significant Person-Dr. University in Montreal, Canada and Columbia s/NHLS/Text/76

Virginia Charles R. Drew; Social University), lived in this home from 1920 to 1939. 002095.pdf History-World War II, Red Dr. Drew, a surgeon and professor at Howard May 11, 1976 Cross University Medical School, discovered the means to preserve blood plasma. His discovery saved thousands of lives during WWII when he directed the "Plasma for Britain" program and became director of the Red Cross Blood Bank. Franklin and 1315 Duke Street, Social History-Slavery and Between 1828 and 1836, this building housed the http://pdfhost.fo Armfield Office Alexandria City, Domestic Slave Trade; offices of the largest slave trading operation in the cus.nps.gov/doc Virginia Antebellum South antebellum South, owned by Isaac Franklin and s/NHLS/Text/78

John Armfield. After the 1836 disbanding of the Jun. 2, 1978 003146.pdf company, the building remained a slave market until 1861. The offices slave pens were used to hold captured Confederate troops during the war. Hampton Institute Off US Route 60, on Education; Ethnic Founded by the American Missionary Association in http://pdfhost.fo the east side of Heritage-Native American; 1868, Hampton became the model for African cus.nps.gov/doc Hampton Creek, Significant Person-Booker American and Native American industrial schools s/NHLS/Text/69

Hampton City, Virginia T. Washington; Social established to educate newly freed people after the 000323.pdf History-Reconstruction Civil War. Famous educator and founder of Nov. 12, 1969 Tuskegee Institute Booker T. Washington graduated from Hampton in 1875 and credited the institution with his advocacy of vocational education. APPENDIX

AREA OF THEME STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED NOMINATION SIGNIFICANCE STUDY Jackson Ward Bounded by Fifth, Architecture; Commerce; This area became one of the most successful hubs http://pdfhost.fo A--AFRICAN Historic District Marshall, and Gilmer Economics; Education; of early 20th century African American businesses in cus.nps.gov/doc Streets and the (No Exploration/ Settlement- the country including the St. Luke Penny Savings s/NHLS/Text/76

Suggestions) turnpike, Urbanization; Industry; Bank, established by Maggie L. Walker. 002187.pdf Virginia Performing Arts-Dance, Theater; Politics/ Jun. 2, 1978

AMERICAN Government; Religion; Significant Persons- Maggie L. Walker and Bill 'Bojangles" Robinson; Social History

NHLs Monument Avenue From the 1200 block of Significant Person-Arthur One of the monuments honors native Richmond http://pdfhost.fo Historic District West Franklin Street to Ashe, Social History-Civil resident, Arthur Ashe, the famous tennis player. Its cus.nps.gov/doc the 3300 block of Rights Movement location is ironic since the other sculptures s/NHLS/Text/70 Dec. 9, 1997 Monument Avenue, commemorate Virginian heroes of the Confederacy. 000883.pdf Richmond City, Virginia Robert Russa Intersection of South Education; Law-Davis v. One of the five cases consolidated under Brown v. http://pdfhost.fo Moton High School Main Street and Griffin Prince Edward (1951), Board of Education that declared segregation cus.nps.gov/doc Boulevard, Farmville, Brown v. Board of unconstitutional, Moton High School was the all- s/NHLS/Text/95

Prince Edward County, Education, Brown II black school attended by the plaintiffs. Prince 001177.pdf Virginia (1954), Griffin v. Prince Edward Country closed all its public schools from

39 Edward (1964); Politics/ 1959 to 1964 rather than integrate, in a show of Aug. 5, 1998 Government; Social massive white resistance to the Brown and Brown II History- Civil Rights decisions. Movement (Desegregation), Massive Resistance Robert R. Moton Off Rural Route 662, Education; Exploration/ Historically called Holly Knoll, African American http://pdfhost.fo House (Holly Knoll) Capahosic, Gloucester Settlement-Urbanization; educator Robert R. Moton retired here in 1935. cus.nps.gov/doc County, Virginia Significant Person-Robert Moton was Tuskegee Institute's second principal s/NHLS/Text/81

R. Moton; Social History- after the death of Booker T. Washington in 1915 and 000640.pdf Civil Rights (Housing)- transformed the historically-black vocational school Dec. 21, 1981 Great Migration into a fully accredited college and professional institution. He was also founder of the National Urban League and received the Harmon Award in Race Relations in 1930 and the Spingarn Medal in 1932. New Kent Middle New Kent: 11825 New Education; Law-Brown v. The New Kent School and the George W. Watkins http://www.nps. School and George Kent Highway, New Board of Education and School are associated with the most significant gov/nhl/themes/ W. Watkins School, Kent, New Kent Green v. County School public school desegregation case after Brown v. Scanned%20No County Board of New Kent Board of Education: the 1968 Green v. County minations/Dese County (1968); Politics/ School Board of New Kent County case. Green set gregation/New% Watkins: 6501 New Government; Social the standards that judges would use to determine Jul. 7, 2001 20Kent%20Nom

Kent Highway, History-Civil Rights whether school districts were in constitutional .pdf Quinton, New Kent Movement compliance in school desegregation cases and County, Virginia (Desegregation) replaced a decade of massive resistance to school desegregation by an era of massive integration from 1968 to 1973. AREA OF THEME STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED NOMINATION SIGNIFICANCE STUDY

APPENDIX Prestwould US 15, near the jct. of Landscape Architecture; Prestwould’s African American historical significance http://pdfhost.fo VA 49, Clarksville, Social History-Antebellum stems from links to hundreds of enslaved African cus.nps.gov/doc Mecklenburg County, South men and women who lived and labored there prior s/NHLS/Text/03

Virgina from the late 1700s to Emancipation. Of particular 001033.pdf significance is the surviving slave house, quite

A--AFRICAN possibly the oldest surviving frame slave dwelling in the American South. This dwelling is a significant Jul. 31, 2003 surviving link to the experiences of enslaved Africans, not only those who lived and worked at Prestwould but the majority of slaves in Virginia and the upper South whose lives were shaped and AMERICAN constrained by the experience of living and working in large work gangs like those at Prestwould. Pittsylvania County US Business Route Law-ex Parte Virginia; County Judge J. D. Coles was arrested and charged http://pdfhost.fo Courthouse 29, Chatham, Politics/ Government-Civil with violating the Civil Rights Act of 1875 for denying cus.nps.gov/doc Pittsylvania County, Rights Act of 1875 African Americans the right to serve on grand or s/NHLS/Text/81 NHLs Virginia petit juries. He countered by filing a petition with the May 4, 1987 000643.pdf U.S. Supreme Court, which he lost. This courthouse represents one of the few African American legal victories for civil rights in the post-Civil War era. Virginia Estelle 2200 Mountain Road, Education; Significant In 1908, Virginia Estelle Randolph became the http://pdfhost.fo Randolph Cottage Glen Allen, Henrico Person-Virginia Randolph country's first Jeanes Supervising Industrial Worker cus.nps.gov/doc (Virginia Randolph County, Virginia as part of the national Negro Rural School Fund s/NHLS/Text/74

Museum) (Anna T. Jeanes Fund), providing the first formal in- 002126.pdf service teacher training for rural black teachers. Randolph's teaching techniques and philosophy, called the “Henrico Plan,” was distributed to other Dec. 2, 1974 40 schools throughout the United States and were later adopted in Britain's African colonies. She also served for many years on the Inter-Racial and Health Board for the State of Virginia. The cottage was built in 1937 to house the home economics program. Tredegar Iron 500 Tredegar Street, Industry, Social History- The Tredegar Iron Works employed thousands of http://pdfhost.fo Works* Richmond, Richmond Antebellum South, enslaved African Americans. The site is cus.nps.gov/doc County, Virginia Industrial Slavery representative of the history of industrial slavery in s/NHLS/Text/71

the Unites States. Designated an NHL in 1977 for Dec. 22, 1977 001048.pdf industry, the site may require additional documentation of its African American historical significance. Maggie Lena 110 East Leigh Street, Architecture; Commerce; Walker was the founder and first president of the http://pdfhost.fo Walker House Richmond, Richmond Industry; Significant very successful St. Luke Penny Savings Bank. The cus.nps.gov/doc County, Virginia Person-Maggie Lena daughter of an ex-enslaved woman and a Northern s/NHLS/Text/75

Walker; Social History abolitionist, she was the first woman in the United 002100.pdf States to charter a bank. During the Great May 15, 1975 Depression, St. Luke merged with two other Richmond banks to become The Consolidated Bank and Trust Company. It continues to be the oldest black-owned and -operated bank in the United States. Little White Southeast corner of Politics/ Government- On March 20, 1854, 53 participants called a meeting http://pdfhost.fo Schoolhouse Blackburn and Republican Party, to protest the expansion of slavery into the western cus.nps.gov/doc Blossom Streets, Kansas-Nebraska Act; territories with the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska s/NHLS/Text/73

Ripon, Fond Du Lac Social History- Anti- Act, which were beyond the boundaries established 000079.pdf Wisconsin May 30, 1974 County, Wisconsin slavery by Missouri Compromise of 1820. The Republican Party, based on an anti-slavery platform, emerged from this meeting of dissatisfied Whigs, Free Soilers, and Democrats. APPENDIX A--AFRICAN AMERICAN AREA OF THEME STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED NOMINATION SIGNIFICANCE STUDY Milton House 18 South Janesville Exploration/ Settlement- In 1838, Joseph Goodrich and his family, natives of http://pdfhost.fo http://www.np Street, Milton, Rock Western Expansion; New York state, settled in Milton and brought anti- cus.nps.gov/doc s.gov/history/n

NHLs County, Wisconsin Significant Person-Joseph slavery beliefs learned as members of the Seventh s/NHLS/Text/72 r/travel/underg Goodrich; Social History- Day Baptists with them. Milton House was built in 000065.pdf round/thhome. Aug. 5, 1998 Underground Railroad 1844 and, along with nearby Goodrich Cabin served htm

as stops on the Underground Railroad. The Goodrich family provided freedomseekers with food, shelter, and assistance to their next destination.

41 APPENDIX B ANALYSIS OF AFRICAN AMERICAN NHLs

African American NHLs by Designation Date

1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000-07 17 97 8 30 22

African American NHLs by State or Territory

Number Number Number Location Location Location of NHLs of NHLs of NHLs

Alabama 9 Maine 1 Pennsylvania 9

Alaska 0 Maryland 1 Puerto Rico 0

Arizona 1 Massachusetts 12 Rhode Island 1 South Arkansas 3 Michigan 1 Carolina 13 South California 1 Minnesota 0 Dakota 0

Colorado 0 Mississippi 3 Tennessee 6

Connecticut 3 Missouri 5 Texas 0

Delaware 2 Montana 0 Utah 0 District of Columbia 12 Nebraska 0 Vermont 1 U.S. Virgin Florida 4 Nevada 0 Islands 1 New Georgia 5 Hampshire 0 Virginia 14

Hawaii 0 New Jersey 1 Washington 0

Idaho 0 New Mexico 1 West Virginia 0

Illinois 9 New York 21 Wisconsin 2

Indiana 4 North Carolina 3 Wyoming 0 Other Iowa 2 North Dakota 0 Jurisdictions 0

Kansas 5 Ohio 9 Total Kentucky 1 Oklahoma 4 Properties 174

Louisiana 4 Oregon 0

42 African American NHLs by Area of Significance

Note on Methodology: The 174 NHLs identified in conjunction with the Assessment Study have the following areas of significance listed in their official documentation. A NHL may be significant in more than one area of significance category, which explains why the total number of categories indicated is more than the 174 existing NHLs associated with African American history. With further research, the existing NHL documentation may need revision to recognize additional areas of significance associated with African American history.

NUMBER OF AREA OF DEFINITION ASSOCIATED SIGNIFICANCE NHLS The process and technology of cultivating soil, producing crops, raising livestock and plants Agriculture 4 The practical art of designing and constructing buildings and structures to serve human needs Architecture 11 The study of prehistoric and historic cultures through excavation and the analysis of physical remains. Archeology 2 Study of aboriginal cultures before the advent of Prehistoric written records. 0 Study of aboriginal cultures after the advent of Historic Aboriginal written records. 0 Study of non-aboriginal cultures after the advent Historic non-Aboriginal of written records. 2 The creating of painting, printmaking, photographs, sculpture, and Art decorative arts 1 The business of trading goods, service, and commodities Commerce 18 The technology and process of transmitting information Communications 4 The design and development of the physical structure communities Community Planning and Development 5 The preservation, Maintenance, and management of natural or manmade resources. Conservation 0 The study of the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth, the management of monetary and other assets. Economics 5 The process of conveying or acquiring knowledge or skills through systematic instruction, training, or study. Education 44 The practical application of scientific principles to design, construct, and operate equipment, machinery, and structures to serve human needs. Engineering 2 The development and practice of leisure activities for refreshment, Entertainment/ diversion, amusement, or sport. Recreation 5 The history of persons having a common ethnic or racial identity Ethnic Heritage 172 Persons having origins in the Far East, Asian Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent. 0 Persons having origins in any of the black racial Black groups of Africa 173 Persons having origins in the Spanish-speaking areas of the Caribbean, Mexico, Central Hispanic America, and South America 0 Persons having origins in any of the original peoples of North America, including American Native American Indian and American Eskimo cultural groups. 4 Persons having origins in the Pacific Islands, Pacific Islander including Polynesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia. 0 Persons having origins in other parts of the Other world, such as the Middle East or North Africa. 0

APPENDIX B--ANALYSIS 43 NUMBER OF AREA OF DEFINITION ASSOCIATED SIGNIFICANCE NHLS The investigation of unknown or little known regions; establishment and earliest development of new settlements or communities. Exploration/ Settlement 23 The care of the sick, disabled, and handicapped; the promotion of health and hygiene Health/ Medicine 2 The technology and process of managing materials, labor, and equipment to produce goods and services. Industry 19 The art of originating by experiment or ingenuity an object, system, or concept of practical value. Invention 5 The practical art of designing or arranging the land for human use and enjoyment Landscape Architecture 2 The interpretation and enforcement of society's legal code. Law 35 The creation of prose and poetry. Literature 12 The history of exploration, fishing, navigation, and use of inland, coastal, and deep sea waters. Maritime History 0 The system of defending the territory and sovereignty of a people. Military History 12 The creation of drama, dance, and music. Performing Arts 16 The theoretical study of thought, knowledge, and the nature of the universe. Philosophy 1 The enactment and administration of laws by which a nation, state, or other political jurisdiction is governed; activities related to political Politics/ Government process. 56 The organized system of beliefs, practices, and traditions regarding mankind's relationship to perceived supernatural forces. Religion 14 The systematic study of natural law and phenomena. Science 4 The history of efforts to promote the welfare of society; the history of society and the life ways of its social groups. Social History 140 The process and technology of conveying passengers or materials Transportation 4 Any area not covered by the above categories Other 0

APPENDIX B--ANALYSIS 44 APPENDIX C SCHOLAR COMPOSITE ASSESSMENT

Above: Scholar Assessment and Recommendation Form, given to Scholars Meeting Group prior to Sept. 10, 2007 Meeting.

Below are the complete Scholar Assessment Rating Scale and the composite rating for the 10 themes chosen for evaluation. Scholars were directed to provide brief explanations for all ratings and a more extensive explanation for ratings below 4. The average overall rating was 2.77, indicating that coverage of these ten themes in African American history was fair because existing National Historic Landmarks commemorated a limited number of events, ideas, themes, or significant persons.

N/A 1 2 3 4 5 No Poor Needs Fair Good Excellent Assessment Improvement Outside area Little or no Some coverage of Coverage limited Coverage of Broad coverage of of expertise coverage of major major events, to some events, major events, major events, events, ideas, ideas, themes, or ideas, themes, or ideas, themes ideas, themes, themes, or significant persons significant persons and significant and significant significant persons persons persons

1. Economics and Commerce: Avg. Rating 2.5_

2. Science and Technology: Avg. Rating 2.25

3. Culture, Art and Ideas : Avg. Rating 3 _

4. Law, Society and Government: Avg. Rating 4 _

5. Archeology: Avg. Rating 1.5_

6. Notable Individuals : Avg. Rating 3.75

7. Colonial and Early America: Avg. Rating _2 _

8. Slavery and Civil War: Avg. Rating 3.25

9. Emancipation and Reconstruction: Avg. Rating 3.25

10. History of the American West: Avg. Rating 2.25

45 APPENDIX D NPS UNITS ASSOCIATED WITH AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY

The following 47 National Park System units are associated with nationally significant African American history. Several units contain National Historic Landmarks that are specifically designated for their association with African American history. Others are generally associated with nationally significant African American history, but may not have an interpretation program on that history. NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM DESIGNATIONS National Park (NP) Large natural spaces having a wide variety of attributes Yosemite National Park Landmarks, structures, and objects of historic or scientific interest Mt. Rushmore National National Monument (NM) that are located on lands owned or controlled by the government Monument a site that contains a single historical feature that was directly Boston African American Historic National Historic Site (NHS) associated with a historical subject Site historic park that extends beyond a single properties or buildings Alaska Klondike Gold Rush National Historic Park (NHP) National Historic Park a trail or a route established by historic use and must be historically Lewis and Clark National Historic National Historic Trail (NHT) significant as a result of that use Trail commemorates a historic person or episode and need not occupy a National Memorial (NM) Vietnam War Memorial site historically connected with its subject Includes national battlefield (NB), national battlefield park (NBP), National Battlefield (NB) Gettysburg National Battlefield national battlefield site (NBS), and national military park (NMP) Units of the National Park System bear unique titles or Other Designations (OD) White House combinations of titles.

STATE NAME LOCATION AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED

46 Natchez Trace Alabama, Mississippi, Exploration/ Settlement; The Parkway provides some African American historical interpretation but lacks a Parkway Tennessee Social History-Antebellum comprehensive program to interpret the former plantations, slave trade routes, and Alabama South, Slavery and Slave slave markets (such as "Forks of the Road" in Natchez) located along the Parkway. May 18, 1938 Trade From the 1830s to the Civil War, some of the largest slave trade markets in the antebellum South were held along the Parkway location. Selma-To- Montgomery, Lowndes Social History-Civil Rights The final push to achieve a nationwide solution to the disenfranchisement of National Historic Trail- Montgomery National and Dallas County, Movement (Voting Rights, African Americans came as the result of three strategically planned marches, the Nov. 1996; Historic Trail Alabama Public Accommodations) first of which took place on March 7, 1965. The result was the personal triumph of All-American Road-

those who participated in the historic trek and the signing of the Voting Rights Act Jan. 1996; on August 6, 1965 by President Lyndon B. Johnson. National Scenic Byway- Dec. 1995 Tuskegee Airmen Tuskegee, Macon Law; Military; Politics/ This NHS contains historic Moton Field used to train African American aviators National Historic Site County, Alabama Government from 1942 to 1946 in the then segregated U.S. Armed Forces. Nov. 6, 1998 Tuskegee Institute Tuskegee, Macon Agriculture; Education; This NHS contains both the Tuskegee Institute NHL and the Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site County, Alabama Invention; Science; NHS. Tuskegee Normal School, later Tuskegee Institute, was founded by former Significant Persons-Booker slave Booker T. Washington and was established by the state of Alabama to T. Washington and George educate newly freed people and their children. The school officially opened on July Oct. 26, 1974 Washington Carver; Social 4, 1881 in the African American Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. Renowned History-Civil Rights African American scientist and inventor, George Washington Carver, became head of the newly-formed Agriculture Department in 1896. Juan Bautista de Nogales, Arizona to Exploration/ Settlement This national trail commemorates the route followed by a Spanish commander, Anza National Historic San Francisco, Juan Bautista de Anza, when he led a contingent of 30 soldiers and their families Trail California (198 people total) to found a presidio and mission near the San Francisco Bay from 1775 to 1776. The soldiers and families that Anza escorted brought with them their Arizona language, traditions, and diverse New World Hispanic culture. The backgrounds of Aug. 15, 1990 all soldiers and settlers were carefully recorded as español, mulatto, or mestizo. Almost all the expedition members were born on this continent and had mixed European, African, or Indian parentage. These influences changed the lives of the indigenous peoples and shaped the development of Arizona and California. STATE NAME LOCATION AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED APPENDIX Little Rock Central 2120 Daisy Bates Education; Law-Brown v. This NHS contains the Little Rock Central High School NHL, the major site of the High School National Drive, Little Rock, Board of Education (1954), school desegregation crisis of 1957 after the Brown v. Board of Education decision. Historic Site Pulaski County, Brown II (1955); During the crisis, nine African American students attempting to integrate the school NPS-Nov. 6, 1998; Arkansas Arkansas Politics/Government; Social were subjected to mass protest and violence by white segregationists and had to NHL-1982;

D--NPS History- Civil Rights be protected by federal paratroopers. This site represents the history of massive NR- 1977 (Desegregation) Southern white resistance to, and federal enforcement of, racial desegregation of public education. Port Chicago Naval Concord Naval Law; Military; Politics/ On July 17, 1944 at Port Chicago Naval Magazine 40 miles east of San Francisco, UNITS Memorial National Weapons Station, Government; Social 320 men were instantly killed when the munitions ships they were loading with Monument Contra Costa County, History-Great Migration, ammunition and bombs for the Pacific Rim troops mysteriously blew up. It was the California WWII, Civil Rights largest homeland disaster during World War II. Everyone within 1,000 feet of the California loading dock perished: Sailors, Marines, Navy Armed Guard, Coast Guardsmen, Jul. 17, 1992 Merchant Marines, and working civilians. Over 200 of the deaths were young African-American enlisted sailors working for a segregated military. The explosion and its aftermath led to the largest Naval mutiny trial and was one of the catalysts for the desegregation of the U.S. Armed Services following the war. Rosie the Riveter 1401 Marina Way Military; Social History-WWII The Park commemorates the contributions of European and African American WWII Home Front South, Richmond, women affectionately known as "Rosies," whose labor during World War II helped National Historical Contra Costa, change industry and had sweeping and lasting impacts on American society and Park California culture. Fully engaged in winning World War II, American women, minorities, and Oct. 25, 2000 men worked toward a common goal in a manner that has been unequaled since. The site was designated in conjunction with the World War II Home Front Theme Study. Sequoia & Kings In the southern Sierra Exploration/ Settlement; Charles Young was the first African American to graduate from the white high Canyon National Nevada Mountains in Military school in Ripley, Ohio. He became the third African American to graduate and earn Parks Tulare and Fresno a commission from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point in 1889, and became 47 counties, California the highest-ranking black officer during World War I. Young also served as the first Kings Canyon NP- black military attaché in American history. In 1903, as Acting Superintendent, he Mar. 4, 1940; became the first African American park superintendent in the National Park System General Grant NP- and made highly significant contributions to the protection and development of Oct. 1, 1890; Sequoia and General Grant National Parks. Young’s avocation and his command Sequoia NP-Sept. 25, of the 9th Calvary Regiment of African American “Buffalo Soldiers” were the driving 1890 force in completing the first road into Sequoia park. He also negotiated with landowners for the government purchase of privately-owned lands within the parks’ boundaries. On the day the road opened, modern tourism began in Sequoia National Park. African American Civil Corners of Vermont Military The African American Civil War Memorial commemorates the military service of District of War Memorial and U Streets NW, hundreds of thousands of African American soldiers and sailors during the Civil Oct. 27, 2004 Columbia Washington, DC War. Frederick Douglass 1411 W Street SE, Politics/ Government; Social From 1877 to 1895, this was the home of Frederick Douglass, the nation's leading National Historic Site Washington, DC History-Abolitionism, Civil 19th century African American spokesman. Visitors to the site learn about his efforts Rights (19th cent.), to abolish slavery and his struggle for human rights, equal rights, and civil rights for Feb. 12, 1988 Women's Rights all oppressed people. Douglass was U.S. minister to Haiti in 1889. George Washington Washington, DC, Significant Person-Robert E. The parkway provides interpretation of enslaved African American plantation Memorial Parkway Maryland, and Virginia Lee, Social History- workers and the Civil War, especially at the boyhood home (Arlington House) of Secession, Antebellum Confederate General, Robert E. Lee. Another site on the parkway, Glen Echo May 29, 1930 Slavery Park, was reached by “whites only” streetcars, making the amusement park located there racially segregated until protests opened the streetcars and park to all races. Lincoln Memorial The National Mall, Significant Persons-Marian On Easter Sunday, 1939, Marian Anderson performed in concert on the grounds of Washington, D.C Anderson, Martin Luther the memorial, as arranged by Eleanor Roosevelt, after the Daughters of the King, Jr. (1939); Social American Revolution denied Anderson the right to perform at their facility, NM- Feb. 9, 1911; History-Civil Rights Constitution Hall. The event was seen as a symbolic blow to Jim Crow segregation. NP System-1966 Movement (March on The memorial also figured prominently in the 1963 March on Washington, where Washington, Public Martin Luther King delivered his iconic “I Have A Dream” speech. Accommodations) STATE NAME LOCATION AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED APPENDIX Mary McLeod 1318 Vermont Avenue Education; Politics/ The Bethune Council House was African American educator and activist Mary Bethune Council NW, Washington, DC Government; Social History- McLeod Bethune's last official Washington, DC residence and the first House National Civil Rights, Women's headquarters of the National Council of Negro Women, the largest African Oct. 15, 1982 Historic Site Rights, Human Rights American women’s rights organization in the United States. The House also

D--NPS contains the Black Women’s History Archives. Gulf Islands National Gulf Breeze, Florida Exploration/ Settlement; Gulf Islands provides interpretation of the Pensacola area from colonial Naval Live Oaks Seashore-Florida and Ocean Springs, Military; Politics/ enslavement to World War II. The site is associated with African American maroon Reservation- Sept. Jackson County, Government; Social History- communities during the Spanish Florida era and early U.S. possession of the 28, 1998; Fort UNITS Mississippi Abolitionism, Civil Rights territory, pre-Civil War abolitionism and association with Massachusetts sailor, Pickens- May 31, Florida Jonathan Walker. Walker had his hands branded with "SS" for helping enslaved 1972; Fort people escape. The seashore also is associated with the post-Civil War activities Massachusetts- Jun. of the 25th Colored Regiment, the founding of Florida A & M University--a 21, 1971; Fort San historically black college, and African American soldiers’ participation in mid-20th Carlos de Barrancas- century wars. Oct. 9, 1960 Timucuan Ecological Kingsley Plantation, Exploration/ Settlement- Kingsley Plantation, an area of the National Park Service's Timucuan Ecological & Historic Preserve- 11676 Palmetto Spanish Florida; Social and Historic Preserve, is located on Fort George Island, near the mouth of the St. Kingsley Plantation Avenue, Jacksonville, History-Colonial Slavery Johns River. Early 19th century plantation structures represent the Sea Island Duval County, Florida cotton era, a planter and family of that era, and the enslaved people who were forced to toil in that time. Anna Madgigine Jai was an African woman purchased by Zephaniah Kingsley, a planter and trader. Anna became his wife and resided at the Fort George Island plantation from 1814 to 1839 with their four children. Upon receiving her freedom in 1811, Anna became a slave owner, effective plantation Feb. 16, 1988 manager, and independent businesswoman, all in addition to her roles as wife and mother. Kingsley operated under a "task" system, which allowed slaves to work at a craft or tend their own gardens once the specified task for the day was completed. Proceeds from the sale of produce or craft items were usually kept by

48 the enslaved workers. During their time at this plantation, Florida changed hands from Spanish rule to become a territory of the United States. Restrictive laws implemented by the U.S. against both free and enslaved African Americans prompted the Kingsley family to move to Haiti. Cumberland Island Saint Marys, Exploration/ Settlement; The seashore provides interpretation on the history and condition of rural, African National Seashore Cumberland Island, Social History-Antebellum Americans living in the Sea Islands, from the Antebellum South through the early Georgia th Oct. 23, 1972 Camden County, South 20 century. Georgia Fort Pulaski National Hwy 80 East, Military, Social History-Civil In April of 1862, Union troops directed rifled cannon fire at the fort breaching the Monument Savannah, War southeast angle. The quick success of this experimental cannon surprised military Chatham County, strategists worldwide. The accuracy and range of the rifled cannon rendered brick Georgia fortifications obsolete. Immediately after capturing the fort, Union Major General Oct. 15, 1924 David Hunter, an ardent abolitionist, ordered the release of area slaves. Many were recruited into the Union army comprising the First South Carolina Colored Regiment. Martin Luther King , Atlanta, Commerce; Industry; This NHS contains two National Historic Landmark Historic Districts: 1) Martin NHS - Oct. 10, 1980; Jr. National Historic Fulton County, Significant Person- Martin Luther King, Jr., which features his birthplace, the first church he pastured, and his Sweet Auburn Historic Site and Preservation Georgia Luther King, Jr.; Social gravesite; and 2) Sweet Auburn, a representative center of black economic, social, District- Dec. 8, 1976;

District History-Civil Rights religious, and cultural life from the Civil War to the 1930s. Martin Luther King, Jr., Historic District - May 2, 1974 Brown v. Board Of 1515 SE Monroe Education; Law; Politics/ This NHS contains Monroe Elementary School, the all black school that lead Education National Street, Topeka, Government; Social History- plaintiff, Linda Brown, attended in the watershed Brown v. Board of Education NHS- Nov. 12, 1996; Kansas Historic Site Shawnee County, Civil Rights (Desegregation) (1954) decision. NHL- 1976 Kansas Fort Scott National Fort Scott, Burbon Exploration/ Settlement; This district contains the Fort Scott NHL and offers preservation, protection, and Historic Site County, Kansas Military; Social History-Civil interpretation of historic resources associated with the role of African Americans on War, Abolitionism, the opening of the West to American settlement, including confrontations with Oct. 19, 1978 Westward Expansion Native Americans, the Mexican-American War, “Bleeding Kansas,” the Civil War, and the expansion of railroads. STATE NAME LOCATION AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED

APPENDIX Nicodemus National 304 Washington Social History-Westward This NHS contains the Nicodemus Historic District NHL, the most successful all- Historic Site Avenue, Nicodemus, Expansion, Exoduster black township established by African Americans to escape oppression in post- NHS- Nov. 12, 1996; Graham, Kansas Movement, post- Reconstruction South and establish independent communities. NHL- 1976 Reconstruction; Politics/ Government D--NPS Mammoth Cave Cave City, Edmonson Industry; Exploration/ The 1812 saltpetre mining works at Mammouth Cave had over 70 enslaved National Park County, Kentucky Settlement; Social History- laborers and followed cave routes initially explored, mapped, and guided by African International Industrial Slavery Americans. The mining of saltpetre was essential for the production of gun powder Biosphere Reserve-

UNITS required for the War of 1812. Several generations of African American families Sept. 26, 1990; World Kentucky have worked as a cave guides or hotel workers at Mammoth Cave. In 1838, Heritage Site- Oct. 27, Stephen Bishop, the most widely known of numerous African American guides at 1981; NP- Jul. 1, Mammoth Cave, secured a place in cave history by crossing the Bottomless Pit. 1941 Tours of the historic section commemorate the discoveries of enslaved African American guides such as Stephen Bishop. Cane River Creole Westward from Exploration/ Settlement- African American historical interpretation at Oakland Plantation and Magnolia National Historical Interstate 49 to the Red French-colonial Louisiana, Plantation sites located along the Cane River in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana Park River and the City of early American; Social demonstrate the history of colonization, frontier influences, French and Creole Natchitoches on the History-Antebellum South Architecture, cotton agriculture, slavery and tenancy labor systems, changing Louisiana north side and technologies, and evolving social practices over two hundred years. Nov. 2, 1994 Monette's Ferry to the south; Natchitoches Parish; Natchez, Louisiana Jean Lafitte National Six park sites in Exploration/ Settlement; African American interpretation at the site is included in the interpretation of the Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Lafayette, Thibodaux, Military-War of 1812; Social history of New Orleans and the diverse cultures of Louisiana's Mississippi Delta Historical Park and Preserve Eunice, Marrero, History-French-colonial region. Preserve– Nov. 10, Chalmette, and New Louisiana, Louisiana 1978; Chalmettte 49 Orleans, Louisiana Purchase NHP- Aug. 10, 1939 New Orleans Jazz 916 N. Peters Street, Performing Arts-Jazz; The New Orleans Jazz NHP interprets the birth of jazz from its African, French- National Historical New Orleans, Creole, European classical roots, to its early growth through artists such as Jelly Oct. 31, 1994 Park Orleans Parish, Roll Morton and Louis Armstrong, and traces its development through artists such Louisiana as the Marsalis family. Hampton National 535 Hampton Lane, Architecture; Archeology; This NHS contains the estate of the Hampton family, for which Hampton University Historic Site Towson, Baltimore Conservation; Ethnic was named. When it was completed in 1790, Hampton was the largest house in County, Maryland Heritage; Industry; the United States. African American historical interpretation is offered on the Landscape Architecture; enslaved and indentured African Americans that worked on the plantation. It is the Maryland Jun. 22, 1948 Politics/ Government; Social story of a seven generation family business, early American industry and History-19th century commerce, and changing cultural tastes. Plantation Slavery, Antebellum South Boston African 14 Beacon Street, Education; Law; Military; Located in the heart of Boston's Beacon Hill neighborhood, the site includes 15 American National Suite 503 Politics/ Government; pre-Civil War structures relating to the history of Boston's 19th century African- Historic Site Boston, Suffolk County, Religion; Social History- American community, including: the African Meeting House, the oldest standing Massachusetts Abolitionism, Civil Rights African American church in the United States. The sites are linked by the 1.6 mile Oct. 10, 1980 (19th cent.) (2.5 km) Black Heritage Trail®. Augustus Saint-Gaudens' memorial to Robert Gould Shaw and the African American Massachusetts 54th Regiment stands along the trail. Gulf Islands National Ship Island, Harrison Exploration/ Settlement; The seashore provides African American history interpretation of the free and Naval Live Oaks Seashore-Mississippi County, Mississippi Military; Social History-Civil enslaved African American soldiers from Spanish and French colonial eras to the Reservation- Sept. and War Civil War. The seashore is associated with the history of the Louisiana Native 28, 1998; Ocean Springs, Guards, a regiment of free black men commissioned by the Confederacy to defend Fort Pickens- May 31, Jackson County, Louisiana against the Union Army in 1861. The unit was disbanded months later 1972; Mississippi Mississippi due to questions of loyalty but was later re-commissioned as a Union unit and was Fort Massachusetts garrisoned for 34 months on Ship Island in Harrison County, Mississippi. Jun. 21, 1971; NHL Fort San Carlos de Barrancas- Oct. 9, 1960 STATE NAME LOCATION AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED

APPENDIX William Johnson 210 State Street, Social History-Antebellum The Natchez National Historical Park contains three units including the William House (Natchez Natchez, Adams South, Slavery Johnson House. William Johnson was a free African American businessman and National Historical County, Mississippi slaveholder, whose diary tells the story of everyday life in antebellum Natchez. Johnson House- Park) Johnson married Ann Battles, a free woman of color, and raised ten children in Sept. 28, 1990;

their home on State Street. He would eventually own and operate three Natchez NHP-

D--NPS barbershops and a bath house in the city. With his financial success, Johnson Oct. 2, 1988 purchased slaves and profited from slave labor in his business, on his farm lands, and in his family's home.

UNITS George Washington 5646 Carver Road, 2 Agriculture; Significant African American scientist and inventor George Washington Carver's boyhood Carver National miles west of Diamond, Person-George Washington home consists of rolling hills, woodlands, and prairies. The 210 acre park has a 3/4 Missouri Jul. 14, 1943 Monument Newton County, Carver mile nature trail, museum, and an interactive exhibit area for students. The cultural Missouri setting includes the 1881 Historic Moses Carver house and the Carver cemetery. Homestead National 8523 W. State Hwy. 4 Exploration/Settlement- This unit of the National Park System commemorates the Homestead Act of 1862 Monument of America Beatrice, Gage Westward Expansion; and its effects on the land and people. The Homestead Act was progressive for its County, Nebraska Social History-Westward time, allowing women, African Americans, and immigrants to claim up to 160 acres Nebraska Mar. 19, 1936 Expansion, Civil War, of the public domain for settlement and cultivation. The Homestead Act took effect Reconstruction January 1, 1863--the same day as the Emancipation Proclamation. Many former slaves journeyed west to begin new lives on homestead claims. Dayton Aviation 22 S. Williams Street, Significant Person-Paul Dayton Aviation Heritage commemorates three exceptional men--Wilbur Wright, Heritage National Dayton, Montgomery Lawrence Dunbar; Social Orville Wright, and Paul Laurence Dunbar--and their work in the Miami Valley. Paul Historical Park County, Ohio History-Harlem Laurence Dunbar achieved national and international acclaim in a literary world Renaissance, New Negro that was almost exclusively reserved for whites. This gifted and prolific writer Ohio Movement produced a body of work that included novels, plays, short stories, lyrics, and over Oct. 16, 1992 400 published poems. His work, which reflected much of the African American experience in America, contributed to a growing social consciousness and cultural identity for African Americans in the United States. Perry's Victory & Put-in-Bay, Ottawa Military; Social History-War Constructed between 1912 and 1915 by a commission of nine states and the 50 International Peace County, Ohio of 1812 federal government, Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry's Victory & International Memorial Peace Memorial was built to commemorate the American naval victory over the Jun. 2, 1936 British at the Battle of Lake Erie during the War of 1812. African American soldiers played a pivotal role in the victory. Hopewell Furnace 2 Mark Bird Lane, Commerce; Industry; Hopewell Furnace (1771-1883) builder Mark Bird was a slave owner along with National Historic Site Elverson, Berks Politics/Government; most ironmasters in the 18th century. His enslaved laborers worked at Bird's County, Pennsylvania Religion; Social History- forges in Birdsboro and are said to have dug Hopewell's original headrace. After Industrial Slavery, the Pennsylvania Assembly passed an act ordering gradual emancipation in 1780, Underground Railroad African Americans continued to work at Hopewell Furnace as paid employees. Beginning in 1835, the remote forests around Hopewell Furnace figured prominently in the Underground Railroad. Escaped freedomseekers came across Hopewell Furnace the hills near Hopewell Furnace to stop at the home of Elizabeth Scarlett and her NHS- Sept. 19, 1985; Pennsylvania son Joseph, the Quaker owners of Scarlett's Mill. A community founded by Hopewell Village escaped African Americans grew up in the valley of Six Penny Creek, close to NHS- Aug. 3, 1938 Hopewell Furnace, the Joanna Furnace, and forges in Birdsboro. Many earned their living in the iron industry as woodcutters, colliers, and teamsters. Some became landowners. In 1856, the African American community at Six Penny Creek established an African Methodist Episcopal Church on land owned by the Cole family. The church served as an Underground Railroad station and is the site of the oldest known African American cemetery in Berks County. Stones River National 3501 Old Nashville Military Part of Stones River National Battlefield, the National Cemetery was established in Cemetery Highway, 1865 and has more than 6,000 Union graves, 186 of which were African American NMP-Mar. 3, 1927; Tennessee Murfreesboro, soldiers from the United States Colored Troops units. NB-Apr. 22, 1960; Rutherford County, NR-Oct. 15, 1966. Tennessee Amistad National Del Rio, Val Verde Exploration/ Settlement; After the Civil War, 10th Calvary Troops and Seminole-Negro Indian Scouts were Recreation Area County, Texas Military; garrisoned at several forts within the Amistad National Recreation area from 1867 Texas through the early 1880s. African American workers also helped construct the Nov. 28, 1990 Devils River portion of the transcontinental railroad that ran through the Amistad area. Some interpretation of this history is offered. APPENDIX

STATE NAME LOCATION AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED Fort Davis National 101 Lt. Henry Flipper Exploration/Settlement- Fort Davis is a representative site in the history of African Americans in the West Historic Site Drive, Fort Davis, Jeff Westward Expansion; and in the frontier military. The 24th and 25th U.S. Infantry and the 9th and 10th

D--NPS Davis County, Texas Military; Social History- U.S. Cavalry, all-black regiments established after the Civil War, were stationed at Westward Expansion, Civil the post from 1870s. During the 1870s and 1880s, the U.S. Army unit of Seminole- War, Abolitionism Negro Indian Scouts also garrisoned here and at Big Bend National Park, although May 14, 1905 they primarily operated out of Fort Clark and Fort Duncan, Texas. The U.S. Army UNITS disbanded the scouts in the summer of 1914. At the same time, the scouts were ordered to leave their settlement on Las Mores Creek and the grounds of Fort Clark, Texas. Without jobs or a place to go, they purchased a small piece of land and settled near Fort Clark. Virgin Islands 1300 Cruz Bay Creek, Exploration/ Settlement- African American history interpretation at Annaberg Sugar Plantation ruins National Park St. John, Virgin Islands colonial US Virgin Islands, illustrates the story of sugar production and the associated slave trade and slavery U.S. Virgin Caribbean; Social History- during the period of European economic expansion in the West Indies. In addition, Aug. 2, 1956 Islands Dutch-colonial Slavery the interpretation describes and offers interactive demonstrations of what former enslaved people did to survive during the 100 years following emancipation. Appomattox Court 95 miles west of Military; Social History-Civil On April 9, 1865, the site of General Robert E. Lee's surrender to General Ulysses NHP- Apr. 15, 1954; House National Richmond, War S. Grant of the Union Army marks the end of the Civil War. Some African NHM- Aug. 13, 1935; Historical Park Appomattox, American historical interpretation is provided of the 24th and 25th Regiments of Virginia U.S. War Department Appomattox County, U.S. Colored Troops role in the final defeat of Lee's forces, capturing Lee's badly Battlefield Site- Jun. Virginia needed supplies and leveling a crushing blow to the morale of the Confederate 18, 1930 Army of Northern Virginia. Arlington House, The George Washington Significant Person-Robert E. Arlington House was the home of Robert E. Lee and his family for thirty years. Robert E. Lee Memorial Parkway, Lee; Social History- Arlington House, with its associated slave quarters and gardens, are now Memorial Turkey Run Park, Antebellum Plantation preserved as a memorial to Robert E. Lee. Mar. 4, 1925 51 Arlington County, Slavery Virginia Booker T. Washington 12130 Booker T. Significant Person-Booker On April 5, 1856, civil rights activist and educator Booker T. Washington was born National Monument Washington Highway, T. Washington; Social into enslavement on this 207-acre tobacco farm. Apr. 2, 1956 Hardy, Franklin County, History-Antebellum Virginia Plantation Slavery Colonial National Colonial Jamestown, Exploration/ Settlement; The colonial history, including the role of African Americans, is interpreted at Historical Park James City County, Military; Social History- historic Jamestown and the Yorktown Battlefield, the final major battle of the NHP- Jun. 5, 1936;

and Yorktown, York Colonial America, American Revolutionary War in 1781. NM- Jul. 3, 1930 County, Virginia Revolutionary War Maggie L Walker 600 North 2nd Street, Commerce; Economics; Containing the Maggie L. Walker House NHL, the Maggie L. Walker National National Historic Site Richmond, Richmond Industry; Significant Person- Historic Site commemorates the life of a progressive and talented African American County, Virginia Maggie L. Walker woman. Despite many adversities, she achieved success in the world of business Nov. 10, 1978 and finance as the first woman in the United States to charter and serve as president of a bank. Petersburg National Petersburg, Dinwiddie Military; Social History-Civil Petersburg, Virginia, became the setting for the longest siege in American history Battlefield County, Virginia War when General Ulysses S. Grant failed to capture Richmond in the spring of 1864. Grant settled in to subdue the Confederacy by surrounding Petersburg and cutting NB- Aug. 24, 1962; off General Robert E. Lee's supply lines into Petersburg and Richmond. On April NMP- Jul. 3, 1926 2, 1865, nine-and-one-half months after the siege began, Lee evacuated Petersburg. The U.S. Colored Troops were instrumental in the success of the city’s capture. Richmond National Richmond, Richmond Military; Social History- Richmond was at the heart of the Civil War as the industrial and political capital of Battlefield Park County, Virginia Secession, Civil War the Confederacy from 1861 to 1865. The U.S. Colored Troops were instrumental in the success of the city’s capture, which led to Confederate General Robert E. Mar. 2, 1936 Lee’s surrender to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at the Old Appomattox Courthouse. APPENDIX D--NPS UNITS

STATE NAME LOCATION AREA OF SIGNIFICANCE HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED Harpers Ferry Potomac and Military; Social History- This park was the site of John Brown's attack on slavery, the largest surrender of National Historical Shenandoah rivers in Abolitionism, Civil Rights; Federal troops during the Civil War, and the education of former slaves in one of Park the states of West Politics/ Government the earliest integrated schools in the United States. Harper’s Ferry was also the 52 Virginia, Virginia, and location of the Niagara Movement's second meeting in 1906; it was the NHP- May 29, 1963; West Virginia Maryland; Harpers organization’s first meeting on American soil. The Niagara Movement, founded by NM- Jun. 30, 1944 Ferry, West Virginia W. E. B. DuBois and other intellectuals, argued for direct action rather than conciliation in gaining African American civil rights in the early 20th century. The Niagara Movement eventually led to the 1908 founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

APPENDIX E RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EXISTING NHLS

The following NHLs do not note "Ethnic Heritage-Black" as an area of significance category, nor is African American history described in the current NHL documentation; however, recent scholarship has indicated an important association with nationally significant African American history. As a result, NHLs listed here are recommended for further research on their association with nationally significant African American history and for possible revision of existing documentation to reflect this additional historical significance.

AREA OF STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED SIGNIFICANCE

Sloss Blast Furnaces Birmingham, Jefferson Industry; Politics/ Further study could be conducted to document the furnaces’ association County, Alabama Government with advances made in African American labor in the 1930s by the Alabama May 29, 1981 Congress of Industrial Organizations in its efforts to gain democracy for workers of all races.

Leland Stanford House 800 N Street, Sacramento, Exploration/ Settlement- In 1850, despite California’s status as a nominally “free” state, Sacramento County, California; Significant approximately 1,000 blacks were enslaved. Most of these bondspeople California Person-Leland Stanford; were brought to the state from other slaveholding states. Leland Stanford, California May 28, 1987 Social History-Civil before his tenor as the state’s first Republican Governor from 1861 to 1863, Rights was an influential political and financial supporter of abolition and civil rights in California’s territorial and early state history.

John Dickinson House 5 miles SE of Dover, .3 mile As a framer of the U.S. Constitution, John Dickinson's ideas about slavery E of U.S. 113 on Kitts and freedom influenced the final document that became the basis for the Hummock Road nation’s federal government. As the seat of Dickinson's Kent County land Delaware Jan. 20, 1961 Kent County, Delaware holdings, Dickinson Plantation provides an opportunity for visitors to explore the issues of chattel slavery, manumission, and race relations as practiced by an influential member of the Constitutional Convention of 1781.

Corbit-Sharp House 109 Main Street, Odessa, This property should be evaluated for its association with the Underground 53 New Castle County, Railroad. Along with other collaborative evidence about the history of the Delaware family and the willingness of the patriarch, Daniel Corbit, to assist those Dec. 24, 1967 escaping bondage, a story survives as told by his daughter in 1916 that details the place in the house where a freedom seeker was hidden in the house. American Federation of 901 Massachusetts Avenue, The union originally prohibited women, African Americans, and other racial District of Labor (AFL) Building NW, minorities from joining the union. The existing documentation may need May 30, 1974 Columbia Washington, DC amending to include or amplify its African American historical significance.

American Peace Society 734 Jackson Place, NW, The American Peace Society was a pacifist group founded upon the Washington, DC initiative of William Ladd, in New York City, May 8, 1828. It was formed by the merging of many state and local societies, from New York, Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts, of which the oldest, the New York Peace May 30, 1974 Society, dated from 1815. It was the first nationally-based, secular peace organization in the United States. The existing documentation may need amending to include or amplify its African American historical significance.

City Hall/DC Courthouse 4th and E Streets, NW, The existing documentation may need amending to include or amplify its Dec. 19, 1960 Washington, DC African American historical significance.

Constitution Hall 311 Eighteenth Street, NW, The existing documentation may need amending to include or amplify its Sept.16, 1985 Washington, DC African American historical significance.

Decatur House 748 Jackson Place, NW, The existing documentation may need amending to include or amplify its Washington, DC African American historical significance because of the surviving slave Dec. 19, 1960 quarters to the rear of the house. Georgetown Historic Roughly bounded by The existing documentation may need amending to include or amplify its

District Whitehaven Street, Rock African American historical significance. Creek Park, Potomac River, May 28, 1967 and Georgetown University, Washington, DC

St. Elizabeth's Hospital 2700 Martin Luther King Jr. The existing documentation may need amending to include or amplify its Avenue, SE, African American historical significance. Dec. 14, 1990 Washington, DC AREA OF STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED SIGNIFICANCE

APPENDIX Theodore Roosevelt North of Memorial Bridge, A site within the George Washington Memorial Parkway, the existing

Island National Memorial George Washington documentation may need amending to include or amplify its African

Memorial Parkway, American historical significance. Washington, DC

Tudor Place 1644 31st Street, NW, The existing documentation may need amending to include or amplify its Dec. 19, 1960 E--EXISTING Washington, DC African American historical significance. United States Capitol Capitol Hill, The existing documentation may need amending to include or amplify its Dec. 19, 1960 Washington, DC African American historical significance. Washington Navy 8th and M Streets, SE, The existing documentation may need amending to include or amplify its May 11, 1976 Shipyard Washington, DC African American historical significance. Ft. Leavenworth Metropolitan Avenue, off US Military; Settlement/ The existing documentation needs additional information on the fort’s NHLs Hwy73/KS Hwy 7, Fort Exploration associations with the history of the 10th Calvary (Buffalo Soldiers), one of Kansas Dec. 19, 1960 Leavenworth, Fort four African American regular army units, which was organized on Sept. 21, Leavenworth county, Kansas 1866, at Fort Leavenworth and garrisoned there from 1931 to 1940. Sotterley 44300 Sotterley Lane, Designated a NHL in 2000 for its significance in the areas of architecture Hollywood, St. Mary's and landscape architecture, Sotterley presents an exceptionally intact County, Maryland Tidewater plantation landscape. The property also represents important Maryland African American history through its surviving log slave quarter, one of Feb.16, 2000 between five and seven which originally formed a row below the main house. Hampton National 535 Hampton Lane, Ethnic Heritage - Black Like Sotterley, Hampton retains significant buildings, landscape features, Historic Site Towson, Baltimore County, and archeological resources associated with African American history. The Oct. 15, 1966 Maryland recent National Register documentation includes an extensive discussion of the property's significance in the area of "Ethnic Heritage – Black." Wye House Seven miles northwest of Wye House is significant in African American history for its association with Easton, Talbot County, Frederick Douglass, who spent his childhood on the property and referred

54 Maryland to his experiences there in his autobiography. Archeological investigations were recently undertaken in an effort to better understand the African Apr. 15, 1970 American experience at Wye House. The following articles may be of interest: http://www.stardem.com/printarticle.asp?article=19011 http://www.hstc.org/frederickdouglass.htm African Meeting House 29 and 27 York Street, Both houses are contributing resources in the Nantucket Historic District and Florence (respectively), Nantucket, NHL. The properties' existing NHL documentation should be revised to Higginbotham House Nantucket County, include its associations with African American history. Recent evidence Massachusetts reveals that the house was built after the property was purchased by Seneca Boston, an African American, on September 13, 1774. Boston was Massachusetts a weaver and formerly enslaved man who purchased the land a decade Nov. 13, 1966 before slavery was abolished in Massachusetts. Absalom Boston, the well- known Nantucket whaling captain, was one of the six children of Seneca Boston and his wife, Thankful Micah, a Wampanoag Indian who all lived in the house. Except for a period of less than one year, the property was owned by African Americans for the next two centuries. Beacon Hill Historic Bounded by Beacon Street, The property's existing NHL documentation should be revised to include its District the Charles River associations with African American history in the North Slope Embankment, and Pinckney, neighborhood. Revere, and Hancock Dec. 19, 1962 Streets, NHL Program: Additional documentation on the district’s association with Boston, Suffolk County, African American history was accepted by the Secretary of the Interior and Massachusetts NHL documentation was amended on April 4, 2007.

Bunker Hill Monument Monument Avenue, A contributing resource in the Boston National Historical Park, the Charlestown, Boston, Suffolk monuments existing documentation should be revised to recognize the role County, Massachusetts of "patriots of color" in the Battle of Bunker Hill. See the special history Jan. 20, 1961. study, Patriots of Color, by George Quintal for further details. Faneuil Hall Boston, Faneuil Hall is a contributing resource in the Boston National Historical Sulfolk County, Park. NHP staff recommends revision to the existing documentation to Oct. 9, 1960. Massachusetts recognize the role of as a place for abolitionist meetings. AREA OF STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED SIGNIFICANCE Gore Place 52 Gore Street, Waltham, Education; Industry; Gore Place was designated for its association with signer of the APPENDIX Middlesex County, Literature Constitution, U.S. Senator, and Governor of Massachusetts Christopher Massachusetts Gore. African American Robert Roberts, the Gore family butler, wrote The House Servant's Directory, which is one of the few guidebooks in the world Dec. 30, 1970 written by a domestic worker for other domestic workers. The NHL documentation needs additional documentation to amplify this association E--EXISTING with African American labor history. Old State House Intersection of Washington Old State House’s existing NHL documentation should be revised to include (Second Town House) and State Streets, its associations with African American Crispus Attucks, the first person Oct. 15, 1966 Boston, Suffolk County, killed during the American Revolution. Massachusetts

NHLs Old South Meeting 310 Washington Street, Old South Meeting House is a contributing resource in the Boston National House Boston, Suffolk County, Historical Park. NHP staff recommends revision to the existing Oct. 9, 1960. Massachusetts documentation to recognize its association with prominent individuals such as Phyllis Wheatley and as a location for abolitionist meetings. United Universalist 25 Beacon Street, Boston, A contributing resource in the Beacon Hill Historic District NHL, the Association (UUA) Suffolk County, Headquarters became the central place for the UUA's early civil rights work. Dec. 19, 1962 Headquarters Massachusetts Existing documentation should be revised to include its association with African American history. USS Constitution Boston, The USS Constitution is a contributing resource in the Boston National Sulfolk County, Historical Park. NHP staff recommends revision to the existing Massachusetts documentation to recognize the role of African American sailors onboard Oct. 09, 1960. the ship, particularly during the War of 1812, and the employment of USS Constitution as a part of the naval effort to suppress the Atlantic Slave Trade. Arrow Rock County Highway H north of I- Architecture; First noted by 18th-century French explorers, and later, by Lewis and Clark 70, Saline County, Missouri Commerce; in 1804, the town of Arrow Rock is situated at a Missouri River crossing and

55 May 23, 1963. Exploration/Settlement; was founded in 1829. After the Civil War, the town fell into decline but Missouri NR--October 15, Transportation. included a substantial African American community (nearly half the 1966. population). Archeologists have been investigating several African American sites in Arrow Rock for the past decade. Eads Bridge Spanning Mississippi River at Eads Bridge was a major escape route for African Americans fleeing the Washington Street, St. Louis, East St. Louis race riots of 1917. The property's existing NHL St. Louis County, Missouri to documentation should be revised to include its associations with African Jan 29, 1964 East St. Louis, St. Clair American history. County, Illinois Mark Twain's Boyhood 120 North Main Street, The home is the location where Twain encountered slavery first hand within Home Hannibal, Marion County, his family and which became the basis of his social commentary on the Missouri American slave system in the seminal American novels, The Adventures of Dec. 29, 1962 Mark Twain and Huckleberry Finn. Missouri Botanical 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. At least three people enslaved by Henry Shaw, owner of this historic Garden (MBG) Louis, St. Louis County, garden, escaped from the Tower Grove House, which formed the center of Missouri the historic garden. Receipts for the recapture and sale of Esther down river to Vicksburg in the MBG Archives were part of the documentation for a Dec. 8, 1976 site on St. Louis's north riverfront. This St. Louis site was the first Missouri property to be listed in the NPS National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom. The NHL needs additional documentation to amplify its African American historical significance. Ste. Genevieve Historic West bank of the Mississippi The District includes well-preserved residences of African and French District River, 1 hour south of St. Americans from French colonial period. The NHL needs additional Oct. 9, 1960 Louis, Ste. Genevieve, Ste. documentation to amplify its African American historical significance. Genevieve County, Missouri White Haven 7400 Grantwood, Grantwood The SHPO recommends revision to the documentation to recognize the Village, St. Louis County, history of former President Ulysses S. Grant's life as a slave owner and the Missouri lives of his enslaved laborers. During the years 1854 to 1859, Grant lived Jun. 23, 1986 here with his wife, Julia, and their children, managing the farm for his father-in-law, Colonel Dent. By the 1850s, eighteen enslaved persons lived and worked at White Haven.

AREA OF STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC CONTEXT DESIGNATED SIGNIFICANCE

APPENDIX Zuni-Cibola Complex Address Restricted, This property includes four archeological sites where people of African Hawikuh, Zuni, Cibola County, decent were essential to the Spanish colonization effort of the Mogollon, Oct. 15, 1966. New Mexico New Mexico Zuni, and Anasazi native peoples in what would become the southwestern Zuni-Cibola Historic United States. Hawikuh, one of the four sites, is designated as a NHL. District, Dec. 2, 1974.

E--EXISTING Market House Intersection of Green, Ethnic-Black; Social The Fayetteville Market House, already designated as a NHL for its Gillespie, Person, and Hay History-Slavery, architectural significance, might also qualify for its associations with African North Carolina Streets, Fayetteville, Antebellum South American history as the site of large, regional slave sales. Nov. 7, 2003 Cumberland County, North Carolina Beaufort Historic District Bounded by the Beaufort Ethnic-Black The town, while heavily populated by enslaved laborers during its NHLs River, Bladen, Hamar, and developmental years, represents the majority architecture more than Boundary Streets, Beaufort, cultural or historical associations. Its uniqueness is its governance and South Carolina Beaufort County, South demographics during the Reconstruction era (1865-1895) as newly freed Nov. 7, 1973 Carolina and enfranchised African Americans participated in state and national politics. Existing documentation should be amended to include the district’s association with African American history during this period. Snee Farm About 6 miles west of Mount The correlation to African American history is under investigation. There Pleasant off US Route 17, may be other plantations that offer more in the way of revealing information November 7, 1973 Charleston County, South about African American life during the Colonial and Antebellum periods. Carolina Denmark Vesey House 56 Bull Street, Charleston, Since its designation in 1976, further research indicates that it is impossible Charleston County, South to determine if that is the correct address as well as structure where Vesey Carolina would have lived. Architectural historians question the house’s actual age. SC SHPO recommends de-designation of this NHL. May 11, 1976

NHL Program: Further documentation is needed to substantiate if de- 56 designation of the Demark Vesey House is warranted. Jenkins Orphanage/Old 20 Franklin Street, Ethnic-Black In 1973, the Old Marine Hospital was designated a NHL as an outstanding Marine Hospital Charleston, Charleston example of the architectural work of Robert Mills. This building, which was County, South Carolina. designed by Mills, was constructed in 1833 for the care of sick and disabled seamen. After the Civil War, it became a school for African American children. From 1895 to 1939, the building was the home of Jenkins Orphanage, established by Rev. Daniel J. Jenkins for African American Nov. 7, 1973 children who were orphans or had poor or disabled parents. Enrollment at the orphanage grew to include over 500 children. In addition to this building, the orphanage included a 100-acre farm, a print shop, and a shoe repair shop. The Jenkins Orphanage Band, wearing uniforms discarded by the Citadel, performed throughout the country and in England raising money to support the orphanage. Fort Davis National Fort Davis, Military; Exploration/ The Texas Historical Commission recommends revision to include the Historic Site Jeff Davis County, Texas Settlement- Western history of Fort Davis being rebuilt and occupied in the post-Civil War period Texas (1867-75) by four companies of the 9th Calvary Buffalo Soldiers, one of four African American army units. On June 29, 1867 four companies of the Ninth, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Wesley Merritt, reoccupied the abandoned post at Fort Davis. During the years spent at Texas Fort Davis, the regiment helped build the post into one of the largest in the October 15, 1966 state. Companies of the Twenty-fifth arrived at Fort Davis in July 1870 and served at the post until July 1880. One of their most important tasks involved construction of ninety-one and one-half miles of telegraph line from Fort Davis to Eagle Springs (near present-day Sierra Blanca, Texas). The line served as the vital communications link used by Colonel Benjamin H. Grierson, Tenth U. S. Cavalry, during the Victorio Campaign. Tredegar Iron Works 3215 E. Broad Street, Industry, Social History- The Tredegar Iron Works is instructive about industrial slavery in the United Richmond, Richmond Antebellum South, States as the majority of its workers were enslaved for a period of its Virginia County, Virginia Industrial Slavery operation. Designated a NHL in 1977 for industry but not for Ethnic Dec. 22, 1977 Heritage-Black, African American historical significance is a needed addition to the property’s existing documentation.

APPENDIX F SAMPLE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR POTENTIAL NHLS

The following properties were recommended by NPS regional offices, State Historic Preservation Offices, other government agencies, private preservation organizations, and other interested parties for further research and possible NHL nomination. Some recommended properties are currently listed in the National Register of Historic Places, although most are not. Direct quotes from the recommending office are contained within quotation marks; paraphrased comments are labeled but are not contained in quotation marks. Alternate or more commonly-known property names are indicated in parentheses.

DESIGNATION CONTACT STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE RECOMMENDING OFFICE STATUS PERSON Greyhound Bus Birmingham, The Birmingham bus station is the where the 1961 Freedom Riders GSA is in the Alabama Historical Commission Col. John Stations Jefferson County, were arrested and escorted to the Tennessee border by Police process of 468 South Perry Street Neubauer, Alabama; and Commissioner--and later, Governor--Eugene “Bull” Connor on May nominating this P. O. Box 300900 Ext. Director and Montgomery, 17. Riders found passage back into the city to the Bethel Baptist property to the NR Montgomery, AL 36130 SHPO Montgomery Church. From the Church, they were escorted by highway patrol at the national 334-230-2690 County, Alabama arranged by the Kennedy Administration to the Montgomery city level. 334-240-3477 fax limits on May 20th. http://www.preserveala.org

Alabama The Montgomery bus station is the site of the May 20th and 24th arrest of the 1961 Freedom Riders by Commissioner--and later, Governor--Eugene “Bull” Connor, in a second attempt to stop the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee and the Congress for Racial Equality from challenging Southern racial segregation laws on public accommodations.

NHL Program: Further research warranted to determine the Montgomery property’s level of integrity. 57 Edmund Pettus Selma, Dallas This bridge was the site of the March 1965 ("Bloody Sunday") Contributing Alabama Historical Commission Col. John Bridge County, Alabama where peaceful protesters marching to obtain voting rights were Structure in the 468 South Perry Street Neubauer, beaten by white police officers. Outrage from this event, which was Selma to P. O. Box 300900 Ext. Director and televised throughout the nation, and several subsequent civil rights Montgomery NHT, Montgomery, AL 36130 SHPO

marches led to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 by November 1996 334-230-2690 President Lyndon B. Johnson. 334-240-3477 fax http://www.preserveala.org California Site of the first 56th Street and This property was the first headquarters of the Black Panther Party California State Historical Rick Moss, Chair Black Panther MLK Way, for Self Defense, founded by Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton on Resources Commission, Cultural Party for Self Oakland, Alameda Oct. 22, 1966. Before moving to this building in January 1967, BPP California Office of Historic Properties Defense County, California was located in Bobby Seale’s home at 809 57th Street, two blocks Preservation Diversity Headquarters away. P.O. Box 942896 Sacramento, Committee CA 94296 916-653-6624 916-653-9824 fax http://[email protected] Colorado Manzanola 41 Miles E. of Manzanola was an African American settlement founded during the Intermountain Region NHL John Paige, Pueblo, Otero 1880s and 1890s. Office Historian County, Colorado P.O. Box 25287 Denver, CO 80225 303-969-2844 303-987-6675 fax http://www.nps.gov City of Dearfield Along CO State Dearfield was an African American settlement founded by Oliver T. NR—Aug. 4, 1995 Intermountain Region NHL John Paige, Route 34, eleven Jackson, a man who desired to create a colony for African Office Historian miles west of Americans during the early 1900s. It existed until the early 1940s. P.O. Box 25287 Wiggins, Dearfield, In 1910, Jackson filed on a 320-acre homestead that would later Denver, CO 80225 Weld County, become the town and began to advertise for "colonists." 303-969-2844 Colorado 303-987-6675 fax http://www.nps.gov

DESIGNATION CONTACT APPENDIX STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE RECOMMENDING OFFICE STATUS PERSON Connecticut Paul Robeson 1221 Enfield SHPO Comment: "Paul Robeson was an All-American football NR--Aug.10, 1979 Connecticut Commission on Cora Murray, House Street, Enfield, player, a Phi Beta Kappa scholarship student at Rutgers University, Contributing Culture & Tourism Minority and Hartford County, and a graduate of the Columbia University Law School. An African building in the One Constitution Plaza, 2nd Women's History Connecticut American of extraordinary artistic gifts, he later became an Enfield Historic Floor Coordinator F--POTENTIAL internationally known actor and singer, and he was an activist in District. Hartford, CT 06103 civil rights causes. Robeson purchased this house during the 860-256-2800 Karen Denich, height of his popularity and used it to entertain his guests. His 860-256-2811 fax Deputy SHPO family owned it from March 1940 until December 1953. Robeson's http://www.cultureandtourism.or refusal to remain silent about racism in the United States, along with g his ardent desire for full human justice, resulted in his being

NHLs ostracized by American society. He was barred from appearing at concert halls, had his passport revoked, and saw his name removed from the football records he had established. He spent the last 15 years of his life in exile abroad or as a recluse in Philadelphia, dying in January 1976. In 1995, Robeson was posthumously inducted into the National Football Foundation's College Football Hall of Fame. The house is privately owned and is not open to the public. It is included in the Enfield National Register Historic District." Marian Anderson 46 Joe's Hill Road, SHPO Comment: "Marian Anderson was born in Philadelphia in Connecticut Commission on Cora Murray, House Danbury, Fairfield, 1902 and as a young woman was noted for her singing ability. Culture & Tourism Minority and Connecticut Finding few opportunities to perform in the United States, she won One Constitution Plaza, 2nd Women's History recognition in Europe. After her return to America, she sang in Floor Coordinator concerts in New York City and at the White House. When she was Hartford, CT 06103 denied permission to sing at Washington, D.C.'s Constitution Hall 860-256-2800 Karen Denich, [by the Daughters of the American Revolution] in 1939, the 860-256-2811 fax Deputy SHPO

58 government arranged for her to perform at the Lincoln Memorial http://www.cultureandtourism.or before some 75,000 listeners. A year later she purchased her g home in Danbury, known as ‘Marianna Farms,’ where she and her husband raised livestock. She lived here for some 50 years. Near the house is a small building that she used as her rehearsal studio. Named delegate to the United Nations in 1958, Anderson received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963. She retired from concert performances in 1964, but continued to be active in various issues and causes. Her autobiography, My Lord, What a Morning, was published in 1956. The property is privately owned." District of Barnett Aden 127 Randolph SHPO Comment: The Barnett Aden Gallery, the first privately- DC Office of Planning, Historic Patsy Fletcher, Columbia Gallery Place, NW, owned black gallery in the United States and one of Washington, Preservation Office Community Washington, DC DC's principal art galleries, was founded in 1943 by James Vernon 801 North Capitol Street, N.E., Outreach Herring (1897-1969) and Alonzo Aden (1906-1961). Herring was Third Floor Coordinator chair of Howard University's Department of Art and Aden was Washington, D.C. 20002 curator of the Howard University Gallery of Art. The Barnett Aden 202-442-8800 Gallery was central to the development and support of local and 202-741-5246 fax national artists and featured, among others, Elizabeth Catlett, Lois http://planning.dc.gov/planning/s Mailou Jones, Alma Thomas, and Charles White. Aden and Herring ite/default.asp were influenced by Alain Locke, whose 1925 The New Negro explored intellectual and philosophical approaches to art. It was one of the few art spaces in the city in which artists representing different nationalities, races, and ethnicities were exhibited together. Noted for its afternoon art openings, the Barnett Aden Gallery became an important social gathering place. The gallery experienced its heyday in the 1940s and slowly began to decline in the late 1950s. After Herring's death in 1969, the gallery closed. In 1998, the collection was sold to Robert L. Johnson and the more than 250 piece collection is now part of Johnson's Black Entertainment Television (BET) art collection.

DESIGNATION CONTACT STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE RECOMMENDING OFFICE

APPENDIX STATUS PERSON Sterling A. 1222 Kearney SHPO Comment: Sterling Brown (1901-1989) was a central figure DC Office of Planning, Historic Patsy Fletcher, Brown Street, NE, of the New Negro Renaissance of the 1920s and 1930s and the Preservation Office Community Residence Washington, DC Black Arts Movement of the 1960s and 1970s. His writings include 801 North Capitol Street, N.E., Outreach Southern Road (1932), The Negro in American Fiction (1937), and Third Floor Coordinator

F--POTENTIAL Negro Poetry and Drama (1937). Brown also wrote a general essay Washington, D.C. 20002 on the black community for the WPA guide, Washington: City and 202-442-8800 Capital, published in 1937. He edited Negro Caravan, a ground- 202-741-5246 fax breaking 1941 anthology. Brown's poetry, prose, literary criticism, http://planning.dc.gov/planning/s and tenure as a professor in the English Department at Howard ite/default.asp University are testaments to his life-long commitment to the city. In 1984, he was named the city's first poet laureate. He graduated NHLs from Dunbar High School and Williams College and later received an M.A. in English from Harvard University. He remained at Howard for 40 years, mentoring countless students. Ralph J. Bunche 1510 Jackson SHPO Comments: Ralph J. Bunche (1904-1971) was the first NR--Sept. 30, DC Office of Planning, Historic Patsy Fletcher, Residence Street, NE, African American to receive the Nobel Peace Prize. The 1950 prize 1993 Preservation Office Community Washington, DC honored his efforts as a United Nations mediator between the Arab 801 North Capitol Street, N.E., Outreach States and Israel in 1949. Bunche enjoyed a long career in U.S. Third Floor Coordinator foreign affairs, with distinguished service to the United Nations from Washington, D.C. 20002 1946 until 1970. During World War II he served as an Africa 202-442-8800 specialist in the State Department. After the war, he played a pivotal 202-741-5246 fax role in the development of the United Nations and the drafting of the http://planning.dc.gov/planning/s UN charter. He received the Medal of Freedom in 1963 from ite/default.asp President Lyndon B. Johnson. In 1967, he became Undersecretary General of the United Nations. After receiving a Ph.D. from Harvard University, he moved to Washington, where he founded Howard 59 University's Department of Political Science in 1928 and served as its first chair. In 1935, during a production of Porgy and Bess, he helped organize a protest against the white-owned National Theatre's policy of excluding African American audiences. The protest resulted in a short-lived change in the theater's policy. The Bunche family lived here until 1947. The house was placed on the DC Inventory of Historic Sites in 1975 and in the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. Benjamin O. 1721 S Street, NW, SHPO Comment: Benjamin O. Davis, Sr. (1877-1970) was the first DC Office of Planning, Historic Patsy Fletcher, Davis, Sr., Washington, DC black general in the U.S. Armed Forces. Davis worked in a number Preservation Office Community Residence of positions for the armed forces over a span of 50 years before 801 North Capitol Street, N.E., Outreach retiring in 1948, the same year that President Truman issued Third Floor Coordinator Executive Order 9981 barring segregation in the armed forces. He Washington, D.C. 20002 received the Bronze Star Medal and the Distinguished Service 202-442-8800 Medal in recognition of his service as an inspector of troop units in 202-741-5246 fax the field and as special War Department consultant on matters http://planning.dc.gov/planning/s pertaining to African American troops. He moved to this house in ite/default.asp 1948.

Davis Sr.’s son--Lt. Gen. Benjamin O. Davis, Jr. (1912-2002)-- stands out as the nation's second African American general and the U.S. Air Force's first African American general. He was also a commander of the Tuskegee Airmen, which formed the core of the U.S. Army's all-black 99th Pursuit Squadron during World War II. Under Davis, the squadron's 332d Fighter Group flew more than 15,000 sorties against the Luftwaffe, shot down 111 enemy aircraft, destroyed another 150 on the ground, and lost only 66 of their own aircraft. Davis, Jr. retired in 1970 and later served as Assistant Secretary of Transportation for Environment, Safety, and Consumer Affairs under President Richard Nixon.

APPENDIX

DESIGNATION CONTACT STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE RECOMMENDING OFFICE STATUS PERSON Edward “Duke” 1805 and 1816 SHPO Comment: Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington (1899-1974), DC Office of Planning, Historic Patsy Fletcher, F--POTENTIAL Ellington 13th Street, NW, the internationally renowned composer and musician, spent his Preservation Office Community Residences Washington, DC teenage years at 1805 13th Street (1910-1914) and then at 1816 801 North Capitol Street, N.E., Outreach 13th Street (1915-1917). Ellington began playing the piano around Third Floor Coordinator age seven but began his professional career during his teenage Washington, D.C. 20002 years. In fact, Ellington left Armstrong High School in order to 202-442-8800 devote more time to the piano. One of Ellington's first public 202-741-5246 fax

NHLs concerts was held at the True Reformer Building, 1200 U Street, http://planning.dc.gov/planning/s NW. Ellington formed “the Duke's Serenaders” band here before ite/default.asp moving to New York in 1923. Throughout his 50-year career, Ellington returned often to Washington to perform. He frequently stayed at the Whitelaw Hotel, a black-owned apartment hotel that opened in 1919 on the same block as his teenage homes. Charles Manuel 11 Logan Circle, SHPO Comment: Charles M. “Sweet Daddy” Grace (ca. 1882-1960) DC Office of Planning, Historic Patsy Fletcher, “Sweet Daddy” NW, incorporated the United House of Prayer for All People, Church on Preservation Office Community Grace Washington, DC the Rock of the Apostolic Faith, in 1927 with national headquarters 801 North Capitol Street, N.E., Outreach Residence in Washington at 1117 Seventh Street, NW.” Third Floor Coordinator Washington, D.C. 20002 Grace, born Marcelino Manuel da Graca on January 25, 1884 on 202-442-8800 the Cape Verde Islands, built his first chapel in 1926 in West 202-741-5246 fax Wareham, Massachusetts. He permanently settled in Washington, http://planning.dc.gov/planning/s DC in 1929 and opened one of the first United House of Prayer ite/default.asp

60 churches, located at 601 M Street, NW. During the 1950s, he lived here at 11 Logan Circle, NW. With 3.5 million members, the UHPFAP is currently the largest Pentecostal Holiness denomination in the world. Charles 1744 S Street, NW, SHPO Comment: Charles Hamilton Houston (1895-1950), DC Office of Planning, Historic Patsy Fletcher, Hamilton Washington, DC Thurgood Marshall, and other lawyers successfully formulated the Preservation Office Community Houston legal argument for the groundbreaking 1954 Brown v. Board of 801 North Capitol Street, N.E., Outreach Residence Education case, in which the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously Third Floor Coordinator decreed racially segregated education to be unconstitutional. Washington, D.C. 20002 Graduating Phi Beta Kappa from Amherst College, Houston taught 202-442-8800 English at Howard University until 1916. From 1917 to 1919, he 202-741-5246 fax served as second lieutenant in France during World War I. He http://planning.dc.gov/planning/s graduated cum laude from Harvard University Law School in 1922 ite/default.asp and later received the Doctor of Juridical Science at Harvard. He joined the faculty at Howard University Law School in 1924 and was appointed Vice Dean of Howard University Law School in 1929. Houston transformed the law school from a part-time night school to an accredited full-time program. By the 1930s, Howard University had become a center for reform-minded, activist lawyers. It was at Howard University that Houston and his colleagues developed the legal strategies for challenging American institutional racism through the federal courts. In 1935, Houston joined the NAACP as special legal counsel. Although Houston died in 1950, he had been the first attorney for the local school desegregation case that became Bolling v. Sharpe--a component of Brown v. Board of Education--and had laid the groundwork for the winning legal arguments in Brown and a host of other desegregation victories.

APPENDIX DESIGNATION CONTACT STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE RECOMMENDING OFFICE STATUS PERSON Jones-Haywood 1200 Delafield SHPO Comment: "In 1961 (Doris W.) Jones and (Claire Helen) DC Office of Planning, Historic Patsy Fletcher, School of Ballet Place, NW, Haywood established the Capitol Ballet Company, a multiracial Preservation Office Community Washington, DC performing company, as an extension of their school. For its first 20 801 North Capitol Street, N.E., Outreach F--POTENTIAL years, the company was the nation's first professional ballet troupe Third Floor Coordinator of predominantly African American dancers. The Capitol Ballet Washington, D.C. 20002 Company… is still in operation.” 202-442-8800 202-741-5246 fax The dancers trained at the school include Sylvester Campbell, http://planning.dc.gov/planning/s Premier Danseur of the Royal Netherlands Ballet Company; ite/default.asp

NHLs Elizabeth Walton, Paul Taylor Dance Company; and Hope Clark, Donald McKayle Dance Company. The Company also collaborated with such renowned dancers as Carmen de Lavallade and James Truitte….Chita Rivera, who created the role of Anita in West Side Story on Broadway, studied at the school until she was 16. Louis Johnson, choreographer for Purlie and the movie version of The Wiz, was also a student. Sandra Fortune, who began her dance training at the school at the age of 10 and became prima ballerina of the Capitol Ballet Company, became the first black woman to compete in the International Ballet Competition in 1973. WOOK-TV 5321 First Place, SHPO Comment: "When it began broadcasting in 1963, WOOK-TV DC Office of Planning, Historic Patsy Fletcher, Building NE, was the first ‘all-Negro’ television station in the nation. Viewers Preservation Office Community Washington, DC remember fondly its Teenarama Dance Party, the city's first black 801 North Capitol Street, N.E., Outreach teen dance show. Hosted by Bob King, the show featured 50 to 60 Third Floor Coordinator teenagers daily and aired from 5 to 6 pm, six days a week. It had a Washington, D.C. 20002

61 ‘teen board of directors’ that made the rules and selected the 202-442-8800 records. The show, seen from 1963 until 1970, featured hand 202-741-5246 fax dancing, DC's unique form of swing. Renowned performers in town http://planning.dc.gov/planning/s for shows at the Howard Theatre often dropped by: the ite/default.asp Temptations, Marvelettes, Martha Reeves and the Vandellas, Marvin Gaye, James Brown, and many others. The station had financial difficulties and finally shut down in 1972. Richard Eaton, the station's founder, also founded WOOK-Radio in 1947 as the nation's first ‘Negro-oriented’ radio station featuring rhythm 'n' blues. Teenarama Dance Party began as a music show on WOOK radio."

Florida Kingsley Plantation located SHPO Comment: "for its association with the Gullah-Geechee NP--Feb. 16, 1988 Bureau of Historic Preservation, Barbara E. Plantation on Fort George people." Kingsley Plantation, which consists of the plantation house, FL Dept. of State Mattick, Deputy Inlet, south of a kitchen house, a barn, and the ruins of 25 of the original slave R.A. Gray Building SHPO Amelia Island, cabins, is a contributing resource in the National Park Service's 500 South Bronough Street Nassau County, Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve. The Kingsley Tallahassee, FL 32399 Florida Plantation was named for original plantation owner, Zephaniah 850-245-6333 Kingsley, who operated the property from 1813-1839. Kingsley 800-847-7278 operated under a "task" system, which allowed slaves to work at a 850-245-6437 fax craft or tend their own gardens once the specified task for the day http://planning.dc.gov/planning/s was completed. Proceeds from the sale of produce or craft items ite/default.asp were usually kept by the slaves. Purchased by Kingsley as an enslaved person, Anna Madgigine Jai became Kingsley's wife and was freed in 1811. She was active in plantation management, a slave owner, a mother of four, and became a successful business woman owning her own property. As an American territory, Florida passed laws that discriminated against free blacks and placed harsh restrictions on African slaves. This prompted Kingsley to move his family to Haiti, now the Dominican Republic, where descendants of Anna and Zephaniah live today.

APPENDIX DESIGNATION CONTACT STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE RECOMMENDING OFFICE STATUS PERSON Norman Film East of University SHPO Comment: Norman Film Studios, although "not yet NHL nomination Bureau of Historic Preservation, Barbara E. Studios Boulevard, nominated for listing in the National Register, has been identified as currently being FL Dept. of State Mattick, Deputy

F--POTENTIAL Jacksonville, Duval a potential NHL. In the 1920s, Richard E. Norman (1891-1960), a prepared by FL R.A. Gray Building SHPO County, Florida white filmmaker and distributor of silent films, produced a number of SHPO. 500 South Bronough Street works using all African-American casts and crews. This was during Tallahassee, FL 32399 the era of a rising racism, including the resurgence of the Ku Klux 850-245-6333 Klan, fomented by D.W. Griffith’s extremely racist film, ‘The Birth of 800-847-7278 a Nation’ (1915). Norman’s feature-length ‘race films,’ such as the 850-245-6437 fax ‘Flying Ace’ and ‘Bull Doggers,’ were part of a national movement to http://www.flheritage.com/ NHLs portray positive images of blacks, and served as an antidote to the racism of the time. The Norman Studios in Jacksonville represent the last remaining vestiges of the city’s movie industry that rivaled Hollywood, California, in the early years of filmmaking. They are nationally significant as one of the few remaining intact studios in the country that demonstrate the participation of African Americans in the early history of filmmaking in the United States and the positive contribution Richard E. Norman made to American culture. His national importance is signified by the Richard e. [sic] Norman Collection housed at Indiana University’s Black Film Center/Archive, and the creation of the Richard E. Norman Scholarship for African American Cinema by the State of Florida (Governor’s Office Film & Entertainment) in conjunction with the United Negro College Fund and the American Black Film Festival in 2003. The studios are currently being restored by the City of Jacksonville with support 62 from the Florida historic preservation grant-in-aid program."

Georgia Atlanta Roughly bounded Atlanta University was founded in 1865 as a liberal arts education NR--Jul. 12, 1976. Historic Preservation Div., Richard Cloues, University by transit right-of- institution. In 1929, it became the graduate school nucleus for an GA Department of Natural Deputy Center Historic way, Northside affiliated group of colleges that now make up the Atlanta University Resources, SHPOJeanne District Drive, Walnut, Fair, Center, which includes Atlanta University, Clark, Morehouse, Morris 34 Peachtree Street, NW Cyraque, Roach, W, End Brown, and Spelman Colleges; and the Interdenominational Suite 1600 African- Drive, Euralee and Theological Center. The history of these institutions begins with the Atlanta, GA 30303 American Chestnut Streets, endorsement by the American Missionary Association of Edmund 404-656-2840 Program Atlanta, Fulton Asa Ware's idea for the establishment of a centrally-located 404-651-8739 fax CoordinatorDeni County, Georgia southeastern university to train talented black youth and educate http://www.gashpo.org/ se Messick, NR teachers. Historian

SHPO Comment: “It also contains an individually designated National Historic Landmark, Stone Hall, the main historic building on the Morris Brown College campus. Nationally prominent educators including W.E.B. Dubois and Brailsford Brazeal are associated with the schools comprising the Atlanta University Center district; Dr. Brazeal also lived in a historic house in the vicinity (individually listed in the National Register)." Getrude "Ma 805 5th Avenue, In the history of the blues, perhaps no woman is better known than NR--Nov. 18, 1992. Historic Preservation Div., Richard Cloues, Rainey" Pridgett Columbus, Gertrude Pridgett "Ma" Rainey. Her pioneering work as a woman in GA Department of Natural Deputy SHPO House Muscogee County, her profession and her captivating style earned her the nickname, Resources, Jeanne Cyraque, Georgia "Mother of the Blues." Born in Columbus, Georgia in 1886, Rainey 34 Peachtree Street, NW African- made her singing debut in 1900 at the Columbus Opera House. Suite 1600 American Atlanta, GA 30303 Program 404-656-2840 Coordinator 404-651-8739 fax Denise Messick, http://www.gashpo.org/ NR Historian

DESIGNATION CONTACT STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE RECOMMENDING OFFICE APPENDIX STATUS PERSON

Mount Zion 328 W. Whitney From 1961 to 1962, the first large scale, direct action campaign by NR--Aug. 10, 1995. Historic Preservation Div., Richard Cloues, Baptist Church Avenue, Albany, the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the GA Department of Natural Deputy SHPO Dougherty County, Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and the Resources, Jeanne Cyraque, Georgia National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 34 Peachtree Street, NW African-

F--POTENTIAL (NAACP). The campaign, although unsuccessful, led to wider direct Suite 1600 American action strategies used by SCLC in Birmingham in 1963 and used by Atlanta, GA 30303 Program SNCC in the Summer 1964 Mississippi Freedom Rides. 404-656-2840 Coordinator 404-651-8739 fax Denise Messick, SHPO Comment: "An important local church associated with http://www.gashpo.org/ NR Historian national Civil Rights activities generally and the Albany Movement in particular (the first large-scale ‘direct-action’ campaign by SNCC, NHLs SCLC, and NAACP)." U.S. Court of 76 Forsyth Street, This court played a prominent role public school desegregation NR--May 2, Historic Preservation Div., Richard Cloues, Appeals, Fifth Atlanta, Fulton implementation during the period of Southern mass resistance 1974.Designated GA Department of Natural Deputy Circuit County, Georgia following the Brown and Brown II decisions. Renamed the 11th as the US Post Resources, SHPOJeanne Circuit in 1981, the courthouse is currently being evaluated for NHL Office and 34 Peachtree Street, NW Cyraque, nomination as part of the Civil Rights: Public Accommodations Courthouse. Suite 1600 African- Theme Study. Atlanta, GA 30303 American 404-656-2840 Program SHPO Comment: "This federal court was the venue for important 404-651-8739 fax CoordinatorDeni court decisions and activities regarding the implementation of http://www.gashpo.org/ se Messick, NR school desegregation in the South following the Brown (ital. added) Historian decision." First Bryan 575 W. Bryan SHPO Comment: "These churches are an integral part of the NR--May 22, 1978. Historic Preservation Div., Richard Cloues, Baptist Church Street and Savannah National Historic Landmark district but may be Both are also GA Department of Natural Deputy SHPO and 24 Montgomery individually eligible as the home of very early and influential African- contributing Resources, Jeanne Cyraque, 63 First African Street, Savannah, American congregations not just in Savannah or Georgia but the buildings in the 34 Peachtree Street, NW African- Baptist Church Chatham County, nation. It may be worthwhile to look at this district for other African- Savannah NHL Suite 1600 American Georgia American resources because at the time of its designation (1966) Historic District, Atlanta, GA 30303 Program relatively little information about African-American historical designated Nov. 404-656-2840 Coordinator

associations was available." 13, 1966. 404-651-8739 fax Denise Messick, http://www.gashpo.org/ NR Historian Shiloh Baptist 325 Whitney SHPO Comment: "Your study identified Shiloh Baptist Church, Historic Preservation Div., Richard Cloues, Church Avenue, Albany, Albany, Dougherty County, for its association with the Albany GA Department of Natural Deputy SHPO Dougherty County, Movement, SNCC, and SCLC. We have very little information Resources, Jeanne Cyraque, Georgia related to this church and do not know its level of integrity. In light 34 Peachtree Street, NW African- of the importance of the Albany Movement, we recommend further Suite 1600 American investigation of this property." Atlanta, GA 30303 Program 404-656-2840 Coordinator 404-651-8739 fax Denise Messick, http://www.gashpo.org/ NR Historian Illinois New Address Midwest Region Comment: "New Philadelphia is an abandoned NR--Sept. 11, 2005 Midwest Regional NHL Office Philadelphia Restricted, near historic town site in western Illinois. It is the earliest known town 601 Riverfront Drive Town Site Barry, Pike County, platted and registered by an African-American. Founded in 1836 by Omaha, NE 68102 Illinois Frank McWorter, the town developed as a bi-racial pioneer village 402-661-1906 consisting of 31 households at its height. Bypassed by the 402-661-1982 fax Hannibal-Naples Railroad in 1869, New Philadelphia thereafter http://nps.gov steadily declined in population and much of it reverted to farmland by 1885. The town site has been the focus of archeological investigations for several years and is nationally significant for its research potential regarding lifeways and economic and social relationships of African-Americans and European-Americans on the 19th-century frontier. A National Historic Landmark that will encompass both the town site of New Philadelphia and the nearby cemetery containing the Free Frank McWorter Grave Site is currently in preparation."

APPENDIX DESIGNATION CONTACT STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE RECOMMENDING OFFICE STATUS PERSON Iowa Alexander G. 205 and 207 West SHPO Comment: "Alexander Clark (1826-1891) served as Minister- NR--Oct. 14, 1976 State Historical Society of Iowa Lowell Soike,

F--POTENTIAL Clark House Third Street, Resident and Consul-General to Liberia (1890-[18]91). Moreover, (SHPO) Deputy SHPO Muscatine, he was a civil rights activist (Iowa Supreme Court decided his suit Capitol Complex Muscatine County, granting right of blacks to attend Common Schools), a political East 6th and Locust Street Iowa spokesman (known as ‘colored orator of the West’), a newspaper Des Moines, IA 50319 editor-publisher (Chicago Conservator 1884-[18]87), and Grand 515-281-8741 Master of Grand Lodge of Missouri (colored) Masons (1873-[18]74). 515-242-6498 fax In 1974, under threat of demolition from urban renewal, the brick http://www.iowahistory.org/pres NHLs house was moved only half block away on West Third, thereby ervation/index.html retaining its original orientation and neighborhood context. For more on this National Register listed property, see: http://alexanderclark.org.” Kansas Black Jack Baldwin City SHPO Comment: This site is "associated with [the] Bleeding NR--May 28, 2004. Kansas State Historical Society Patrick Zollner Battlefield vicinity, Douglas Kansas period and considered by some to be the ‘first skirmish of 6425 Southwest 6th Avenue, Director, Cultural County, Kansas the Civil War.’ It is our understanding the NPS is already Topeka, KS 66615 Resources Div., considering this site as a potential NHL." 785-272-8681 Deputy SHPO 785-272-8682 fax http://www.kshs.org/resource/bu ildings.htm Pottawatomie Franklin County, SHPO Comment: "This privately owned site is not listed; however, it Kansas State Historical Society Patrick Zollner Creek Massacre Kansas has equal significance as the other listed sites for its association 6425 Southwest 6th Avenue, Director, Cultural Site with the Bleeding Kansas period." Topeka, KS 66615 Resources Div., 785-272-8681 Deputy SHPO 64 785-272-8682 fax http://www.kshs.org/resource/bu ildings.htm Kentucky Camp Nelson Nicholasville, SHPO Comment: "Training site for US Colored Troup soldiers who NR--Mar. 16, 2001 Kentucky Heritage Council Marty Perry, Jessamine County, fought in [the] Civil War." 300 Washington Street, NR Coordinator Kentucky Frankfort, KY 40601 502-564-7005 502-564-5820 fax http://www.heritage.ky.gov Maryland Sumner, 206 S. Queen SHPO Comment: "Another property recently listed in the National NR--Jul. 6, 2005 Maryland Historical Trust Peter E. Kurtze, Charles, Post Street, Register – and recommended by the SHPO as nationally significant 100 Community Place Administrator, #25, Grand Army Chestertown, Kent -- is the Sumner, Charles, Post #25, Grand Army of the Republic Crownsville, MD 21032 Evaluation & of the Republic County, Maryland lodge located in Chestertown, Kent County (NR 2005). The Grand 410-514-7649 Registration lodge Army of the Republic was the principal fraternal organization for 410-514-7678 fax Civil War veterans and the only integrated social organization in http://www.marylandhistoricaltru 19th-century America. Established in 1866 to provide support and st.net/ fellowship for Union veterans regardless of race, the GAR comprised some 8600 posts at its peak. The Charles Sumner Post #25 is one of only two lodge halls surviving in the country to reflect the heritage of this organization." Massachusetts Black Lucy's Andover, Essex SHPO Comment: "A nationally known historic archeological site." Massachusetts Historical Betsy Friedberg, Garden Site County, Commission (SHPO) National Massachusetts 220 Morrissey Boulevard Register Director Boston, MA 02125 617-727-8470 617-727-5128 fax http://www.sec.state.ma.us/mhc

APPENDIX DESIGNATION CONTACT STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE RECOMMENDING OFFICE STATUS PERSON Abel Smith 49 Joy Street Boston AA NHS Comment: "The Smith School was built as a Contributing Boston National Historical Park/ Marty Blatt, School Boston, Suffolk segregated school and closed as a result of a court case in the resource in the Boston African American Chief of Cultural

F--POTENTIAL County, 1850s which integrated the Boston school system." Boston African National Historic Site Resources/

Massachusetts American NHS. 14 Beacon Street, Ste. 503 Historian or Boston, MA 02108 Stephen 617-742-5415 Carlson, 617-720-0848 fax Preservation http://www.nps.gov/boaf/ Specialist Lewis Temple 54 Bedford Street, SHPO Comment: "Temple was born in slavery, obtained his NR--Aug. 11, 1976 Massachusetts Historical Betsy Friedberg, NHLs House New Bedford, freedom, moved to New Bedford, where in 1848 he invented the Contributing Commission (SHPO) National Massachusetts toggle iron harpoon, which revolutionized the whaling industry." resource in the 220 Morrissey Boulevard Register Director County Street Boston, MA 02125 Historic District, 617-727-8470 617-727-5128 fax http://www.sec.state.ma.us/mhc Parting Ways Route 80, about a SHPO Comment: This property is “nationally significant and NR--Mar. 19, 1979 Massachusetts Historical Betsy Friedberg, Archeological mile after the road important in the history of historical archeology chiefly because of Commission (SHPO) National District intersects with Dr. James Deetz's In Small Things Forgotten." Parting Ways, or the 220 Morrissey Boulevard Register Director (New Guinea Route 44, New Guinea Settlement as it was called by its historic residents, Boston, MA 02125 Settlement) Plymouth, was an early colonial African American settlement in Plymouth. It 617-727-8470 Plymouth County, was founded on 94 acres just after the Revolutionary War by four, 617-727-5128 fax Massachusetts formerly enslaved, African American Revolutionary War veterans-- http://www.sec.state.ma.us/mhc Quamany Quash, Plato Turner, Cato Howe and Prince Goodwin-- and their families. They were granted the land and their freedom by 65 the Massachusetts courts due to their service in the war. The site consists of a cemetery and the foundations of the families' houses. This site was excavated in the middle 1970s by Deetz. Michigan Idlewild Yates Township, SHPO Comment: "Idlewild is significant as the largest land based Currently in the Michigan Historical CenterDept Brian D. Lake County, historically African American resort community ever assembled in process of NR of History, Arts and Libraries702 Conway, SHPO Michigan the United States. It was founded in 1912 as a summer resort nomination. W. Kalamazoo, PO Box 30740 surrounding spring fed lakes and marketed to African Americans Lansing, MI 48909 during an era of segregation. It grew rapidly when leading African 517-373-0511 Americans such as Dr. Daniel Hale Williams, a pioneer of open- 517-335-0348 fax heart surgery, purchased property there. The rustic retreat http://www.michigan.gov/shpo emerged as a vital spot on the entertainment circuit for fledgling young African American entertainers increasing Idlewild's prominence as a tourism destination. With tourists from all over the Midwest, Idlewild reached its peak in 1959 with over 25,000 vacationers and residents. This project is one component of a larger cultural economic development strategy being undertaken by the Department of History, Arts and Libraries with its state and local partners. This National Register (cap. added) nomination and historical markers will document the national significance of Idlewild and serve as the base for future tourism development and community revitalization." Mississippi Dockery Farms MS 8 E, Dockery SHPO Comment: "Dockery Farms is widely considered a seminal NR--Mar. 31, 2006 Mississippi Department of Bill Gatlin, Historic District vicinity, location in the development of blues music. Established by Will Archives and History Architectural Sunflower County, Dockery in 1885, Dockery Farms provided employment to early P.O. Box 571 Historian Mississippi blues musicians Henry Sloan, Charley Patton, Willie Brown, and Jackson, MS 39205 Howlin’ Wolf. Dockery Farms was listed on the National Register of 601-576-6850 Historic Places (06000250) for national significance." 601-576-6955 fax http://www.mdah.state.ms.us/

APPENDIX

DESIGNATION CONTACT STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE RECOMMENDING OFFICE STATUS PERSON Medgar Wiley 2332 Margaret SHPO Comment: "The home of civil rights leader Medger Evers is NR--Dec. 5, 2000. Mississippi Department of Bill Gatlin, F--POTENTIAL Evers Home Walker Alexander located in a historically African American neighborhood. Evers Also a Mississippi Archives and History Architectural Drive, Jackson, became the first Field Secretary for the NAACP in Mississippi in State Landmark P.O. Box 571 Historian Hinds County, 1955. He traveled throughout the state organizing voter education Jackson, MS 39205 Mississippi and promoting membership in the NAACP. He was a central figure 601-576-6850 in the civil right movement in Mississippi. Evers was assassinated 601-576-6955 fax outside his home on June 11, 1963. The Medger Evers Home (was) http://www.mdah.state.ms.us/

NHLs listed on the National Register of Historic Places for statewide significance (Dec. 5, 2000). It is a Mississippi Landmark." Old Neshoba Philadelphia, SHPO Comment: "The murders of James Chaney, Andrew NR-Mar. 23, 2005 Mississippi Department of Bill Gatlin, County Jail Neshoba County, Goodman and Michael Schwerner, civil rights workers, in June 1964 Archives and History Architectural Mississippi galvanized public opinion in support of the Civil Rights Act and the P.O. Box 571 Historian Voting Rights Acts. It also forced the federal government to Jackson, MS 39205 aggressively pursue the Ku Klux Klan. The victims were held in the 601-576-6850 old Neshoba County jail by conspirators in order to allow the 601-576-6955 fax murderers to organize. Downtown Philadelphia was the site of http://www.mdah.state.ms.us/ memorial marches in 1965 and 1966; the latter led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The old Neshoba County Jail is listed (in) the National Register of Historic Places as a contributing resource to the Downtown Philadelphia Historic District." Southern 18449 Old SHPO Comment: "Founded in 1875 by the Home Missionary NR--Jan. 30, 2007 Mississippi Department of Bill Gatlin, Christian Highway 80, Society of the Disciples of Christ, SCI provided elementary, Archives and History Architectural

66 Institute Edwards, Hinds secondary, college, and extension education to African American P.O. Box 571 Historian (Bonner- County, Mississippi Students until its merger with Tougaloo College in 1954. The Jackson, MS 39205 Campbell school was the site of the first statewide leadership training for the 601-576-6850 College) Civil Rights Movement under the direction of Bob Moses, SNCC 601-576-6955 fax field secretary, and Bernice Robinson. Leadership training and http://www.mdah.state.ms.us/ adult voter registration education sessions were held on the campus. Nomination to the National Register of Historic Places is pending." Tallahatchie 1 Main Street, SHPO Comment: "In 1955, the murder of Emmett Till, a 14-year old NR--Mar. 6, 2007 Mississippi Department of Bill Gatlin, County Second Sumner, youth from Chicago, attracted national attention. Two white men Archives and History Architectural District Tallahatchie were tried for Till’s murder. The trial was covered by the national P.O. Box 571 Historian Courthouse County, Mississippi press, with more than one-hundred reporters. The all white, all male Jackson, MS 39205 jury took just over an hour to acquit the defendants. Both later 601-576-6850 admitted their guilt. Many historians (credit) the Emmett Till murder 601-576-6955 fax trial as the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement. Nomination to http://www.mdah.state.ms.us/ the National Register of Historic Places is pending. It is a Mississippi Landmark." U.S. Post Office 19th Street and 5th SHPO Comment: "After the 1964 murders of three civil rights NR--May 17, 1984 Mississippi Department of Bill Gatlin, and Courthouse Avenue, Meridian, workers, James Chaney, Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner Archives and History Architectural Lauderdale County near Philadelphia, MS, the federal government increased its P.O. Box 571 Historian Mississippi surveillance of the KKK. Although federal law did allow the Jackson, MS 39205 government to pursue murder charges against the killers, the 601-576-6850 government was able to charge them with civil rights violations. In 601-576-6955 fax October 1967, a federal jury convicted seven Klansmen of violating http://www.mdah.state.ms.us/ the civil rights of Chaney, Goodman and Schwerner. It was the first successful prosecution against members of the Klan for crimes committed against blacks in Mississippi.”

DESIGNATION CONTACT STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE RECOMMENDING OFFICE APPENDIX STATUS PERSON Missouri 18th and Vine Intersection of 18th In the 1930s, Kansas City possessed 120 night clubs and 40 dance NR--Sept. 9, 1991 Missouri State Historic Tiffany Peterson, Historic District and Vine Streets, halls; most featured jazz performances. Jazz venues in the 18th Preservation Office Historian Kansas City, and Vine Historic District included the Eblon Theater, Subway Club, P.O. Box 176 Jackson County, El Capitan Club, Sunset Club, and Lincoln Theater. The area also Jefferson City, MO 65102

F--POTENTIAL Missouri offered support services for musicians through Mutual Musicians 573-751-7761 Local #627. Housed in a building at 1823 Highland Avenue, Local 573-522-6262 fax #627 was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1982. The http://www.dnr.mo.gov/shpo/ district is also an outstanding example of an early 20th century African American neighborhood and economic center. New Jersey Hinchliffe Intersection of SHPO Comment: "Constructed in 1932, Hinchliffe Stadium is one of NR--Mar. 22, 2004 New Jersey Dept. of Olivia Carpenter, Stadium Maple and Liberty two surviving major athletic stadiums in New Jersey that predate Environmental Protection Special Assistant NHLs Streets, World War II. From 1933 (to) 1937 and 1939 (to) 1945, it was the 401 East State Street to the Paterson City, regular home field of the New York Black Yankees. Hinchliffe P.O. Box 402 Commissioner Passaic County, Stadium is possibly the only surviving regular home field of a Negro Trenton, NJ 08625 New Jersey League team in the mid-Atlantic region. National Baseball Hall-of- 609-292-2885 ------Famer Larry Doby played at Hinchliffe Stadium for Paterson's East 609-292-7695 fax Giles R. Wright, Side High School before joining the Newark Eagles and http://www.state.nj.us/dep/hpo/ Dir. of the Afro- subsequently breaking the American League's color barrier in 1947. ------American The cast-concrete 10,000 seat Art Deco-style stadium contains an New Jersey Historical Program athletic field and running track." Commission P.O. Box 305 Trenton, NJ 08625 609-292-6062 609-633-8168 fax http://www.newjerseyhistory.org Tinton Falls Between Sycamore SHPO Comment: “Buried within the District are the remains of the NR--Nov. 10, 1977 New Jersey Dept. of Olivia Carpenter, 67 Historic District and Tinton Aves; Tinton Iron Works, the 17th-century iron (p)lantation of Colonel Environmental Protection Special Assistant Old Mill and Water Lewis Morris, a wealthy planter from Barbados who moved to New 401 East State Street to the Streets Jersey in the 1670s. The ironworks was the first industrial P.O. Box 402 Commissioner Tinton Falls enterprise in the mid-Atlantic colonies and the first ironworks south Trenton, NJ 08625 ------Borough, of New England. Lewis staffed it with a veneer of skilled white labor 609-292-2885 Giles R. Wright, Monmouth County supported by upwards of sixty slaves. This was the largest single 609-292-7695 fax Dir. Of the Afro- slaveholding reported in New Jersey during the colonial period. The http://www.state.nj.us/dep/hpo/ American district contains a property that as early as the 1790s, was an ------Program established cemetery for African Americans.” New Jersey Historical Commission P.O. Box 305 Trenton, NJ 08625 609-292-6062 609-633-8168 fax http://www.newjerseyhistory.org The Beverwyck SE Junction of U.S. SHPO Comment: "The Beverwyck Site is part of the remains of a NR--May 14, 2004 New Jersey Dept. of Olivia Carpenter, Site Route 46 and 2,000-acre, mid-(18th) century plantation. The thousands of intact Environmental Protection Special Assistant South Beverwyck archaeological remains recovered suggest a rare window on (18th) 401 East State Street to the Road, century northern plantation life. Discovery of slaves’ quarters, P.O. Box 402 Commissioner Parsippany-Troy cowry shells and shackles in an archaeologically preserved setting Trenton, NJ 08625 Hills Township, indicate it can be a richly informative source on the lifeways of 609-292-2885 ------Morris County, enslaved Africans. The (s)ite was also a significant regional 609-292-7695 fax Giles R. Wright, New Jersey plantation during the Revolutionary War where noted individuals ------Dir. Of the Afro- who were entertained there included George Washington, Nathaniel New Jersey Historical American Greene and the Marquis de Lafayette." Commission Program P.O. Box 305 Trenton, NJ 08625 609-292-6062 609-633-8168 fax http://www.newjerseyhistory.org

APPENDIX DESIGNATION CONTACT STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE RECOMMENDING OFFICE STATUS PERSON Peter Mott 26 Kings Court, SHPO Comment: "Built around 1844, this house is a precious NR--Sept. 8, 1994 New Jersey Dept. of Olivia Carpenter, House Lawnside Borough, Underground Railroad site and the oldest known house in Lawnside Environmental Protection Special Assistant F--POTENTIAL Camden County, Borough (formerly called Snow Hill and Free Haven). It is the 401 East State Street to the New Jersey nation’s only Underground Railroad station that was owned and P.O. Box 402 Commissioner operated by an African American that is found in an all-black town. Trenton, NJ 08625 Lawnside was incorporated in 1926, the only all-black town in New 609-292-2885 ------Jersey, and one of two in the North. Peter Mott (1807?-1888) was a 609-292-7695 fax Giles R. Wright, free black farmer, possibly a fugitive from Delaware who also http://www.state.nj.us/dep/hpo/ Dir. Of the Afro-

NHLs served as the pastor of Lawnside’s historic Mount Pisgah AME ------American Church." New Jersey Historical Program Commission P.O. Box 305 Trenton, NJ 08625 609-292-6062 609-633-8168 fax http://www.newjerseyhistory.org New Mexico Blackdom 16 miles south of Founded by Francis Boyer and Daniel Keyes in 1900 or 1901, this Intermountain Region NHL John Paige, Townsite Roswell, Chavez small African American town was officially established on December Office Historian, County, New 5, 1911, with Articles of Incorporation signed by Boyer and his wife, P.O. Box 25287 Intermountain Mexico Ella. Boyer and Keyes walked from Pellam, Georgia to settle in Denver, CO 80225 Region New MexiCounty sending for their families in 1901. Composed of 303-969-2844 ------farms and homesteads, Blackdom Townsite initially covered about 303-987-6675 fax John W. 40 acres with 166 lots for houses. The community that eventually http://www.nps.gov Murphey,

68 developed consisted of 20 families, some with as many as eight ------Architectural children, and claimed about 15,000 acres of land. Declining in the New Mexico Historic Historian, State mid-1920s, only remnants remain of the town. Blackdom is in the Preservation Division and NR process of archeological excavation. Bataan Memorial Building Coordinator 407 Galisteo Street, Ste. 236 (SHPO) Santa Fe, NM 87501 505-827-6320 505-827-6338 fax http://www.nmhistoricpreservati on.org/ Zuni-Cibola Address The Zuni-Cibola Complex consists of four archeological sites where NR--Historic Intermountain Region NHL John Paige, Complex Restricted, Zuni, people of African decent were very much involved in the Spanish District, Dec. 2, Office Historian, Cibola County, colonization effort of the Mogollon, Zuni, and Anasazi native 1974. NHL-- P.O. Box 25287 Intermountain New Mexico peoples. Hawikuh, one of the four sites, is already designated as a Hawikuh, Oct. 15, Denver, CO 80225 Region

NHL. 1966. 303-969-2844 ------303-987-6675 fax John W. http://www.nps.gov Murphey, ------Architectural New Mexico Historic Historian, State Preservation Division and NR Bataan Memorial Building Coordinator 407 Galisteo Street (SHPO) Suite 236 Santa Fe, NM 87501 505-827-6320 505-827-6338 fax http://www.nmhistoricpreservati on.org/

DESIGNATION CONTACT STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE RECOMMENDING OFFICE STATUS PERSON APPENDIX New York 369th Regiment 2366 Fifth Avenue, SHPO Comment: "The 369th Regiment Armory in Harlem is NR--Jan. 28, 1994. NYS Office of Parks, Recreation Cordell Reaves Armory New York City, historically significant for its association with the only unit of the Part of the Army and Historic Preservation, Coordinator, New York National Guard in New York State composed solely of African National Guard in Peebles Island Resource Center URR Heritage Americans. There (were) only three other all-black units in the New York State P.O. Box 219 Trail, United States. The 369th Regiment was assigned to the 161st MPS. Waterford, NY 12188 Heritage New F--POTENTIAL Division of the French Army during World War I; it was the first all- 518-237-8643 York black unit sent to battle on foreign soil. To their allies they were 518-235-4248 fax known as the ‘Harlem Hell Fighters.’ The 369th Regiment’s band, http://www.HeritageNY.gov which included some of Harlem’s most renowned early jazz musicians, is credited with introducing jazz to Europe." Abyssinian 132-142 W. 138 SHPO Comment: "A free black church founded in 1808. Like many NYS Office of Parks, Recreation Cordell Reaves

NHLs Baptist Church Street, early black institutions it was given a name that recalled the and Historic Preservation, Coordinator, and Community New York City, organizers' African origin." Peebles Island Resource Center URR Heritage House New York P.O. Box 219 Trail, NHL Comment: During 1808 to 1922, the congregation was located Waterford, NY 12188 Heritage New at 40 Worth Street. The congregation moved to its present church 518-237-8643 York location, 132 Odell Clark Place, in 1922. 518-235-4248 fax http://www.HeritageNY.gov Apollo Theater 253 W. 125th SHPO Comment: "Built in 1914 on 125th Street, (in) the heart of NR--Nov. 11, 1983. NYS Office of Parks, Recreation Cordell Reaves Street, New York Harlem, this theatre has become an internationally known landmark. and Historic Preservation, Coordinator, City, New York Originally, it was named Hurtig and Seamon’s New Burlesque Peebles Island Resource Center URR Heritage Theatre and African-Americans were not allowed in the audience. In P.O. Box 219 Trail, 1934(,) Ralph Cooper, Sr. decided to do a live version of his already Waterford, NY 12188 Heritage New popular radio show, Amateur Nite Hour at the Apollo™, at the 518-237-8643 York Apollo Theater, then owned by the Schiffman family. Ella Fitzgerald 518-235-4248 fax was one of the first Amateur Night winners. That same year, http://www.HeritageNY.gov

69 Cooper, Benny Carter and ‘16 Gorgeous Hot Steppers’ dazzled the crowds with the theater’s first ‘Colored Revue.’ Over the decades the theatre has helped to launch the careers of many great African American (a)rtists." Augusta Savage 189 Old Route 32, SHPO Comment: "The Augusta Savage House and Studio are NR--May 21, 2001. NYS Office of Parks, Recreation Cordell Reaves House and Saugerties, Ulster significant in the area of Art for their association with the productive and Historic Preservation Coordinator, Studio County, New York life of this renowned sculptor. Closely associated with the Peebles Island Resource Center URR Heritage emergence of the Harlem Renaissance in the 1920s, Savage’s work P.O. Box 219 Trail, was notable for its realism and its portrayal of the African American Waterford, NY 12188 Heritage New experience in America. She was the first African American to be 518-237-8643 York elected to the National Association of Women Painters and 518-235-4248 fax Sculptors. In 1945 she left Harlem and purchased this small http://www.HeritageNY.gov farmhouse in Ulster County. During the last 17 years of her life she executed several works from this location." The Coltrane 247 Candlewood SHPO Comment: "The Coltrane House (1952) on Long Island is NYS Office of Parks, Recreation Cordell Reaves Home Path, Dix Hills significant for its association with jazz legend John Coltrane and his and Historic Preservation, Coordinator, Hamlet (Long wife Alice McLeod Coltrane who purchased it in 1964. John Peebles Island Resource Center URR Heritage Island), Suffolk Coltrane was an internationally known figure in American jazz, a P.O. Box 219 Trail, Country, New York pioneer in world music, and a spiritual and emotional force in music Waterford, NY 12188 Heritage New whose recordings continue to attract followers throughout the world 518-237-8643 York since his death in 1967. Alice McLeod Coltrane, John Coltrane’s 518-235-4248 fax second wife, was an accomplished musician/composer in her own http://www.HeritageNY.gov right. The house is where Coltrane composed his masterpiece, A Love Supreme (ital. added), recognized as one of his most significant and influential jazz recordings."

NHL Program: John Coltrane is also documented to have lived in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from 1952 to 1967. This home, called the John Coltrane Home, was designated a NHL on May 15, 1975. Further study is needed to determine the level of the New York home’s association with Coltrane.

APPENDIX

F--POTENTIAL DESIGNATION CONTACT STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE RECOMMENDING OFFICE STATUS PERSON Charlie Parker 151 Charlie Parker SHPO Comment: "Built in l849, this Gothic Revival-style rowhouse NR--Apr. 7, 1994 NYS Office of Parks, Recreation Cordell Reaves Residence Place (Avenue B) was home to the alto saxophonist Charlie Parker (Bird) from l950 and Historic Preservation, Coordinator, New York City, (to) l954. With Chan Richardson and their three children, Parker Peebles Island Resource Center URR Heritage Trail, NHLs New York occupied the ground floor apartment at the height of his career, P.O. Box 219 having achieved considerable success and renown as the co- Waterford, NY 12188 Heritage New founder of bebop, the modern jazz style that he and trumpeter Dizzy 518-237-8643 York Gillespie created in New York City during the mid-l940s. Parker 518-235-4248 fax enjoyed international fame while living here, performing with large http://www.HeritageNY.gov and small ensembles, as well as with Latin big bands and string sections." Harlem River 151st-153rd Street, SHPO Comment: "Built in 1937 specifically for African Americans, NR--Dec.18, 1979. NYS Office of Parks, Recreation Cordell Reaves Houses Macombs Pl. and this was the first time the federal government funded public and Historic Preservation, Coordinator, Harlem River housing." Peebles Island Resource Center URR Heritage Drive, P.O. Box 219 Trail, New York City, Waterford, NY 12188 Heritage New New York 518-237-8643 York 518-235-4248 fax http://www.HeritageNY.gov th 70 Langston 20 East 127 SHPO Comment: "The house is significant for its association with NR--Oct. 29, 1982 NYS Office of Parks, Recreation Cordell Reaves Hughes House Street, literary legend Langston Hughes and was the Harlem home of the and Historic Preservation, Coordinator, New York City, award winning poet, playwright and novelist. His work vividly Peebles Island Resource Center URR Heritage New York expressed the African American experience." P.O. Box 219 Trail, Waterford, NY 12188 Heritage New 518-237-8643 York 518-235-4248 fax http://www.HeritageNY.gov Mother African 140 West 137th SHPO Comment: "Mother A.M.E. Zion is the oldest black church in NYS Office of Parks, Recreation Cordell Reaves Methodist Street, New York the U.S., founded in 1796 by African-American residents of New and Historic Preservation, Coordinator, Episcopal Zion City, New York York City. In the mid-1800's, the church was known as a ‘freedom Peebles Island Resource Center URR Heritage Church church,’ and was likely involved in Underground Railroad and anti- P.O. Box 219 Trail, slavery activity. The present Neo-Gothic building (1923-25) was Waterford, NY 12188 Heritage New designed by George W. Foster, Jr., one of the first black architects 518-237-8643 York to be registered in the U.S." 518-235-4248 fax http://www.HeritageNY.gov NHL Program: First African Baptist Church and First Bryan Baptist Church in Savannah, Georgia as well as Springfield Baptist Church in August, GA have documented history of being older than Mother AME Zion, although the congregations are no longer in their original church buildings. The Study Meeting Group recommends that further research be conducted on the national significance of religions institutions in African American history.

APPENDIX

DESIGNATION CONTACT STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE RECOMMENDING OFFICE

F--POTENTIAL STATUS PERSON Old Fort House 29 Broadway “On Christmas day in 1829, Solomon Northup and his bride Ann NR--Sept. 15, 1983 NYS Office of Parks, Recreation Cordell Reaves Museum Street, Hampton moved into the ‘old yellow house’ and lived there until and Historic Preservation, Coordinator, (Solomon Fort Edward, 1832. Solomon was a free black man born in Washington County Peebles Island Resource Center URR Heritage Northup Washington who was drugged and sold into slavery. Upon being freed and P.O. Box 219 Trail, Residence) County, New York returning home, he wrote a book ‘Twelve Years A Slave’. This Waterford, NY 12188 Heritage New thoroughly researched book is considered to be one of the most 518-237-8643 York NHLs important unbiased narratives on slavery as told by an educated 518-235-4248 fax free person enslaved in the south. This book was thought to have http://www.HeritageNY.gov incited as much outrage in the north about slavery as ‘Uncle Tom’s Cabin’.” Source: http://www.ftedward.com/History/OldFort/oldFort.htm

SHPO Comment: "Solomon was a free black man born in Minerva, NY who was kidnapped and sold into slavery while working in Saratoga Springs. Solomon probably moved to Fort Edward because his father, Mintus Northup had lived just around the corner from where the Smyth House stands. Northup wrote ‘Twelve Years a Slave’ describing his ordeal." Starr Clark 3250 Main Street, SHPO Comment: "The shop served as a safe house and played a NR--Dec. 4, 2001. NYS Office of Parks, Recreation Cordell Reaves Tinshop MexiCounty, part in the famous ‘Jerry rescue’ in 1851. Starr Clark was an active Part of the and Historic Preservation, Coordinator, Oswego County, member of MexiCounty's Vigilance Committee and helped many Freedom Trail, Peebles Island Resource Center URR Heritage

71 New York fugitives.” Abolitionism, and P.O. Box 219 Trail, African American Waterford, NY 12188 Heritage New Life in Central New 518-237-8643 York York MPS 518-235-4248 fax http://www.HeritageNY.gov Stephen and 194 Livingston SHPO Comment: "Stephen and Harriet Myers were major figures NR--Jan. 11, 2004. NYS Office of Parks, Recreation Cordell Reaves Harriet Myers Avenue, Albany, on the Underground Railroad. Myers was a key leader in the and Historic Preservation, Coordinator, Residence Albany Country, Underground Railroad and his home was a hub of sorts for the Peebles Island Resource Center URR Heritage New York region. Stephen published an anti-slavery newspaper and was the P.O. Box 219 Trail, head of the local Vigilance committee. They sheltered freedom Waterford, NY 12188 Heritage New seekers at their home." 518-237-8643 York 518-235-4248 fax http://www.HeritageNY.gov Sugar Hill Roughly bounded SHPO Comment: "Sugar Hill in Harlem was the nation’s foremost NR--Apr. 11, 2002 NYS Office of Parks, Recreation Cordell Reaves Historic District by West 155th African-American urban community (ca. 1925-ca. 1956). The mid- and Historic Preservation, Coordinator, Street to north, 1920s saw many celebrated and affluent African Americans arrive Peebles Island Resource Center URR Heritage West 145th Street on Sugar Hill including professionals active in law, business, P.O. Box 219 Trail, to south, Bradhurst literature, music, and art. Many African Americans who have Waterford, NY 12188 Heritage New Avenue, to east, played an important role in local or national history lived in Sugar 518-237-8643 York and irregularly Hill including such illustrious figures as future Supreme Court 518-235-4248 fax along the side Justice Thurgood Marshall, sociologist W.E.B. DuBois, painter http://www.HeritageNY.gov streets west of Aaron Douglas, composers and jazz musicians Edward Kennedy Convent Avenue, ‘Duke’ Ellington and C. Luckeyth (“Luckey”) Roberts, civil rights Harlem, New York leaders Walter Francis White and Adam Clayton Powell, Sr., and City writers Ralph Ellison and Langston Hughes."

DESIGNATION CONTACT STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE RECOMMENDING OFFICE STATUS PERSON APPENDIX Weeksville 1698-1708 Bergen SHPO Comment: "The Hunterfly Road Historic District is significant NR--Dec. 5, 1972 NYS Office of Parks, Recreation Cordell Reaves Heritage Center Street, Brooklyn, as a singular illustration of the nineteenth-century landscape of and Historic Preservation, Coordinator, (Hunterfly Road Kings County Weeksville, one of the largest settlements of free African Americans Peebles Island Resource Center URR Heritage Historic District) in pre-Civil War America, and as a rare surviving concentration of P.O. Box 219 Trail, resources representing the early period of free African American Waterford, NY 12188 Heritage New F--POTENTIAL settlement in metropolitan New York. The district includes four 518-237-8643 York small wood-frame residences and a fragment of the old colonial era 518-235-4248 fax road around which the settlement developed. Initially settled in the http://www.HeritageNY.gov 1830s by free blacks, Weeksville grew by the 1870s into a community of several hundred, with its own public school, church, and other institutions. The houses are today a living museum of

NHLs African-American history and culture." North Carolina Historic SHPO Comment: "Historic properties associated with Ella Baker, who was on the board of the Southern Christian North Carolina SHPO Claudia R. properties Leadership Conference and helped found the Student Non-Violent [Coordinating] Committee--either buildings 4617 Mail Service Ctr., Brown, associated with where she spoke or worked at Shaw University, Raleigh (Estey Hall at Shaw U. is already listed in the National Raleigh, NC 27699 Supervisor Ella Baker Register and the historic core of the campus is in the East Raleigh-South Park Historic District) or her home in 919-733-6545 Survey and Littleton, Warren County (we were told a few years ago that this is still standing but do not know its current 919-715-4801 fax Planning Branch status)." http://www.hpo.dcr.state.nc.us South Carolina Avery Institute 125 Bull Street, SHPO Comment: "Avery Institute originated in the Saxton School, South Carolina Dept. of Leah E. Brown, Charleston, which was founded by Francis L. Cardoza in 1865 as a school for Archives & History African American Charleston County, African American students. Cardoza was born free in Charleston in 8301 Parklane Road Programs South Carolina 1837 and earned a four-year degree at the University of Glasgow. Columbia, SC 29223 Coordinator He continued his studies at seminaries in Edinburgh and London. 803.896.8121 After serving briefly as a Presbyterian pastor, Cardoza volunteered 803.896.6167 fax his services to the American Missionary Association as a teacher. In http://www.state.sc.us/scdah/his response to Cardoza’s appeal for a secondary school for advanced trcpl.htm

72 students, the American Missionary Association purchased a lot on Bull Street and constructed this three-story brick building c. 1868. The Freedman’s Bureau and the estate of northern philanthropist Charles Avery also contributed to the school. By 1880 Avery Institute had almost 500 students who were taught by an integrated staff including both Charlestonians and northerners. The training of teachers was one of the main goals of the school, which achieved a reputation of academic excellence. Many of South Carolina’s most prominent African American leaders received their education here. By 1947 Avery became a public school, which closed its doors in 1954. Avery Institute is included in the Charleston Historic District. Today, the building houses the Avery Research Center for African American History and Culture. Based at the College of Charleston, it is an archives, research center, and museum. Learn more about the Avery Research Center by visiting www.cofc.edu/avery." Camp Welfare S.C. Sec. Rd. 234, SHPO Comment: "Camp Welfare was founded soon after the Civil NR--Dec. 6, 1984 South Carolina Dept. of Leah E. Brown, Mitford vicinity, War by the African Methodist Episcopal Church and has been Archives & History African American Fairfield County, located on its present site since at least 1876. The camp includes 8301 Parklane Road Columbia, Programs South Carolina simple cabins, called tents, arranged in a U-shape. The tents were SC 29223 803.896.8121 Coordinator designed for sleeping only; cooking was done outdoors, and there 803.896.6167 were community bath houses. The older tents, probably constructed http://www.state.sc.us/scdah/his around 1900, are wood frame. Some of the newer tents are trcpl.htm constructed of concrete blocks. The focal point of the camp is the arbor, a rough gable-roofed wooden shelter with benches where worship services were held. Camp meetings were held during the last week of August each year. Religious services held each day in the arbor were the focal point of camp meeting week, but also important was fellowship with family and friends. Many of the families have continued to attend through several generations, passing their tents down through the family. www.nationalregister.sc.gov/fairfield/S10817720006/index.htm "

DESIGNATION CONTACT APPENDIX STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE RECOMMENDING OFFICE STATUS PERSON Liberty Hill AME 2310 Liberty Hill SHPO Comment: "I am not quite sure why this church has not been South Carolina Dept. of Leah E. Brown, Church Road, Summerton, listed, other than someone just has not written it. It played an Archives & History African American Clarendon County, important role in the Briggs v. Elliot (ital. added) case that was one 8301 Parklane Road Programs South Carolina of the cases leading to Brown v. BOE of Topeka (ital. added). Columbia, SC 29223 Coordinator F--POTENTIAL Below is its State Historical Marker text: 803.896.8121 (Front) In 1867, five years after the Emancipation Proclamation, 803.896.6167 fax Thomas and Margaret Briggs gave four acres of land to this African http://www.state.sc.us/scdah/his Methodist Episcopal church. The present building, completed in trcpl.htm 1905, has been brick veneered. Meetings held here in the 1940s and 1950s led to local court cases, which helped bring about the

NHLs U.S. Supreme Court’s 1954 ruling desegregating public schools. (Reverse) Pioneers in Desegregation Nineteen members of this congregation were plaintiffs in the case of Harry Briggs, Jr., vs. R.W. Elliott (ital. added), heard in U.S. District Court, Charleston, in 1952. Although this court refused to abolish racial segregation in S.C. schools, this case, with others, led to the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1954 landmark decision desegregating public schools. Erected by the Congregation, 1985." Modjeska 2025 Marion SHPO Comment: "This house, built c. 1900, became the home of NR--Mar. 25, 1994 South Carolina Dept. of Leah E. Brown, Monteith Simkins Street, Columbia, Modjeska Monteith Simkins (1899-1992) in 1932. Simkins was a Archives & History African American House Richland County , leader in health reform for African Americans and an ardent 8301 Parklane Road Columbia, Programs South Carolina supporter of equal rights. She was Director of Negro Work for the SC 29223 803.896.8121 Coordinator South Carolina Tuberculosis Association for eleven years in the 803.896.6167 fax 1930s and early 1940s. In this position, she traveled across the http://www.state.sc.us/scdah/his state supervising clinics and educating people about good health trcpl.htm

73 practices. Simkins was also an activist in the fight for civil rights for African Americans in Columbia and South Carolina. Beginning in the early 1930s she helped lobby for a federal anti-lynching bill, protested police brutality in Columbia, and became a leader in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Simkins helped organize a state branch in South Carolina, served as state secretary, and worked on civil rights litigation. For example, she was significantly involved in the Briggs v. Elliot (ital. added) case in South Carolina that eventually led to the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education (ital. added) that separate schools for African American children were inherently unequal. Simkin’s home at 2025 Marion Street was used not only as her residence but as lodging for other civil rights leaders, offices, and meeting rooms. Thurgood Marshall frequently stayed there as he was developing the groundwork for the Briggs v. Elliot case. The Collaborative for Community Trust purchased the Modjeska Monteith Simkins House and is establishing a center there dedicated to Simkins and her work. For more information about her, see www.usca.edu/aasc/simkins.htm.www.nationalregister.sc.gov/richla nd/S10817740102/index.htm" Tennessee Mason Temple 958 Mason Street, SHPO Comment: "This church should definitely be considered for NR--Apr. 10, 1992 Tennessee Historical Claudette (Church of God Memphis, Shelby NHL status. The NR nomination is fairly comprehensive in Commission, Office of National Stager, National in Christ National County, Tennessee discussing the importance of COGIC and Martin Luther King's Register Register Temple) ‘mountaintop’ speech." 2941 Lebanon Road Coordinator Nashville, TN 37243 615-532-1550 615-532-1549 fax http://www.state.tn.us/environm ent/hist/

DESIGNATION CONTACT STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE RECOMMENDING OFFICE STATUS PERSON APPENDIX Second 280 Hernando SHPO Comment: “Recently a nomination was prepared to upgrade NR--Sept. 4, 1979 Tennessee Historical Claudette Presbyterian Street, Memphis, this property to national significance. It was a staging point for the Commission, Office of National Stager, National Church Shelby County, Memphis garbage workers' strike." Register Register (Clayborn Tennessee 2941 Lebanon Road Coordinator

F--POTENTIAL Temple) Nashville, TN 37243 615-532-1550 615-532-1549 fax http://www.state.tn.us/environm ent/hist/ Texas Administration 900 Chicon Street, SHPO Comment: This building is associated " with the early 20th NR--Oct. 21, 1993 Texas Historical Commission Gregory Smith, Building, Huston- Austin, Travis century development of Samuel Huston College, first established in (SHPO) NR Coordinator NHLs Tillotson College County, Texas 1881 as the first African American college west of the Mississippi" P.O. Box 12276 River. Austin, TX 78711 512-463-6100 512-463-8222 fax http://www.thc.state.tx.us/ Evans Industrial 900 Chicon Street, SHPO Comment: This building is "associated with the early 20th NR--Jun. 17, 1982 Texas Historical Commission Gregory Smith, Building, Huston- Austin, Travis century development of Samuel Huston College, first established in (SHPO) NR Coordinator Tillotson College County, Texas 1881 as the first African American college west of the Mississippi" P.O. Box 12276 Austin, TX 78711 512-463-6100 512-463-8222 fax http://www.thc.state.tx.us/ Gunter Hotel 205 E. Houston SHPO Comment: "In 1936, blues legend Robert Johnson, held one NR--Jan. 9, 2007 Texas Historical Commission Gregory Smith, Street, of only two series of recording sessions at the Gunter. He died (SHPO) NR Coordinator San Antonio, shortly after recording his second and last sessions in Dallas." P.O. Box 12276

74 Bexar County, Austin, TX 78711 Texas 512-463-6100 512-463-8222 fax http://www.thc.state.tx.us/ Vermont Athenian Hall 109 Old Stone SHPO Comment: During the years 1834 to 1836, “a four-story NR--May 9, 1973 Vermont Division for Historic Suzanne C. (Old Stone House Road, granite structure was designed and erected by a schoolmaster Contributing Preservation Jamele, House Museum) Brownington, believed to be America's first African American college graduate building in the National Life Building, Drawer National Orleans County, and first African American legislator, the Reverend Alexander Brownington 20 Register Vermont Twilight. The building Twilight called Athenian Hall was constructed Village Historic Montpelier, VT 05620 Specialist as a dormitory for the Orleans County Grammar School, at the time District. 802-828-3211 the only secondary in a two county area. Today it is one of the best- 802-828-3206 fax preserved institutional buildings of its era in the United States. This http://www.historicvermont.org/ is the Old Stone House Museum." http://www.oldstonehousemuseum.org/athenianhall.html Alexander 110 Old Stone SHPO Comment: "Across the road from the Old Stone House is the NR--May 9, 1973 Vermont Division for Historic Suzanne C. Twilight House House Road, Twilight's own house, which Alexander built in 1830, a short time Contributing Preservation Jamele, Brownington, after he and his wife Mercy arrived in Brownington. The house building in the National Life Building, Drawer National Orleans County, provided living quarters for several students and continued to be Brownington 20 Register Vermont used for students even after the Stone House was built. Purchased Village Historic Montpelier, VT 05620 Specialist by the Orleans County Historical Society in 1999, the House has District. 802-828-3211 been restored and now serves as a visitor center for the Museum 802-828-3206 fax and as the Historical Society's office." http://www.historicvermont.org/ http://www.oldstonehousemuseum.org/alexandertwilight.html Virginia Town of Bermuda Hundred SHPO Comment: "Bermuda Hundred attracted a significant free NR--Nov. 8, 2006 Dept. of Historic Resources M. Catherine Bermuda and Allied Roads, African-American enclave beginning in the late 18th century. This 2801 Kensington Avenue Slusser, Hundred Historic Chester, segment of the population continued to increase through the Civil Richmond, VA 23221 Deputy Director District Chesterfield War, and represented the majority of the town’s inhabitants by the 804-367-2323 County, Virginia end of the war. During the post-bellum period the town experienced 804-367-2391 fax an economic revitalization as a steamship wharf and as a shipping www.dhr.virginia.gov depot for the Bright Hope (later Tidewater and Western) Railroad."

APPENDIX F--POTENTIAL NHLs

DESIGNATION CONTACT STATE NAME LOCATION HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE RECOMMENDING OFFICE STATUS PERSON J. Thomas 2803 Oak Avenue, SHPO Comment: "J. Thomas Newsome, an African-American NR--Dec. 19, 1990 Dept. of Historic Resources M. Catherine Newsome House Newport News, attorney and journalist, was the first African-American attorney to be 2801 Kensington Avenue Slusser, Newport News certified to practice before the Supreme Court of Appeals of Richmond, VA 23221 Deputy Director County, Virginia Virginia. He also edited the Newport News Star (ital. added). He 804-367-2323 was instrumental in the founding of Trinity Baptist Church, was a 804-367-2391 fax leading advocate of the construction of Huntington High School, and www.dhr.virginia.gov 75 was also active in politics." Truxtun Historic Bounded by SHPO Comment: "The first wartime government housing project NR--Sept. 16, 1982 Dept. of Historic Resources M. Catherine District Paradise Creek, constructed exclusively for African-Americans in the United 2801 Kensington Avenue Slusser, Victory Boulevard, States….to facilitate [the] increase in population due to the Richmond, VA 23221 Deputy Director and George expansion of activities and personnel at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard 804-367-2323 Washington after the outbreak of WWI." 804-367-2391 fax Highway, www.dhr.virginia.gov Portsmouth, Virginia

APPENDIX G ASSOCIATED THEME STUDIES

The following Congressionally-mandated theme studies have developed historic contexts that examine African American history. The majority of these theme studies have resulted in the identification, nomination, and NHL designation of at least one property associated with nationally-significant African American history. Early theme studies are unavailable in hardcopy but many can be downloaded in .pdf format from the NHL Program website: http://www.nps.gov/nhl/themes/themes.htm.

• Black Americans in the United States (1974) • The US Constitution (1986) • Women’s History • Underground Railroad (2005) • Racial Desegregation in Public Education (2000) • American Civil Rights o Civil Rights in America: A Framework for Identifying Significant Sites (2002) o Public Accommodations (Draft 2004) o Voting Rights (Draft 2007) o Equal Employment (In Progress) o Equal Housing (In Progress) • World War II Home Front Theme Study (2007) • Labor History Theme Study (Draft 2003)

76