Madison County Freedom Trail (PDF)

Hitchcock Point M Damon Point A I

Billington Bay 90 Lewis Point S Fisher Bay T N Dutchman Island JO O E Exit 34

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R I 4. Free Congregational Church of Cazenovia R 12 A N R 6 S T C M H E M K D I R R LL E R EY D A R D LL R D E Walkers Corners I KE 3 D D R L T R I E T G MA C C PIN G CA D E R H RIDGE E TH S R 1 D N UR P B I L R K A R S N 10 K D T C 5. Cazenovia Fugitive Slave Law Convention

T R E Weaver Corner D B K A W R W L A D R O R B I S P CHA R Z ARK S PEL S P L T T D N T L A D E U R R E R N I K T D R S ER R A L CK 7 HOOLHEIM C C M E A S P E T Oniontown S L O T C A

Peck Corners B CHE E R S S 6. DeRuyter Seventh Day Baptist Church

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X R P S W F 1 N H T T - Campbell Burying Ground

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Freedom Trail Stops B 34 F

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I R D L D 53 0 1.5 3 6 9 Map Prepared by the Madison County Planning Department Miles www.madisontourism.com AFRICAN AMERICANS ON THE ROAD TO FREEDOM IN MADISON COUNTY TOWN OF GEORGETOWN TOWN OF NELSON

There have always been African Americans in Madison County, but, all too often, they have been Timothy Brushell was born in September 1831, probably in Oneida County, and is listed as black, mulatto, or Indian in Plymouth Freeman was born in Connecticut about 1742. Whether he was enslaved or free is not known. “anonymous” to history. They received little mention in county histories and newspapers, were rarely photo- various census records. It is possible that his parents were Nancy Welch and one of her husbands, Samuel Brushell or Henry Because he appeared in the 1800 Cazenovia census without a surname, he may have been born a slave and later graphed, and were frequently buried in unmarked graves. The sketches provided below illustrate for each town Brushell, who may have been African Americans. Nancy was a Brothertown Indian, born in 1809 in the Town of Marshall, adopted the surname of Freeman. In that year, there were seven “free persons” in his household. in Madison County that African Americans visited here, worked here, lived and died here. These are just a few Oneida County, New York. of the African Americans who deserve to be called by name. Freeman was married; a local account written in April 1807 mentions his wife’s death but not her first About 1851 Timothy was married for a second time to Mary, who was born in August 1828 in Dutchess County, New name. The relationship of the 26 to 45-year-old “colored” female living with him in the 1820 Nelson census is not York. They had three children: Malvina, Sarah, and Aaron Samuel. The couple also had a farm of 40-plus acres on Lot No. 77, clear. located on Muller Hill near the village of Georgetown. TOWN OF BROOKFIELD Plymouth made his living as a farmer. When he was no longer able to work, he applied for a pension Mary Brushell died in 1903 and Timothy in 1906. They are buried at the Hillside Cemetery, Georgetown. As late as based on his Revolutionary War service. It is estimated that 5,000 African Americans fought for the patriot cause Laban Olby was born about 1785 in Connecticut. In 1815 he settled at North Brookfield, where he 1920, their extended family continued to reside in the town. with the promise or hope of freedom motivating those who were slaves. In Connecticut, there were as many as 400 learned the blacksmithing trade and later operated a general store and hotel. In an unknown year, strangers en- black soldiers. Freeman’s papers indicate that he was a private in the 3rd Regiment of the Connecticut line between tered Laban’s hotel and attempted to kidnap him with the intent of selling him into bondage. Townsmen work- the years 1777 and 1783 and that he was discharged at West Point. The application was accepted, and his pension TOWN OF HAMILTON ing in a nearby field saw Laban being taken away on horseback. They gave the alarm and other local residents began on April 6, 1818. joined in the pursuit. The kidnappers escaped, but Laban was rescued. According to census records, Olby and his known wife Jane, (Jennie), were both married twice; he had Plymouth Freeman died on August 25, 1829, and is probably buried in Nelson or Cazenovia. Cyrus Clarke was born about 1820 in Madison County, Kentucky, the youngest of ten children of Daniel Clarke, born in nine children and she four. Jennie was born in Columbia County, New York or Vermont. She bought hops from local farmers, made her own beer, and then traveled around the area selling it from a horse and wagon. She died Scotland, and Letitia Campbell. “Letty” was the daughter of the plantation owner, Samuel Campbell, by his slave, Mary. When on December 18, 1866 and may be buried at North Brookfield. Letty married, her father told her that she and any children born to her would be granted their freedom in his will. This promise CITY OF ONEIDA was not kept. Even before Campbell’s 1831 death, Letty and her nine surviving children had been claimed by Campbell’s white By one of his wives, Laban Olby had a daughter, Catherine, born about 1814 in Oneida County. She married Daniel Robbins, and they settled in Peterboro. One other record for Olby has been found: In 1867 when children or sold away. In July 1842 freedom seeker Lewis Clarke (see Town of Fenner) returned to Kentucky to get his brother he sold land in Brookfield, he was living in Oxford, Chenango County, New York. Cyrus, who was later joined by his wife and her three children from a former marriage. William F. Logan was born a slave at Fredericksburg, Virginia in August 1852. In the 1870 census for the Town of Lebanon, “Willie” Logan, age 17, was living in the home of local church deacon Cooley Gray and his Two years later, Cyrus Clarke, now a resident of Hamilton, attempted to vote at a town meeting. A local judge insisted wife, Abby. A later record would state that Willie was “adopted” by Cooley Gray, who may have been one of the that Clarke was a “colored” man and not worth $250, so therefore could not vote. Clarke, who like his siblings, could pass for many active Lebanon abolitionists. TOWN OF CAZENOVIA white, insisted that he was whiter than the judge. He won the argument and voted! On January 1, 1877 at Bouckville, William Logan married Chloe Ralph. She was born in April 1859 in In 1846 Cyrus was still living in Hamilton, when his brothers published their Narrative of the Sufferings of Lewis and John Tyler was born on a plantation near Baltimore, Maryland, perhaps in November 1812, although Oneida County, the daughter of Jerome and Jennette Ralph. The Logan’s first child, Walter, was born on May 5, Milton Clarke. That same year all three were recipients of “Timbuctoo” lands in the Adirondacks, the gifts of Gerrit Smith. census records vary widely as to his age. About 1840 an abolitionist agent hired by Gerrit Smith, but disguised 1879 in Hamilton. Their other children were Florence, Floyd, Grace (Mrs. James Jennings), and Duane. as a cattle drover, came to the plantation. He told John that he was there to help him escape. Eventually, there Cyrus Clarke’s wife, Martha, was also born in Kentucky about 1820. One of her children was Milton, who was born Logan was first employed as a farmer and later a tinsmith. The family resided in Vernon, New York for would be eleven freedom seekers in the group. As they began their flight, they hid in the woods, avoiding their about 1840 and may have been adopted by Cyrus. Clarke left Madison County before 1850 and settled in Detroit, Michigan, a time but later moved to Oneida, where William was a trustee of the A. M. E. Zion Church. The family first lived master and fifty men who were searching for them with clubs and dogs. Thomas Garrett, the well-known Under- where he worked as a barber. In 1851, he was a member of a vigilance committee in that city. These groups were organized spe- on Midland Avenue and then at 37 Lexington Avenue. William died on June 19, 1911. In 1920 Chloe Logan was ground Railroad stationmaster at Wilmington, Delaware, helped them get into Pennsylvania, where other run- cifically to help fugitives escape. aways joined them. living in Syracuse with her daughter Florence and her grandson, Walter Jennings. TOWN OF LEBANON After his arrival at Cazenovia, John made his living as a laborer. He married Marinda, who was born about 1835 in Madison County. Following the passage of the 1850 Fugitive Slave Law, the couple sought secu- rity in Canada, where at least four of their children were born. When the Civil War ended, the family returned to live in Smithfield. Marinda died there between 1875 and 1880. She was probably the mother of John’s 13 chil- James, Ben, and Jane were the slaves of Margaret Smith of Lebanon. When she wrote her will in March 1807, she gave TOWN OF SMITHFIELD her slaves to her daughter, Anne Masters, “until they are 25 years old,” when they were to be set free. This was just one year after dren, who included Sarah, Frances, Joseph, May, Ellen, Emeline, John, Caroline, Sidney, Marinda, and Charles. By the time of the 1880 census, John had remarried Fidelia, the widow of Elias Johnson of Smithfield. the formation of Madison County, and in 1810 there were still 36 slaves in the county. It was not until July 4, 1827 that slavery She was born in September 1828 in Madison or Oneida County. The Tylers moved to Cazenovia about 1882 would be completely abolished in New York State. Lewis Washington was born enslaved about 1800 in Maryland. He is believed to have escaped in 1843 and eventually made his way to Albany, New York, where he was associated with the abolitionist Baptist minister and lived on Park Street. Following Fidelia’s death (possibly in 1914) John went to live with his daughter, Car- At the time Mrs. Smith’s will was written, the three slaves were living with Margaret’s son, Col. William Smith. Col. Abel Brown. Washington later lived in Troy and was an agent for the Liberty Party. In 1846 Gerrit Smith, in con- rie Baker, in Canastota. He died there on December 4, 1915 and was survived by Carrie and another daughter, Smith was a graduate of Princeton and an aide to Generals Sullivan, Lafayette, and Washington during the Revolution. Following junction with his Adirondack land gifts to African Americans, deeded Peterboro property to Washington, who Frances West, also of Canastota. the war, he served as Secretary of the U. S. Legation to London, where he met Abigail, daughter of John Adams, who would later moved his family to the hamlet. become the second President of the United States. William and Abigail married in 1786. Lewis’ wife, Catharine, was born in Virginia between 1815 and 1820. They had a son Lewis who had In 1807 Smith moved to Smith’s Valley in Lebanon, following a string of bad business dealings and a scandal and trial TOWN OF DERUYTER been born in the District of Columbia. Their daughter, Julia, was born in Peterboro on April 5, 1847. That same for violating the Neutrality Act. Lebanon was one of six towns that had originally been patented to him. In advance, he had sent year, Washington lectured against slavery throughout New York State. Although he could not read or write, he his brother Justus B. Smith to act as agent for the sale of the lands. Their mother and several other siblings, including Anne Mas- was described as an eloquent speaker who could “hold an audience with deep interest.” Philip Pledger was born in the early 1830s in South Carolina. He first appeared in DeRuyter in 1860, ters, joined them. giving his state of birth as “unknown.” In 1865 Philip, employed as a barber, declared that he was born in By June 1848, Washington had sold his Peterboro property and moved to Waukesha, Wisconsin. He con- Justus B. also owned slaves, and a black man, Jerry Franks, managed his farm. William Smith and his brother Justus both “South Carolina.” Now that the Civil War was officially over, he could tell the truth without fear of arrest and a tinued as an anti-slavery speaker, sometimes meeting with hostile receptions and once being called an impostor. died in 1816 and are buried at the Sherburne West Hill Cemetery, as is their mother. Anne Masters was still living in Hamilton in return to slavery. Nonetheless, he remained in Wisconsin, where two more children, Charles and Rebecca, were born. In 1860 and th 1840. With her were four free “colored” persons—perhaps related to James, Ben, and/or Jane? Pledger served in the war as a private in Co. B, 20 United States Colored Troops. The regiment was 1870, Lewis Washington was a farmer in Pierce County. organized at Riker’s Island, New York Harbor on February 9, 1864 and mustered out at Nashville, Tennesee on October 7, 1865. TOWN OF LENOX Although no further record of Philip Pledger has been found in Madison County, he was married when TOWN OF STOCKBRIDGE he lived in DeRuyter. His wife, Clarissa, was born in the County about 1835. In 1870 she was working as a domestic servant for William Hamitty in the Town of Sullivan. Scipio Morehand was born a slave on a Missouri plantation about 1836. When the Emancipation Proclamation took J. Baldwin (John), G. Fidler, N. Pendleton (Nathan), H. Welch (probably Henry), and other “free effect on January 1, 1863, it only applied to those states that were in rebellion. Since Missouri had never left the Union, it was a colored persons” were listed in the 1810 Smithfield census. They lived on the New Guinea tract, which was lo- loyal slave state. Therefore, when Morehand decided to escape in that same year, he was taking a huge risk. Acting as an atten- TOWN OF EATON cated south of Munnsville and became part of Stockbridge when that town was formed in 1836, partly from Smith- dant to European American Louise Jarvis, he made his way through the Rebel lines to Canastota. He may have started from New field. Madrid County, which lies on the eastern border of Missouri. Many escapes were made from border counties, and New Madrid Elisha Charles was born about 1800, evidently in Madison County. He was a resident of the Town of was the probable residence of Louise’s future husband, Louis P. Fay. Louise was also the daughter of Dr. Milton Jarvis, credited Madison County histories state that New Guinea was a tract of 300 acres in the south part of the Indian Eaton from as early as 1840 through the year 1860. In 1850 there was another Charles family in Eaton headed as being an Underground Railroad stationmaster at Canastota. Reservation in Stockbridge, “the use of which was given to the Mohawk Valley slaves” by the Stockbridge Indi- by a black man named “Miny,” age 40, possibly Elisha’s brother. Five years later only Elisha remained in town. ans. African American families said to have been settlers here included Baldwin, Cook, Fiddler, Mitop, Pendleton, After his arrival in Madison County, Morehand worked as a laborer or farmer. He and his wife, Josephine, who was born In 1860 he lived in the Village of Morrisville. and Welch. in the County about 1846, had four sons: George, Frank, Fred, and Charles. Elisha’s wife, Mary, was born about 1805 and died before 1855. Their children included Mary, Jerome, Although not as numerous as those on Long Island and the Hudson Valley, there were African American The Morehands’ tenant house was destroyed in the Canastota fire of October 1873. Later Scipio acquired a house on Marietta, Lovisa (Mrs. Henry Cook), Dewitt, Laura, Nancy, Orison, and Amelia. slaves in the Mohawk Valley, and Indians sometimes did offer shelter to runaway slaves. In 1785, the Oneida In- North Canal Street in the village. Josephine died on February 26, 1879. After Scipio’s death on July 19, 1887, his funeral was dians likewise gave refuge to the Stockbridge Indians from Massachusetts. In 1788 they took in the Brothertowns, Elisha Charles was employed as a laborer when he lived in the County. We don’t know if he remained held at the Presbyterian Church in Canastota. here, but there was a 72-year-old African American hostler by this name living in the Town of Erin, Chemung a tribe of mixed lineage, also from New England. The Stockbridge and Brothertowns settled mainly in what would County, New York in 1870. TOWN OF LINCOLN later become the Town of Stockbridge. They remained until 1822 when, due to increasing encroachment by white settlers, most moved to Wisconsin. About this same year, the New Guinea tract was sold to the State of New

York. Cezar Moody was born between 1774 and 1780 in Connecticut. If born enslaved, he was probably a freeman when he TOWN OF FENNER African Americans did intermarry with Indian tribes (see Town of Georgetown). Prior to 1796, James accompanied the Palmers and Randalls from the Stonington, Connecticut area to New York State. The families settled in the Pendleton, whose father was African American and whose mother was half white and half black, married Sarah southwest part of Lenox, near the Mile Strip, and also near the crossroads that would later be called Alene. This area would be Potteogue, a Brothertown. There were also New Guinea descendants who remained in Madison County: A included in the Town of Lincoln, which was formed from Lenox in 1896. Lewis G. Clarke, abolitionist, lecturer, and author, was born a slave in Madison County, Kentucky in (younger) Nathan Pendleton died in Stockbridge on December 5, 1847, aged 27. 1815. He initiated his own escape in 1841 and was soon reunited with his brother Milton, also “self- On Decemer 20, 1810, Moody was one of the organizing members of the First Baptist Church of Lenox, located at Clock- emancipated.” Together they would later write a narrative of their experiences. Lewis Clarke was the model for ville. Later, Moody had his own house and made his living as a weaver. The last official record for Cezar Moody shows him as a the character George Harris in Harriet Beecher Stowe’s The Key to Uncle Tom’s Cabin. resident of the Madison County Poor House in 1860. TOWN OF SULLIVAN Lewis Clarke lectured in Madison County in September and October of 1843. His itinerary included every town in the County, but the Town of Fenner extended him a special invitation: TOWN OF MADISON Mary Robinson (her married name) was born a slave in Pennsylvania possibly in July 1821. Even We say to friend Clark, come on! We will find work for you, and pay you in though Pennsylvania passed a gradual emancipation law in 1780, loopholes in and interpretation of the law meant

something better than cat’s claws and beef brine. that slavery continued for many years. Mary may not have known her real age as it varied with each census. Her David Titus was born about 1820 in Broome County, New York. In 1850 he and his family resided in the Town of husband James was born about 1825 in Maryland. The couple first lived in Mary’s home state, where their only We won’t strip you, and wound you, and leave you half dead. Madison. Prior to that year, he was in Chenango County, New York and his two eldest children were born there. Following his child, Margaret, was born in October 1852. Two years later the Robinsons came to Madison County, settling in But will clothe you, and feed you, and find you a bed. arrival in Madison County, Titus changed his town of residence in every census record. His occupation also fluctuated with his Cazenovia, Fenner, Lenox, and finally, Sullivan. moves; he was a general laborer, farm laborer, or farmer. Lewis was the guest of William P. Barrett, a Fenner resident, who subscribed to abolitionist newspa- The daughter, Margaret, was probably married twice, first to Elias Hill, and second to Enoch H. Bennett, pers, signed an anti-slavery petition in 1838, and was a Madison County delegate to the National Anti-Slavery David’s wife, Triphena, was born between 1823 and 1826 in Chenango County. The couple’s three children were Freder- son of Benjamin and Mary Bennett of Sullivan. The father, James, was employed as a farm or day laborer. In the Convention in 1841. ick, Mary, and Allen. Triphena died of a fever on March 6 1865 in the Town of Eaton. 1865 census, he is listed as being in the Army in an “unknown regiment” and may be the James Robinson, age 44, from Lenox, who served in the 16th Regiment. He last appeared with his family in the 1870 census. Lewis Clarke lived at Windsor, Ontario, Canada for many years. Following the death of his wife in In 1870 Titus, age 50, worked as a hostler at a hotel in Sherburne. Ten years later, he had returned to Madison County. 1875, he and his children moved to Oberlin, Ohio. He died at Lexington, Kentucky in 1897. By order of the He and his son, Allen, were living with his other son, Fred, in Hamilton. In her later years, Mary Robinson lived with her daughter in Chittenango, New York. Following her death on October 25, 1910, she was buried at Oakwood Cemetery in the Village, where the Bennetts would later Governor, his body lay in state at the City Auditorium, the first African American in that state to be so honored. He was buried at Oberlin. join her.