DOCSLIB.ORG

Reflections on Cold Wars: the 1983 Oslo Atlantic Defense Symposium

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Reflections on Cold Wars: the 1983 Oslo Atlantic Defense Symposium REFLECTIONS ON COLD WARS: THE 1983 OSLO ATLANTIC DEFENSE SYMPOSIUM by Dennison I. Rusinow 1983/No. 15 Europe/General [DIR-2-'83] In August 1983 the Norwegian Na- ly mentioned in passing ("if this seems tional Defense College sponsored familiar today '. They are, however, a symposium to discuss the ef- the purpose of this Report, which is fects on Western defense policies therefore not an account of the Sym- of the events and influences of the posium or a summary of its.findings and period from 1947 through 1953. conclusions per se. The putative "moral of the story" for today's world will in most The symposium was able to draw cases be left to the reader, in part on newly accessible materials and because it is often ambiguous, which is the memories of some of the par- what the "lessons" of history usually are. ticipants in the creation of NATO, but the lessons of =Cold War I," The Oslo Symposium was attend- like most of the lessons of history, ed by scholars from nine NATO coun- turn out to be generally ambigu- tries (Norway, West Germany, Great Bri- ous. tain, France, Denmark, the Netherlands, Iceland, the United States, and Canada) and neutral Sweden. The discussions were enlivened and enlightened by the With "European and Atlantic presence of senior Norwegian par- Defense 1947-1953" as its theme, the ticipants in the creation and early years Oslo International Symposium organized of NATO, whose revisionist comments and reminiscences provided healthy reminders that documents from official History in August 18a was ostensibly archives and published memoirs, the principal grist of the historians' mills, rare- ly contain the whole truth and nothing but happenstance the meeting was held the the truth. The decision to omit partici- same week that the Defense Minist in pants and topics from the Mediterranean Oslo was preparing to release an official flank of NATO was taken, despite some repo on the latest (unidentified but misgivings, to achieve greater depth of focus and detail at a three-day meeting. "From War to Cold War" was the zling episode in Cold War II and a lively theme of the first day's sessions, based topic of discussion during conference on papers describing American, British, coffee breaks. The coincidence was an and French attitudes to security ques- appropriate symbol of the way current tions and spheres of influence in the events and scholarly reinterpretations of years 1945-50 and the formation of the the first Cold War were bound to cast Western Union and its expansion into a sha6ows on one another, nvtng com- North Atlantic Treaty Organization parisons and reflections on the past as (NATO) in 1948-49. The second day was a guide to the present, or at least a devoted to what Olav Riste, the Sym- source of useful lessons and monitions. posium's organizer and Director of the Such comadsons an6 mflectons Oslo Research Center, called "North were nt on the aen6a or amon the Atlantic Treaty Mark I: Limited Com- purposes of the Symposium, although mitments." The third focused on they hung in the air and were developments after the outbreak of the 2/DIR-2-'83 Korean War in June 1950, a period that ities, were turned upside down by the guaranteed to provoke disagreements, Riste labeled "NATO Mark I1: Defense Korean War pose a different, debatable, The Oslo Symposium, where the ques- Build-up and Integration." The penul- and contemporary set of questions. If tion concerned crucial turning points in timate paper that last day, entitled there was a misunderstanding of what Western attitudes to Soviet intentions "NATO goes Nuclear," carried the story Korea signified, it is also interesting to and consequently in Cold War and beyond 1953 and into a third phase in discover, in today's different but partly NATO history, was only a partial excep- NATO history, characterized by strategic analogous circumstances, that our Euro- tion.. Although there was an initial and planning and political dilemmas that are pean NATO partners shared it to a final consensus that February 1948 (the still, or again, on the agendas of NATO greater extent than most of us then knew Prague coup) and June 1950 (the out- commanders and political leaders in the and than many of them were later will- break of the Korean War) deserved the 1980s. ing to admit. label, several participants muddied the The recent publication or opening The extent to which NATO's waters for a time by nominating other of U.S. and some other NATO archives military capability, including the events and dates for the countries, for the years and subject under study American nuclear deterrent, was an issues, key individuals, or groups that provided one reason for holding the empty scabbard in the early years of the were the focus of their own studies. This Symposium at this time. These newly ac- Alliance was unknown even to most reminder that one must also ask "Whose cessible materials, frequently cited in member-country ministers and senior of- turning point?" threatened at one stage Symposium papers and discussions, ap- ficers with a clear "need-to-know." to atomize the discussion and the con- parently contain no startling revelations. American military planners were fully cept, but it also suggested another way They do, however, suggest some minor aware and drew appropriate conclu- of approaching the subject. In this and revisions of Cold War history, alternate- sions, as their war plans of the period many other cases, one suspects that the ly confirming or raising new doubts about show. Other recently accessible answers for different individuals and previous interpretations of particular documents also reveal, however, that groups, weighted for their influence over events and policies. they tactfully refrained, as far as possi- policy or public opinion and charted over Among these confirmations and ble, from informing their European part- time, would point to specific moments revisions, those of greatest potential con- ners that these plans presumed an in- when the accumulation achieves a "criti- temporary relevance and interest for itial and unavoidable Red Army conquest cal mass" that brings about the kind of non-specialists include the following: of first all and in later versions almost all larger-scale dramatic or fateful changes The Communist coup d'tat in of continental Western Europe. For their that do deserve to be called "historic tur- Czechoslovakia in February 1948 and part, the governments and high com- ning points." Such an approach would the North Korean invasion of South mands of NATO Europe found good surely help to explain how and why cer- Korea in June 1950 were crucial in reasons, including concern for their own tain events in the history of Cold War mobilizing public opinion, especially a and their peoples' morale, for going had a "turning point" impact while others critical mass of "elite" or policy-making along with this game, indulging in self- that should and often did have equal or opinion, behind the creation of the delusion and not asking their American greater significance for individual actors Western European Union and NATO counterparts too many awkward ques- in the drama were denied this honor. As ("Mark I' in 1948-49 and for effective tions. for Cold War II, a current event, the same rearmament, including that of West Ger- In the light of the above and approach, with our definition of the quan- many, and integration of the latter after other considerations, NATO's "going tity and quality of a turning point's critical mid-1950 ("NATO Mark I1"). Without nuclear" in the Eisenhower era acquires mass sharpened by the historical exer- these events, NATO Marks and II either a firmer aura of eventual inevitability and cise, might also give us a modestly im- would not have happened at all, or would pertinence. The sigh of relief that passed proved predictive (and preventive?) have assumed different and probably through European chancelleries, in- capability. weaker forms. While this has long been cluding some neutral as well as NATO The Prague coup undeniably was common wisdom about the period, the ones, emerged clearly from the scholars' an event of this kind, an earthquake with Symposium shed new light on the who, papers and former participants' more serious and lasting consequences when, and how of the impact of Prague reminiscences at the Oslo Symposium. than earlier tremors in the same series. '48 and Korea '50, and on the dimensions The perpetuation and modernization of By the end of 1947 many key individuals of their importance. In this process in- NATO's nuclear dependence in later and groups on both sides of the Atlantic nocence, wisdom, idles fixes, and years, along with the nature and ra- had already been converted, or needed misunderstandings played a fascinating tionale of the Soviet nuclear buildup no conversion, to what one may for brevi- and often contradictory mixture of roles (anticipatory-offensive or responsive-de- ty call a Cold War perspective, but other at various levels, all with suggestive fensive?), are of course separate ques- views of Soviet intentions and the ap- analogies in Cold War I1. tions that may have different answers. propriate responses were still com- Although the origins of the However this may be, it is instructive to petitive. Western foreign and military Korean War and the Soviet role in its out- know more about what NATO planners policies reflected this ambivalence. The break seem to have been particularly and politicians thought they knew in the Truman Doctrine of March 1947 and the and fatefully misunderstood at the time 1950s, what they did not know or were launching of the Marshall Plan that sum- another piece of now common but this wrong about, and other accidents of mer had been significant harbingers, but time still contested wisdom the NATO decision-making on what is again a the Truman Doctrine's commitments response may have been a significant critical and contentious subject.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • November 2009
    A advertising supplement to the Fort Carson Mountaineer, Peterson Space Observer, USAFA Academy Spirit and the Schriever AFB Schriever Sentinel November 2009 Thanksgiving Salute Published by 2 November 2009 T HANKSGIVING S ALUTE www.csmng.com Benefit the Troops During the Holiday Season PRNewswire — Carol Herrick may have re- food baskets to military families that could Those wishing to contribute or to volunteer Operation Homefront leads more than 4,500 cently joined Operation Homefront use a little extra support this year,” Herrick their time, or who know of military families volunteers in 30 chapters nationwide, and Oklahoma as its chapter president, but she’s said. “For Christmas, we are planning some that would benefit from this program may has met more than 105,000 needs since 2002. wasting no time in digging in and setting up wonderful surprises for our military fami- contact Carol Herrick at (580) 583-7262, or Operation Homefront is a four-star rated shop. Long involved in helping area military lies and wounded warriors in the area. via e-mail at carol.herrick@operationhome- charity by watchdog Charity Navigator. families, one of the first things Herrick did in Anything we can do to add a little cheer this front.net. Nationally, $.92 of every dollar donated to her new job was to announce the kickoff of time of year will make a big difference to our About Operation Homefront Oklahoma Operation Homefront goes to programs. For the chapter’s holiday programs, which serve military families,” she concluded. Operation Homefront provides emergency more information about Operation junior enlisted troops, their families and The chapter is seeking financial donations assistance for our troops, the families they Homefront Oklahoma, please visit www.op- wounded warriors who have returned home.
    [Show full text]
  • The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate" the Cia and Mind Control
    THE SEARCH FOR THE "MANCHURIAN CANDIDATE" THE CIA AND MIND CONTROL John Marks Allen Lane Allen Lane Penguin Books Ltd 17 Grosvenor Gardens London SW1 OBD First published in the U.S.A. by Times Books, a division of Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co., Inc., and simultaneously in Canada by Fitzhenry & Whiteside Ltd, 1979 First published in Great Britain by Allen Lane 1979 Copyright <£> John Marks, 1979 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner ISBN 07139 12790 jj Printed in Great Britain by f Thomson Litho Ltd, East Kilbride, Scotland J For Barbara and Daniel AUTHOR'S NOTE This book has grown out of the 16,000 pages of documents that the CIA released to me under the Freedom of Information Act. Without these documents, the best investigative reporting in the world could not have produced a book, and the secrets of CIA mind-control work would have remained buried forever, as the men who knew them had always intended. From the documentary base, I was able to expand my knowledge through interviews and readings in the behavioral sciences. Neverthe- less, the final result is not the whole story of the CIA's attack on the mind. Only a few insiders could have written that, and they choose to remain silent. I have done the best I can to make the book as accurate as possible, but I have been hampered by the refusal of most of the principal characters to be interviewed and by the CIA's destruction in 1973 of many of the key docu- ments.
    [Show full text]
  • Living History Passing the Torch of Liberty on to Future Generations Quarterly Newsletter—Vol
    LIVING HISTORY PASSING THE TORCH OF LIBERTY ON TO FUTURE GENERATIONS QUARTERLY NEWSLETTER—VOL. 6 NO. 4 AUGUST 2021 In Memory of David Hayward, Editor-in-Chief (2016-2021) Voices of veterans who have served their country in World War II, Korea, Vietnam, the Cold War, 1st Gulf War, Iraq and Afghanistan THE GREATEST GENERATION and China from invasion from the enemy Axis powers and the Japanese Empire. Had they The last, proud heroes of the Second World War are passing and their comrades failed, east Asia would before our eyes, a solemn, historic moment in time. Jack have fallen, strengthening the hand of Linscott, U.S. Navy, left us in December, followed in Germany dictator Adolf Hitler and his vicious requiem procession by David Hayward, U.S. Army Air Nazis. As fortunately resulted, the forces of Forces, in March, and by Fred Whitaker, U.S. Army, in good and Democracy prevailed and Fascism June. was defeated. Our membership still boasts a few remaining heroes Those were distant times—seventy-six from that great and terrible global war, but the line is sadly long years ago. The world has changed thinning to its last, final threads, and one day, we will have dramatically since then. Japan and Germany but memories of that conflict and a rich legacy that hopeful- are mature democracies by now. Euro- ly will endure through the second and subsequent genera- Communism has come and gone. tions. The Second World War and its brave soldiers, airmen The men and women of the United States and seamen must not be forgotten and their lessons cannot military who won the Second World War came be lost.
    [Show full text]
  • 42, the Erosion of Civilian Control Of
    'The views expressed are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the US Air Force, Department of Defense or the US Government.'" UNITED STATES AIR FORCE ACADEMY Develops and inspires air and space leaders with vision for tomorrow. The Erosion of Civilian Control of the Military in the United States Today Richard H. Kohn University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill The Harmon Memorial Lectures in Military History Number Forty-Two United States Air Force Academy Colorado 1999 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 Lieutenant General Hubert Reilly Harmon Lieutenant General Hubert R. Harmon was one of several distinguished Army officers to come from the Harmon family. His father graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1880 and later served as Commandant of Cadets at the Pennsylvania Military Academy. Two older brothers, Kenneth and Millard, were members of the West Point class of 1910 and 1912, respectively. The former served as Chief of the San Francisco Ordnance District during World War II; the latter reached flag rank and was lost over the Pacific during World War II while serving as Commander of the Pacific Area Army Air Forces. Hubert Harmon, born on April 3, 1882, in Chester, Pennsylvania, followed in their footsteps and graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1915. Dwight D. Eisenhower also graduated in this class, and nearly forty years later the two worked together to create the new United States Air Force Academy. Harmon left West Point with a commission in the Coast Artillery Corps, but he was able to enter the new Army air branch the following year.
    [Show full text]
  • COLD WARS® 2020 Event List Event Numbers Contain a 2-Digit Game Start Hour Designation (24Hr Time)
    COLD WARS® 2020 Event List Event numbers contain a 2-digit game start hour designation (24hr time) F09:457 - Clash at Margaright 1810 discovering these secrets worth it? Especially when two sides are Friday, 9:00 AM, 5 Hrs, 6 Players involved in a Cold War status? Who will secure the site and will it tip GM: JOHN SNEAD & Carnage and Glory Terra Nova into another vicious war? Sponsor: None, Prize: MD Period: Napoleonic, Scale: 25mm, Rules: Carnage & Glory II F09:432 - Djebel el Hamra: Kasserine’s Culmination 21- Fictional battle between the forces of Suchet's III Corps and the 22 February 1943 Spanish Army of Catalonia, commanded by MG O'Donnell in early Friday, 9:00 AM, 4 Hrs, 6 Players 1810. GM: Bruce Weigle & HAWKS Sponsor: None, Prize: None F09:406 - Sea Lion: The Invasion Comes to Little Period: World War II, Scale: 3mm, Rules: Gained by Battle Basely (prototype) Friday, 9:00 AM, 4 Hrs, 6 Players Rommel’s veterans have fought through the Kasserine Pass and GM: Buck Surdu & HAWKS are careening towards the Allies’ vulnerable rear areas. What can Sponsor: None, Prize: None stop them now? In the Foussana Valley, the reinforced CCB (of the Period: World War II, Scale: 28mm, Rules: Combat Patrol(TM): 1st Armored Div) arrives just in time to throw itself in front of the World War II oncoming DAK and the Centauro Armored Div. Will it be enough? Sea Lion has begun. The Germans land at the small coastal town A two-day battle fought with new WWII Grand Tactical rules, each of Little Basely by the Sea.
    [Show full text]
  • Cold Terror: Cultural Crisis Creation in the Rhetoric of Truman and Bush
    COLD TERROR: CULTURAL CRISIS CREATION IN THE RHETORIC OF TRUMAN AND BUSH Kelly L. Edmisten A Thesis Submitted to the University of North Carolina at Wilmington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of English University of North Carolina at Wilmington 2007 Approved by Advisory Committee _______________________________ ______________________________ _________________________________ Chair Accepted by _________________________________ Dean, Graduate School TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................. III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.......................................................................................................... IV DEDICATION................................................................................................................................V INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 SELECTING THE SPEECHES ........................................................................................................... 2 EXAMINING THE METHODS .......................................................................................................... 3 EXPLICATING VALUES ................................................................................................................. 4 UNDERSTANDING IDEOGRAPHS...................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Political-Ideological Warfare in Integrated Strategy, and Its Basis in an Assessment of Soviet Reality1
    Political-Ideological Warfare in Integrated Strategy, and its Basis in an Assessment of Soviet Reality1 By John Lenczowski At the heart of the Reagan policy toward the USSR was a strategy to address squarely and ultimately eliminate the causes of tension between East and West. Despite little consensus in the American foreign policy establishment about these causes, the Reagan Administration proceeded from an unambiguous interpretation of what they were: nothing less than the nature of the Soviet regime. From this view, it followed that U.S. policy had to find a way to change that nature, and do so, if possible, without risking total war. Whereas in previous Administrations, U.S. policy toward Moscow was principally reactive and defensive, the Reagan strategy proceeded from a fundamentally offensively-oriented premise: the identification of the principal weaknesses of our adversary. To identify weaknesses required a proper understanding of the nature of the Soviet system -- again, a matter over which there was no consensus among experts in the field. Once these were identified, the Administration set forth a multifaceted strategy whose ultimate goal was to bring about regime change from within. Identifying the Sources of East-West Conflict The Reagan strategy was based on the premise that the source of the conflict between the two powers was neither the existence of nuclear weapons -- if it were, then we should also have had cold wars and arms control negotiations with other nuclear powers such as Britain, France, China, and Israel -- nor economic rivalry, nor any other material factor. Such elements were not causes of the conflict, they were its symptoms.
    [Show full text]
  • Memorialization and the Limits of Reconciliation: Transnational Memory Circuits of the Korean War
    Memorialization and the Limits of Reconciliation: Transnational Memory Circuits of the Korean War By Kristen Frances Sun A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnic Studies in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Elaine H. Kim, Chair Professor Jinsoo An Professor Shari Huhndorf Fall 2019 © Kristen Frances Sun 2019 1 Abstract Memorialization and the Limits of Reconciliation: Transnational Memory Circuits of the Korean War by Kristen Frances Sun Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnic Studies University of California, Berkeley Professor Elaine H. Kim, Chair The Korean War, as a “hot war” within the Cold War period with participation by 21 member nations of the UN and the People’s Republic of China, and also an unresolved civil war between South Korea and North Korea, is characterized by still- present animosities, which play out in contemporary politics in the Asia-Pacific region, as well as for the U.S. Furthermore, memoryscapes of the Korean War continue to be shaped and reshaped in the present. My dissertation examines built spaces and cultural texts of Korean War memorialization, focusing specifically on films, museums, and memorials in South Korea and the U.S. in the “post-Cold War” conjuncture. It focuses specifically on the theme of reconciliation to ask, how do Korean War memorial texts and spaces attempt to reconcile an unfinished Cold War conflict in a post-Cold War world? I trace the theme of reconciliation in multiple ways – first, I utilize the common definition of reconciliation as an act of bringing issues to an agreement.
    [Show full text]
  • 33/34 November 2011
    THE FRONT PAGE KOREA-COLD WAR SEND TO: FAMILIES OF THE MISSING PO BOX 454 FARMINGDALE, NY 11735 http://www.koreacoldwar.org November 2011 Issue #34 POW-MIA WE Remember! 2011 FAMILY UPDATE LOCATIONS 2011 City selections are based on past update schedules and demographic mapping of family members’ home locations ‘Nov 19, 2011 Savannah GA - January 20, 2012 Tampa, FL - Feb. 25, 2012 Tampa, FL - ** April 19-20, 2012 Washington DC - May 19, 2012 Indianapolis, IN – *June 14-16, 2012 – Washington, DC – Aug. 18, 2012 Providence, RI – Sept. 15., 2012 – Des Moines, IA * Vietnam War Annual Meeting ** The Korean / Cold War Annual Meeting ‘Location and Date confirmed U.S. Capitol Switchboard- 1-202-224-3121 or Head Cloak Room at 1-202-225-7350 (R) and 1-202-225- 7330 (D) TREASURER’S CORNER Congressional Contacts: http://congress.org/congressorg/home/ Please send in your membership US Senate: http://www.senate.gov/ renewal early. It is easy to be House: http://www.house.gov/ distracted with the upcoming White House: http://www.house.gov holidays. January will be here before you know it. It is because of you, our members, that we can continue our Board of Directors and Staff work. Please take a minute and send National Chair – Irene Mandra, Family Member your renewal in today. Treasurer – Gail Stallone, Family Member Secretary- Kay Manwarren, Family Member No application is necessary if you are Research - Debbie Petro, Family Member Membership Chair– LuAnn Nelson, Family Member already a member. Please provide Cold War Advocate- Charlotte Mitnik, Family Member your name and address on the check.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplement of Bulletin of the German Historical Institute 10
    Bulletin of the German Historical Institute 54 | Supplement 10 2014 More Atlantic Crossings? European Voices and the Postwar Atlantic Community 03 Preface and Acknowledgments INTRODUCTION 07 More Atlantic Crossings? European Voices and the Postwar Atlantic Community Jan Logemann 19 Rethinking Transatlantic Relations in the First Cold War Decades Mary Nolan DIPLOMATS AND INTELLECTUALS: REIMAGINING THE TRANSATLANTIC WORLD 41 The Political and Cultural Underpinnings of Atlanticism’s Crisis in the 1960s Kenneth Weisbrode 61 The World Economy and the Color Line: Wilhelm Röpke, Apartheid, and the White Atlantic Quinn Slobodian TRANSFERS AND NEGOTIATIONS: ÉMIGRÉS AND POSTWAR AMERICA 91 Weimar Social Science in Cold War America: The Case of the Political-Military Game Daniel Bessner 111 Franz L. Neumann: Negotiating Political Exile Thomas Wheatland 139 The Transatlantic Reconstruction of “Western” Culture: George Mosse, Peter Gay, and the Development of the German Tradition of Geistesgeschichte Merel Leeman TRANSCENDING THE ATLANTIC WORLD: SHIFTING MENTAL MAPS 163 “The Atlantic Community in a Global Context”: Global Crisis and Atlanticism within the Context of the Club of Rome, 1960s to 1970s Christian Albrecht 2 GHI BULLETIN SUPPLEMENT 10 (2014) PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The essays in this volume originated in the 2012 workshop “More Atlantic Crossings?” at the German Historical Institute in Washington, DC, which explored European inputs to and their rela- tive weight within transatlantic social relations. The editors would like to thank all the participants for their comments and contribu- tions. Special thanks go to Daniel Rodgers, whose scholarship not only inspired the leading question of the workshop, but who, as our third co-convener, greatly facilitated the workshop and our discus- sions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cold War As a Culture War: Visualizing Values and the Role of Pop Culture
    The Cold War as a Culture War: Visualizing Values and the Role of Pop Culture by John P. Irish UNIT OVERVIEW This unit has been developed in conjunction with the Council on Foreign Relations and is a part of the Gilder Lehrman Institute’s Teaching Literacy through History resources, designed to align with the Common Core State Standards. These units were developed to enable students to understand, summarize, and evaluate original documents of historical significance. Students will learn and practice the skills that will help them analyze, assess, and develop knowledgeable and well-reasoned points of view on visual and textual source materials. Over the course of the two lessons, the students will analyze and assess visual primary sources, including political cartoons, art, advertisements, propaganda, and photographs from 1945 to 1992. The objective is to analyze how the Cold War was expressed as a culture war between the United States and the Soviet Union by analyzing key elements of the images in this lesson. The students will examine, define, interpret, and organize the documents to answer the essential question: How did the Cold War manifest itself as a culture war between the United States and the Soviet Union? As an assessment, the students will use their analysis of the images to engage in a small group seminar discussion about the similarities and differences in the values expressed by people in the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. NUMBER OF CLASS PERIODS: 2 GRADE LEVELS: 7–12 UNIT OBJECTIVES Students will be able to Analyze primary source images using analysis strategies Identify and describe the historical context of an image Identify and describe the evidence in an image Interpret meaning based on direct evidence found in an image Produced by the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History.
    [Show full text]
  • Middle East Cold War. Allies Against Their Own Domestic Opponents
    BROOKINGS DOHA CENTER ANALYSIS PAPER Number 11, July 2014 Beyond Sectarianism: e New Middle East Cold War F. Gregory Gause III Beyond Sectarianism: The New Middle East Cold War F. Gregory Gause, III Brookings The Brookings Institution is a private non-profit organization. Its mission is to conduct high- quality, independent research and, based on that research, to provide innovative, practical recommendations for policymakers and the public. The conclusions and recommendations of any Brookings publication are solely those of its author(s) and do not reflect the views of the Institution, its management, or its scholars. Copyright © 2014 THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION 1775 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036 U.S.A. www.brookings.edu BROOKINGS DOHA CENTER Saha 43, Building 63, West Bay, Doha, Qatar www.brookings.edu/doha Table of Contents I. Executive Summary ..........................................................................................................................1 II. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................3 III. A Sectarian Civil War? ...................................................................................................................5 IV. The Domestic Bases of the New Middle East Cold War ....................................................................8 V. Iran and Saudi Arabia: Rivalry for Power .........................................................................................12 VI.
    [Show full text]