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Chemical Pollution of Environment in the Cities of Central Siberia: Risk for the Health of the Population

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Chemical Pollution of Environment in the Cities of Central Siberia: Risk for the Health of the Population Medycyna Środowiskowa - Environmental Medicine 2015, Vol. 18, No. 1, 12-17 www.medycynasrodowiskowa.pl www.environmental-medicine-journal.eu Chemical pollution of environment in the cities of Central Siberia: risk for the health of the population Chemiczne zanieczyszczenie środowiska w miastach Środkowej Syberii: zagrożenie dla zdrowia ludności Ludmila Klimatskaya State Pedagogical University named after V.P. Astafiev, Krasnoyarsk, Russia ABSTRACT STRESzCzENiE Introduction. This article will deal with environmental Wstęp. Artykuł zajmuje się problemem zanieczyszcze - pollution in cities including the problem of risk assess - nia środowiska w miastach oraz problemem oceny ryzyka ment. The aim of the study is to determine carcinogenic zdrowotnego. Celem pracy jest określenie ryzyka kance - and non-carcinogenic risks for the health of the popula - rogennego i niekancerogennego dla zdrowia populacji tion due to chemical contamination of air, water and food z powodu zanieczyszczenia powietrza, wody i żywności in the cities of the Krasnoyarsk region. w miastach regionu Krasnojarskiego. Material and methods. The research was conducted Materiał i metody. Badania przeprowadzono w Cen - in the Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Kras - trum Higieny i Epidemiologii regionu Krasnojarskiego. noyarsk region. 5122 samples of air, 4863 samples of wa - Wykonano 5122 analizy powietrza, 4863 analizy wody ter and 6915 samples of food stuff have been analyzed. i 6915 analiz żywności. Na podstawie stężenia substancji Concentration of chemical substances was the base on chemicznych obliczono indywidualne ryzyko kanceroge - which individual carcinogenesis risk (ICR) and population nezy (ICR) oraz populacyjne umowne ryzyko kanceroge - carcinogenic conventional risks (PCCR) and non carcino - nezy (PCCR) i ryzyko niekancerogenności. W miastach genic risks [1] have been calculated. In the industrial cities przemysłowych zanieczyszczenie chemiczne wody, po - chemical pollution of air, water and food stuff including wietrza i żywności, stwarza kancerogenne i niekancero - carcinogenic substances creates carcinogenic and non-car - genne ryzyko zachorowalności populacyjnej, co jest po - cinogenic risks of morbidity of the population with the tęgowane przez kompleksowy udział dodatkowych czyn - reinforcement of the complex impact, “with” which great - ników i znacznie przekracza maksymalnie dopuszczalne ly exceeds the maximum acceptable risks. ryzyko. Results. Chemical pollution of environmental facili - Wyniki. Zanieczyszczenie chemiczne z obiektów śro - ties in cities of the Krasnoyarsk region produce complex dowiskowych w miastach krasnojarskich charakteryzuje carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks which exceed kompleks kancerogennego i niekancerogennego ryzyka, maximum limit. The greatest shares in structure of com - które przekracza dopuszczalne maksimum. Największy plex carcinogenic risks are made in food stuff and water udział w strukturze kompleksu ryzyka kancerogennego consumption in structure of complex non-carcinogenic wykazuje konsumpcja żywności, natomiast udział wody risks as a result of air pollution and food stuff pollution. pitnej wykazano w strukturze kompleksu ryzyka niekan - Conclusions. Obtained data could be used to set pri - cerogennego, jako wynik skażenia powietrza i wody. orities in preventive measures to preserve health of the Wnioski. Uzyskane dane powinny być wykorzystane population in industrial cities of the Krasnoyarsk region. celem określenia pierwszeństwa w kierunkach opracowy - wania działań zapobiegawczych dla zachowania zdrowia Key words: air pollution, water pollution, food pollu - populacyjnego w przemysłowych miastach regionu Kras - tion, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic, Krasnoyarsk re - nojarska. gion Słowa kluczowe: zanieczyszczenia powietrza, zanie - czyszczenia wody, zanieczyszczenia żywności, ryzyko kan - cerogenne i niekancerogenne, region Krasnojarska Nadesłano: 12.08.2014 Niniejszy materiał jest udostępniony na licencji Creative Commons – Uznanie autorstwa 3.0 PL. Pełne Zatwierdzono do druku: 16.02.2015 postanowienia tej licencji są dostępne pod: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/pl/legalcode Medycyna Środowiskowa - Environmental Medicine 2015, Vol. 18, No. 1 13 Ludmila Klimatskaya: Chemical pollution of environment in the cities of Central Siberia iNTRoduCTioN man Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor) of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Chemical pollution of air, water, foodstuff The Krasnoyarsk region is located in Central Si - were studied in industrial cities of the Krasnoyarsk beria. It is one of the largest in Russia (2,366,800 region: Norilsk, Lesosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Achinsk, km 2) with prevalence of the urban population Kansk, Nazarovo, Minusinsk. (76.4%) [2]. Short characteristics of cities: – Norilsk is the world’s northernmost city inside the Arctic Circle, which population is 175,365 [4]. – Krasnoyarsk is a city and the administrative cen - ter of Krasnoyarsk Krai, is an important producer of aluminium, well communicated (there is Trans-Siberian Railway). The population is 1,035,528 [4]. Cities near Krasnoyarsk are Achin - sk, Kansk, Nazarovo. – Achinsk . The krai town of Achinsk is incorpo - rated as Achinsk Urban Okrug, is 184 kilometers west of Krasnoyarsk and the population is Fig. 1. Location of the Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia (source: 109,155. The largest enterprise of the city is the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnoyarsk ) Achinsk Alumina Plant. Also the city operates a Ryc. 1. Położenie Kraju Krasnojarskiego, Rosja (źródło: cement plant which produces about two million http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnoyarsk) tons of cement per year [4]. – Kansk . The krai town of Kansk is incorporated Reports 2006 –2011 of Federal Service for Super - as Kansk Urban Okrug. The town is a center of vision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human the Kansk-Achinsk lignite basin, which in the Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor) of the Krasnoyarsk Ter - early 1980s was developed into one of the largest ritory showed that environmental policies have coal areas of the Soviet Union. It also has cotton, made substantial progress in improving the state of timber hydrolysis, and food industries. The pop - the environment in the region. However, it also ulation of Kansk is 94,226 [4]. stressed that major environmental challenges re - – Nazarovo . The krai town of Nazarovo is incor - main. Air, water and food pollution have declined porated as Nazarovo Urban Okrug and is 239 but not enough to achieve good quality for the kilometers west of Krasnoyarsk. Nazarovo has health of the urban population [3]. Widespread ex - 52,817 of citizens [4]. It is a place of brown coal posure to multiple pollutants and chemicals and (lignite) deposits. concerns about long-term damage to human health – Minusinsk . It is located in the south of the re - together attest the need for more integral and pre - gion. As a municipal division, the krai town of cautionary approaches. Given the complex links be - Minusinsk is incorporated as Minusinsk Urban tween environmental challenges, identification of and the population of Minusinsk is 71,170 [4]. environmental risks to human health should be nec - – Lesosibirsk . In the town are large wood-process - essary in the Krasnoyarsk region. ing plants. The population of the town is 61,139 The aim of the study is to determine carcinogenic [4]. and non-carcinogenic risks for the health of the The results of air samples (5122), water (4863) population due to chemical contamination of air, and food stuff (6915) were analyzed. With the sup - water and food in the industrial cities of the Kras - port of “Guidelines for risk assessment for public noyarsk region. health under the influence of chemical pollutants in the environment” [1] individual carcinogenic risks (ICR) and population carcinogenic conven - MATERiAlS ANd METhodS tional risks (PCCR) were calculated by carcinogenic substances (benzopyrene, formaldehyde, benzene) In this research we used the database of social- and also non-carcinogenic risks by median con - hygienic monitoring (2006 –2011) Center for Hy - centrations of pollutants in air, water and food. giene and Epidemiology and Federal Service for Su - Air, water and food pollutants were presented in pervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Hu - da ily concentrations in fractions permissible level 14 Medycyna Środowiskowa - Environmental Medicine 2015, Vol. 18, No. 1 Ludmila Klimatskaya: Chemical pollution of environment in the cities of Central Siberia from min to max. The values of the probability of The Blacksmith Institute [5] included Norilsk in an adverse response from the health obtained during its 2007 list of the ten most polluted places on mathematical modeling to quantify the individual Earth. Norilsk has the world’s largest heavy metals non-carcinogenic risk of developing a specific re - smelting complex developed in the early 2000s. An - sponse from the health conditions of admission of nual air emissions of Norilsk smelting complex is certain chemical components with one of the pos - 1,959,500 tons, nearly 500 tons each of copper and sible ways [1]. Assessment of chemical pollution of nickel oxides and 2 million tons of sulfur dioxide. the environmental facilities was carried out on the Life expectancy for factory workers in Norilsk is 10 basis of produced carcinogenic and non-carcino - years below the Russian average. While the exact genic risks. By concentrations of chemical sub - number of people potentially affected by pollution stances in air, water and food stuff it has
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