Secolele XIX – XX
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Romanian Language and Its Dialects
Social Sciences ROMANIAN LANGUAGE AND ITS DIALECTS Ana-Maria DUDĂU1 ABSTRACT: THE ROMANIAN LANGUAGE, THE CONTINUANCE OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE SPOKEN IN THE EASTERN PARTS OF THE FORMER ROMAN EMPIRE, COMES WITH ITS FOUR DIALECTS: DACO- ROMANIAN, AROMANIAN, MEGLENO-ROMANIAN AND ISTRO-ROMANIAN TO COMPLETE THE EUROPEAN LINGUISTIC PALETTE. THE ROMANIAN LINGUISTS HAVE ALWAYS SHOWN A PERMANENT CONCERN FOR BOTH THE IDENTITY AND THE STATUS OF THE ROMANIAN LANGUAGE AND ITS DIALECTS, THUS SUPPORTING THE EXISTENCE OF THE ETHNIC, LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL PARTICULARITIES OF THE MINORITIES AND REJECTING, FIRMLY, ANY ATTEMPT TO ASSIMILATE THEM BY FORCE KEYWORDS: MULTILINGUALISM, DIALECT, ASSIMILATION, OFFICIAL LANGUAGE, SPOKEN LANGUAGE. The Romanian language - the only Romance language in Eastern Europe - is an "island" of Latinity in a mainly "Slavic sea" - including its dialects from the south of the Danube – Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian and Istro-Romanian. Multilingualism is defined narrowly as the alternative use of several languages; widely, it is use of several alternative language systems, regardless of their status: different languages, dialects of the same language or even varieties of the same idiom, being a natural consequence of linguistic contact. Multilingualism is an Europe value and a shared commitment, with particular importance for initial education, lifelong learning, employment, justice, freedom and security. Romanian language, with its four dialects - Daco-Romanian, Aromanian, Megleno- Romanian and Istro-Romanian – is the continuance of the Latin language spoken in the eastern parts of the former Roman Empire. Together with the Dalmatian language (now extinct) and central and southern Italian dialects, is part of the Apenino-Balkan group of Romance languages, different from theAlpine–Pyrenean group2. -
The Romanization of Romania: a Look at the Influence of the Roman Military on Romanian History and Heritage Colleen Ann Lovely Union College - Schenectady, NY
Union College Union | Digital Works Honors Theses Student Work 6-2016 The Romanization of Romania: A Look at the Influence of the Roman Military on Romanian History and Heritage Colleen Ann Lovely Union College - Schenectady, NY Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, European History Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Lovely, Colleen Ann, "The Romanization of Romania: A Look at the Influence of the Roman Military on Romanian History and Heritage" (2016). Honors Theses. 178. https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses/178 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at Union | Digital Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Union | Digital Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Romanization of Romania: A Look at the Influence of the Roman Military on Romanian History and Heritage By Colleen Ann Lovely ********* Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Honors in the Departments of Classics and Anthropology UNION COLLEGE March 2016 Abstract LOVELY, COLLEEN ANN The Romanization of Romania: A Look at the Influence of the Roman Military on Romanian History and Heritage. Departments of Classics and Anthropology, March 2016. ADVISORS: Professor Stacie Raucci, Professor Robert Samet This thesis looks at the Roman military and how it was the driving force which spread Roman culture. The Roman military stabilized regions, providing protection and security for regions to develop culturally and economically. Roman soldiers brought with them their native cultures, languages, and religions, which spread through their interactions and connections with local peoples and the communities in which they were stationed. -
Moldova's National Minorities: Why Are They Euroskeptical?
Moldova’s National Minorities: Why are they Euroskeptical? Marcin Kosienkowski William Schreiber November 2014 Russia/NIS Center Ifri is a research center and a forum for debate on major international political and economic issues. Headed by Thierry de Montbrial since its founding in 1979, Ifri is a non-governmental and a non-profit organization. As an independent think tank, Ifri sets its own research agenda, publishing its findings regularly for a global audience. With offices in Paris and Brussels, Ifri stands out as one of the rare French think tanks to have positioned itself at the very heart of European debate. Using an interdisciplinary approach, Ifri brings together political and economic decision-makers, researchers and internationally renowned experts to animate its debates and research activities. The opinions expressed in this article are the authors’ alone and do not reflect the official views of their institutions. Russia/NIS Center © All rights reserved – Ifri – Paris, 2014 ISBN: 978-2-36567-330-3 IFRI IFRI-Bruxelles 27 RUE DE LA PROCESSION RUE MARIE-THERESE, 21 75740 PARIS CEDEX 15 – FRANCE 1000 BRUXELLES, BELGIQUE TEL. : 33 (0)1 40 61 60 00 TEL. : 32(2) 238 51 10 FAX : 33 (0)1 40 61 60 60 FAX : 32 (2) 238 51 15 E-MAIL : [email protected] E-MAIL : [email protected] WEBSITE : www.ifri.org Russie.Nei.Visions Russie.Nei.Visions is an online collection of articles dedicated to the study of Russia and other former Soviet states (Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan). Written by leading experts, these policy-oriented papers deal with strategic, political and economic issues. -
Romania, December 2006
Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Country Profile: Romania, December 2006 COUNTRY PROFILE: ROMANIA December 2006 COUNTRY Formal Name: Romania. Short Form: Romania. Term for Citizen(s): Romanian(s). Capital: Bucharest (Bucureşti). Click to Enlarge Image Major Cities: As of 2003, Bucharest is the largest city in Romania, with 1.93 million inhabitants. Other major cities, in order of population, are Iaşi (313,444), Constanţa (309,965), Timişoara (308,019), Craiova (300,843), Galati (300,211), Cluj-Napoca (294,906), Braşov (286,371), and Ploeşti (236,724). Independence: July 13, 1878, from the Ottoman Empire; kingdom proclaimed March 26, 1881; Romanian People’s Republic proclaimed April 13, 1948. Public Holidays: Romania observes the following public holidays: New Year’s Day (January 1), Epiphany (January 6), Orthodox Easter (a variable date in April or early May), Labor Day (May 1), Unification Day (December 1), and National Day and Christmas (December 25). Flag: The Romanian flag has three equal vertical stripes of blue (left), yellow, and red. Click to Enlarge Image HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Early Human Settlement: Human settlement first occurred in the lands that now constitute Romania during the Pleistocene Epoch, which began about 600,000 years ago. About 5500 B.C. the region was inhabited by Indo-European people, who in turn gave way to Thracian tribes. Today’s Romanians are in part descended from the Getae, a Thracian tribe that lived north of the Danube River. During the Bronze Age (about 2200 to 1200 B.C.), these Thraco-Getian tribes engaged in agriculture, stock raising, and trade with inhabitants of the Aegean Sea coast. -
Names in Multi-Lingual, -Cultural and -Ethic Contact
Oliviu Felecan, Romania 399 Romanian-Ukrainian Connections in the Anthroponymy of the Northwestern Part of Romania Oliviu Felecan Romania Abstract The first contacts between Romance speakers and the Slavic people took place between the 7th and the 11th centuries both to the North and to the South of the Danube. These contacts continued through the centuries till now. This paper approaches the Romanian – Ukrainian connection from the perspective of the contemporary names given in the Northwestern part of Romania. The linguistic contact is very significant in regions like Maramureş and Bukovina. We have chosen to study the Maramureş area, as its ethnic composition is a very appropriate starting point for our research. The unity or the coherence in the field of anthroponymy in any of the pilot localities may be the result of the multiculturalism that is typical for the Central European area, a phenomenon that is fairly reflected at the linguistic and onomastic level. Several languages are used simultaneously, and people sometimes mix words so that speakers of different ethnic origins can send a message and make themselves understood in a better way. At the same time, there are common first names (Adrian, Ana, Daniel, Florin, Gheorghe, Maria, Mihai, Ştefan) and others borrowed from English (Brian Ronald, Johny, Nicolas, Richard, Ray), Romance languages (Alessandro, Daniele, Anne, Marie, Carlos, Miguel, Joao), German (Adolf, Michaela), and other languages. *** The first contacts between the Romance natives and the Slavic people took place between the 7th and the 11th centuries both to the North and to the South of the Danube. As a result, some words from all the fields of onomasiology were borrowed, and the phonological system was changed, once the consonants h, j and z entered the language. -
The Remaking of the Dacian Identity in Romania and the Romanian Diaspora
THE REMAKING OF THE DACIAN IDENTITY IN ROMANIA AND THE ROMANIAN DIASPORA By Lucian Rosca A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of George Mason University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Sociology Committee: ___________________________________________ Director ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ Department Chairperson ___________________________________________ Dean, College of Humanities and Social Sciences Date: _____________________________________ Fall Semester 2015 George Mason University, Fairfax, VA The Remaking of the Dacian Identity in Romania and the Romanian Diaspora A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at George Mason University By Lucian I. Rosca Bachelor of Arts George Mason University, 2015 Director: Patricia Masters, Professor Department of Sociology Fall Semester 2015 George Mason University Fairfax, VA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my thesis coordinators: Professor Patricia Masters, Professor Dae Young Kim, Professor Lester Kurtz, and my wife Paula, who were of invaluable help. Fi- nally, thanks go out to the Fenwick Library for providing a clean, quiet, and well- equipped repository in which to work. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Tables................................................................................................................... v List of Figures ............................................................................................................... -
The Catalyst for Warfare: Dacia's Threat to the Roman Empire
The Catalyst for Warfare: Dacia’s Threat to the Roman Empire ______________________________________ ALEXANDRU MARTALOGU The Roman Republic and Empire survived for centuries despite imminent threats from the various peoples at the frontiers of their territory. Warfare, plundering, settlements and other diplomatic agreements were common throughout the Roman world. Contemporary scholars have given in-depth analyses of some wars and conflicts. Many, however, remain poorly analyzed given the scarce selection of period documents and subsequent inquiry. The Dacian conflicts are one such example. These emerged under the rule of Domitian1 and were ended by Trajan2. Several issues require clarification prior to discussing this topic. The few sources available on Domitian’s reign describe the emperor in hostile terms.3 They depict him as a negative figure. By contrast, the rule of Trajan, during which the Roman Empire reached its peak, is one of the least documented reigns of a major emperor. The primary sources necessary to analyze the Dacian wars include Cassius Dio’s Roman History, Jordanes’ Getica and a few other brief mentions by several ancient authors, including Pliny the Younger and Eutropius. Pliny is the only author contemporary to the wars. The others inherited an already existing opinion about the battles and emperors. It is no surprise that scholars continue to disagree on various issues concerning the Dacian conflicts, including the causes behind Domitian’s and Trajan’s individual decisions to attack Dacia. This study will explore various possible causes behind the Dacian Wars. A variety of reasons lead some to believe that the Romans felt threatened by the Dacians. -
The Second Bulgarian Empire
chapter 31 The Second Bulgarian Empire There is hardly any ethnic group in the medieval history of Southeastern Europe that has created more confusion among historians than the Vlachs. Their documented presence in places as far from each other as Thessaly and Transylvania has invited explanations emphasizing migrations concocted out of thin air, against all evidence produced by written sources or archaeology. Romanians are said to have come to the present-day territory of their country in waves over several centuries, some as late as the 13th or 14th centuries.1 Place names of Latin origin, the existence of Vlach communities in the modern Balkans, as well as the close relations between their dialects and the Romanian language have all been treated as sufficient evidence for migrations either from south to north (across the river Danube), or from north to south.2 Molecular anthropology has recently been harnessed to elucidate the problem, but with no definitive results so far.3 Meanwhile, historians of the medieval Balkans have failed to note that the earliest mention of the exonym “Vlach” cannot be dated before AD 1000.4 It was against the background of the Byzantine conquest of the Balkans (see chapter 12) that the Vlachs appear as key elements of the military, 1 Friedwagner, “Über die Sprache”; Darkó, “Die Übersiedlung”; Stadtmüller, Geschichte, pp. 207 with 205 map 12; Boba, “Vlachs”; Kramer, “Sprachwissenschaft”; Rabinovich, “Iskushenie”; Czamańska, “Problem”; Fiedler, “Pochodzenie,” pp. 130 and 125 fig. 2. This has often been re- garded as a form of return migration, since the Latin-speaking population of the province of Dacia was also believed to have migrated to the Balkan Peninsula after the abandonment of the province in the late 3rd century. -
Moldovans: out Siders Or Insiders?
ANALYSIS Our research analyzes the trends of labor migration and the situation of migrant workers in Romania coming LABOUR AND SOCIAL JUSTICE through the entry points of employment agencies and international higher education programs from MOLDOVANS: OUT Moldova. SIDERS OR INSIDERS? The bursary programme for Romanians living in neigh bouring countries is clearly Situation of migrant workers in Romania conceived by the Romanian state as a means of encourag ing a braindrain into Roma nia. It provides scholarships and accommodation for more Tibor Toró, Tamás Kiss, Viorela Telegdi-Csetri than 2,500 new students September 2020 each year. IT sector bacame a primary entry point, without the inter mediation of the universities. IT specialists integrated in the field can manage to find a job on their own. Employers use their Moldavian network to find trustworthy and compe tent workers. LABOUR AND SOCIAL JUSTICE MOLDOVANS: OUT SIDERS OR INSIDERS? Situation of migrant workers in Romania EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Romania is considered mainly a sending or transit coun even consider it a ’rite of passage’, when integration into try, however in the past few years the number of incom the host society occurs. From the state’s perspective, the ing migrants is growing. This can be grasped both in the programme is clearly conceived as a means of encourag number of work permits issued in a year, the different sta ing a braindrain into Romania, as it provides scholarships tistical data on foreign born citizens in the country and and accommodation for more than 2,500 new students the number of files submitted for the (re)acquisition of each year. -
The Fight for Balkan Latinity (II). the Aromanians After World War
ISSN 2039-9340 Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 3 (11) November 2012 The Fight for Balkan Latinity (II). The Aromanians after World War Giuseppe Motta (Ph.D) Sapienza University of Rome Doi:10.5901/mjss.2012.v3n11p541 Abstract The article focuses on the Vlach question after the first World War, when the Balkan region was finally divided among the different national States and the Ottoman Empire collapsed. In this period the Aromanian communities had to find a new policy inside a new scenario and addressed towards different options represented by Albania, Italy and Romania. In a first time Vlachs also tried to create an autonomous principality of Pindus but this experience was short-lived and did not produce tangible results. On the contrary, during the interwar period the Vlachs consolidated their privileged relationship with Romania and established an influent group at Bucharest, where they partecipated to the internal political life even supporting the most radical movements such as Corneliu's Codreanu Iron Guard. Keywords: Aromanian, Vlach, Balkan, Albania, Romania. 1. Introduction. The Vlachs and the First World War. The history of the Vlachs in the Balkan regions was undoubtedly conditioned by the unstable and chaotic situation of the region, which during the troublesome period of the “Eastern Question” became a central area for the system of international relationships. The problems were particularly acute in the regions of Pindus, Epirus and Macedonia, and were naturally exacerbated by the constant atmosphere of war that the people of this area breathed for many years, at the end of XIX century and during the first decades of the XX. -
The Romanian Community in Bulgaria
International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences Volume 2, Special Issue 1 (2012), pp. 267-273 ISSN: 2225-8329 The Romanian Community in Bulgaria Anda Nicoleta ONEȚIU Faculty of International Business and Economics Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper presents the numerical evolution of the Romanian community from Bulgaria, the history of the Romanian communities from this country, the most important aspects of education and mass-media in the Romanian language, the church and services held in Romanian, the status of the Romanian communities in Bulgaria - legal framework but also the main recommendations for supporting the Romanian communities in Bulgaria. KEY WORDS Communities, Romanians, ethnical minority, Romanian language, legal framework JEL CODES F00 1. Introduction In 2007 the population of Bulgaria was of 7 322 000 and after the count in 2011 a small increase is visible - 7 351 234. At the census made in Bulgaria in 2001, from the total of 7 928 901 persons, 10 566 persons declared their origin as “Vlachs” and 1 088 persons declared that they are “Romanians”. At the previous census (1992) “Vlachs” were only 5 158 persons (Aromanians included) and Romanians 21 491 persons. The in force Constitution of Bulgaria does not recognizes the existence of minorities but only of “ethnical groups”. Most of the people that declared their origin as “Vlach” or “Romanian” are in Varna region (3 620 Vlachs and 440 Romanians), Veliko Tarnovo (1 066 Vlachs and 60 Romanians) and Burgas (623 Vlachs and 52 Romanians) while in Vidin (155 Vlachs and 16 Romanians) and Silistra (457 Vlachs and 19 Romanians) their number is decreasing. -
Trafficking in Persons to Europe for Sexual Exploitation
Vienna International Centre, PO Box 500, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel.: (+43-1) 26060-0, Fax: (+43-1) 26060-5866, www.unodc.org Traffi cking in Persons to Europe for sexual exploitation Chapter extracted from “The Globalization of Crime — A Transnational Organized Crime Threat Assessment” Report. This report has not been formally edited. The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNODC or contributory organiza- tions and neither do they imply any endorsement. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNODC concerning the legal status of any country, territory or city or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers and boundaries. Cover poto: A. Scotti for UN.GIFT/UNODC To Europe1 for sexual exploitation Route Source: World (main origin: the Balkans and former Soviet Union) Vector to destination: Mainly by land, also sea and air Destination: West and Central Europe Dimensions Annual flow of new victims: About 70,000 victims (based on two-year turnover) Volume of market (stock): About 140,000 victims Value of market (stock): US$3 billion per year Traffickers Groups involved: Western European, Balkan, Eastern European, North African, Turkish, Nigerian and Chinese groups Residence of traffickers: Origin and destination countries Threat Estimated trend: Stable Potential effects: Human rights violations Likelihood of effects being realized: Very high 1 T RAFFICKING IN PERSONS What is the nature of the market? Portugal, France, the Netherlands, Germany, Aus- tria and Switzerland.2 Almost all of this trafficking A greater variety of nationalities has been found is for the purpose of sexual exploitation and it among human trafficking victims in West and Cen- includes transgender victims.3 Among South Amer- tral Europe than in any other part of the world, and icans, Brazilian victims have been increasingly most of these victims (84%) were trafficked for the detected in Europe.