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Moldovans: out Siders Or Insiders?

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Moldovans: out Siders Or Insiders? ANALYSIS Our research analyzes the trends of labor migration and the situation of migrant workers in Romania coming LABOUR AND SOCIAL JUSTICE through the entry points of employment agencies and international higher education programs from MOLDOVANS: OUT­ Moldova. SIDERS OR INSIDERS? The bursary programme for Romanians living in neigh­ bouring countries is clearly Situation of migrant workers in Romania conceived by the Romanian state as a means of encourag­ ing a brain­drain into Roma­ nia. It provides scholarships and accommodation for more Tibor Toró, Tamás Kiss, Viorela Telegdi-Csetri than 2,500 new students September 2020 each year. IT sector bacame a primary entry point, without the inter­ mediation of the universities. IT specialists integrated in the field can manage to find a job on their own. Employers use their Moldavian network to find trustworthy and compe­ tent workers. LABOUR AND SOCIAL JUSTICE MOLDOVANS: OUT­ SIDERS OR INSIDERS? Situation of migrant workers in Romania EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Romania is considered mainly a sending or transit coun­ even consider it a ’rite of passage’, when integration into try, however in the past few years the number of incom­ the host society occurs. From the state’s perspective, the ing migrants is growing. This can be grasped both in the programme is clearly conceived as a means of encourag­ number of work permits issued in a year, the different sta­ ing a brain­drain into Romania, as it provides scholarships tistical data on foreign born citizens in the country and and accommodation for more than 2,500 new students the number of files submitted for the (re­)acquisition of each year. Some of the best students in Moldova go to Romanian citizenship. One of the groups that present the study in Romania, remaining in the country in the end of largest growth are Moldovans, who – according the 2007 their studies. Despite the clear advantages that the bur­ amendament of the citizenship law – can apply for the sary program provides for the Romanian labour market, it reacquisition of Romanian citizenship as well. does not always work most effectively. In many cases the best universities or domains are not open for the program, Romania clearly differentiates between different migrant while the newest decentralization and anonymization of groups, preferring to integrate ‘cultural kin’. While the labour the admission process, as a result of the GDPR regulations market is rather closed for other migrants, Moldovans, hav­ makes hard for prospective students to provide proof at ing already applied for Romanian citizenship can easily inte­ consulates that they got accepted. grate on the labour market. By focusing on the situation of this ‘preferred’ group, the report makes suggestions how One of the most important finding of the research in this the Romanian immigration system could be improved. context is related to intermediaries and stakeholders. Mol­ dovan students have organized themselves in student Based on the conducted field research two main conclu­ organizations, which go well beyond their original pur­ sions can be drawn. pose and initiate numerous diverse programmes to inte­ grate young Moldovans, create a strong Moldovan net­ 1. Despite the favourable formal conditions, most Moldo­ work and to strengthen Romanian–Moldovan relations. vans argue that labour market integration can be achieved In addition, some of the programmes take over integra­ when acquiring Romanian ID. When this happens, from tion tasks from Romanian government agencies and even a legal perspective at least, they cease to be considered ‘head­hunting’ for universities. immigrants. However, in order to acquire Romanian ID, a person need to acquire Romanian citizenship and to pro­ 3. Romania clearly presents work force shortage in several vide evidence of stable residency in the country. In addi­ areas. Although, the IT sector in the country is a lively and tion, based on the stories of Moldovans arriving before still developing sector, at least in Cluj, has outgrown the 2007, when the citizenship law was amended, the research possibilities provided by the universities in Cluj, and many also shows what is it like to be a migrant in Romania. Most experts speak of labour shortages in the area. This not only people have a hard time applying for a visa or citizenship, strengthen IT specialists’ bargaining power but force many while communication with the Romanian authorities is companies to look for workers outside the city and eventu­ cumbersome and unpredictable. ally in the country. However, as a result of the fluidity and high mobility of the workforce in the sector, it is hard for 2. One of the main entry­point where Moldovan citizens companies to provide hard evidence of the labour short­ arrive is the bursary programme for Romanians living in age officially, which is needed to enable them to look for neighbouring countries. The programme provides a good migrants in order to fill vacancies. In other words, Roma­ opportunity for young Moldovan migrants to study in nian migration policy binds companies’ hands in hiring Romania and to prepare for their stay there. One could migrants and they need to look for alternative solutions. 3 Moldovans having or in the process of applying for citizen­ 3. Locate and communicate prominently sectors with a ship are one of these, while collaborations with Moldovan considerable labour force shortage and focus companies or opening Moldovan branches are another. migration policies in those areas Based on the report the most important recommendations 4. Rethink the bursary programme for Romanians living were the following: in neighbouring countries and smoothen the admission process by accelerating the publication of 1. Revise, making more transparent and predictable, lists of successful scholarships the application system for residence permits and citizenship for third­country migrant groups. 5. Recommendation for universities: play a more active role in accommodating foreign students by helping 2. Support and strengthen migrants’ bridging them to deal with paperwork with the public organisations so that migrants can be better administration (Immigration Bureau, Health Insurance informed Office) in an organised manner 4 MOLDOVANS: OUTSIDERS OR INSIDERS? SITUATION OF MIGRANT WORKERS IN ROMANIA CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 INTRODUCTION 7 SECTION 1. POLICY AND DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN MIGRATION: AN OVERVIEW 8 Immigrants and foreign labour in Romania .................................................................................. 8 Emigration and immigration: general trends .................................................................................. 8 Labour market processes and their impact on migration .................................................................. 8 Public opinion ............................................................................................................................. 9 Migration policy in Romania ..................................................................................................... 10 General framework: national migration strategy ........................................................................... 10 Legal and institutional setting of Romanian migration policy .......................................................... 10 Policies targeting ’Romanians abroad’ ......................................................................................... 12 SECTION 2. ENTRY POINTS 13 Describing the sample .............................................................................................................. 13 First entry point: the bursary programme in higher education for Romanians living abroad ......... 14 University application procedure ................................................................................................ 15 Arriving at Cluj ....................................................................................................................... 16 The Initiative Group of Bessarabians in Cluj (GIB) – a stakeholder in the migration process .................. 17 Advocacy, bridging role and the position of the student movement ................................................. 17 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 18 Second entry point: the IT sector in Cluj .................................................................................... 18 Migrant perspectives on the IT sector ......................................................................................... 19 Entry points in the IT sector ...................................................................................................... 19 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 21 5 SECTION 3: INTEGRATION OF MOLDOVANS IN ROMANIA. A GENERAL OVERVIEW 22 Citizenship ................................................................................................................................ 22 Bridging role of education as regards the labour market ............................................................ 23 Identities ................................................................................................................................ 23 Stereotyping and self­stereotyping, and attitudes toward Moldovans ............................................... 25 Networks ..............................................................................................................................
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